MATRICES

MEMORY CAPSULES
1) The word matrices is the plural of the word Matrix. It is a store of information. It is a rectangular array of numbers
arranged in rows and columns.
2) The horizontal line formed by elements in a matrix are called as rows and the vertical line formed by elements are
called as columns.
3) If there are m rows and n columns in a matrix, it is called as an m by n matrix or a matrix of order m×n.
4) The order of a matrix is an ordered pair, for the first letter m in m×n denotes the number of rows and the second
letter n denotes the number of columns.
5) Capital letters of the alphabet are used to denote matrices and the actual matrix is enclosed in parentheses like A =
( ) 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = [ ] 𝑜𝑟 𝐴 = 〈 〉 0𝑟 𝐴 = | | or A =⟦ ⟧ etc.
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 ⋯ 𝑎1𝑛
𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ⋯ 𝑎2𝑛
6) General form of an m×n matrix is: A = 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 ⋯ 𝑎34 or A = [aij ]
(𝑚×𝑛)
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
[𝑎𝑚1 𝑎𝑚2 𝑎𝑚3 ⋯ 𝑎𝑚𝑛 ](m×n )
7) Quantities written in parentheses of a matrix are said to be Entries or Elements denoted as aij which indicates the
element belonging to i-th row and j-th column.
8) If m = n i.e. number of rows equal to number of columns, the matrix is said to be a square matrix. Order of a
square matrix is n×n or a square matrix of order n or n-rowed matrix. 9) Any m×n matrix (m ≠ n ) is called a
rectangular matrix .
10) A matrix of order 1×n is called as a row matrix. 11) A matrix of order m× 𝟏 is called as a column matrix.
12) If all the elements of a matrix are zero it is called the zero matrix. It is denoted as O or On.
13) The square matrix whose elements on its main diagonal (left top to right bottom) are 1’s and rest of its elements
are 0’s is called as unit matrix/an identity matrix. It is denoted as I or In.
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
14) The matrix A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] is called an identity matrix if { .
(𝒏×𝒏) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 1 𝑖 = 𝑗
15) A square matrix A is said to be singular if and only if its determinant is zero.
16) A square matrix A is said to be non-singular (regular) if and only if its determinant is not zero.
17) An element 𝐚𝐢𝐣 of the square matrix A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] is said to be a diagonal element if i = j. Ex: 𝑎11 , 𝑎22 , 𝑎33 etc.
(𝒏×𝒏)
18) A square matrix A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] is said to be a diagonal matrix if 𝐚𝐢𝐣 = 𝟎 , when (i ≠ j ) . Determinant of a
(𝒏×𝒏)
diagonal matrix is equal to product of its diagonal elements.
19) A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all its diagonal entries are equal.
𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
20) The matrix A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] is scalar matrix if { .
(𝒏×𝒏) 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝛼 𝑖 = 𝑗
21) A square matrix A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] is said to be a upper triangular matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for i > j.
(𝒏×𝒏)
22) A square matrix A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] is said to be a lower triangular matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 for i < j.
(𝒏×𝒏)
23) Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if and only if, (i) The order of A equal to that of B. (ii) Each element
of A is equal to the corresponding element of B.
24) The sum or addition of two matrices A and B is the matrix such that each of its elements is equal to the sum of the
corresponding elements of A and B. The sum is denoted as A+B.
25) If A = [ 𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] and B = [𝐛𝐢𝐣 ] then A+B = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 + 𝐛𝐢𝐣 ] .
(𝒎×𝒏) (𝒎×𝒏) (𝒎×𝒏)
(a) The sum or addition of two matrices A and B is commutative i.e. A + B = B + A.
(b) The sum or addition of three matrices A, B & C is associative i.e. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C.
(c) Any matrix A, added with zero matrix is equal to A i.e. A + O = A. Here O is said to be additive identity of A.
(d) The matrix in which each element is negative of the corresponding elements of given matrix A is called as the
negative of A and is denoted as (-A). The matrix ( - A ) is called the additive inverse of A. (As A + ( - A ) = O)
26) The subtraction of two matrices A and B of the same order is defined as A - B = A + (-B).
27) If A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] and B = [𝐛𝐢𝐣 ] then A - B = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 − 𝐛𝐢𝐣 ] .
(𝒎×𝒏) (𝒎×𝒏) (𝒎×𝒏)
28) The product of a scalar m and a matrix A , denoted by mA is the matrix each of whose elements is m times the
corresponding element A and B of A.
29) If A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] then mA = Am = [𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] .
(𝒎×𝒏) (𝒎×𝒏)
30) The additive inverse of the matrix A is mA, where m = - 1.
31) If A and B are two matrices of the same type 𝒎 × 𝒏 then m(A+B) = mA + nB.
32) If A is any matrix of the type 𝒎 × 𝒏 then ( m1 + m2 ) A = m1A + m2B .
