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Periodic Classification of Elements

Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley was born in Weymouth in 1887. He was a famous English
physicist. Who experimentally demonstrated that the major properties of an element are
determined by the atomic number, not by the atomic weight. He also established the
relationship between atomic number and the charge of the atomic nucleus.

He also studied X-ray spectra of different elements. In his experiments he found a

relationship between the frequencies of corresponding lines in the X-ray spectra. In 1913, he
reported that the frequencies are proportional to the squares of whole numbers that are
equal to the atomic number of the element plus a constant.

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Introduction to Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Introduction:

At the end of seventeenth century, only 31 elements were known. Therefore, it was easy to
study and remember the properties of these elements. However, during the latter part of the
eighteenth century, the pace of discovery of new elements quickened. Between 1800 and
1869, the number of identified elements had nearly doubled to 63. With such a large number
of elements, it became difficult to study individually the chemistry of all these elements and
their innumerable compounds. At this stage, scientists realized that there should be some
simple way to study and remember the numerous properties of the elements and their
compounds. This gave rise to necessity of classification of the elements into various groups
having similar properties. This has been done by arranging the elements in such a way that
similar elements are placed together while dissimilar elements are separated from one
another. This is known as classification of elements. Such a classification of the elements has
resulted in the formulation of the periodic table.

Periodic Table:

It may be defined as the arrangement of the known elements according to their properties in
a tabular form.

Historical Development of the Periodic Table

Since the beginning of the nineteenth century, scientists have been trying to find a basis of
grouping elements having similar properties. Lavoisier classified the elements simply as
metals and non-metals. However, this classification proved to be inadequate. Some of the
earlier important attempts to classify the elements are briefly summarized up below:

1. Dobereiner’s Triads :
In 1817, a German scientist, Johann Dobereiner classified the elements into groups of
three, called triads. The elements in a triad had similar properties and the atomic weight
of the middle element of each triad is very close to the arithmetic mean (average) of the
other two elements.

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Triad Average of At. Mass of (I) and (III) elements

Li 𝟕
Na𝟐𝟑 K 𝟑𝟗 7 + 39
= 23.00
2
Cl35.5 Br 80 I127 35.5 + 127
= 81.25
2
P31 As 75 Sb120 31 + 120
= 75.50
2
S 32 Se79 Te127 32 + 127
= 79.50
2
Ca40 Sr 88 Ba137 40 + 137
= 88.50
2

Key point

The Dobereiner’s relationship was also referred to as the law of triads. However, it seemed
to work only for a few elements. It was dismissed because all the known elements could not
be arranged into triads.

2. de Chancourtois Classification :
The next reported attempt was made by a French geologist, de Chancourtois in 1862. He
arranged the known elements in order of increasing atomic weights and proposed a
cylindrical table of elements to display the periodic recurrence of properties. He
observed that the elements with similar properties arranged in a vertical line from the
center of the spiral. However, this did not attract much attention. This classification also
called as telluric helix or telluric screw.

Telluric Helix

3. Newlands’ Law of Octaves:

In 1865, an English chemist, John Newlands’ proposed new system of grouping
elements of similar properties. According to him, when the elements are arranged in the
increasing order of their atomic mass, the properties of every eighth element are similar
to the first element. Newland called this relation as the law of octaves, due to the

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similarity with the musical scale. This relationship is just like every eighth note which
resembles the first note in octaves of music. The Newlands’ law of octaves seemed to be
true only for elements up to calcium.
Elements Li Be B C N O F
Atomic Mass 7 9 11 12 14 16 19
Elements Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Atomic Mass 23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5
Elements K Ca
Atomic Mass 39 40

4. Lothar Meyer’s Arrangement:

In 1869, a German chemist, Lothar Meyer used the physical properties such as atomic
volume, melting point, boiling point, etc., to classify different elements and plotted the
graphs against atomic weights of the elements. On plotting, the graph he obtained
different curves which are known as lothar Meyer’s curves. By 1868, Lothar had
developed a table of elements which closely resemble the modern periodic table. All
these attempts provided same clue that there are certain regularities among the
elements. He stated that atomic volume is the periodic function of their atomic weight.

Key points:

 In Lothar Meyer’s curve, alkali metals occupy the maxima of the curve and transition
elements occupy minima of the curve.
 When atomic numbers of the elements were plotted in place of atomic masses, the
general pattern of the curve remained the same.
 The first most successful attempt in classification of elements was made by a Russian
chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev. He used a broader range of physical and chemical
properties to classify elements.

MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC LAW

In 1869, Mendeleev gave a table to arrange the different elements. This was a remarkable
contribution to the classification of elements. He proposed a periodic law which states that
the physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic
mass.

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Based on his periodic law, Mendeleev arranged all the known elements in the form of a table
known as periodic table. Mendeleev’s periodic table consists of horizontal rows called
periods, and vertical columns called groups. The original periodic table made by Mendeleev
had six periods and eight groups. In his table, each group is further subdivided into two
subgroups marked as A and B groups.

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Groups I II III IV V VI VII VIII

→
Oxides R2O RO R 2 O3 RO2 R 2 O5 RO3 R 2 O7 RO4
Hydrides RH RH2 RH3 RH4 RH3 RH2 RH
Periods A B A B A B A B A B A B A B Transition series
↓
1 H
1.008
2 Li Be B C N O F
6.939 9.012 10.81 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
22.99 24.31 29.98 28.09 30.974 32.06 35.453
4 First K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
series: 39.102 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 52.20 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.71
Second Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
series: 63.54 65.37 69.72 72.61 74.92 78.96 79.909
5 First Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd
series: 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 99 101.07 102.91 106.4
Second Ag Cd ln Sn Sb Te I
series: 107.87 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.90
6 First Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Os lr Pt
series: 132.90 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.85 190.2 192.2 195.09
Second Au Hg Tl Pb Bi
series: 196.97 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.98
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Mendeleev was so sure of his classification that he left certain spaces or gaps for
undiscovered elements. By considering the properties of the adjacent elements in his table,
he predicted the properties of the undiscovered elements. Later, when these elements were
discovered, their properties were found to be exactly similar to those predicted by
Mendeleev.

For example, gallium and germanium.

Comparison of Eka-aluminium and Eka-silicon by Mendeleev

Property Eka-aluminium Gallium Eka-silicon Germanium

(Predicted) (Actual) (Predicted) (Actual)

Atomic mass 68 69.7 72 72.61

Density (g⁄cm3 ) 5.9 5.94 5.5 5.35
Melting point Low 30.2°C High 947°C
Formula of EaCl3 GaCl3 EsCl4 GeCl4
chloride
Formula of Ea2 O3 Ga2 O3 EsO2 GeO2
oxide

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Merits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Mendeleev’s periodic table had many advantages, which are listed below in the table.
1. Systematic study This table simplified the study of chemistry of elements. For
of the elements example, by knowing the properties of one element in a group,
the properties of other elements in the group can be easily
guessed.
2. Correction of This periodic table helped in correcting the atomic masses of
atomic masses some elements based on their positions in the table.
3. Prediction of new At the time of Mendeleev, only 56 elements were known. While
elements arranging these elements, he left some gaps. These gaps
represented the undiscovered elements.
4. Place for inert gas When Mendeleev’s periodic table was proposed, inert gases were
not yet discovered. After their discovery, noble could gases could
easily be placed in a group without disturbing the existing order.

Demerits of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

Despite many advantages, the Mendeleev’s periodic table had certain defects. Some of these
are given below:
1. Position of hydrogen Hydrogen is placed in group I. However, it resembles the
elements of group I (alkali metals) as well as the elements of
group VIIA (halogens). The position of hydrogen in the
periodic table is not correctly defined.
2. Anomalous pairs In certain pairs of elements, the increasing order of atomic
masses was not obeyed. In these cases, Mendeleev placed
elements according to similarities in their properties and not
in increasing order of their atomic masses. For example,
argon (Ar, atomic mass 39.9) is placed before potassium (K,
atomic mass 39.1). These positions were not justified.
3. Position of isotopes According to Mendeleev’s classification, isotopes should be
placed at different places depending upon their atomic
masses. For example, isotopes of hydrogen with atomic
masses 1, 2, and 3 should be placed at three places.
However, isotopes have not been given separate places in
the periodic table.
4. similar and dissimilar In the Mendeleev’s periodic table, similar elements were
elements are grouped placed in different groups while some dissimilar elements
together had been grouped together. For example, copper and
mercury resembled in their properties but they had been
placed in different groups.
5. Cause of periodicity Mendeleev did not properly explain the cause of periodicity
among the elements.
6. Position of lanthanoids The 14 elements following lanthanum (known as
(or lanthanides) and lanthanides from 𝑍 = 58 − 71) and the 14 elements
actinoids (or actinides) following actinium (known as actinides, 𝑍 = 90 − 103) have
not been given separate places in Mendeleev’s table.

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Examples:
1. Write a short note on Newland’s law of octaves.
Solution: Newland’s law of octaves states that every eighth element has similar properties
when the elements are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic masses. Newlands’
compared this similarity of elements to the octaves of music, where every eighth note is
comparable to the first.
Element Li Be B C N O F
Atomic Mass 7 9 11 12 14 16 19
Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
Atomic Mass 23 24 27 29 31 32 35.5
Element K Ca
Atomic Mass 39 40

2. Compare the properties of predicted Eka-aluminium and Eka-silicon by Mendeleev.

Solution: Comparison of the properties predicted for Eka-aluminium and Eka-silicon by
Mendeleev with those observed for gallium and germanium is given below:
Property Eka-aluminium Gallium Eka-silicon Germanium
(predicted) (Found) (Predicted) (Found)
Atomic mass 68 69.7 72 72.61
Density (g 5.9 5.94 5.5 5.35
−3
cm )
Melting point Low 29.78 High 1231
(K)
Formula of Ea2 O3 Ga2 O3 EsO2 GeO2
oxide
Formula of EaCl3 GaCl3 EsCl4 GeCl4
chloride

3. State the Mendeleev’s periodic law.

Solution: In 1869, Mendeleev proposed a periodic law which states that the physical and
chemical properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic weights.
4. 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 are three elements in a Dobereiner’s triad. If atomic weight of 𝑃 = 35.5, 𝑄 =
80 where 𝑄 is the second element, calculate the value of 𝑅.
Solution: Atomic weight of 𝑃 = 35.5 and 𝑄 = 80
According to Dobereiner’s law of triad, 2𝑄 = 𝑃 + 𝑅
2(80) = 35.5 𝑅
𝑅 = 160 − 35.5 = 124.5

RECALL
1. Periodic table: May be defined as the arrangement of the known elements in a tabular
form, according to their properties.
2. Dobereiner classified the elements having similar properties into group of three, known
as triad.
3. de Chancourtois classification was based on arranging elements in order of increasing
atomic weights in a cylindrical table.

