Trends and Issues in

5G Networking and Beyond

Koichi Asatani

Nankai University, Tinajin, China

E-mail: [email protected]

Received 19 March 2018;

Accepted 30 March 2018

Abstract
5G is being discussed and developed related to almost all areas of information
and communications of the future. The Internet is evolving from human-
to-human communications to machine to machine communications, which
resulted in Internet of Things (IoT). IoT will drastically reshape the framework
of business, industries, administration, and many other areas of the society.
This article reviews trends in Global ICT and clarifies that 5G is a kind of goal
in many ways in research and development on ICT. It describes the expected
5G images and discusses the issues in realization and in deployment as an
infrastructure.

Keywords: 5G, IoT, Converged Network, SDN, NFV, Network Slice, FMC,
Universal Services, Network Neutrality.

1 Introduction
Mobile communications are playing a leading role in ICT for decade. Global
mobile phone subscriptions exceeded fixed phone subscriptions in 2001, is
over seven billion as of 2017, and growing further.
Mobile access has been enhanced through higher bandwidth utilization
efficiency resulting in higher and higher data rate. The maximum data rate of

Journal of ICT, Vol. 5 3, 203–224. River Publishers

doi: 10.13052/jicts2245-800X.531
This is an Open Access publication. 
c 2018 the Author(s). All rights reserved.
204 K. Asatani

3G is 20Mbps up to 100Mbps and is enhanced to 100Mbps–1Gbps in 4G. In

3G and 4G, the main focus was to enhance access data rate.
Now 5G is being developed. The 5G is not only further enhancement
of mobile access data rate. Its target is to cover diversified requirements as
infrastructure for multimedia and IoT as well as voice communications.
This article addresses ICT trends, and historical review of network
technology. It also will touch on issues on 5G and future networks.

2 Paradigm Shifts in ICT

2.1 Global Trends and Issues in ICT
The communication media are shifting from legacy telephony to emerging
data services in many ways.
Services shifted from human communication oriented services to machine-
oriented services; human-to-human, then human-to-machine, and finally
machine-to-machine communications. Machine-to-machine communications
will involve much diversified traffic types, such as stable but broadband
streaming type of traffic and very sparse intermittent narrowband type of
traffic.
Also, latency was not a critical issue in 4G, although latency affects QoS in
voice communication. Connected and autonomous cars will require ultra-very
low latency in communications for some critical use cases.
Subscription of fixed line communications was exceeded by that of mobile
communications, and finally fixed and mobile communications are converged
as FMC (fixed and mobile convergence) in NGN, which was installed in 2008.
Voice communications are still indispensable and the major player was
shifted from fixed telephone to mobile telephone. The number of mobile
phone subscribers exceeded the number of fixed phone subscribers in 2001.
Fixed telephone subscriptions have its peak in 2006 and are still gradually
decreasing. Other subscriptions except fixed telephone are still growing.
These paradigm shifts will pose different requirements to network capa-
bilities. A converged network will be a kind of solution, which can support any
type of communication modes, narrowband and broadband, streaming type of
communication, and massive but very intermittent communications. Traffic
engineering for a converged network will require different approach; from
static traffic engineering approach to adaptive traffic engineering approach.
The network will also integrate IoT applications. IoT devices will be very
 Trends and Issues in 5G Networking and Beyond 205

103.5
Mobile-cellular telephone
100 subscripons
Individuals using the Internet

80 Fixed-telephone subscripons
Per 100 inhabitants

56.4
60

40 48.0

20 13.0

13.1
0
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017*

Note: * Esmate
Figure 1 Global ICT developments, 2001–2017 [1].

massive and densely/thinly distributed and will generate high speed and very
low speed data.
The hot topics in ICT include Internet of Things (IoT), M2M, SDN/NFV,
cloud computing, connected cars, smart city, smart factory, smart house, smart
agriculture, etc.
The global trends of ICT developments are shown in Figure 1 [1].

