MLR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

A6IT02 – Object Oriented

Programming using JAVA
Subject Handled To Subject Handled BY

Second Year Dr.P.Chinnasamy

(B.Tech-CSE) Associate Professor, MLRIT

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 UNIT – I Java Basics
 Review of Object oriented concepts, History of
Java, Java buzzwords
 JVM architecture, Data types, Variables, Scope
and life time of variables, arrays,
 operators, control statements, type
conversion and casting,
 simple java program, constructors, methods,
Static block, Static Data, Static Method ,
 String and String Buffer Classes, Using Java API
Document

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 UNIT – II Inheritance
Polymorphism, Interfaces
 INHERITANCE AND POLYMORPHISM: Basic
concepts, Types of inheritance, Member access
rules, Usage of this and Super key word,
 Method Overloading, Method overriding, Abstract
classes,
 Encapsulation, Need for encapsulation in java, Data
hiding vs Encapsulation, getter and setter methods,
Dynamic method dispatch, Usage of final keyword.
 PACKAGES AND INTERFACES: Defining package,
Access protection, importing packages, Defining
and Implementing interfaces, and Extending
interfaces

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 Why Inheritance

How you inherit a

quality or property
from your ancestor?

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 What is Inheritance
DIAL WATCH DIGITAL WATCH

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 Inheritance

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 Inheritance

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 Inheritance
 Acquiring the properties and behaviours from one
class to another class is called inheritance (or)
producing new class from already existing class is
called inheritance.
 Reusability of code is main advantage of
inheritance.
 In Java inheritance is achieved by using extends keyword.
 The properties with access specifier private cannot be
inherited.
 Properties : variables
 Behaviours : methods
 Inheritance is also known as is-a relationship means two
classes are belongs to the same hierarchy

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 Inheritance
 In the inheritance the person who is giving the
properties is called parent ,
 The person who is taking the properties is called child

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 Syntax of Inheritance
class Subclass-name extends Superclass-name
{
//methods and fields
}

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 Types of Inheritance

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 Single Inheritance
 single inheritance, subclasses inherit the
features of one superclass.

SNIPPET

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 Multilevel Inheritance
 Multilevel Inheritance, a derived class will be
inheriting a base class and as well as the
derived class also act as the base class to
other class
SNIPPET

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 Hierarchical Inheritance
 Hierarchical Inheritance, one class serves as a
superclass for more than one sub class.

SNIPPET

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 Hybrid Inheritance –
Doesn’t support in java
 It is a mix of two or more of the above types of
inheritance.
 Since java doesn’t support multiple inheritance
with classes, the hybrid inheritance is also not
possible with classes

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 Multiple Inheritance – Doesn’t
support in java
 Multiple inheritance, one class can have more
than one parent class and inherit features
from all parent classes

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 Member Access Rules

 Public:
 Members with the public access modifier are
accessible from anywhere, both within the class
hierarchy and from outside the class.
 Public members of a superclass are inherited
and can be accessed in the subclass.
 Protected:
 Members with the protected access modifier are
accessible within the same package and by
subclasses, even if they are in a different package.
 Protected members of a superclass are inherited
by the subclass.

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 Member Access Rules

 default:
 If no access modifier is specified (default
access), members are accessible within the same
package but not outside of it.
 Default members of a superclass are inherited by
the subclass if they are in the same package.
 private:
 Members with the private access modifier are only
accessible within the class where they are
declared.
 Private members of a superclass are not
inherited by the subclass

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 this Keyword
 In Java, the "this" keyword is a reference to the
current object(instance) of the class in which it is
used.
 It can be used to refer to instance variables and
instance methods of the current object within that
object's scope.
 Here are a few common use cases for the "this"
keyword in Java:
 Accessing instance variables
 Calling another constructor in the same class
 Passing this for current object as an argument

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 Accessing instance variables
using this
We can use "this" to distinguish between instance
variables and method parameters or local variables
when they have the same name
class Student
{
String name;
String mobile;
Student(String name,String mobile)
{
this.name=name;
this.mobile=mobile;
}}

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 Calling another constructor
in the same class using this
 When a class has multiple constructors, you can use
"this" to call another constructor from the same
class. This is useful for constructor overloading and
code reuse.
class Employee
{
private int value;

public Employee() {
this(0); // Calls the parameterized constructor with an initial value of 0
}
public Employee(int value) {
this.value = value;
}
}

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 Passing this for current
object as an argument
public class Test
{
int i=10;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test t=new Test();
t.m1();
}
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("m1- method is calling..");
m2(this);
}
public void m2(Test t)
{
int i=100;
System.out.println("Local var i="+i);
System.out.println("Instance var i="+t.i);

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 super key word
 Super is a keyword in Java which is used to
 Call the Super class variable
 Call the super class methods
 Call the super class constructor
 The most common use of the super keyword is to
eliminate the confusion and ambiguity between
super classes and subclasses that have methods,
Variables with the same name.