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4. Newland’s law of octaves grouped elements in the increasing order of atomic weights
where the properties of every eighth element are similar to the first element.
5. Lothar Meyer used the physical properties such as atomic volume, melting point,
boiling point, etc., to arrive at his table of elements.
6. Mendeleev’s periodic law states that the physical and chemical properties of elements
are the periodic function of their atomic weights.
7. On the basis of his periodic law, Mendeleev arranged all the known elements in a
periodic table having six periods and eight groups.
8. The merits of Mendeleev’s periodic table: the arrangement was systematic, he could
correct few element’s atomic masses, discovery of new elements was predicted by him.
9. The drawbacks of this classification are that the position of hydrogen as well as few
other elements are anomalous, isotopes of an element have no place, and lanthanides
and actinides have no place in the Mendeleev’s periodic table.

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

I. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. What is meant by periodic table?
2. What was the achievement of Dobereiner’s law of triad?
3. Name the scientist who proposed a cylindrical table for the classification of elements.
4. Who classified the elements simply as metals and non-metals?
5. On what basis Lothar Meyer classified the different known elements?
6. Lithium, sodium and potassium were present in the same group by Newland. What is
the similarity in their properties?
7. If atomic weights of chlorine and iodine are 35.5 and 127, respectively. Find the atomic
weight of bromine.
8. Why was the classification based on law of triads rejected?
9. State the basis for Mendeleev’s classification.

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

10. Why there was a necessity for classification of elements? Give at least two reasons.
11. In each of the following triads, name the element with the least atomic number and least
chemical reactivity. (a) F, Cl, Br (b) Mg, Ca, Sr
12. Why is Dimitri Mendeleev considered to be the father of the modern periodic table?
13. What was the similarity observed by Newlands between the elements arranged in the
order of their increasing atomic weights and an octave in a musical scale?
14. Mention two problems which are unresolved in the original Mendeleev’s periodic table.
15. Mendeleev’s periodic law could not explain the phenomena of anomalous pairs. Justify?

III. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

16. What were the ways in which the elements were classified by early chemists? State two
reasons for rejecting those classifications.
17. State the drawbacks of Mendeleev’s periodic table.

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18. Give the merits of Mendeleev’s periodic table over previous attempts of classification of
the elements.

IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS

19. Elements were classified into metals and non-metals by ______________.
20. According to Dobereiner, the grouping of elements with similar properties into groups
of three was called _____________.
21. Law of octaves was proposed by ________________.
22. The concept telluric helix was developed by ________________.
23. _________________ metals have largest atomic volume in the Lothar Meyer curve.
24. Eka-silicon named by Mendeleev is later called ____________.
25. In Mendeleev’s classification, isotopes should be placed at different places depending
upon their _______________.
26. In Mendeleev’s classification, the atomic masses in case of argon and potassium are
_____________.
27. In Mendeleev’s classification, the position of lanthanoids (or lanthanides) and actinoids
(or actinides) was _____________.
V. TRUE OR FALSE
28. Periods are the vertical columns in Mendeleev’s periodic table.
29. In Lothar meyer’s curve, the transition elements occupy minima of the curve.
30. Eka-aluminium was later named as gallium.
31. In Mendeleev’s periodic table, the position of hydrogen is defined correctly.
32. In Mendeleev’s classification, coinage metals have been placed in group I along with the
alkali metals.

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MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

INTRODUCTION

The periodic classification of elements made by Mendeleev was based on the atomic mass of
the elements. He arranged the elements in the increasing order of their atomic masse. But
this classification of elements had limitations in proper placing of certain elements. For
example, transition and coinage elements are placed wrongly in his table. Owing to these
limitations along with the discovery and advanced of atom, Mendeleev’s periodic table was
rendered useless.
In 1911, Mosley attempted to show that the physical and chemical properties of an element
depend on the number of electrons and their arrangements in different of the atom. So, the
classification of the elements should be based on the number of these electrons (atomic
number) and their arrangement in various orbitals. This idea led Mosley predicted that most
of the defects of Mendeleev’s periodic table would disappear, if the basis of classification of
elements is changed to atomic number in place of atomic weight. So, atomic number is used
as the basis of classification of elements. Based on this, moseley proposed a law, which is
known as modern periodic law.
Modern Periodic Law: The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic
function of their atomic number. In this table, elements have been arranged in order of
increasing atomic number.

MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

The periodic table based on the modern periodic law is called the modern periodic table. It
consists of horizontal rows called periods, and vertical columns. There are total 18 groups
and 7 periods in the modern periodic table.

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Modern periodic table

Groups
(i) There are 18 groups, designated as 1 to 1. The elements of each group have similar
chemical properties due to same number of valence electrons.
(ii) Elements belonging to same group constitute a family.

The periodic table groups are as follows:

NEW IUPAC Old IUPAC CAS Name

Numbering (European) (American)
Group I IA IA The alkali metals
Group 2 IIA IIA The alkaline earth
metals
Group 3 IIIA IIIB The scandium family
[Rare earth elements
+ actinides]
Group 4 IVA IVB The titanium family
Group 5 VA VB The vanadium
family
Group 6 VIA VIB The chromium
family
Group 7 VIIA VIIB The manganese
family
Group 8 VIII VIIIB The iron family
Group 9 VIII VIIIB The cobalt family
Group 10 VIII VIIIB The nickel family
Group 11 IB IB The coinage metals
or copper family
Group 12 IIB IIB The zinc family

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Group 13 IIIB IIIA The boron group or

boron family
Group 14 IVB IVA The carbon group or
carbon family
Group 15 VB VA The pnictogens of
nitrogen family
Group 16 VIB VIA The chalcogens or
oxygen family
Group 17 VIIB VIIA The halogens or
fluorine family
Group 18 Group 0 VIIIA The noble gases or
helium family or
neon family

Periods:
The horizontal rows are called periods. Total seven periods are present in the modern period
table. The sailent features of periods are:
(i) Each period begins with the outermost electron entering a new principle quantum
number and completes after the outermost shell (p-subshell) is complete.
(ii) The period number denotes the number of shells in that element.
(iii) The first element of each period (except period I) is an alkali metal, and the last element
is an inert gas.
(iv) The properties of elements gradually change along a period from left to right.

Key point:
To avoid inconvenience, 14 elements which include lanthanum and actinium belonging to
6th and 7th period are placed in two separate rows at the bottom of periodic table (now called
as lanthanides and actinides, respectively).

All seven periods and some of their features are tabulated below:
Period Number of elements Period Elements
I 2 Very short 1𝐻 and 2𝐻𝑒
II 8 Short 3𝐿𝑖 and 10𝑁𝑒
III 8 Short 11𝑁𝑎 and 18𝐴𝑟
IV 18 Long 19𝐾 and 36𝐾𝑟
V 18 Long 37𝑅𝑏 to 54𝑋𝑒
VI 32 Very long 55𝐶𝑠 to 56𝑅𝑛
VII 19 Incomplete 87𝐹𝑟 to contd…

Advantages of the Long Form of the Periodic Table

Some advantages of the modern periodic table are listed below.
(i) The position of different elements is linked with their electronic configuration.
(ii) Position of isotopes of an element is justified since they have same atomic number.
(iii) Similar properties of element in a group are also justified due to same valence electrons.
Each group is an independent group, and the ideal of subgroup is discarded.

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(iv) Noble gases are inner-transition elements (lanthanides and actinides) have their
separate place in this periodic table.
Disadvantages of the Long Form of the Periodic Table
Despite many advantages there some disadvantages of the modern periodic table. They are:
(i) The position of hydrogen remains controversial because hydrogen with one electron in
its valence shell shows similarities with both alkali metals and halogens. Therefore,
placing hydrogen in group 1 is not completely justifiable.
(ii) The elements lanthanides and actinides could not be placed in the main body of the
modern periodic table.
(iii) It does not reflect the exact distribution of electrons of some of the transition of some of
the transition and inner-transition elements.

Division of Periodic Table into Blocks

Elements in the modern periodic table are arranged in the increasing order of their atomic
numbers in such a way that elements with similar properties fall under same vertical
column. The different regions of the periodic table are sometimes referred to as periodic
table blocks and are named according to the subshell in which the last electron resides.
Elements are classified into four blocks based on the differentiating electron. They are:
1. 𝑠-block elements
2. 𝑝-block elements
3. 𝑑-block elements
4. 𝑓-block elements
s-block elements
(i) If the differentiating electron enters into s-orbtial, then the block elements are called s-
block elements.
(ii) It is divided into two groups they are IA (group 1) and IIA (group 2)
(iii) Group 1 elements are called alkali metals and group 2 elements are called alkaline earth
metals.
(iv) General electronic configuration for group 1 elements is 𝑛𝑠1 , and for group 2 elements is
𝑛𝑠 2 .
(v) Except hydrogen all other elements are metals.
(vi) These elements form ionic compounds and act as strong reducing agents.
s-block
H He
Li Be
Na Mg
K Ca
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
Fr Ra

p-block elements
(i) If the differentiating electron enters p-orbtial, then the block elements are called p-block
elements.