2.2 Mobile Network Evolution

Access portion is one of bottle necks of mobile communication throughput in
data applications and has been one of the main topics in mobile technologies.
In 1G (analog) and 2G (first digital generation), voice communication was the
main application. The available data rates are around 2 kbps in 1G (Analog)
and 14.4 kbps–64kbps in 2G networks. The focus of 1G and 2G was to enable
a call from anywhere to anywhere and enhance bandwidth utilization in order
to accommodate more channels with the same bandwidth.
In 3G (voice plus data) and 4G (data plus voice on data), data and
multimedia applications were evolving and the main focus was shifted to the
increase in data rate. The maximum data rate in 3G is 20Mbps–100Mbps, and
206 K. Asatani

Figure 2 Mobile data rate evolution.

that of 4G is 100Mbps–1Gbps. The data rate trends in mobile access systems

are summarized in Figure 2.

2.3 Internet of Things (IoT) – Cellular and Non-cellular IoT

The Internet applications include e-mail, web-browsing, e-commerce,
IP telephony, video streaming and cloud services. These applications are
human-to-human, and human-to-machine type of communications. Machine-
to-machine (M2M) communications will enable wider applications, such as
sensor control, and remote machine control. Based on M2M, IoT is under
development in many areas. Value of IoT applications will be enhanced with
machine learning or deep learning by deploying artificial intelligence. IoT will
reshape the future business, industrial and societal activities by enabling and
enhancing operational efficiency, quality control, quick decision-making and
smart relationships with customers through M2M applications.
Major IoT wireless systems are summarized in Figure 3. IoT systems are
classified into two categories; non-cellular IoT and cellular IoT.
Non-cellular IoT systems, such as Sigfox, LoRa/LoRaWAN, and IEEE
WiFiHaLow, use unlicensed band and will require a new non-cellular access
points and associated network infrastructure [2–5].
 Trends and Issues in 5G Networking and Beyond 207

Figure 3 IoT wireless systems.

Cellular IoT, such as LTE UE category 0 (Cat-0), LTE UE category M1

(LTE-M) and Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), uses licensed band and will be able
to utilize a cellular network, which features very wide or nation-wide coverage.
LTE-M is compatible with the existing LTE network. NB-IoT can be deployed
in-band and use the resource blocks within an LTE carrier as well as those in
the guard-band [6–8].
Quality of service of cellular IoT is manageable, different from non-
cellular IoT. In operation in licensed spectrum, which is under regulation,
quality of services is guaranteed which operates in managed frequencies and
bands. For the unlicensed non-cellular IoT, it will be harder to guarantee
QoS, as there will be other equivalent unlicensed and unmanageable networks
operating on the same frequencies, causing possible interference.
Also, in non-cellular IoT, transmit power or duty cycle for networks
operating in the unlicensed bands are restricted as there are other unlicensed
networks, not manageable. Higher transmit power in cellular IoT enables
larger cell size or fewer cells to cover the same area and will reduce the
deployment cost. Additionally, existing cellular network infrastructure can be
used for cellular IoT, and it may require lower deployment costs.
With these features, cellular IoT is expected to be a big stream in the future.
Currently, cellular IoT is introduced in such use cases as shared bicycles and
connected cars on top of 3G and 4G networks.
208 K. Asatani

Figure 4 NB-IoT Enabled Smart Shared Bike Locks and Latency [9].

Bicycle sharing is growing very rapidly. For example, in China, shared

bicycles are used by more than 32 million users every month on average,
reaching coverage of 8.04% in first-tier cities including Beijing, Tianjin, and
Shanghai. Currently, 3G-based smart locks are widely used in China [9].
NB-IoT-based shared bike locks provide lower power consumption, better
coverage, and lower latency and are being introduced. Users unlock a shared
bike with lower latency than GSM based shared bike locks. An NB-IoT smart
lock can be unlocked within 2 seconds, whereas 6.81 seconds by GSM lock.
Smartphone accesses to IoT device of the shared bike through Bluetooth and
accesses to Application to unlock through NB-IoT. After authentication of the
smartphone, the shared bike is unlocked remotely. The system configuration
is shown in Figure 4 [9].
Connected car penetration in USA, for example, is estimated to be 19.3
and 72.4 % in 2017 and in 2022 [10].
Presently, the dominant technology in the wide-area segment is 3G.
However, by 2023, IoT cellular connectivity will mainly be provided by 4G
(LTE) and 5G. The majority of these connections will be over LTE networks,
while 5G technology will continue to support an increase in IoT applications,
especially those requiring critical communications. 5G will also provide rapid
and cost-effective provisioning of new IoT services.
Based on technologies like Cat-M and NB-IoT, a growing number of
cellular IoT networks are being deployed, with more than 20 networks
commercially launched across several regions [11].
The firmware upgradability is also important aspect of IoT from viewpoints
of security.
 Trends and Issues in 5G Networking and Beyond 209

Figure 5 IoT Number Structure [14].

