Airline Reservation System
Airline Reservation System
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Airline reservation system is an integrated passenger processing system. This system includes:
• Fares.
• Inventory.
• Enquiry.
• Reservations.
In this system all the communications are via TCP/IP protocol using both the Intranet and
Internet communications worldwide.
Login module:
This module performs the login of the registered customer. In this module Customer-id and
password is verified.
Reservation module:
This module performs the reservation of the ticket to the registered module.
The airlines realized that by automating the reservation process for travel agents, they could
make the travel agents more productive and essentially turn into an extension of the airline’s
sales force.
Airline Reservation System (ARS) is a computerized system used to store and retrieve
information and conduct transactions related to air travel. The systems was originally designed
and operated by airlines, but were later extended for the use of travel agencies. Major ARS
operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as Global Distribution
Systems (GDS).
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
1. Web Service-based Automata Testing: A Case Study on Online Airline
Reservation
Authors: Temitope Betty Williams; Amir Rizaan Abdul Rahiman; Izuka Joseph, 2020
International Conference on Computer Science and Its Application in Agriculture (ICOSICA)
The focus of this study is to show and evaluate how the web services can efficiently be utilized
for online airline reservation system by utilizing the finite automata state machine. A finite
automaton is a straightforward machine that has a finite numeral state which could be either
an accepting state or rejecting state. It is being used to recognize the patterns either accept or
reject by taking strings of symbols as input and changing its state according to rules of the
machine (e.g., state function) until the anticipated symbols are created.
Airlines have been applying on-line technologies for booking and ticketing for decades.
Starting from the early 1980s, the computer reservation system (CRS) has played a very
important role in the provision of airline services. Zheng-Yi, Fang-Yuan, & Yu-Hern (2003)
Consequently, the technologies data communication network had been organized. Moreover,
CRS was sold to various markets around the world. Finally, after 1990, there was the Computer
Reservation System, which was compatibly connected with a revenue management system.
With some other added functions, car rental and hotel booking systems were introduced.
The principles of human communication underlie all modes of interaction and therefore are
fundamental to designing effective interfaces. In particular, we present an extension to human
communication theory that allows us to create a natural language interface using human
communication principles. When people interact, they use “metacommunication” to help
manage the shared communication context. Using metacommunication partially accounts for
the enormous range of expressiveness in natural languages.
The structure of the system is described-agent terminal area, communications facilities, and
central site. Lessons learned in the design, development, testing, implementation, and tuning
of two generations of systems are discussed. These discussions include initial system design,
simulations and systems measurement tools, systems stability and reliability, serial processing,
parallel- or multiprocessors, split frontend back-end processing, storage hierarchy, standard
and special communications disciplines, and flexibility versus performance.
CHAPTER 3
AIM AND SCOPE
3.1 Aim:
The main objective is to reduce the mistakes which creep up in manual systems. It provides
good level of security so it takes care of the user’s safety concerns as well. Passengers can
access the whole list of all the flights available on different routes with their timings and fare
both for economy and business classes. One can compare the best deals for them and book a
flight accordingly. When the passengers enter all the details the software helps them to find all
available flights and also information if there are seats available on that particular flight.
The manual work is thus reduced and the chances of errors are reduced to minimum.
3.2 Scope:
➢ This software helps passengers to look up flights between two points which can be
domestic or international.
➢ The passengers can find and book tickets for flights through this software. Developed
in java, it is fairly easy to use software having a user-friendly interface.
➢ The main objective is to reduce the mistakes which creep up in manual systems. It
provides good level of security so it takes care of the user’s safety concerns as well.
➢ One can compare the best deals for them and book a flight accordingly. When the
passengers enter all the details the software helps them to find all available flights and
also information if there are seats available on that particular flight.
➢ The manual work is thus reduced and the chances of errors are reduced to minimum.
Server Web logic server is used for recording data through XAMPP(Version 3.7)
XAMPP and Server installation require up to 200MB of hard disk space and for planning
purposes, we recommend that users allocate 100MB per system for data base.
Network Requirements
User can run the HRMS on a single computer, or across a local area network (running at a min
speed of 100 MHz). For access to the server via a LAN, TCP/IP protocol is recommended.