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(ii) It is divided into sic groups, they are IIIA (group 13) , IVA(group 14). VA(group 15),
VIA (group 16), VIIA (group 17), and 0 (group 18) group elements.
(iii) The general electronic configuration for p-block elements is 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝1 to 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝6
(iv) 𝑝-block elements are metals, non-metals, and metalloids.
(v) These elements maximum exhibits covalent nature and generally form covalent
compounds. These elements act as strong oxidizing agents.
p-block
B C N O F Ne
Al Si P S Cl Ar
Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
ln Sn Sb Te l Xe
Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

d-block elements
(i) If the differentiating electron enters d-orbital, then the block elements are called d-block
elements.
(ii) It is divided into 10 groups they are IB to VIIB and VIII. In VIII group, 3 subgroups are
present.
(iii) These d-block elements are classified into four series. They are 3d-series, 4d-series, 5d-
seires and, d-series. Each series contains 10 elements except 6d series, which is an
incomplete period
d-block
3d- Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
series
4d- Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
series
5d- La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
series
6d- Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn
series
1−10
(i) General electronic configuration for d-block elements is (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑛𝑠1−2
(ii) All these are metals. These elements act as strong reducing agents.
(iii) When we move from left to right in these elements, ionic nature gradually changes to
covalent nature hence these elements are called transition elements. These elements act
as strong reducing agents.

f-block elements
(i) If the differentiating electron enter f-orbital, then the block elements are called f-block
elements.
(ii) It is divided into 14 groups.
(iii) 𝑓-block elements are classified into two series, they are 4f series and 5f-series elements
(iv) 4𝑓−series elements are called lanthanides whereas 5f-series elements are called
actinoids.
(v) General electronic configuration for f-block elements is (𝑛 − 2)𝑓 1−14 (𝑛 − 1)𝑑0−1 𝑛𝑠 2

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4f-series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
elements
Lanthanides
5f-series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
elements
Actinides

MISCONCEPTION
All s-block and p-block elements together come under representative elements.
FACT: Except noble gases, s-block and p-block elements together are called as
representative elements

Bohr’s classification of Elements

Based on electronic configuration of the incomplete shells the elements are classified into
four main categories.
Inert Gases Inert gases neither belong to s no p-block as
the outermost shells of these elements are
completely filled. The outermost electronic
configuration of inert gas is 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝6 Helium
(He) is also an inert gas, but it is an exception
as its electronic configuration is 1𝑠 2 .
Representative Representative elements are the elements are
(or) the elements belonging to s- and p-block
Normal Elements having outermost electronic configuration
𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝1−5 . The outermost shell of these
elements is incomplete, i.e., the number of
electrons in the outermost shell is less than
eight s- and p-block elements except inert
gases are called normal or representative
elements. They represent group 1, 2, 13 to 17
of the periodic table.
Transition Elements Last two shells of these elements namely
outermost and penultimate shells are
incomplete. The last shell contains 1 or 2
electrons, and the penultimate shell may
contain upto to 10 electrons. Their outermost
electronic configuration is similar to d-block
elements i.e., according to the latest
definition of transition elements, those
elements which have partly filled d-orbitals
is neutral state or any stable oxidation state
are called transition elements. Their
outermost electronic configuration is
(𝑛 − 1)𝑑1−10 𝑛𝑠 0−2. According to this
definition Zn, Cd and Hg are d-block
elements but not transition elements because
these elements have 𝑑10 configuration in
neutral as well as in stable +2 oxidation state.

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Inner-transition elements In these elements last three shell, i.e., last,

penultimate are pre-penultimate shells are
incomplete. These are related to group 3. The
last shell contains two electrons, penultimate
shell many contain eight or nine electrons,
and pre-penultimate shell contains 18 to 32
electrons. Their outermost electronic
1−14 (𝑛
configuration is − 2)𝑓
(𝑛 − 1)𝑑0−1 𝑛𝑠 2

EXAMPLES:

1. Write a short note on 1st and 2nd period of the modern periodic table.
Solution:
1st period 2nd period
(i) It starts with H (1) and ends (i) It starts with Li (3) and ends
with He (2). with Ne (10)
(ii) It contains two elements (ii) It contains eight elements
(iii) It is called very short period (iii) It is called short period
(iv) In this period, 1s energy level is (iv) In this period, 1s, 2s and 2p
present energy levels are present

2. Write a short note on s-block elements.

Solution:
(i) If the differentiating electron enters s-orbital, then the block elements are called s-
block elements. It is divided into two groups; they are group 1 and group 2.
(ii) Group 1 elements are called alkali metals where group 2 elements are called alkaline
earth metals
(iii) General electronic configuration: 𝑛𝑠1−2
(iv) Except hydrogen all are metals.
(v) These elements exhibit ionic nature and generally form ionic compounds
s-block
H He
Li Be
Na Mg
K Ca
Rb Sr
Cs Ba
Fr Ra

3. Write the differences between Mendeleev’s periodic table and modern periodic table.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table Modern Periodic Table
It has 8 groups and 6 periods It has 18 groups and 7 periods
Transition elements are not separated Transition elements are given a separate
place.
Inert gases were not present Inert gases are present in separate group
Lanthanides and actinides were not present Lanthanides and actinides are at the
bottom of the periodic table.

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Position of the element, i.e., group number Group number and period number of an
of period number cannot be predicted from element can be predicted from its electronic
its electronic configuration configuration
Elements are arranged according to the Elements are arranged according to the
atomic masses atomic numbers.

4. Give the general electronic configuration for IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and zero group
elements.
Solution: General electronic configuration for IIIA group elements is 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝1 , IV A group
elements is 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝2 , VA group elements is 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝3, VIA group elements is 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝4 , VIIA
group elements 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝5 , and zero group elements is 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝6 .

RECALL

1. Modern periodic law states that the physical and chemical properties of the elements
are periodic functions of their atomic number. In this table, elements have been
arranged in order of increasing atomic number.
2. The modern periodic table consists of 18 groups and 7 periods.
3. The elements belonging to the same group have similar properties.
4. Elements are classified into four blocks based on the differentiating electron. They are:
(i) 𝑠-block
(ii) 𝑝-block element
(iii) 𝑑-block elements
(iv) 𝑓-block elements.
5. 𝒔-block has two groups IA t IIA with general electronic configuration 𝑛𝑠1 and 𝑛𝑠 2 ,
respectively.
6. 𝒑-block has six groups they are IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA and 0 group elements with
general electronic configuration 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝1−6
7. 𝒅-block has ten groups which are group 3 to group 12, with general electronic
configuration (𝑛 − 1)𝑑1−10 𝑛𝑠1−2
8. 𝒇-block has 14 groups elements which are classified into two series, 4f-series and 5f-series
elements with general electronic configuration (𝑛 − 2)𝑓 1−14 (𝑛 − 1)𝑑0−1 𝑛𝑠 2 .
9. Bohr’s classification of elements was based on the electronic configuration of the
incomplete shells, into four main categories, they are: inert gases, representative or
normal elements, transition and inner-transition elements.

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DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

I. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Who proposed the modern periodic table?

2. Why do elements belonging to same group have similar properties?
3. What is the basis of the modern periodic table?
4. Which periods are called short periods, and which are called long periods? Why?
5. Write about modern periodic law.
6. What are the different types of blocks in the modern periodic table?
7. What are representative elements?
8. Give the outermost electronic configuration of s and p block elements.
9. Which group elements act as strong oxidizing agents?
10. Which group elements act as strong reducing agents?
11. Give the general electronic configuration for f-block elements.
12. Which block elements generally form ionic compounds.

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:

13. Why are the lanthanides and actinides given separate position in the modern periodic
table?
14. What are transition elements? How do they differ from d-block elements?
15. Mention the names of the following groups.
(a) Group 2 (b) Group 7 (c) Group 16.
16. Give the categories about Bohr’s classification of elements with their general
electronic configuration.

III. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:

17. Answer the following questions:

(i) Which of the given elements A, B, C< D and E with atomic number 2, 3, 7, 10 and
30, respectively belong to the same period?
(ii) The elements P, Q, R, S and T have atomic number 9, 11, 17, 12 and 13
respectively. Which pair of elements belong to the same group?
18. Give the advantages and disadvantages of the modern periodic table.
19. The table given below shows the electronic configuration of different elements.
Element Electronic Configuration
W 2, 8, 2
X 2, 6
Y 2, 8, 8, 2
Z 2, 8, 7
(i) Write down the period and group for the element X.
(ii) Which of the elements belonging to p-block?
(iii) Name the elements belonging to alkaline earth metal.
(iv) Give the atomic number of Z write its symbol

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(v)Calculate the number of shells present in element Y.

IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS

20. Halogens belong to group number _____

21. Elements of first and second group of periodic table are called ______ and _____
22. Representative elements are also called ______
23. In the periodic table, the element with atomic number 26 belongs to _____
24. 5f-series elements are called _____
25. ______ elements have partly filled d-orbitals in neutral state or any stable oxidation
state.
26. An element having electronic configuration 3𝑑6 4𝑠 2 belong to _____
27. The horizontal rows are called _____
28. The first element of each period (except/period) is an ______ metal and the last
element is an ______ gas.
29. If the _______ electron enters s-orbital, then the block elements are called s-block
elements.

V. TRUE OR FALSE

30. All 𝑝-blcok elements are non-metals

31. 𝑠-block elements exhibit covalent nature and generally forms covalent compounds.
32. 𝑑-block elements are divided into 10 groups they are IB to VII B to VIII.
33. 5𝑓-series elements are called lanthanides.
34. In inner-transition elements last three shells i.e., last penultimate and pre-
penultimate shells are incomplete.

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PERIODICITY AND ITS PROPERTIES

INTRODUCTION

In the modern periodic table, elements are arranged in terms of regular gradation in their
properties and their repetition takes place at regular intervals. This concept is studied under
a topic called as periodicity.
The recurrence of similar properties of elements after certain regular intervals, when they
are arranged in the order of increasing atomic numbers is called periodicity The properties
that result trends across the modern periodic table are called as periodic properties. These
trends can be explained and understood by analyzing the electronic of elements. In
elements, we find numerous physical properties such as melting points, boiling points,
enthalpy of fusion, enthalpy of vaporization, enthalpy of atomization, density. Etc, which
show periodic variation. All these properties are indirectly related to the electronic
configuration of atoms. However some physical properties such as valency, atomic size,
ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity etc, are directly related to the
electronic configuration of atoms.

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PERIODIC PROPERTIES

Periodicity is the recurrence of similar physical and chemical properties of elements when
arranged in a particular order. Some of the important periodic properties are:
1. Atomic radius
2. Ionization potential
3. Electron affinity
4. Electronegativity
5. Metallic and non-metallic nature.

Atomic Size or Atomic Radius

Atomic radius is defined as the distance from the centre of nucleus to the outermost shell of
the atom. It is generally expressed in terms of Ǻ, cm, m, nm and picometer (pm)

OA – Atomic radius
Key Point:
Ǻ = 10−10 𝑚, 1 𝑛𝑚 = 10−9 𝑚, 1 𝑝𝑚 = 10−12 𝑚

Types of Atomic Radius

Based on the nature of bonding atomic radius is called into four types. They are:
(i) Metallic radius
(ii) Covalent radius
(iii) Van der Waals’ radius
(iv) Ionic radius

Metallic Radius: The half of the internuclear distance present between the two adjacent
atoms of a metal is called metallic radius.
For example, distance between two adjacent sodium atoms in a crystal lattice is 3.72Ǻ, SO,
crystal radius of Na = 3.72/2 = 1.86Ǻ.