Figure 6 Global IoT/M2M services by two kinds of numbering scheme [14].

2.4 Identification in IoT

SIM embedded in cellular IoT devices will be assigned a telephone number
or/and IP address as device ID.
Telephone numbering plan principle is defied in ITU-T Rec. E.164 [12].
Its application to mobile numbering is defined in ITU-T Rec. E.212 [13].
The international numbering plan specifies maximum fifteen digit format in
Rec. E.164. The mobile numbering plan is defined in Rec. E. 212, under the
umbrella of Rec. E.164. If telephone numbering plan is deployed as device ID,
the overall numbering plan has to follow ITU-T Rec. E.164 and Rec. E.212.
IoT number structure is shown in Figure 5 [14].
Two types of IoT by Rec. E.164 are defined as in Figure 6 [14]. Type-
1 IoT service by Rec. E.164 number is defined as national mobile number
and national M2M number. Only country code (CC) is assigned by ITU and
the rest part is assigned by the national authority. But the number is limited
to domestic usage and can be globally used by roaming. Type-2 IoT service
210 K. Asatani

by Rec. E.164 number is defined for global services/networks, e.g., global

IoT/M2M number. The number is assigned by ITU-T and is for global usage.
The actual number assignment for domestic part is under national regu-
lation. In Japan, the prefix (Mobile Network Code) 020 is assigned as IoT
numbering, for example [15].
IPv6 address has more capacity than telephone numbers and will be
used more widely in the future. But IPv6 deployment is currently not well
penetrated.

3 Architecture Evolutions to Converged Networks

3.1 Toward Converged Networks, -ISDN, NGN and 5G-
The ISDN installed in early 1980’s was the first challenge toward a converged
network. It provides various types of end-to-end digital connectivities through
a unified User-Network Interface (UNI). It is a direct enhancement of access
capability to support both of circuit mode and packet mode services based
on 64kbps switched telephone network. Then, enhancement to broadband
capability was challenged as B-ISDN (Broadband aspects of ISDN) by
adopting a new Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The ATM is based on
label switching technology with a very short ATM cell size and provides a
unified transfer mode by integrating circuit mode and packet mode services
through fully integrated ATM-UNI [16].
ATM was the first challenge to support any type of services, circuit mode
and packet mode, narrowband and broadband services, by a single ATM
technology including unified broadband UNI. The ATM was installed in core
networks, but was not deployed as user-services. The network convergence
trends are shown in Figure 7.
The commercial Internet access was first supported by dial up through
telephone network with use of modems up to 56 kbps, in early 1980’s [17]. In
late 1980’s, always-on access was then deployed through ISDN UNI, which
supports two 64kbps channels, called B-channels, plus 16kbps D-channel
simultaneously.
Broadband accesses such as ADSL, Cable and FTTH were installed since
1990’s. Broadband streaming and real-time applications such as video, IP TV
and IP telephony were enabled in the broadband Internet.
Broadband Internet traffics grew very rapidly and exceeded voice traf-
fic. From network operators’ view, Operation Expenditure (OPEX) is very
important. Converged network is a candidate solution. Instead of building
 Trends and Issues in 5G Networking and Beyond 211

Figure 7 Network Evolutions & Convergence.

multiple service dedicated networks, each of which requires each OPEX, a

converged network will reduce OPEX in total.
The converged network deploying Internet Protocol was developed to sup-
port these data as well as voice applications. It is called “all IP network”. Based
on all IP network concept, NGN (Next Generation Network) was developed,
which is globally standardized in ITU-T to ensure global connectivity [18].