33) If m1 , m2 two scalars and A is any 𝒎 × 𝒏 matrix , then m1 ( m2A) = (m1. m2)A.
34) If A is any matrix of the type 𝒎 × 𝒏 then (-m) A = -(mA) = m(-A).
35) If A is any matrix of the type 𝒎 × 𝒏 then I. A = A & (-I). A = -A .
36) Two matrices A and B are conformable for multiplication if and only if, Number of columns of A = Number of
rows of B.
37) The product of two matrices A and B denoted by AB is defined as a matrix whose elements in the i-th row and j-
th column is the algebraic sum of the product of the elements in the i-th row of A by the corresponding elements in
the j-th column of B .
38) If A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] and B = [𝐛𝐢𝐣 ] then AB = [𝐜𝐢𝐣 ] where 𝐜𝐢𝐣 = ∑𝐧𝐤=𝟏 𝐚𝐢𝐤 𝐛𝐤𝐣 = 𝐚𝐢𝟏 𝐛𝟏𝐣 + 𝐚𝐢𝟐 𝐛𝟐𝐣 + ⋯ +
(𝒎×𝒏) (𝒏×𝒑) (𝒎×𝒑)
𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐛𝐧𝐣 , for 𝟏 ≤ 𝒊 ≤ 𝒎, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒋 ≤ 𝒏.
39) In AB, A is called as pre-factor and B is called as post-factor.
40) If the product AB is defined, then BA may not be defined. Multiplication of matrices is not necessarily
commutative.
41) The multiplication of three matrices A , B & C is associative i.e. A . ( B . C ) = (A . B ) . C.
42) Matrix multiplication of matrices is distributive over addition i.e.
(a) A . ( B + C ) = A . B+A . C , (b) ( A+B ) .C = A . C+B . C.
43) If A is any matrix of the type 𝒎 × 𝒏 and Im and In are identity matrices of order 𝒎 × 𝒏 then Im. A = A = A.In .
44) If I the unit matrix of any order, then I2 = I3 = I4 = … =In = I.
45) If A and B are square matrices of order n such that AB= I = BA, where I is the identity matrix of order n, then B
is called as multiplicative inverse of A. It is written as B-1. (a) The zero matrix has no multiplicative inverse. (b) The
𝟏
unit matrix has multiplicative inverse itself. (c) The inverse matrix of A i.e. A-1 is not equal to 𝑨 .
46) The inverse of a matrix evaluated in three ways. Those are: (a) According as definition, (b) Using Elementary
Transformation (Operation) of a Matrix, (c) Using Matrix Inversion Formula.
47) Operations upon the rows or columns of a matrix are known as Elementary Transformation (Operation) of a
Matrix. There are three operations mainly done in Elementary Transformation (Operation) of a Matrix. Those are: (a)
Interchanging of any two rows or columns, (b) Multiplication of all the elements of a row or a column by a non-zero
scalar, (c) Any row or column elements are added or subtracted from scalar multiple of corresponding elements of
another row or column elements respectively.
48) To compute the inverse of a matrix using Elementary Transformation (Operation) of a Matrix there are some
working rules given below: (a) Write the matrix A = IA (For Elementary Row Transformation (Operation) ) or A = AI
(For Elementary Column Transformation (Operation) ), (b) Fill the entries of matrix A and I in L.H.S and R.H.S., (c)
Perform Elementary Row or Column Operation in both sides simultaneously till L.H.S. becomes I and R.H.S.
becomes another elementary matrix like A. (d) Pre multiply or post multiply A-1 on both side to get Inverse of matrix
A.
49) The inverse of a square matrix A exists if A is non-singular matrix i.e. det A ≠ 0. If the inverse of a square matrix
exists then the matrix is said to be invertible. Multiplicative inverse of a square matrix is unique.
50) The matrix obtained from any given matrix A by interchanging its rows and columns is called its transpose. The
transpose of the matrix A is denoted as A’ or AT or tr(A).
51) If A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] be a matrix, then the transpose of A, denoted by A’ or AT or tr(A), is defined as 𝒏 × 𝒎 matrix
(𝒎×𝒏)
obtained from A by writing the rows of A as columns and columns of A as rows in the same order. Thus A’ or AT or
tr(A) = [𝐛𝐢𝐣 ] , where bij =aji for 𝟏 ≤ 𝒋 ≤ 𝒎, 𝟏 ≤ 𝒊 ≤ 𝒏 . If A’ and B’ be the transposes of A and B respectively, then
(i) (𝑨′ )′ = A (ii) (𝑨 + 𝑩)′ = 𝑨′ + 𝑩′ (iii) (mA)’=m A’ , m being any scalar (iv) (AB)’=B’A’ .
52) A square matrix A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] is said to be symmetric if (I,j)-th element is same as (j,i)-th element i.e. A’=A .
53) A square matrix A = [𝐚𝐢𝐣 ] is said to be skew symmetric if (I,j)-th element is negative of its (j,i)-th element i.e.
A’= - A.