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Metallic radius – P/2

Covalent Radius: Covalent radius is generally used in reference to non-metals it is defined as

half of the internuclear distance between the two atoms held by a single covalent bond
For example, in diamond 𝐶 − 𝐶 bond distance is 1.54Ǻ. Covalent radius of 𝐶 = 1.54⁄2 =
0.77 Ǻ.
The covalent radius decreases with increase in the number of bonds between carbon atoms
(𝐶 − 𝐶 = 1.54 Ǻ , 𝐶 = 𝐶 1.34 Ǻ, , 𝐶 ≡ 𝐶 = 1.20 Ǻ)

Covalent radius – Q/2

Vander Waals Radius: It is defined as half of the internuclear distance between two atoms
of different molecules which are very close to each other, but not linked by a chemical bond,
due to Van der Waals’ forces, For example, the distance between two adjacent chlorine
atoms of different Cl molecules is 3.6 Ǻ therefore, Van der Waals’ radius of 𝐶𝑙 is 1.8 Ǻ. Van
Waals’ radius is 40% greater than a covalent radius. It is used for molecular substances in the
gaseous state only

Vander Waals Radius = R/2

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Key point:
Van der Waals radius –Metallic radius – Covalent radius

Ionic Radius: The distance between the centre of the nucleus of an ion to the point up to
which the nucleus exert its attractive force on the electron cloud of the ion is called ionic
radius
Cation: Neutral atoms by losing electrons form positively charged ions called cations. The
size of the cation is always less than its parent atom (𝑁𝑎+ − 𝑁𝑎). As the positive charge on
cation increases, the size of cation decreases.

For example, 𝑆𝑖 4+ < 𝐴𝑙 3+ < 𝑀𝑔2+ < 𝑁𝑎1+

Anion: Neutral atoms by gaining electrons form negatively charged ions called anions. The
size of anion is always greater than the parent atom (𝐶𝑙 > 𝐶𝑙). As the negative charge on
anion increases, the size of anion also increases

For example, 𝑁 3− > 𝑂2− > 𝐹 −

The atomic radius depends upon the following two factors:

(i) Nuclear charge: Nuclear charge of an atom has the tendency to attract electrons the
nucleus and reduce the size of atom. Greater the nuclear charge, greater will be the
electrostatic force of attraction on the valence electrons. Therefore, smaller will be the
atomic size or the ionic size
(ii) Number of orbitals: Greater the number of orbits, lower will be the nuclear charge.
Therefore, the size of atom or ion will be greater.

Trends in Groups and Periods.

In Group: On moving down the group, the atomic radii increases. This is because a new
energy shell is added which increases the distance between the outermost electrons and the
nucleus. Although the nuclear charge also increases but it is compensated by the addition
shell being added thus, increasing the size of the atom.

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In Period: Atomic radius decreases on moving from left to right due to the increase in
effective nuclear charge.

Ionization Potential (IP)

The minimum of amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron
from an isolated, neutral gaseous atom to convert it into gaseous ion is called ionization
energy. This is also called first ionization energy.
𝑀(𝑔) + 𝐼𝑃1 → 𝑀+ (𝑔) + 𝑒
Second ionization potential (𝑰𝑷𝟐 ): The minimum amount of energy required to remove a
second electron from a unit positive gaseous ion is called second ionization potential
𝑀+ (𝑔) + 𝐼𝑃2 → 𝑀2+ (𝑔) + 𝑒
𝐼𝑃2 is always greater than 𝐼𝑃1 . This is because when an electron is removed from a positive
atom. The number of protons will be more than that of electrons. Due to this increased
effective charge on the remaining electrons more energy is required to remove the second
electro. Similarity 𝐼𝑃1 < 𝐼𝑃2 < 𝐼𝑃3 < 𝐼𝑃4 ……..𝐼𝑃𝑛 .
Ionization potential is measured in electron volt (eV) or kJ per mol or kilocalorie per mole (
1eV = 96.45 kJ/mol)

Factors Affecting the Ionization Potential

The different factors affecting the ionization potential are:
(i) Atomic size: As the atomic size increases, the nuclear forces of attraction over the
valence electrons decreases. Hence, the amount of energy required to remove the
1
loosely held electron decreases. So, in large sized atoms IP is less [𝐼𝑃 ∝ 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒]
(ii) Nuclear charge: As the nuclear charge increases, the valence electrons are held more
strongly by the nucleus. Hence, more amount of energy is required to remove the
valence electron. So, IP increases as the nuclear charge increases. [𝐼𝑃 ∝ 𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒]
(iii) Shielding effect or screening effect: Ionization potential is inversely proportional to
shielding effect. As the number of electrons in the inner shells increase, shielding effect
1
also increases resulting in the decreases of ionization potential [𝐼𝑃 ∝ 𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡]
(iv) Electronic configuration: The atoms of the elements with half-filled or completely-filled
orbitals in the valence shell are more stable than remaining elements. Hence, to remove
electrons from such atoms, more amount of energy is required. So, IP is more for the
atoms with half-filled or completely-filled valence electronic configuration.

Key point:
Ionization potential of nitrogen is more than that of oxygen.

Trends in Groups and Periods:

In Group: On moving down the group, the ionization potential decreases. This is because a
new energy shell is added which increases the distance between the outermost electrons and
the nucleus. So, the valence electron is easily removed from the valence orbital.
In Period: On moving left to right across a period. the ionization potential increases.

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Electron Affinity (EA)

The amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral, isolated gaseous
atom is called electron affinity
𝑋(𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝑋 − (𝑔) + 𝐸𝐴1
Second electron affinity values are positive
𝑋 − (𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝑋 2− (𝑔) − 𝐸𝐴2
Reason: During the addition of second electron to a unit negative ion, the incoming electron
experiences repulsion with negatively charged cloud of anion. Hence, energy is required to
overcome these repulsive forces.
The electron affinity values depend on:
(i) Size of atom
(ii) Effective nuclear charge
(iii) Electronic configuration
Electron affinity values are measured in 𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1.

Trends in Groups and Periods:

In Group: In a group, EA values decrease from top to bottom. As the size of the atom
increases, the effective nuclear charge decreases. Hence, the electron affinity values also
decrease.
Anomalies: In some p-block elements, the second element in a group will have more
electron affinity than the first element. This is due to the very small atomic size of first
element and due to more electron density in the valence shell the incoming electron faces
greater repulsions by already present electrons. For example, fluorine has less electron
affinity than chlorine.

In Period: In a period from left to right, electron affinity increases. As the atomic size
decreases, effective nuclear charge increases, and the ability to hold the new electron
increase. Hence, EA also increases.

MISCONCEPTION

The electron affinity of nitrogen is always more than one.

FACT: Nitrogen is unique in a way that it has an electron affinity approximately equal to
zero. Adding an electron neither releases nor requires a significant amount of energy. This is
because of the stability of the half-filled 2p subshell.

Electronegativity (EN)

The tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself is called
electronegativity. It is the property of a bonded atom. Electronegativity depends on

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(i) The nature of bonded atoms.

(ii) The distance between the nucleus and the inner electrons (atomic size). The nucleus of a
small atom can attract electrons more strongly. Therefore, small atoms have high
electronegativity.
(iii) Nuclear charge of the atom. Greater the nuclear charge, greater is the electronegativity.

Electronegativity Scales

The electronegativity values of elements may be expressed on a number of arbitrary scales.

They are:
(i) Pauling scale: This scale is based upon bond energy values. The bond energy of
compound 𝐴 − 𝐵 is the average of bond energies of 𝐴 − 𝐴 and 𝐵 − 𝐵 molecules, i.e.,
1
𝐸𝐴−𝐵 = [𝐸 + 𝐸𝐵−𝐵 ]
2 𝐴−𝐴
But the experimental value 𝐸𝐴−𝐵 is found to exceed the theoretical value 𝐸𝐴−𝐵 . The
difference in energy (∆) indicates the polarity of the covalent bond.
According to Pauling scale 𝜒𝐴 − 𝜒𝐵 = 0.208 √∆ [where 𝜒𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜒𝐵 are electronegativites
of A and B]
(ii) Mullikan scale: According to this scale, EN of an element is the average of its IP and
𝐼𝑃+𝐸𝐴
EA. For example, for atom A, 𝜒𝐴 = when IP and EA are in eV.
2

Key points
 EN values measured on Mullikan scale are 2.8 times greater than the values
measured on Pauling scale.
𝐼𝑃+𝐸𝐴
 When IP and EA values are in 𝑘𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1 , then 𝐸𝑁 = 544

Uses of Electronegativity

Some uses of electronegativity of an atom are mentioned below.

(i) It is used in the identification of nature of bond, that is if EN difference is 1.7 or greater
than 1.7 then the bond is ionic, if it is less than 1.7 then the nature of bond is covalent.
(ii) Metallic or non-metallic nature of the elements can be identified using electronegativity
values (More EN means that the element is non-metallic and les EN mean of the element
is metallic.
(iii) To assign the oxidation state (i.e., negative or positive)
(iv) To write the formula of the compound (i.e., more electronegative element should be
written on right hand side for example, 𝑂𝐹2 .

Trends in Groups and Periods

In Group: In a group from top of the bottom, EN decreases due to the increase in atomic size
(EN 𝛼 1/atomic size).
In Period: In a period from left to right EN values increases due to the decrease in atomic
size.

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Electropositivity
The tendency of an element to lose the electrons can be defined as electropositive nature.
Generally, metallic elements will have more electropositive nature.
Trends in Groups and Periods

In Group: Electropositivity increases from top to bottom in a group. This is because of the
increase in atomic size in a group due to which electropositivity increases (electropositivity
𝛼 Atomic size)
In Period: Electropositivity decreases from left to right in a period. This is because of the
decrease in atomic size in a period due to which electropositivity also decreases

Metallic and Non-metallic Nature

Metallic Nature Non-metallic Nature

The element with more electropositive The element which has more
nature is said to have more metallic nature electronegativity is said to have more non-
metallic nature
Variation in a group: In a group from top to Variation in a group: In group from top to
bottom metallic nature increases bottom non-metallic nature decreases.
Reason: Since metallic nature is directly Reason: Since non-metallic nature is
proportional to atomic size, the metallic inversely proportional to atomic size, the
nature also increases as the atomic size non-metallic nature decreases as the atomic
increases down the group size increases down the group
Variation in a period: In a period from left Variation in a period: In a period from left
to right metallic nature decreases to right non-metallic nature increases.
Reason: Since metallic nature 𝛼 atomic size, Reason: Since non-metallic nature
the metallic nature decreases 𝛼 1/atomic size, the non-metallic nature
increases.

EXAMPLES:

1. List the important periodic properties of an element.

Solution: The important periodic properties are:
(i) Atomic radius
(ii) Ionization potential
(iii) Electron affinity
(iv) Electronegativity
(v) Metallic and non-metallic nature

2. Write a short note on ionic radius.

Solution: the distance between the centre of the nucleus of an ion to the point up to
which the nucleus exerts its attractive force on the electron cloud of the ion is called ionic
radius.
Cation: Neutral atoms by losing electrons form positively charged ions called cations.
The size of the cation is always less than its parent atom (𝑁𝑎 − 𝑁𝑎+ ). As the positive
charge on cation increases, the size of cation decreases.