3.2 NGN -All IP network Architecture

The number of Internet users was growing very rapidly since 1990. Thanks
to the increase in broadband access rate as well as the expansion of Internet
users, IP data and multimedia traffics are drastically growing. More diversified
applications have been developed to respond more and more diversified
customers’ demand. Thanks to the wireless access development, demand for
mobility has been also increasing.
To respond these new trends, network operators’demand for large-capacity
converged network with low OPEX was increasing with maintaining future
compatibility.
Telecom carriers chose IP networks as a unified transport platform to
support data and multimedia applications as well as voice. IP was adopted
because IP data is dominant traffic.
212 K. Asatani

Figure 8 Architecture for All IP Integration.

For example, total IP data traffic through mobile access is approximately

44 times larger than total voice traffic in 2017 in Japan [19]. Therefore, NGN
was designed as a converged network solution deploying Internet Protocol, and
was globally standardized in order to ensure global connectivity. Conceptual
architecture is illustrated in Figure 8. Fixed and mobile terminals access to IP
backbone through fixed access network and mobile access network and enjoy
triple play services, i.e., telephone, TV broadcast and Internet.
NGN also enables fixed-mobile-convergence (FMC), taking into account
customers demand for more flexible mobility. It is a convergent approach from
fixed network to integrate mobile access. Core network is a fixed network in
fixed telephone network and also in mobile network.

3.3 Network Virtualization/Software Defined Network

In 2009, ITU-T initiated the study on Future Networks as the next step
after NGN (Next Generation Network). Focus Group on Future Networks
(FGFN) was established to identify key elements of Future Networks related
standardization for two years. The identified key elements include [20]:
• Network Virtualization (NV)
• Energy Saving of Networks
• Identifications in future networks
• Data aware networking
• Software Defined Networks (SDN)
The detail study on future networks was conducted in ITU-T Study Group
13 and was resulted in ITU-T Y.3000-series Recommendations [21].
 Trends and Issues in 5G Networking and Beyond 213

Network Virtualization (NV) is defined by the ability to create multiple

logical, virtual networks that are decoupled from the underlying shared
physical network resources. It can realize multi-virtual networks each of which
responds to multi-tenancy requirements independently.
There are two types of network virtualization; internal and external net-
work virtualizations. Internal network virtualization is the process of creating
one or more logical networks by defining logical network elements such as
switches and routers. External virtualization allows aggregation of multiple
resources and makes the aggregated resources appear as a single resource.
Virtualization itself is not a new idea. Virtualization in computers is very
common today. The computer configuration started with a vertical integrated
computer including hardware, operating systems and application software, all
of which are proprietary to the specific machine in the very early stage. Then,
interfaces between hardware and operating system, and operating system and
applications were defined. An operating system can be installed on different
hardware, and applications run on top of the operating system. This makes
computer easy to evolve, allowing upgrade to better operating system with
maintaining the hardware, and to better applications with maintaining the
operating system and vice versa.
The powerful CPU enables multiple guest operating systems (guest OSs)
run on the host OS or hypervisor in a computer. The single machine works
as multiple virtual computers running on a single hardware. In other words, a
virtual machine is an emulation of a real or physical computer which runs on
top of an operating system and can host applications, as shown in Figure 9 [22].

Figure 9 Computer/Server Virtualization (based on [23]).