54) If A and B are symmetric then AB is symmetric.
55) If A is symmetric then An is symmetric.
1 1
56) If A is a square matrix which is symmetric then (𝐴 + 𝐴′ ) is symmetric and (𝐴 − 𝐴′ ) is skew symmetric.
2 2
57) The minor of an element aij of a square matrix of order n is the determinant of order n-1 whose elements
obtained by deleting the ith-row and jth-column. It is denoted as 𝑴𝒊𝒋 .
58) The cofactor of an element aij of a square matrix of order n is the minor with proper sign. It is denoted as 𝑪𝒊𝒋 .
𝑴𝒊𝒋 when 𝒊 + 𝒋 is even.
The cofactor of aij is defined as 𝑪𝒊𝒋 = (−𝟏)𝒊+𝒋 𝑴𝑰𝑱 . Also cofactor of aij = {
−𝑴𝒊𝒋 when i + j is odd.
59) If A be a a square matrix of order n then the matrix obtained by transposing the matrix formed by the cofactors of
the elements of A is called as adjoint of A. It is denoted as Adj(A).

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13 𝐶11 𝐶21 𝐶31

60) If A = [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] , then cofactor matrix of A = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ] . So Adj(A) = [𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶32 ] .
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33 𝐶13 𝐶23 𝐶33
𝑛−1
61) (a) If A be a square matrix of order n, then |𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴| . (b) Adjoint of an identity matrix is an identity
matrix. (c) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix. (d) If k is any scalar, then 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝑘𝐼𝑛) = 𝑘 𝑛−1 𝐼𝑛 . (e)
Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix. (f) If A and B are two square matrices then 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) =
2
(𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐵)(𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴) . (g) If A be a non-singular square matrix of order n, then |𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴)| = (|𝐴|)(𝑛−1) . (h) If A be a
square matrix of order n, then 𝐴𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴) = |𝐴|𝑛−2 𝐴 .

62) If A be a square matrix of order n, then A . Adj(A) = (AdjA) . A =|𝑨|. 𝑰 where I is the identity matrix of A.
𝟏
63) If A be a nonsingular matrix then 𝑨−𝟏 = (𝑨𝒅𝒋𝑨) . 𝑨−𝟏 does not exists if |𝑨|=0, i.e. A is singular.
|𝑨|
64) If A and B be two non-singular matrices of the same order n, then (i) (𝐴𝐵)−1 = 𝐵−1 . 𝐴−1 (reversal law), (ii)
−1
(𝐴𝑘 ) = (𝐴−1 )𝑘 (iii) (𝐴′)−1 = (𝐴−1 )′ .
65) (a) If A is invertible symmetric matrix then 𝑨−𝟏 is also symmetric. (b) If A is symmetric matrix then AdjA is
also symmetric.
66) If A be a a square matrix of order n and 𝑨𝟐 = I, then it is said to be involutory matrix.
67) If A be a a square matrix of order n and 𝑨𝟐 = A, then it is said to be idempotent matrix.
68) If A be a a square matrix of order n and 𝑨 × 𝑨𝑻 = I, then it is said to be orthogonal matrix.
69) The system of equations given below are simultaneous linear equations. 𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎1𝑛 𝑥𝑛 =
𝑏1, 𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22 𝑥2 + 𝑎23 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎2𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏2, 𝑎31 𝑥1 + 𝑎32 𝑥2 + 𝑎33 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎3𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏3,
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ 𝑎𝑚1 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝑚2 𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑚3 𝑥3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑏𝑚 .
70) System of equations are in the form of AX = B, where
𝒂𝟏𝟏 𝒂𝟏𝟐 𝒂𝟏𝟑 ⋯ 𝒂𝟏𝒏 𝒙𝟏 𝒃𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟑 ⋯ 𝒂𝟐𝒏 𝒙𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝟏
A = 𝒂𝟑𝟏 𝒂𝟑𝟐 𝒂𝟑𝟑 ⋯ 𝒂𝟑𝟒 , X = 𝒙𝟑 & B = 𝒃𝟑 . Using X = A-1B =|𝑨| (𝑨𝒅𝒋𝑨).B solutions of
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋮ ⋮
[𝒂𝒎𝟏 𝒂𝒎𝟐 𝒂𝒎𝟑 ⋯ 𝒂𝒎𝒏 ](𝐦×𝐧 ) [𝒙𝒏 ] [ 𝒃𝒎 ]
system of equations evaluated.
71) A system of equations is said to be consistent if its solution exists.
72) A system of equations is said to be inconsistent if its solution does not exist.
73) If a system of linear equations has an infinite number of solutions then the equations are said to be dependent.
74) If |𝑨| ≠ 𝟎 then the system is consistent and unique solution.
75) If |𝑨| = 𝟎 and (𝑨𝒅𝒋𝑨).B= O then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
76) If |𝑨| = 𝟎 and (𝑨𝒅𝒋𝑨).B ≠ O then the system is inconsistent.