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For example, 𝑆𝑖 4+ < 𝐴𝑙 3+ < 𝑀𝑔2+ < 𝑁𝑎1+

Anion: Neutral atoms by gaining electrons form negatively charged ions called anions. The
size of anion is always greater than the parent atom (𝐶𝑙 − > 𝐶𝑙). As the negative charge on
anion increases, the size of anion also increases

For example, 𝑁 3− > 𝑂2− > 𝐹 −

3. Define electro affinity.

Solution: The amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral, isolated
gaseous atom is called electron affinity.
𝑋(𝑔) + 𝑒 − → 𝑋 + (𝑔) + 𝐸𝐴1

4. Define electronegativity. On what factors electronegativity depends upon?

Solution: The tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself is
called electronegativity it is the property of a bonded atom. Electronegativity depends on:
(i) The nature of bonded atoms
(ii) The distance between the nucleus and the inner electrons (atomic size) the nucleus of
a small atom can attract electrons more strongly. Therefore, small atoms have high
electronegativity.
(iii) Nuclear charge of the atom. Greater the nuclear charge, greater is the
electronegativity.

5. Give the variation of ionization potential in groups and periods.

Solution: In group: On moving down the group, the ionization potential decrease. This is
because a new energy shell is added which increases the distance between the outermost
electrons and the nucleus. So, the valence electron is easily removed from the valence
orbital.
In periods: On moving left to right across a period, the ionization potential increases.

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6. Define electroposivity. Give the variation and electropositive nature of an element in a

group and a period.
Solution: The tendency of an element to lose the electrons can be defined as
electropositive nature. Generally metallic elements will have more electropositive nature.
(i) Variation in groups: In a group electropositivity increases from top to bottom.
Reason: Since electropostivity is directly proportional to atomic size, so
electronegativity increases as the atomic size in a group increases.
(ii) Variation in periods: In a period, electropositivity decreases from left to right.
Reason: Since electropositivity is directly proportional to atomic size, and as the
atomic size in a period decreases electropositivity also decreases.

RECALL:

1. The recurrence of similar properties of elements after certain regular intervals when they
are arranged in the order of increasing atomic numbers is called periodicity.
2. Atomic size or atomic radius is defined as the distance from the centre of nucleus to the
outermost shell of the atom.
3. The different types of atomic radius are
(i) Metallic radius
(ii) Covalent radius
(iii) Van der Waals’ radius
(iv) Ionic radius
4. On moving down the group, the atomic radii increases. In periods, atomic radius
decreases on moving from left to right.
5. The minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron
from an isolated neutral, gaseous atom to convert it into gaseous ion is called ionization
energy.
6. Factors affecting ionization potential:
1
(i) 𝐼𝑃 𝛼 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
(ii) 𝐼𝑃 𝛼 𝑁𝑢𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒
1
(iii) 𝐼𝑃 𝛼 𝑆𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡
(iv) 𝐼𝑃 is more for the atoms with half-filled or completely-filled valence electronic
configuration.
7. Electron affinity is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral,
isolated, gaseous atom.
8. In a group, EA values decrease from to bottom. In a period from left to right, electron
affinity increases.
9. Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons
towards itself. It is the property of bonded atom.
10. In a group from top to bottom, EN decreases in a period from left to right. EN values
increases.
11. Electropositivity is the tendency of an element to lose the electrons and can be defined as
electropositive nature.

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12. In a group, electropositivity increases from top to bottom. In a period, electropsitivity

decreases from left to right.
13. In a period from left to right, metallic nature decreases. In a period from left to right, non
metallic nature increases.

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

I. VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Name the physical properties that are directly related to the electronic configuration
of atoms.
2. Define atomic radius
3. Give the factors on which atomic radius depend upon.
4. Define ionization potential
5. Name the element which has the lowest ionization enthalpy value.
6. Define covalent radius
7. How does electron affinity changes across a period?
8. Give the units of ionization potential.
9. Why noble gases show zero electron affinity value?
10. Which among the following ions 𝑁𝑎+ , 𝑀𝑔2+ and 𝐴𝑙 3+ has the smallest ionic radius.
11. Describe the trend of the metallic and non-metallic character of the elements in a
group.
12. Give the number of valence electrons of caesium
13. Explain how are electronegativity and non-metallic character of an element related
to each other.

II. SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

14. Explain why cations are smaller and anions are larger in radii than their parent
atom?
15. Among the elements B, Al, C, O and Si
(i) Which has the largest atomic radius?
(ii) Which has the highest first ionization enthalpy?
16. Along the period, ionization energy increases, but the first ionization energy of
beryllium is more than that of boron , and that of nitrogen is more than that of
oxygen. Why?
17. Write a short note on different electronegativity scales.
18. Give the uses of electronegativity.

III.LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:

19. Explain any three types of atomic radius

20. Give the factors that affect the ionization potential

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21. Give the difference between metallic and non-metallic nature with this property
gradation in groups and periods.
22. The position of five elements A, B, C, D, an E in the periodic table is shown below
Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 Group 18
- - - E
- B D
A C
Give the reasons for the following:
(i) Element D is a non-metal.
(ii) Element A has the biggest size among the given elements.
(iii) Valency of element B is 2 has similar properties with element C.
(iv) Element E has zero electron affinity.

IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS

23. The outermost electronic configuration of chalcogens is _______.

24. The electronic configuration of zinc is ________.
25. The correct order of electron affinity of B, C, and N is____________.
26. The smallest cation is____________.
27. Lionization potential of nitrogen is ________ then that of oxygen.
28. As the size of atom _________, the effective nuclear charge decreases.
29. If EN difference is ___________ then the bond is ionic.
30. The electron affinity values depend on __________, __________ and________
31. According to _________ Scale, 𝑋𝐴 − 𝑋𝐵 = 0.208 √∆ [where 𝑋𝐴 and 𝑋𝐵 are
electronegativities of A and B].

V. TRUE OF FALSE

32. The properties that results in the regular trends are called as periodic properties.
33. The covalent radius is also called multiple bond covalent radius.
34. The element chlorine has the highest electronegativity in the periodic table.
35. Van der Waals’ radius > Metallic radius > Covalent radius.
36. Second electron affinity values are positive.
37. If the atom of an element has one electron in its outermost shell, it is likely to be metallic
in nature.

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STUDY OF ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS

INTRODUCTION

In modern periodic table, the elements present in the first two vertical columns, are called s-
block elements. These s-block elements belong to group 1 and 2. These group 1 and 2
possess one or two electrons in their outermost shells. These outermost electrons belong to
an s- subshell of sub-quantum level. The elements present in group 1 are celled alkali metals.
The elements present in group 2 are called alkaline earth metals. These elements are metals
as they have relatively low ionisation energies and can form cations easily by the loss of
these ‘s’ electrons. Secondly they account for their generally high chemical reactivity.

Key points

 If the elements (Alkali metals) of group 1 or IA lose their outermost s’ electron, they
from 𝑀+ ions.
 If the elements (Alkaline earth metals) of group 2 or IIA lose their outermost 𝑠 2
electron, they form 𝑀2+ ions.

ALKALI METALS

Alkali metals are members of group 1, except hydrogen. These elements are called alkali
metals as they react with water to form alkaline solutions. The alkali metals are so reactive
that they are never found in nature in elemental from. Although some of their ores are
abundant, isolating them from their ores is somewhat difficult. The group 1 elements were
unknown until the early 19th century.

Discovery

Group 1 of the periodic table consists of six elements- lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium
(K), rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr)

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Sodium (Na) and Potassium (K)

Sir Humphry Davy first prepared sodium (Na) and potassium (K) by passing an electric
current through molten alkalis.

Lithium (LI)

Lithium (LI) was discovered in 1817 when the Swedish chemist Johan Arfwedson was
studying the composition of new Brazilian mineral.

Caesium (Cs) and rubidium (Rb)

Caesium (Cs) and rubidium (Rb) were not discovered until the 1860s, until Robert Bunsen
Conducted a systematic search for new elements. Known to chemistry students as the
inventor of the Bunsen burner, Bunsen’s spectroscopic studies of ores showed sky blue and
deep red emission lines that he attributed to two new elements, Cs and Rb, respectively.

Francium (Fr)

Francium (Fr) is found in only trace amounts in nature, so our knowledge of its chemistry is
limited. All the isotopes of Fr have very short half-lives, in contrast to the other elements in
group I.

Key point

Among all the alkali metals, only sodium and potassium are found in abundance in nature,
that is, they are seventh and eighth most abundant elements by weight in Earth’s crust.

Sources of Alkali Metals

Metal Sources
Lithium Spodumene (𝐿𝑖𝐴𝑙𝑆𝑖2 𝑂6 )
Sodium Salt water, 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 (Rock salt) and 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3
Potassium Ancient ocean and Salt Lake beds, 𝐾𝑁𝑂3 and Sylvite (𝐾𝐶𝑙)
Rubidium Mineral springs (Searle’s lake, California, Manitoba; Michigan
brines)
Caesium Water from certain mineral springs (Bernic lake, Manitoba)
Francium Radioactive element

Electronic Configuration

The general electronic configuration of alkali metals is 𝑛𝑠1

Name of the Atomic Symbol Electronic configuration

element number, Z
Lithium 3 Li (2, 1) or [𝐻𝑒]2𝑠1
Sodium 11 Na (2, 8,1) or [𝑁𝑒]3𝑠1
Potassium 19 K (2, 8, 8,1) or [𝐴𝑟]4𝑠1
Rubidium 37 Rb (2, 8, 18, 8, 1) or [𝐾𝑟]5𝑠1
Caesium 55 Cs (2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 1) or [𝑋𝑒]6𝑠1

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Francium 87 Fr (2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1) or [𝑅𝑛]7𝑠1

Physical Properties

(i) All the alkali elements are silvery-white solids.

(ii) These are soft in nature as they can be cut with the help of a knife except lithium.
They are even light metals.

(iii) The silver luster of alkali metals is due to the presence of highly mobile electrons
in the metallic lattice.
(iv) Melting and boiling points: These metals have low melting and boiling points
because of weak binding energy in the metals crystal lattice as these atoms have
only one electron in the valance shell. These values also decrease in moving
down from Li to Cs in metallic bond strength due to decrease in cohesive forces.