Remote Access
It’s recommended that Microsoft Windows Terminal Services (or a similar technology) is used.
CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
OMT consists of building a model of an application domain and then adding implementation
details to it during the design of a system.
1. Analysis: The analysis model is a concise, precise abstraction of what the desired
system must do, not how it will be done.
2. System Design: The system designer makes high-level decisions about the overall
architecture, during system design; the target system is organized into subsystems
based on both the analysis structure and the proposed architecture.
3. Object Design: The object designer builds a design model based on the analysis model
but containing implementation details. The designer adds details to the design model
in accordance with the strategy established during system design.
4. Implementation: The object classes and relationships developed during object design
are finally translated into a particular programming language, database, or hardware
implementation.
➢ Object Model: The object model describes the static structure of the objects in a system
and their relationships. The object model contains object diagrams.
➢ Dynamic Model: The dynamic model describes the aspects of a system that change
over time. The dynamic model contains state diagram.
➢ Functional Model: The functional model describes the data value transformations
within a system. The functional model contains data flow diagrams.
5.1.1 Existing System Airline Reservation System is a System including Inventory, Fares,
Enquiries, Reservations etc. All user/agents are allocated a SINE code which is used during
sine on and then appended to all transactions carried out by the agent for security purpose.
Using the distributed technology we can handle these problems easily. In general a distributed
process means that a program in execution makes use of resources in other machine. The two
technologies for distributed processing available are J2EE and .NET. In the “Airline
reservation system” J2EE is used for managing distributed systems. So that even if the Airline
system has lot of branches and they are located at different places, we can handle the
management of service and guarantee.
The proposed system for the problem is “Airline reservation system”, a web based system that
allows online reservations. The system is divided into three layers namely presentation layer,
business layer and data layer. The presentation layer is at the client side. At server side, business
layer and data layer reside. The system requires a server side technology for its
implementation. J2EE platform is chosen for implementing the system. At server side Servlet
plays the role for business layer and JDBC for the data layer.
The objective of the project is to design and implement the software which helps the Airline
System employees to issue reservation tickets for various Air flights and maintain the records
of various passengers and provide quick services to the passengers. It provides the following
services:
The object model describes the structure of objects in a system. Their identity, their
relationships to other objects, their attributes, and their operations. The object model provides
the essential framework into which the dynamic and functional models can be placed.
Our goal in constructing an object model is to capture those concepts from the real world that
are important to an application. The object model is represented graphically with object
diagrams containing object classes. Classes are arranged into hierarchies sharing common
structure and behaviour and are associated with other classes. Classes define the attribute
values carried by each object instance and the operations which each object performs or
undergoes.
The first step in constructing an object model is to identify relevant object classes from the
application domain. Objects include physical entities, such as houses, employees, and
machines, as well as concepts, such as trajectories, seating assignments, and payment
schedules. All classes must make sense in the application domain; avoid computer
implementation constructs, such as linked lists and subroutines. Not all classes are explicit in
the problem statement; some are implicit in the application domain or general knowledge.
Attributes are properties of individual objects. Attributes should not be objects. Use an
association to show any relationship between two objects. Attributes usually correspond to
nouns to follow by possessive phases. Adjectives often represent specific enumerated attribute
values. Attributes are less likely to be fully described in the statement of problem. The
knowledge must be drawn from the application domain and the real world to find out the
attributes. This below figure shows the identification of attributes.
DEPARTMENT OF CSE, JVIT, BIDADI Page 8
AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM 2024-25
Class Attributes
Registration_info FirstName, LastName, Username, Email, Phone,
Address, Gender, Password, Confirm Password
Login_info (Customer/Admin) Username or Email, Password
Reservation_info Departure, Arrival, Origin, Destination, Flight class,
Airline(optional)
Flight_info Departure, Arrival, Origin, Destination, Seats, Price,
Flight class, Airline
Airline_info Email, Password, Airline Name, Logo, Action
Airport_info Airport Name, Action
The dynamic model describes the aspects of a system that change over time. The dynamic
model is used to specify and implement the control aspects of a system. The dynamic model
contains state diagrams. A state diagram is a graph whose nodes are states and whose arcs are
transitions between states caused by events.