214 K. Asatani

External virtual networks were already deployed in business areas, such as

CES (Centralized Extension System), which is virtual PBX by using a public
exchange system in telephone office, VPN on IP Network, VLAN, and MVNO.
An internal virtual network connects two or more virtual machines on a
single server and allows data exchanges between virtual machines in the net-
work through virtual network interface cards on the virtual server to get higher
network resource usage by minimizing traffic on the physical network. It gives
a network administrator flexibility to combine virtual network elements in any
way to create a network of any size and scope for the organization or create
multiple networks that will share the same physical network resources. These
multiple networks are called network slices.
Internal virtualization achieves low Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and
OPEX due to its easy network operation and administration. But it creates
problems such as high risk infect on logical networks which run on top of the
same physical entity due to physical faults, scalability, and workload balancing
and migration within network. Therefore, dependability requirements to phys-
ical entities should be very high for supporting various types of QoSs and high
dependability, which are very common requirements to public infrastructure.
Also, traffic engineering will be more complicated.
SDN is a kind of straight forward extension of virtual machines. Network
elements such as switches and routers consist of two functions, control and
forwarding functions. These functions are configured proprietary in the con-
ventional networks. The separation of these two functions by a standardized
interface, if possible, makes the network more evolvable and controllable.
SDN is defined as the network where control plane of the network and
forwarding plane are separated with the standardized interface in-between
two planes. Therefore it enables more efficient orchestration and automation of
network services through centralized policy-enabled work-flow automation.
Openflow network configuration is shown in Figure 10, as an example of SDN
[23]. The interface indicated as OpenFlow protocol in Figure 10 is newly
defined between control plane and data plane (user plane).
The conceptual architecture of network virtualization is shown in
Figure 11 [24]. Network virtualization realizes independent virtual networks,
which are called logically isolated network partitions (LINPs) as shown
in Figure 12. Multiple virtual (network) resources share a single physical
(network) resource. An n-th set of virtual (network) resources forms an n-th
virtual network (LINPn). The virtual network resources are managed by the
virtual resource manager (VRM). The virtual network LINPn is managed by
 Trends and Issues in 5G Networking and Beyond 215

Figure 10 OpenFlow Network.

Figure 11 Conceptual architecture of network virtualization.

LINPn manager [24]. On top of each LINP, dedicated service supported by

LINP is provided.
Network slicing is a way to provide an LINP per users’ requirements.
LINPs are constructed based on the users’ requirements. If an appropriate
LINP type is not provisioned, a new LINP could be created per users’ demand.
The requirements, based on the administration policy, are delivered to the
VRM which coordinates the allocation of LINPs so that appropriate LINP
216 K. Asatani

Figure 12 Network Slicing [24].

is provided to users. The VRM, by controlling all virtual resources, creates

an LINP manager, as shown in Figure 12. An LINP has various charac-
teristics, such as partitioning, isolation, abstraction, flexibility or elasticity,
programmability, authentication, authorization, and accounting [24].
Architecture of LINP and LINP manager is based on the SDN concept,
separating data plane (LINP) and control plane (LINP manager).

4 Perspective and Issues of 5G

4.1 5G Use cases
Expected use cases of 5G are much diversified. The requirements to 5G are
coming from diversified 5G use cases.
5G will be a major platform with the enhanced speed after 4G. 5G use
cases have been investigated. They are, for example [25],
• Broadband in dense areas
• Broadband access everywhere
• Higher user mobility, such as bullet trains
• Massive Internet of Things, such as sensor networks
• Extreme real-time communications, such as autonomous cars
• Lifeline communications, such as in disasters
 Trends and Issues in 5G Networking and Beyond 217

Figure 13 Diversified Challenges and Gaps to 5G [26].

• Ultra Reliable communications, such as in e-Health

• Broadcast-like services, such as broadcast emulations

4.2 5G Target and Challenges

To achieve these use cases, target bandwidth is greater than 1Gbps, e.g.,
10Gbps. The target number of connections/km2 of 5G is 100 times larger than
4G. Mobility of 500km/s, ultra- low latency of less than 1ms for autonomous
cars, flexibility for support low speed data but high density and massiveness
of IoT. Target of 5G and the current state of art are compared in Figure 13 [26].
These requirements are very hard to be achieved by a single network,
or single policy. Then three typical network slices are planned to work on a
single physical network. One for high-speed multimedia, one for low latency
applications, and one for IoT, dense connections as shown in Figure 14 [27].
An example of 5G network slices realization is shown in Figure 15, which
illustrate how virtualized networks functions are allocated in each network
slice in an edge cloud/node and in a central cloud/node.
Typically, at least three network slices are supposed to be implemented for
mission critical IoT applications, massive IoT with very low speed data and
ultra-broadband video streaming. The mission critical IoT applications include
autonomous cars associated with connected cars. The number of network
218 K. Asatani

Figure 14 5G Architecture and Network Slices [27].

Figure 15 An Example of Virtualized Function Allocations in Each Slice.

