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    Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

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    pranavkumaran2103

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    Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

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    pranavkumaran2103
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    0 views8 pages

    Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

    Uploaded by

    pranavkumaran2103

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS

     STRUCTURE OF MICROSPORANGIUM[pollen sac]


    I. Outer layer-epidermis
    II. Inner layer-endothecium
    III. Next two layers-middle layer
    IV. Inner layer-tapetum
     The first 3 layers gives protection and help in dehiscent of pollen grains.
     Tapetum nourishes the developing sporogenous tissue.

     EXPLAIN MICROSPOROGENESIS
     It is the process of production of microspores from pollen mother cell(PMC)
     Sporogenous tissue becomes PMC →this undergoes meiosis to form microspore
    tetrad→each develops in to pollen grain .
     PMC/MMC(meiosis)2N→microspore tetrad-pollen grain(male gamete N)
     It occurs in pollen sac or microsporangium.
     STRUCTURE OF POLLEN
    It consists of vegetative cell and generative cell
     EXINE(outer)
    Made up of sporopollenin which withstands high temperature, acid and alkali.so
    pollen can be preserved.
     INTINE
    Made of cellulose and pectin.
     GERM PORE
    The place where sporopollenin is absent and pollen tube comes out.
    larger cell is called vegetative cell, smaller one is called generative cell. The
    generative nucleus divides to form 2 male gametes.
     which pollen grain is allergetic?
    Pollen grains of parthenium or carrot grass causes allergy.it causes asthma, bronchitis etc.
     Why pollen products (tablets, syrups) are taken by athletes and race horses?
    It is rich in nutrient and used as food supplements.
     EXPLAIN MEGASPOROGENESIS
     It is the process of formation of megaspores from MMC (megaspore mother cell) that occur in
    ovule.
     One of the nucellus tissue(2N) near the micropyle region undergoes meiosis to form 4 megaspore
    tetrad →3 degenerates and one undergoes development to become embryo sac(N).this way of
    development is called monosporic development.
     The functional cell underos 3 times mitosis and forms 8 nuclei. 3 goes to micropyle region ,3 goes
    to chalazal end & 2 goes to the centre and become polar nuclei
     cell wall develops around each nucleus. So there will be 3 antipodal cells in the chalazal end, in the
    micropyle side it forms 2 synergids & one egg.the polar nuclei is present in the central cell.
    MICROSPOROGENESIS MEGASPOROGENESIS
     Formation of microspore (pollen grain)  Formation of megaspore (embryo sac)
    from microspore mother cell. from megaspore mother cell.
     MMC undergoes meiosis to form 4  MMC undergoes meiosis to form 4
    microspore tetrad(all are functional) megaspore.3 degenerates and one is
    functional.
    It occurs in microsporangium.(pollen sac)  It occurs in megasporangium.(ovule)

     STRUCTURE OF EMBRYO SAC


     Single nucleus present in the functional megaspore undergoes repeated mitosis (3 times) to
    form 8 nucleus and 7 cells.
     MONOSPORIC DEVELOPMENT-single embryo sac is formed from a single MMC is
    called monosporic development.
     3 nucleus goes to micropyle end to form egg apparatus.3 goes to opposite side and
    becomes antipodal nucleus,2 goes to the center and become polar nuclei(diploid) each one
    is surrounded by cell wall and become 7 cell stage.
    STRUCTURE OF ANATROPOUS OVULE
     Ovule attached to the placenta of the ovary by a short stalk like structure called funicle.
    The junction between the funicle and the ovule is called hilum. Primodium grows as nucellus(rich
    in reserve food )
     Nucellus is surrounded by integument. Micropyle is the region where integument is absent. Opposite
    to micropyle has the chalazal end which is the basal part of embryo. The center has embryo sac

    AUTOGAMY GEITONOGAMY ZENOGAMY


     Self-pollination  Cross pollination  Cross pollination
     Pollen from anther falls on  Pollen from anther  Pollen grain
    stigma of same falls on stigma of transfer between
    flower. another flower. 2 different plants.
     It gives assured seed set  Creates genetic  Creates genetic
    since it Is closed. variation. variation.
     Eg.peas,oxalis,viola Sun flower

    WHAT DEVICES HELPS FOR AUTOGAMY?(Self-pollination/inbreeding AND CROSS


    POLLINATION

    Inbreeding devices / AUTOGAMY Out breeding devices / CROSS POLLINATION

    Male and female parts lie close to each Male and female pats lie far from each other
    other

    Synchronized maturity of male and female Unsynchronized maturity of male and female parts.
    parts

    Bisexual flowers,cleistogamous Production of unisexual flowers. (chasmogamous


    flowers(closed flowers ,which do not open flowers—these are the opened flowers which
    at all.so always they go for self pollination undergoes both self and cross pollination)
    and gives assured seed set

    Genetic incompatibility.[genetic mechanism by which


    self pollen will not germinate on stigma
     ADAPTATION FOR WIND POLLINATION
    1) Pollen grains are light in weight,non-sticky,dry and winged.
    2) Anthers are well exposed.
    3) Stigma is large and feathery to trap pollens.
    4) Flowers become inflorescence.
    Eg.maize, grass, rice
    Flowers with single ovule
    TASSEL : It is the style and stigma of corn cob which swings in the wind current
    totrap pollen

     ADAPTATION FOR WATER POLLINATION(Hydrophilly)