The dynamic model is insignificant for a purely static data repository. Such as a database. The
dynamic model is important for interactive systems. For most problems, logical correctness
depends on the sequences of interactions, not the exact times of interactions.
A state diagram relates events and states. When an event is received, the next state depends on
the current state as well as the event: A change of state caused by an event is called a transition.
A state diagram is a graph whose nodes are states and whose directed arcs are transitions
labelled by event names. A state is drawn as a rounded box containing an optional name. A
transition is drawn as an arrow from the receiving state to the target state: The label on the
arrow is the name of the event causing the transition. Figure below shows a state diagram
describing the behaviour of Airline Reservation System.
The functional model shows how values are computed, without regard for sequencing,
decisions or object structure. The functional model shows which values depends on which
other values and the functions that relate them. The DFD are useful for showing functional
dependencies. The functions are expressed in various ways, including natural language,
mathematical equations and pseudo code. Functional Model is a description of aspects of a
system that transform values using functions, mappings, constraints and functional
dependencies.
Data flow diagrams (DFD) depict information flow and the transforms that are applied as data
move from input to output. It is the starting point of design phase that functionally decomposes
the requirement specifications down to the lowest level details. Thus a DFD describes what
data flows (Logically) rather than how they are processed. So, it does not depend on hardware,
software or data structures. It is one of the most important tools used during system analysis.
It is used to model the system components such as the system process, data used by the process
any external that interact if the system and information flows in the system.
Customer
Enter gets
New Customer Airline Reservation System Registered
Selects operation
Gives to the
Customer
Design is a multi step process that focuses on data structure, software architecture, Procedural
details (algorithms etc) and interface between the modules. The design process also translates
the requirements into the representations of the software that can be assessed for quality before
coding begins.
Computer software design changes continually as new methods, better analysis and border
understanding evolve. Software design is at a relatively early flexibility and quantitative nature
that is normally associated with more classical engineering design disciplines. However,
techniques for software design to exist criteria for design qualities are available and design
notation can be applied.
Once the software requirements have been analyzed and specified, software design is the first
of three technical activities- Design code and test that are required to build and verify the
software. Each activity transforms information in a manner that ultimately results in validation
of the computer software.
The importance of the software design can be started with a single word quality. Design is the
place where quality fostered in software development. Design provides us with representations
of the software that can be accessed for quality.
Design is the only way that we can accurately translate a customer’s requirements into a
finished software product or system. Without design, risk of building an unstable system exists
one that will fail when small changes are made. One that may be difficult to test.
Data Design: The data design transforms the information domain model created during
analysis into the data structures that will be required to implement the software.
Procedural Design: The procedural design transforms structural components into a procedural
description of the software. Source code is generated and testing is conducted to integrate and
validate the software.
Thus, system design is a solution, a “how to” approach to the creation of the new system.
5.3.1 Tables
The database design converts the data model developed in logical design to a database
definition that is supported by database software. The first step is independent of the kind of
DBMS used. This step converts the conceptual entity relationships model to a set of record
type is known as the logical record structures(LRS). The next database design step converts
the LRS to a database definition. These steps use techniques that depend on the DBMS. DBMS
dependent techniques are needed here because different DBMS support different kind of links
between the records. Such links are used to retrieve records by following the link from one
record to another. Database design depends on the structure supported by DBMS and uses
techniques appropriate to these structures. DBMS dependent design proceeds in two stages.
The first step is logical design. Logical design defines the DBMS record types and the links
between them. The next step is physical design. This step chooses a physical organization that
supports the methods uses to accesses the databases.
Destination To Varchar 16
5.4 Implementation
5.4.1 ER Diagram
The ER diagram for the airline reservation system, the system data, and their attributes. The
data and the attributes are represented by the table, and the table shows how they are related to
each other.
We can create the ER diagram for the table just in 5 minutes. There are some steps, and with
the help of these steps, we can build the ER diagram for the airline reservation system project.
The steps are as below.
Step 1: We must familiarize ourselves with the entity relationship diagram cardinality and
symbols. Then we have to show the data structure for the project in the entity relationship
diagram. The symbol of the entity relationship diagram shows how they fit together. Before
making the ER diagram, we should properly know the meaning of all the symbols and how to
use all of them symbols.