 Trends and Issues in 5G Networking and Beyond 219

slices is not limited to three. If emerging environments and applications

require different policy from those of the three slices’ policies, the flexible
5G architecture will allow implementing new network slices with different
policies.

5 Regulatory and Other Issues

5.1 Regulatory Aspects on Dependability as Infrastructure
Band licensing is a main issue in 5G access, but is not dealt with in this article.
This chapter mainly discusses regulatory issues other than the band licensing.
Regarding the battle in band licensing can be found in [28], for example.
Telecommunications common carriers are regulated as one of the key
social infrastructures. In particular, public telephony services are supposed
to follow the severe requirements. It should be public, i.e., the service is
open to anyone. It should support universal service, and minimize divides. It
should be very dependable. The dependability of the service should be more
than five nines (99.999%). Other aspects are also required such as business
sustainability, QoS guarantee, even under competitive environments as seen
in many countries. In addition to these requirements, it should be responsible
for R & D for future technology and emerging environments.
Service availability of five nines requires very dependable physical entity
for being used as a physical infrastructure layer in network slicing. Protection
schemes managed by forwarding plane and control plane are requested in
achieving the target dependability level.
To satisfy “Five Nines” high availability standards, and provisioning is
important for very fast fault recovery through redundancy. Target downtime
is less than 5m15s in a year.
As a social infrastructure, large scale faults in size and long duration length
are strictly regulated. Once such an instance happened to infect large number of
customers for long time duration, carriers should report to regulating national
authority. In Japan, for example, more than two hours outage duration affecting
more than 30,000 customers should be reported to the government [29]. In
USA, such reporting threshold is that the outage duration over 30 minutes and
the number of “user-minutes” potentially affected per outage must equal or
exceed 900,000 [30]. In United Kingdom, the following reporting thresholds
are defined. If minimum numbers of end customers’ affected and minimum
duration of service loss or major disruption are 1,000 and 24 hours, 100,000
and 1 hour, and 100,000,000 and 10 minutes, the outage incidence should
220 K. Asatani

Figure 16 Threshold Criteria for Telecommunication Outage Reporting.

be reported [31]. Threshold criteria for telecommunication outage reporting

in these three countries are illustrated in Figure 16. The vertical axis shows
number of affected users and the horizontal axis shows outage duration in
hour. The coloured areas show the reportable regions of these countries where
carriers should report to the national authorities.

5.2 Network Neutrality

Network neutrality is a principle that service providers and governments
should treat all data on the public network equally, with no discrimination or
different charging by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached
equipment, and modes of communications [32].
Network neutrality is one of the on-going controversial issues unresolved.
The converged networks will deal with any types of applications with very
different traffic characterizations. Therefore, it will be more difficult to realize
network neutrality. Furthermore, more applications called OTT are using
network as dumb pipe. Then a new principle will be required to create a
new reasonable balance between network, not as a dumb pipe but as a smart
pipe, and applications [33].

5.3 Universal Services

Initially an obligation imposed on monopoly operator of voice telephony,
to expand coverage to provide services in remote and underserved areas.
Before competition starting in 1980’s, many network operators typically cross-
subsidized cost of universal service obligations with revenues from other
 Trends and Issues in 5G Networking and Beyond 221

services. With introduction of competition, regulators substituted this implicit

cross-subsidization with requirement that all/some operators contribute a
percentage of their revenues to “universal service fund”.
NV will reform the map of players who are responsible for services, service
platforms and networks. New rule should be established taking into account
new market pictures under different market and regulatory environments
depending on regions and countries. With use of virtual networks, it should be
clarified that the primarily responsible player(s) for universal services. New
rule should be established based on the clarification [34].

5.4 Other Issues

It will be essential to gather big data based on users’ behaviours in order
to achieve smart operation of many virtual networks based on the data. As
a result, it will be very easy to look into the detailed information attached
to individuals. Harmonious framework is essential to reasonably balance
between the requirements and privacy protection, including data portability
across the borders.
Smart operation also will require smart monitoring and smart reconfigu-
rations with use of machine learning and AI [35].
Emergency call and disaster recovery mechanisms should be also incor-
porated in conjunction with social infrastructure.