    1) In valisneria ,hydrilla(submerged) male flowers are released into water surface
    ,female flower has long coiled stalk to come to surface.
    2) Sea grass /zogestera,male flowers are long ,ribbon like & taken into the water where
    female flowers are present.
    3) Pollen grain has mucilage to prevent wetting.
    4) Exposed flowers, lotus, lily go for insect pollination.
     ADAPTATION OF INSECT POLLINATION
    1) Brightly coloured flower
    2) Larger size flower.
    3) Pollen grain, stigma sticky.
    4) Small flowers group to form Infloresence.
    5) Eg.Amorphophallus ,yucca
    Amorphophallus→tallflower→gives reward to insect by giving nector& place for
    laying eggs.The development of larvae takes place inside the locule till flower
    develops in to seed
     EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF POLLEN PISTILL INTERACTION UPTO THE PROCESS OF
    FERTILIZATION.
    1. Pollen grain falls on stigma, and grows by producing pollen tube .
    2. Pollen tube carries 2male gamete &enters through micropyle (integument is absent).
    3. One of the male game fuses with egg to form zygote (2N).
    4. It is guided by a flessy finger like structure present near micropyle region called
    filiform apparatus.
    5. Another male gamete fuses with polar nuclei to form triploid endosperm.
    6. Since 2 time fertilization occur in flowering plants double fertilization.
     EXPLAIN THE EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT (DIFFERENT STAGES).

    Zygote→(mitosis) 2 cell stage →(mitosis) globular embryo→heart shaped embryo →mature


    embryo(Has plumule ,radical &2 cotyledon)
    EXPLAIN ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT

    Polar nuclei→triploid(primary endosperm nucleus)→(mitosis) undergoes repeated


    mitosis & forms free nuclear endosperm(tender coconut water)→cell wall formation occur
    around nucleus &forms Cellular endosperm (coconut kernel).

     WHY ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT PROCEEDS FIRST FOLLOWED BY ZYGOTE


    DEVELOPMENT
    Because the growing embryo needs food.

    TYPES OF SEEDS

    Abuminous / Endospermous NonAlbuminous seed / Nonendospermous seed

    Maize, castor, rice wheat Peas, groundnut

    Seeds with endosperm Seeds without endosperm which are utilized by the growing
    embryo.

    Structure of a dicotyledonous embryo

    Embryonal axis Main axis of the embryo which divides it into different regions

    Cotyledons Helps in Food storage and Provide nourishment


    Epicotyl
    Part of embryonal axis above the cotyledons
    Hypocotyl Part of embryonal axis below the cotyledons

    Plumule an radicle Stem tip and root tip respectively

    Root cap Covering of root tip


    Structure of monocot embryo

    Embryonal axis Main axis of the embryo which divides


    it into different regions

    Cotyledons/ Scutellum Helps in Food storage and Provide


    nourishment

    Coleorrhiza Sheath enclosing radicle & root cap

    Coleoptile Sheath enclosing plumule


    Why hybrid seeds have to be produced every year

     Segregation of characters occur when they grow


     It is costlier process. So it can be produced by apomixes.

    What is Polyembryony

     Formation of many embryos in a seed, Nucellus becomes embryo


    Eg. Citrus, Mango
    What do you mean by monosporic development
     Development of single embryo sac from single megaspore mother cell.

    FRUITS

    True fruits False Fruits Parthenocarpic Fruits

    Ovary develops If other parts except ovary develops seedless fruits


    in to fruit(mango) in to fruit
    eg. Apple, Strawberry
    (Thalamus becomes fruit)
    Mention the Advantages of seed to Angiosperm plant
     It has adaptive methods for dispersal to the new habitat.
     Seed coat gives protection to embryo
     It is the product of sexual reproduction; this creates new genetic combination which leads to variation.
     It is the basis for agriculture. Dehydration & dormancy helps to store seeds for many days & used to
    raise crop in the next season.
    Give an account on apomixes & give its importance
    Production of seed without fertilization
     Diploid nucellar cells divide and enter inside embryo sac and later develop into embryos

     Sometimes, the egg cell is diploid due to the failure of meiosis. Such diploid egg cell later directly develops into
    an embryo
     The diploid egg cell develops in to the embryo without fertisation.
     It is a form of asexual reproduction that mimics sexual reproduction.
    eg : Asteraceae, Grass
    Advantage,
     Helps to produce apomictic hybrid seeds in which parental characters will not segregate in the progeny.
     Apomictic seed production is less costlier than hybrid seeds
     So farmers need not purchase seeds every time.
    What is the disadvantage of hybrid seed?
     It has to be produced every year it is too expensive for farmers
     It is a costlier method
     When the hybrids are sown , the characters will segregate in the progeny.
    What is Perisperm
    The residual nucelles present in black pepper and sugarbeet is known as perisperm
    Give an account on following (or) post fertilization changes
     Integument ---Covering around the ovule. It develops in to protective seed coat.
     Micropyle ---Small pore in the seed. It helps in the entry of 02 & water in to the seed during seed
    germination.
     Seed Dormancy ---The inactive stages of embryo, helps to escape the unfavorable season.
    (How the seed dormancy is broken- due to the entry of 02 , adequate moisture &under suitable temperature)
     Pericarp - Wall of Ovary
     Fruit - Fertilized Ovary
     Seed - Fertilized Ovule
    Differentiate between the Different type of fruit

    True fruit False fruit Parthenecarpic fruit

    Fruit developed from ovary Fruit developed from any part of Fruit develop without
    the flower other that ovary undergoing fertilizations

    Guava ,mango Eg. Thalamus (apple cashew Banana


    strawberry)

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