Element Melting Boiling Density Atomic 𝑰𝟏 (𝑲𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍)

point (℃) Point (℃) (𝒈/𝒄𝒎𝟑 ) Radius (Å)
Lithium 181 1327 0.53 1.52 520
Sodium 98 881.4 0.97 1.86 496
Potassium 63 759 0.86 2.27 419
Rubidium 39 688 1.53 2.47 403
Caesium 28 671 1.88 2.65 376

(v) Conductivity: The alkali metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. This is
due to the presence of loosely held valence electrons which are free to move
throughout the metal structure.
(vi) Flame colouration: The alkali metals and their salts impart a characteristic colour to
the flame.
Li Na K Rb Cs
Crimson red Golden yellow Violet Red violet Blue
Key Point:

Specific heats: The specific heat values decrease from Li to Cs.

Chemical properties

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Due to their size and low ionization energy, alkali metals are highly electropositive and
chemically reactive. The chemical reactivity of these metals increases down the group.

Reactivity towards air

Alkali metals are so reactive that they lose their shiny surface and tarnish rapidly when
exposed to air because of the formation of oxides.
∆
4𝑁𝑎(𝑠) + 𝑂2(𝑔) → 2𝑁𝑎2 𝑂(𝑠)

Reactivity towards water

Alkali metals decompose water with the evolution of hydrogen gas.

2𝑀 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 → 2𝑀𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2 ↑

Lithium decomposes water slowly. Sodium reacts with water quickly, potassium, rubidium,
and caesium react with water vigorously. The reactivity towards water increases from Li to
Cs. This is due to an increase in electropositive character in the same order.

Reactivity towards hydrogen

The alkali metals combine directly with hydrogen to form crystalline hydrides of the
formula, MH.

2𝑀 + 𝐻2 → 2𝑀𝐻

The hydrides react with water liberating hydrogen gas. 𝑀𝐻 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝑀𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2 ↑

Reactivity towards oxygen (oxides and hydroxides)

When heated in an atmosphere of oxygen, the alkali metals ignite and form oxides. The
normal oxides ‘𝑀2 𝑂’ react with water to form hydroxides.

𝑀2 𝑂 + 𝐻𝑂 → 2𝑀𝑂𝐻

The Strength of the hydroxides increases from 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 to 𝐶𝑠𝑂𝐻.

𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 < 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 < 𝐾𝑂𝐻 < 𝑅𝑏𝑂𝐻 < 𝐶𝑠𝑂𝐻

Reactivity towards halogens

The alkali metals directly react with halogens forming the halides of the type, MX. The
reactivity of alkali metals towards a particular halogen increases from Li to Cs.

The reactivity of halogens towards a particular alkali metal decreases down the group
(𝐹2 > 𝐶𝑙2 > 𝐵𝑟2 > 𝐼2 ). Halides of K, Rb and Cs have a property of combining with extra
halogen atoms forming polyhalides.

𝐾𝑙 + 𝑙2 → 𝐾𝑙3

Nature of carbonates and bicarbonates

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All the alkali metals form carbonates of the type, 𝑀2 𝐶𝑂3 .

As the electropositive character increases from Li to Cs, the stability of the carbonates
increases in the same order.

𝐿𝑖2 𝐶𝑂3 < 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 < 𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 < 𝑅𝑏2 𝐶𝑂3 < 𝐶𝑠2 𝐶𝑂3

Key point

Potassium reacts with water violently to produce potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
The flame results in explosive reaction of the evolved gas with oxygen gas in the air.

MISCONCEPTION

𝐿𝑖2 𝐶𝑂3 is soluble in water.

Fact: 𝐿𝑖2 𝐶𝑂3 is insoluble in water because the electrostatic interaction between the very small
lithium cation and the carbonate anion overpowers the attraction between these ions and the
water molecules.
Commercially important alkali metal compounds and their uses

Compound Uses
𝐿𝑖𝐴𝐼𝐻4 (𝑠) Production of many pharmaceuticals perfumes
𝐿𝑖𝐵𝐻4 (𝑠) Organic synthesis
𝐿𝑖2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) To treat schizophrenia
𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) Manufacture of effervescent salts and beverages, baking
powder
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 Manufacture of glass, pulp and paper, soaps, caustic soda,
and detergents; used in textile industry
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑠) Production of soap, paper, rayon, cellulose, oven cleaner ,
drain cleaner; also used in petroleum refining
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 10𝐻2 𝑂(𝑠) (Glauber’s Solar heating storage, air conditioning
salt)
𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑁(𝑠) Extraction of gold and silver froms ores, electroplating
solutions, fumigant for fruit tress
𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) Manufacture of special glass for optical instruments and soft
soaps
𝐾𝑁𝑂3 (𝑠) Pyrotechnics, explosives, matches, tobacco treatment
𝐾2 𝐻𝑃𝑂4 (𝑠) Buffering agent

ALKALINE EARTH METALS

Alkaline earth metals are group 2 elements whose general electronic configuration is 𝑛𝑠 2 . In
this group, there are six elements viz beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium,
and radium. Alkaline earth metals are named so because their orides were alkaline in nature
and existed on the earth naturally.

Occurrence

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Alkaline earth metals are reactive elements and hence do not occur free in nature.
Magnesium and calcium are found in abundance in nature. Beryllium is not very abundant.
Radium is a rare and radioactive element.

Ores of alkaline earth metals

S. Alkaline Earth Metals Ore of the metal Chemical formula

No.
1. Beryllium (Be) Beryl 𝐵𝑒3 𝐴𝑙2 (𝑆𝑖𝑂3 )6
2. Magnesium (Mg) Carnallite 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 . 𝐾𝐶𝑙. 6𝐻2 𝑂
Magnesite 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂3
Epsom salt 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 . 7𝐻2 𝑂
3. Barium (Ba) Barytes 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
4. Calcium (Ca) Dolomite 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 . 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂3

Electronic Configuration

Alkaline Earth Symbols Atomic Number, Z Electronic Configuration

Metals
Beryllium Be 4 2,2 (or)[𝐻𝑒]2𝑠 2
Magnesium Mg 12 2,8,2 (or) [𝑁𝑒]3𝑠 2
Calcium Ca 20 2,8,8,2 (or) [𝐴𝑟]4𝑠 2
Strontium Sr 38 2,8,18,8,2 (or)[𝐾𝑟]5𝑠 2
Barium Ba 56 2,8,18,18,8,2 (or) [𝑋𝑒]6𝑠 2
Radium Ra 88 2,8,18,32,18,8,2 (or) [𝑅𝑛]7𝑠 2

Physical Properties

(i) All are greyish-white, light, malleable, and ductile.

(i) They have a greyish-white luster when freshly cut, but tarnish soon after their exposure
to air due to surface oxidation.
(ii) Although these metals are soft, they are relatively harder than alkali metals.
(iii) The melting and boiling points of these elements are higher than corresponding alkali
metals. This is due to the presence of two electrons in the valence shell and thus,
strongly bonded in the solid state. Down the group, there is no regular trend in their
melting and boiling points

Element Boiling Melting Density Atomic 𝐼1 (𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙)

Point (°𝐶) Point (℃) (g/𝑐𝑚3 ) radius (Å)
Beryllium 2469 1287 1.85 1.13 899
Magnesium 1090 619 1.74 1.60 738
Calcium 1484 839 1.54 1.97 590
Strontium 1382 769 2.63 2.15 549
Barium 1897 725 3.59 2.22 503
(iv) Conductivity: Because of the presence of two loosely bound valence electrons per atom
which can move freely throughout the crystal lattice, alkaline earth metals are good
conductors of heat electricity.

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(v) Reducing nature: The alkaline earth metals have the tendency to lose electrons and
change into bivalent cation. 𝑀 ⟶ 𝑀2+ + 2𝑒 −
Hence, they act as strong reducing agents. The reducing nature increases as the atomic
number increases.
(vi) Flame colouration: Apart from Be and Mg, all alkaline earth metals impart colour to the
flame.
Calcium Strontium Barium Radium
Brick-Red Crimson Grassy green Crimson red

Chemical Properties
1. Reactivity towards atmosphere: Except beryllium, these metals are easily tarnished in air
as a layer of oxide is formed on their surface.
𝑀 + 𝑎𝑖𝑟 ⟶ 𝑀𝑂 + 𝑀3 𝑁2
2. Reactivity towards acids: Like alkali metals, alkaline earth metals freely react with acids
and displace hydrogen.
𝑀 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ⟶ 𝑀𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙 ⟶ 𝑀𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2
3. Reaction with hydrogen: Except beryllium, all combine with hydrogen directly to form
hydrides of the type, 𝑀𝐻2 when heated with hydrogen. 𝑀 + 𝐻2 ⟶ 𝑀𝐻2
4. Reaction with oxygen (oxides): Except Ba and Ra, these elements when burnt in oxygen
form oxides of the type MO. 2𝑀 + 𝑂2 ⟶ 2𝑀𝑂
5. Reaction with halogens (Halides): Alkaline earth metals directly combine with halogens,
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
when heated with them. 𝑀 + 𝑋2 → 𝑀𝑋2 (𝑋2 = 𝐹2 , 𝐵𝑟2 , 𝑂𝑟 𝑙2 )
Reaction with nitrogen: Alkaline earth metals burn in nitrogen to form nitrides of the
type, 𝑀3 𝑁2 . 3𝑀 + 𝑁2 ⟶ 𝑀3 𝑁2

Key point

The thermal stability of alkaline earth metal increases down the group. 𝐵𝑒𝐶𝑂3 < 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂3 <
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 < 𝑆𝑟𝐶𝑂3 < 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑂3

Uses of Alkaline Earth Metals

(i) Beryllium: Beryllium is used in the manufacture of metal alloys, for adding strength,
durability, and temperature stability. In industries where flammable solvents are used,
copper-beryllium tools prevent sparks.
(ii) Magnesium: Magnesium is a strong and light metal and is often mixed with aluminium
and zinc to manufacture airplane parts. When mixed with rare earth minerals, the metal
becomes temperature resistant which is used to build car engines.
(iii) Calcium: calcium has numerous industrial uses, including making quick lime (CaO) and
slaked lime for the glass and paper industries. The food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic
industries use calcium in toothpaste, vitamins, and antacids.
(iv) Strontium: Strontium produces a brilliant red colour when burned, which makes it ideal
to mix into fireworks and flares. It is also used as a glass additive.

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(v) Barium: Barium is combined with sulphur to make barium sulphate, used as a
lubricating mud in drilling operations, and taken as a chalky liquid to silence stomach
aches and intestinal problems.

MISCONCEPTION

The position of hydrogen in the periodic table is in the IA group.

FACT: Hydrogen does not have a fixed position in the periodic table because of its
resemblance to alkali metals and halogens in properties. But conventionally, we keep it
along with the alkali metals (IA group).