1. Fields: This entity shows how the different types of data are used together for a project.
The symbol is used to show how the part of the project is working.
2. Key: It is a type of technique that is used to categorize the quality of the data. There are
two types of keys available for the database. These are as follows.
o Primary key: It is a set of unique properties that are used for finding the specific
entity.
o A foreign key: It is a type of key made up of a piece of data with too many links to
other things.
Start making your ER Diagram by deciding on all the parts your airline reservation system
must have. You'll need to leave the area in your design for these rectangles to be included later.
After you've decided on the entities, think about the traits you'll need for each one. In a
conceptual ER diagram, the details of the different entities are given as attributes. Attributes
are things like a thing's traits, a many-to-many relationship, or a one-to-one relationship.
Attributes with multiple values can be given more than one value.
You will need the entities, their attributes, and the relationships between them to plot the
relationships between the ERD. To get the right entity relationship diagram, you will use the
information you gathered to build the data structure.
The Reservation entity serves as the nexus where customers intersect with flights, materializing
their intent into tangible bookings. Linked to both the Customer and Flight entities through
foreign keys, Reservation_ID acts as a bridge, facilitating the association between passengers
and their chosen itineraries.
Complementing the Customer entity is the Flight entity, the lifeblood of the airline reservation
system. Every flight is delineated by a Flight_ID, serving as its distinctive marker amidst the
vast network of routes. Attributes such as airline, departure, and arrival airports, departure and
arrival dates and times, flight duration, price, available seats, and aircraft type furnish a
comprehensive overview of each flight's itinerary and logistical details. Moreover, the
inclusion of flight class allows for tailored experiences catering to diverse passenger
preferences.
Testing is an improvement phase. This phase involves testing of developed system using different
form of data.
Types of Testing:
1. Unit Testing:
Unit testing focuses on verifying the effort on the smallest unit of the software design.
The complexity of the test is limited by constrained scopes.
2. Integration Testing:
The objectives of the Integration Testing is to take all forms and build a project structure
that has been dictated by design.
3. Validation Testing:
After integration testing system is completely assembled as a package, interfacing
errors have been uncovered and the final series of the software test, the validation test
begins validation succeeds.
4. Performance Testing:
It is designed to test the runtime performance of the software within the context of the
integrated system. Performance testing occurs throughout the steps in the testing
process.
5. Output Testing:
After performance and validation testing the next test is the input output testing of the
proposed system. Since no system would be termed useful until it does produce the
requested output in the specified format.
);
);
);
‘Hyderabad Airport’);
);
);
(‘Deepashree’,‘GM’,‘Deepashree’,‘[email protected]’,8880421984,‘female’,Shaivas@123
);
SNAPSHOTS
This package is designed and developed in a compact manner, which is ready to meet the
user’s specification and to serve them in an effective as well as in an enhanced manner. The
actual problem has been observed with keen interest and it has been defined and analyzed in
such a way that it never causes choice to the user. More ever the limitation that has been
prevailing in the existing system had been overcome to suit the need of the user
High precision and care has been taken to design the data base, input forms an output reports
since they should be given due importance which could otherwise to serious consequences
thus affecting the whole system. The system thus developed has been implemented
successfully which has been performed to scrutinized the validation of each data and errors
were spotted out and then finally cleared in a sophisticated manner.
The added feature of this system is that it has been provided with many provisions for future
enhancement in order to maintain the system in such a way that the future requirement of the
user could also be satisfied and upgrated.
[5] GmbH, finanzen net. "IBS Software Inks Multi-Year Contract With Jin Air".
markets.businessinsider.com. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
[8] "Magnetronic Reservisor". American Airlines C.R. Smith Museum Retrieved 3 August 2014.
[9] The Magnetronic Reservisor, introduced in 1952, was the first electronic reservations system
in the airline industry.
[10] The ineluctable middlemen". The Economist. 25 August 2012. Retrieved 29 August 2012.
[11] Hitachi and Japanese National Railways MARS-1, Information Processing Society of Japan.
[13] R. Blair Smith, OH 34. Oral history interview by Robina Mapstone, May 1980.
[15] "American Airlines - Direct Connect". Directconnect.aa.com. Archived from the original on
2012-08-31. Retrieved 2012-11-08.