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 super key word
 If the child class and parent class has same data
members (Variables). In that case there is a
possibility of ambiguity for the JVM.
 To avoid above ambiguity we should use super
keyword inside child class

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 Example
class Parent
{
int X=100;
int Y=200;
}
class Child extends Parent
{
int X=300;
int Y=400;
public void add()
{
System.out.println("Parent class value ="+(super.X+super.Y));
System.out.println("Child class value ="+(X+Y));
}
}
class SuperDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Child c=new Child();
c.add();
}
}

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 Calling super class
methods
class Parent
{
int X=100;
int Y=200;
public int add()
{
return X+Y;
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{
int X=300;
int Y=400;
public int add()
{
return X+Y;
}
public void printResult()
{
System.out.println("Parent class vlaue:"+super.add());//Super method to call a method
System.out.println("Child class vlaue:"+add());
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Child c=new Child();
c.printResult();
}
}

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 Calling the super class
constructor
 super() method is used to call Super class(Parent
class) constructor.
 super() method call must be inside constructor
only. No other method is allowed to call.
 super() must be first statement of the constructor.
 Both this(), super() methods must be call inside the
Constructor.
 But at a time only one is allowed to call either this() or
super().

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 Example
public class Parent
{
public Parent()
{
System.out.println("Parent class constructor:");
}
}
class Child extends Parent
{
public Child()
{
super();//calling parent class constructor
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Child c=new Child();
}
}
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 class Child extends Parent
{
public Child()
{

}
public void m1()
{
super();

public static void main(String[] args) {

Child c=new Child();
}
}

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 class Child extends Parent
{
public Child()
{
this();
super();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Child c=new Child();
}
}

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 Polymorphism
 Poly=Many
 Morph=forms
 Polymorphism means "many forms", Performing
single task in many ways.

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 Method Overloading
 It is a process of rewriting a method with different
signatures within the same class is called Method
overloading.
 Two methods are said to be overloaded methods if and
only if two methods are having same name but
different argument list.
 Method overloading can be done in one class.
 We can overload any number of methods

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 Method Overloading
 The compiler does not consider return type when
differentiating methods, so you cannot declare two
methods with the same signature even if they have
a different return type.
 Method resolution takes care by the Compiler.
 This process also called Compile time
polymorphism (or) Static binding (or) Early
binding.

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 Example
public class MethodOverloading
{
public int getSum(int a,int b)
{
return a+b;
}

public float getSum(float a,float b)

{
return a+b;
}
}

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 Method Overriding
 Rewriting a parent class method in child class is
called Method overriding.
 Overriding concept is possible if and only if two
classes should be in Parent – Child relationship.
 In Method overriding JVM is the responsible for
Method resolution based on object type.
 This process also called as Dynamic binding (or)
Late binding (or) Dynamic polymorphism.

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 Rules for Method Overriding
 In method overriding method name and method
signature should be same.
 Return type: Must be same(optionally covariant type )
 Modifier : Method scope should not decrease
 Scope order as follows :
public>protected>default>private
 Possible cases:
 public  public
 protected  protected, public
 default  default, protected, public
 private  (Private methods are can not be
override)

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 Abstraction

 In Object-oriented programming, abstraction is a

process of hiding the internal implementation
details from the user, only the essential functionality
will be provided to the user.
 Abstraction can be achieved with either abstract
classes or interfaces

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 Normal Methods Vs Abstract
Methods
Normal methods:
 Normal method contains declaration as well
as method definition
Ex: public void method()
{
---------
--------body;
---------
}

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 Normal Methods Vs Abstract
Methods
 Abstract methods:
 The method which is having declaration but not
definition such type of methods are called abstract
methods.
 Every abstract method should end with “;”.
 The child classes are responsible to provide
implementation for parent class abstract methods.
 Ex: abstract void method(); //abstract
method
 Note: The methods marked abstract end in a
semicolon rather than curly braces.