EXAMPLES

1. Write a short note on the reactivity of halogens with alkali metals.

Solution: Alkali metals directly react with halogens forming the halides of the type, MX.
The reactivity of alkali metals towards a particular halogen increases from Li to Cs. On
the other hand, the reactivity of halogens towards a particular alkali metal decreases from
𝐹2 𝑡𝑜 𝐼2 i.e., 𝐹2 > 𝐶𝑙2 > 𝐵𝑟2 > 𝐼2 . Halides of K, Rb and Cs have the property of combining
with extra halogen atoms forming polyhalides. 𝐾𝑙 + 𝐼2 − 𝐾𝐼3
2. Write the electronic configuration of alkaline earth metals.
Solution:
Element Atomic Number Electronic Configuration
Beryllium 4 [𝐻𝑒]2𝑠 2
Magnesium 12 [𝑁𝑒]3𝑠 2
Calcium 20 [𝐴𝑒]4𝑠 2
Strontium 38 [𝐾𝑟]5𝑠 2
Barium 56 [𝑋𝑒]6𝑠 2
Radium 88 [𝑅𝑛]7𝑠 2

3. Why are potassium, caesium, rather than lithium used in photoelectric cells?
Solution: Potassium and caesium have much lower ionization enthalpy than that of
lithium. As a result, these metals on exposure to light, easily emit electrons but lithium
does not. Therefore, K and Cs are used in photoelectric cells.
4. BaO is soluble but 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 is insoluble in water. Why?
Solution: The lattice enthalpy of BaO is less than its hydration enthalpy, because of the
large size of Ba ions. Therefore, BaO is soluble in water. On the other hand in 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 , the
size of barium ions and sulphate ions are very large and therefore the lattice enthalpy of
𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 is much larger than its hydration enthalpy. Thus 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 is insoluble in water.
5. Mention the sources of alkali metals.
Solution: The sources of alkali metals are:
Metal Sources
Lithium Spodumene (𝐿𝑖𝐴𝐼𝑆𝑖2 𝑂6 )
Sodium Saltwater, NaCl, and 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3
Potassium Ancient ocean and salt lake beds, 𝐾𝑁𝑂3 , and 𝐾𝐶𝑙
Rubidium Mineral springs (Searles lake, California, Manitoba, Michigan
brines)

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Caesium Water from certain mineral springs (Bernic lake, Manitoba)

Francium Radioactive element

6. What is the reaction of alkali metals with carbonates? Write its order of stability of
carbonates.
Solution: All the alkali metals form carbonated of the type 𝑀2 𝐶𝑂3 .
As the electropositive character increases from Li to Cs, the stability of the carbonates
increases in the same order. 𝐶𝑠2 𝐶𝑂3 > 𝑅𝑏2 𝐶𝑂3 > 𝐾2 𝐶𝑂3 > 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 > 𝐿𝑖2 𝐶𝑂3 .
7. Give a few physical properties of alkali metals.
Solution:
(i) They are all silvery-white metals.
(ii) They have a greyish-white luster when freshly cut, but tarnish soon after their
exposure to air due to surface oxidation.
(iii) The melting and boiling points of these elements are higher than corresponding
alkali metals. This is due to the presence of two electrons in their valence shell.

RECALL

1. Alkali metals are the members of group 1, except hydrogen. If the elements (alkali
metals) of group 1 to 1A lose their outermost 𝑛𝑠1 electron, they form 𝑀+ ions.
2. The general electronic configuration of alkali metals in 𝑛𝑠1 .
3. Physical properties of alkali metals
(i) All the alkali elements are silvery-white solids, soft in nature and are light metals.
These metals have low melting and boiling points and are good conductors of heat
and electricity.
(ii) The specific heat values decrease from Li to Cs.
(iii) The alkali metals and their salts impart a characteristic colour to the flame.
4. Chemical properties of alkali earth metals:
(i) In reaction with air, alkali metals lose their shiny appearance and tarnish. On reaction
with oxygen in the air, they form corresponding metal oxides.
(ii) Alkali metals decompose water with the evolution of hydrogen. 2𝑀 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 ⟶
2𝑀𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2 ↑
(iii) The alkali metals combine directly with hydrogen to form crystalline hydrides of the
formula MH. 2𝑀 + 𝐻2 ⟶ 2𝑀𝐻
(iv) Alkali metals hydride on reaction with water liberates hydrogen. 𝑀𝐻 + 𝐻2 𝑂 ⟶
𝑀𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻2 ↑
(v) The alkali metals directly react with halogens forming the halides of the type, MX.
5. Alkaline earth metals are the members of group 2 of the periodic table. If the elements
(alkaline earth metals) of group 2 or IIA lose their outermost 𝑠 2 electrons, they form gives
the 𝑀2+ ions.
6. The general electronic configuration of alkaline earth metals is 𝑛𝑠 2 .
7. Physical properties of alkaline earth metals:
(i) Alkaline earth metals are greyish white, light, malleable, and ductile.
(ii) They have a greyish-white luster when freshly cut, but tarnish soon after their
exposure to air due to surface oxidation.

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Neev Classes Chemistry

(iii) The melting and boiling points of these elements are higher than corresponding
alkali metals.
8. Chemical properties of alkaline earth metals:
(i) Except beryllium, these metals are easily tarnished in air as a layer of oxide is formed
on their surface.
(ii) Like alkali metals, alkaline earth metals freely react with acids and displace hydrogen.
(iii) Except beryllium, all combine with hydrogen directly to form hydrides of the type,
𝑀𝐻2 when heated with hydrogen.
(iv) All the alkaline earth metals burn in nitrogen to form nitrides of the type, 𝑀3 𝑁2 .

DESCRIPTIVE QUESTIONS

I. VERY SHORT ANSER QUENSTIONS

1. What are alkali metals?

2. Give the formula of quicklime.
3. Identify the element from the given electronic configuration: [𝑁𝑒]3𝑠 2 .
4. What happens when sodium metal is dropped in water?
5. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between sodium peroxide and water.
6. To which group the alkaline earth metals belong?
7. Give one example of the alkaline earth metal carbonate which is thermally stable.
8. How do alkaline earth meals occur in nature?
9. Explain why alkali and alkaline earth metals cannot be obtained by chemical reduction
methods.
10. Write one use of magnesium.

II. SHORT ANSWER QUENSTIONS

11. Why are alkali metals not found in free nature?

12. Beryllium and magnesium do not give colour to flame whereas other alkaline earth
metals do so. Why?
13. Why is 𝐿𝑖2 𝐶𝑂3 decomposed at a lower temperature whereas 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 at a higher
temperature?
14. Describe two important uses of
(i) Caustic soda
(ii) Sodium carbonate

III. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

15. Give the reactivity of alkali metals with (i) atmosphere (ii) water (iii) hydrogen (iv)
oxygen
16. Give the reactions of alkaline earth metals with (i) atmosphere (ii) acids (iii) hydrogen (iv)
oxygen (v) halogens (vi) nitrogen

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IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS

17. _____________ first prepared sodium (Na) and potassium (K) by passing an electric
current through molten alkalis.
18. The alkali metals are good conductors of ______ and ________.
19. The reactivity of alkali metals towards a particular halogen increases from___________.
20. ______________ are the elements whose general electronic configuration is 𝑛𝑠 2 .
21. The chemical formula of Barytes is _______________.
22. The ______________ have low values of ionization energies and readily lose their valency
electrons to form 𝑀+ ion. 𝑀 = 1𝑠𝑡 group metals).
23. 𝐿𝑖𝐴𝐼𝐻4 (𝑠) is used in the production of many __________ and __________.
24. Reactivity of halogens towards a particular alkali metal decreases as ______________.
25. ___________ is combined with sulphur to make barium sulphate, used as a lubricating
mud in drilling operations.
26. The alkali metals have the _________ luster, high ductility.
27. In alkali metals ___________ is the lightest metallic element.

V. TRUE OR FALSE

28. Radium is found in abundance in nature.

29. Carnallite is an ore of Mg and its chemical formula is 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑙2 . 𝐾𝐶𝑙. 6𝐻2 𝑂.
30. Magnesite (𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 . 𝑀𝑔𝐶𝑂3 ) is an ore of Mg.
31. The general electric configuration of barium is [𝑋𝑒]6𝑠 2 .
32. The alkaline earth metals have the tendency to lose electrons and change into bivalent
cation.

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Neev Classes Chemistry

Practice Sheet

Single Correct Questions

1. Identify the elements which follow the law of triad from the following.
(a) C, N, O (b) Cl, Br, I (c) Na, K, Rb (d) Li, Be, B
2. Lothar Meyer obtained the curve for the known elements by plotting their atomic
volumes against
(a) Atomic numbers (b) atomic masses
(c) Densities (d) Ionization energies
3. Eka-aluminium predicted by Mendeleev is
(a) Scandium (b) Germanium
(c) Tellurium (d) Gallium
4. Which of the following is a defect in the Mendeleev’s periodic table?
(a) The position of alkali metals (b) The position of transition metals
(c) The position of isotopes (d) All of these
5. The elements of a group of the periodic table have
(a) The same number of protons (b) The same valence shell
(c) The same valence electrons (d) The same electron affinity
6. The tenth element of the periodic table resembles the element with atomic number
(a) 2 as well as 30 (b) 2 as well as 54
(c) 8 as well as 17 (d) only 8
7. How many elements are present in the 3 period of the modern periodic table?
rd

(a) 8 (b) 32 (c) 3 (d) 18

8. The group number of elements in the modern periodic table indicates
(a) Valency with respect to hydrogen
(b) The atomicity
(c) The number of electrons in the outermost shell
(d)All of these
9. General outer electronic configuration of transition metals is
(a) 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑠1−10 (b) 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝1 (𝑛 − 1)𝑑1−10
(c) 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝6 (𝑛 − 1)𝑑1−10 (d) 𝑛𝑠 2 (𝑛 − 1)𝑑1−10
10. Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) 𝑋 + ion is larger in size than X atom (b) 𝑋 − ion is larger in size than X atom
(c) 𝑋 + ion is larger in size than 𝑋 − ion (d) 𝑋 + and 𝑋 − ions are equal in size
11. Why the ionization energy of nitrogen is more than that of oxygen?
(a) Nitrogen has half-filled 𝑝- orbitals
(b) Nitrogen atom is smaller in size than oxygen atom
(c) Nitrogen contains a smaller number of electrons
(d)Nitrogen is less electronegative
12. Which of the following trend is true about metallic character, when we move from left to
right in a period and top to bottom in a group?
(a) Increases both in the period and group
(b) Decreases both in the period and group
(c) Decreases along the period and increases down a group