6 Conclusions
This article provides brief historical review for network evolution toward 5G,
which attracts big interests in networking, network software and applications
in the future. To make 5G full reality, there are still many technical challenges
to overcome, and also many regulatory issues.
Further studies are required in relations to traffic engineering for 5G
converged networks. Great expectations are being received to the artificial
intelligence, in order to resolve the issue. Network slices are independent with
each other. The traffic should be monitored and managed in each network slice.
The orchestration of network slices is required for harmonization between each
slice characteristics and the over-all restrictions posed by physical resources.
Some operators launched plans to install the 5G in 2020 or sooner. 4G
instalment started in 2010’s, and is now penetrating globally. 4G will be used
as the major platform in a decade or so. Then, 5G will coexist with 4G for a
222 K. Asatani

decade or so, too. The 5G interworking or interconnection with 4G and others

is a very big issue.
Global standards and harmonization are essential in accommodating
diversified requirements of different countries and regions, although global
connectivity is essential.

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 Trends and Issues in 5G Networking and Beyond 223

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Conference 2015.
[23] Open Networking Foundation, OpenFlow Switch Errata, June 2012.
Available at: https://3vf60mmveq1g8vzn48q2o71a-wpengine.netdna-
ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/openflow-spec-v1.0.1.pdf
[24] ITU-T Rec. Y.3011 Framework of network virtualization for future
networks, Jan. 2012.
[25] NGMN, 5G White Paper, Available at: https://www.ngmn.org/5g-white-
paper/5g-white-paper.html, March 2015.
[26] Based on Peter Ashwood-Smith, 5G Wireline Challenge. SG13 Regional
Workshop for Africa, Mar. 2016.
[27] 3GPP TR 22.891, 2016.
[28] National Instruments, White Paper, “mmWave: The Battle of the Bands"
Available at: http://www.ni.com/white-paper/53096/en/#toc2
[29] Ordinance for Enforcement of the Telecommunications Business Act
Article 58, Paragraph 1 (in Japanese).
[30] Disruption to Communications, Federal Register vol. 69, FR 70338, Dec.
3, 2004, amended July 12, 2016.
[31] Ofcom guidance on security requirements in the revised Communications
Act 2003, Feb. 2012.
[32] As an example, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net neutrality, although
no unanimous definition.
[33] For example, Net Neutrality: What You Need to Know Now, Free Press,
Available at: https://www.savetheinternet.com/net-neutrality-what-you-
need-know-now
[34] ITU-T Rec. Y.3035, Service universalization in future networks,
June 2015.
[35] For example, EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), 2016.
Enforce 2018. Available at: https://www.eugdpr.org/
224 K. Asatani

Biography

Koichi Asatani received his B.E.E.E., M.E.E.E. and Ph. D. degrees from
Kyoto University in 1969, 1971 and 1974, respectively. From 1974 to 1997,
Dr. Asatani was with NTT and engaged in R&D on optical fiber commu-
nication systems, hi-definition video transmission systems, FTTH, ISDN,
B-ISDN, ATM networks, IP Networks and their strategic planning. From 1997
to 2014, he served as Professor at Kogakuin University. From 1999 to 2012,
he was with Graduate School of Global Information and Telecommunication,
Waseda University as Visiting Professor. He is currently Chair Professor,
Nankai University, Tianjin, China. He is also Professor Emeritus, Kogakuin
University. He is Fellow of IEEE and Fellow of IEICE. He was appointed
as Distinguished Lecturer of IEEE Communications Society for 2006–2009,
2011–2012, and 2013–2014. He served as IEEE Communications Society
Director, Membership Programs Development for 2014–2015 term. He is
currently Chair, IEEE Com Soc GIMS committee. He has been serving as a
Board member, IEICE, and Chair, IEICE Standards Activities since 2014.
He has published more than fifty papers, authored/co-authored nineteen
books, and gave more than 120 talks including keynotes and invited talks at
the prestigious international conferences such as IEEE ICC and Globecom.
His current interests include Information Networks including Broadband
networking, Internet Interworking, IP telephony, NGN, Future Networks, IoT,
5G Networking and their QoS aspects.