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Neev Classes Chemistry

(d)Increases along the period and decreases down a group

13. Why except hydrogen, all other elements in group 1 are called alkali metals?
(a) Because they react with water to form alkali
(b) Because they form acidic oxides
(c) Because they are present in first group
(d)Because they are less reactive in nature
14. The elements which occupy positions in periodic table just after the members of zero
group are
(a) Non-metals (b) Gases
(c) Radioactive elements (d) Alkali metals
15. The atomic numbers of four elements are given below. Which one is an alkaline earth
metal?
(a) 10 (b) 20 (c) 30 (d) 40
16. When Dobereiner’s triad is considered, the sum of atomic weights of the first and
terminal elements, X and Z, is 162.5. What is the atomic weight of Y?
(a) 81.25 (b) 35.45 (c) 70.85 (d) 100
17. Observe the following chart
Property Gallium Germanium
(i) Symbol Eka-Al(Ga) Eka-Si(Ge)
(ii) Atomic number 70 72.6
(iii) Melting point Low Low
(iv) Density 5.94 5.35
Which of the following properties are correctly matched?
(a) Only (i) and (ii) (b) Only (ii) and (iii)
(c) Only (iii) and (iv) (d) Only (i) and (iv)
18. The statement which is not true for the long form of periodic table is
(a) It reflects the sequence of filling the electrons in the order of the sub-energy shells.
(b) It helps to predict the stable valence states of the elements
(c) It reflects trends in physical and chemical properties of the elements
(d)It helps to predict the relative ionicity of the bond between any two elements.
19. Without looking at the periodic table, select the elements of group IIIA of the periodic
table (atomic numbers are given).
(a) 3, 11, 19, 37 (b) 5, 13, 21, 39
(c) 7, 15, 31, 49 (d) 5, 13, 31, 49
20. The 3𝑑 transition series contains elements having atomic numbers ranging from
(a) 22 to 30 (b) 21 to 30 (c) 21 to 31 (d) 21 to 29
21. 𝑁𝑎+ is smaller than Na atom because
(a) Nucleus in each case contains different nucleons
(b) Sodium atom has an electron lesser than its cation
(c) The force of attraction is less in 𝑁𝑎+ than in Na atom
(d)Sodium atom has 11 electrons and sodium ion has 10 electrons
22. An element X has IE and EA respectively 275 and 1450 kJ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1. The electronegativity of
X, according to Pauling’s scale is
(a) 2.4 (b) 2.8 (c) 3.2 (d) 4.0

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Neev Classes Chemistry

23. Which of the following is arranged in the order of decreasing electropositive character?
(a) Fe, Mg, Cu (b) Mg, Cu, Fe
(c) Mg, Fe, Cu (d) Cu, Fe, Mg
24. What mass of lithium nitride could be formed from 104 g of lithium and excess nitrogen
gas?
(a) 35 g (b) 174 g (c) 105 g (d) 140 g
25. A metal 𝑀 readily forms water soluble sulphate 𝑀𝑆𝑂4 , water insoluble hydroxide
𝑀(𝑂𝐻)2, and oxide MO which becomes inert on heating. The hydroxide is soluble in
NaOH, then 𝑀 is
(a) Be (b) Mg (c) Ca (d) Sr
26. X, Y and Z are three members of a Dobereiner’s triad. The atomic mass of 𝑋 is 7 u and
that of Y is 23 u. What is the atomic mass of Z?
(a) 37 u (b) 38 u (c) 36 u (d) 39 u
27. In a science project, Ravi has to make a chart illustrating various Newlands elements and
their atomicity. Ravi decided to show elements of different atomicity by different shapes.

Which of the following diagram represents about sulphur?

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

28. The atom having the valence shell electronic configuration 4𝑠 2 4𝑝2 would be in
(a) Group 2 or IIA and period 3 (b) Group 12 or IIB and period 4
(c) Group 14 or IVA and period 4 (d) Group 14 or IVA and period 3
29. The first ionization energy of beryllium is 899 kJ/mol and the second ionization energy is
1,757 kJ/mol. How much energy would it take to remove the valence electrons from two
moles of beryllium?
(a) 5,312 kJ (b) 2,656 kJ (c) 4,413 kJ (d) 10,704 kJ
30. In the graph below, the one which represents an alkali metal with the higher atomic
number is

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Neev Classes Chemistry

(a) Y (b) Z (c) L (d) M

Read the two statements carefully to choose the correct option out of the options given
below.
(a) Both statements are true
(b) Both statements are false
(c) Statement I is true. Statement II is false
(d)Statement I is false. Statement II is true.

Statement Based Questions

31. Statement I: 𝑠- block elements are hard metals showing variable oxidation states.
Statement II: 𝑓- block elements form coloured complexes and have high densities.
32. Statement I: Noble gases possess the highest ionization energies.
Statement II: Ionization energies in alkali metals does not follow a regular trend.
33. Statement I: Zero group elements were not known at the time of Mendeleev.
Statement II: The number of elements known when Mendeleev presented periodic table is
63.
34. Statement I: Shielding effect increases as we go down the group
Statement II: With an increase in the number of electrons in the penultimate shell, more is
the shielding effect.
35. Statement I: Alkaline earth metals burn in nitrogen to form nitrides: 3𝑀 + 𝑁2 ⟶ 𝑀3 𝑁2
Statement II: All alkali metals are highly reactive hence must be stored in inert substances
like kerosene.
36. The electronic configurations of some elements are given below. Which of these belong to
𝑠- block of the periodic table?
(a) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 4𝑠1 (b) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6
(c) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2 3𝑝6 3𝑑10 4𝑠 2 (d) 1𝑠 2 2𝑠 2 2𝑝6 3𝑠 2
37. Which of the following is/are correct for 𝑑- block elements?
(a) These elements are situated at the extreme right side of the periodic table.
(b) General electronic configuration of these elements is 𝑛𝑠 2 𝑛𝑝1−6
(c) They show variable oxidation states
(d)These block elements can form alloys.

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Neev Classes Chemistry

Multi correct questions

38. Atomic radius depends upon

(a) Effective nuclear charge (b) nature of bonding
(c) Oxidation state of the atom (d) Number of bonds formed by the ion
39. Choose the pair in which 𝐼𝐸1 of first element is > 𝐼𝐸1 of second element. But in case of
𝐼𝐸2 , the order is reversed. Identify the pair.
(a) P, S (b) F, O (c) Be, B (d) N, O
40. Which of the following properties of elements belongs to IIA group?
(a) The melting and boiling points are higher than corresponding alkali metals
(b) They react with halogens to give halides of formula 𝑀𝑋2
(c) They burn in air and form oxides of formula MO
(d)They have 1 valence electron.

Integer Type Question:

41. The atomic number of the element next to be discovered below radon would be _____
42. The total number of elements present in the longest period is ______

Comprehension Type Questions

Mendeleev’s periodic table had certain gaps. The gaps were left to accommodate yet to be
discovered elements. It was one of the advantages of Mendeleev’s periodic table. Mendeleev
predicated the existence and the properties of yet to be discovered elements. He named
these elements as Eka-boron, Eka-aluminium, and Eka-silicon. Mendeleev also corrected the
masses of some of the elements, based on their positions in the periodic table (e.g., atomic
mass of Be was corrected from 13.5 to 9).
43. In Mendeleev’s periodic table, gaps were left for the elements to be discovered later.
Which of the following elements is found a place in the periodic table later?
(a) Chlorine (b) Silicon
(c) Germanium (d) Oxygen
44. Scandium is known as
(a) Eka-aluminium (b) Eka-boron
(c) Eka-silicon (d) Eka-tantalum
45. Mendeleev corrected the mass of which of the element?
(a) Na (b) Be (c) Oxygen (d) Chlorine

The amount of energy released when electron is added to neutral isolated gaseous atom is
called electron affinity. The change in energy is negative if a reaction is exothermic. For
instance, chlorine’s electron affinity has a negative sign that shows us the energy released to
add an electron to an atom. Electron affinity values are measured in kJ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −1.
46. If the electron affinity is negative, then
(a) There is no change in energy
(b) The energy is absorbed to add an electron to an atom

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(c) The energy is released to remove an electron from an atom

(d)The energy is released to add an electron to an atom
47. Which of the following element has the highest electron affinity?
(a) Neon (b) potassium (c) Chlorine (d) Fluorine
48. The correct order of electron affinity of B, C, N and O is
(a) 𝑂 > 𝐶 > 𝑁 > 𝐵 (b) 𝐵 > 𝑁 > 𝐶 > 𝑂
(c) 𝑂 > 𝐶 > 𝐵 > 𝑁 (d) 𝑂 > 𝐵 > 𝐶 > 𝑁

Matrix Match Questions:

49. Match the columns.

Column I Column II
(p) Dobereiner (i) Study of atomic volume
(q) Lothar Meyer (ii) Atomic number
(r) Newlands (iii) Periodic table
(s) Moseley (iv) Triad law
(v) Octave rule
(a) p – (iv); q – (i); r – (v); s – (ii) (b) p – (i); q – (iv); r – (ii); s – (iii)
(c) p – (iv); q – (ii); r – (v); s – (i) (d) p – (iii); q - (iv); r – (ii); s – (v)

50. Match the columns.

Column I Column II
(p) 𝑠 – block (i) Rare earth metals
(q) 𝑑 – block (ii) Representative elements
(r) 𝑓 - block (iii) Strong reducing agents
(s) 𝑝 - block (iv) (𝑛 − 1)𝑑(1−10) 𝑛𝑠 (0−2)
(v) Complex compounds
(a) p – (iii), (ii); q – (iii), (v), (iv); r – (i); s – (ii)
(b) p – (ii), (i); q – (iv), (v); r – (ii); s – (iii)
(c) p – (iii), (ii); q – (i); r – (iii); s – (ii)
(d)p – (iv); q – (iii); r – (i); s – (iv)

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Answer Keys

Single Correct Questions

1. (b) 9. (d) 17. (d) 25. (a)

2. (b) 10. (b) 18. (b) 26. (d)
3. (d) 11. (a) 19. (d) 27. (d)
4. (c) 12. (c) 20. (b) 28. (c)
5. (c) 13. (a) 21. (d) 29. (a)
6. (b) 14. (d) 22. (c) 30. (d)
7. (a) 15. (b) 23. (c)
8. (c) 16. (a) 24. (b)

Statement Based Questions

31. (d)
32. (c)
33. (a)
34. (a)
35. (a)

Multi Correct Questions

36. (a, d)
37. (c, d)
38. (a, b)
39. (a, b, c, d)
40. (a, b, c)

Integer Type Questions

41. (118)
42. (32)

Comprehension Type Questions

43. (c) 46. (d)
44. (b) 47. (c)
45. (b) 48. (c)

Matrix Match Questions

49. (a)
50. (a)

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