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 Abstract Class
 If a class contains at least one abstract method then
it is a abstract class.
 To specify the particular class is abstract and
particular method is abstract method to the compiler
use abstract modifier.
 It is not possible to create an object to the Abstract
class. Because it contains the unimplemented
methods.
 For any class if we don’t want instantiation then we
have to declare that class as abstract i.e., for abstract
classes instantiation (creation of object) is not
possible.

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 Example
abstract class Test
{
abstract public void m1();
public void m2()
{
}
}

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 Example
 Abstract method (all) implementation should be done
in Child class
 abstract class Parent
{
abstract public void m1(); // abstract method
}
class Demo extends Parent
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("Method m1() implementation");
}
}
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 Key Points

 Even though class does not contain any abstract

method still we can declare the class as abstract.
 Abstract class contain zero or more number of
abstract methods.
 For abstract classes it is not possible to create an
object

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 Key Points
 abstract class Test
{
void m1()
{
System.out.println("m1-method");
}
void m2()
{
System.out.println("m2-method");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//Compile time Error
t.m1();
}
};

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 Interfaces
 Interface is also one type of class and It contains only
abstract methods.
 All interface methods are implicitly public and
abstract.
 For the every interface compiler will generates .class
files
 Each and every interface by default abstract hence it is
not possible to create an object.
 Interfaces not alternative for abstract class it is
extension for abstract classes.

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 Interfaces

 Interface contains only abstract methods means

unimplemented methods.
 Interface also called 100% Abstract class.
 Interfaces giving the information about the
functionalities or Services And it will hide the
information about internal implementation.
 To provide implementation for abstract methods we have
to use implements Keyword
 For the interfaces also inheritance concept is applicable.

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 Interfaces

 By using interface keyword we can declare interfaces in

Java
Syntax:
interface Interface_Name
{
--
}
Ex: interface Demo
{
void m1();
}

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 Example

interface InterfaceDemo
{
void m1(); abstract interface InterfaceDemo
void m2(); {
void m3(); public abstract void m1();
} public abstract void m2();
public abstract void m3();
}

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 Example

 Every variable in Interface by default public static final

interface InterfaceDemo
{
int i=10;
}

public static final int i=10;

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 Example
interface InterfaceDemo1
{
public void method1();
public void method2();
}
interface InterfaceDemo2 extends InterfaceDemo1
{
public void method3();
public void method4();
}

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 Example
class Demo implements InterfaceDemo2
{
@Override
public void method1() {
System.out.println("InterfaceDemo1- method1() implementation");

}
@Override
public void method2() {
System.out.println("InterfaceDemo2- method2() implementation");

}
@Override
public void method3() {
System.out.println("InterfaceDemo3- method3() implementation");
}
@Override
public void method4() {
System.out.println("InterfaceDemo4- method4() implementation");

}
}

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 Example
interface InterfaceDemo1
{
public void method1(); Multiple inheritance
} with respect to Interfaces
interface InterfaceDemo2
{
public void method2();
public void method3();
}
class Demo implements InterfaceDemo1,InterfaceDemo2
{
@Override
public void method1() {
System.out.println("InterfaceDemo1- method1() implementation");
}
@Override
public void method2() {
System.out.println("InterfaceDemo2- method2() implementation");
}
@Override
public void method3() {
System.out.println("InterfaceDemo3- method3() implementation");
}
}

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 Packages
 The package contains group of related classes ,
interfaces, sub packages.
 The package is an encapsulation mechanism it is
binding the related classes and interfaces.
 We can declare a package with the help of package
keyword.
 Package is nothing but physical directory (folder)
structure and it is providing clear-cut separation
between the project modules.
 Whenever we are dividing the project into the
packages(modules) the shareability of the project will
be increased.

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 Packages
Syntax:
package package_name;

Ex: package com.mlrit;

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 Packages

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 Pre-Defined Packages
 Java predefined packages contains all predefined
classes and interfaces.
 Ex:
 java.lang ,
 Java.io,
 Java.awt ,
 Java.util
 Java.net.. etc.

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 Java.lang;
 The most commonly required classes and interfaces to
write a sample program is encapsulated into a separate
package is called java.lang package.
 It is a default package , No need to import this package.
 Ex: String(class)
 StringBuffer(class)
 Object(class)
 Runnable(interface)
 Cloneable(nterface)

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 Java.io;
 The classes which are used to perform the input output
operations that are present in the java.io packages.
 Ex:
 FileInputStream(class)
 FileOutputStream(class)
 FileWriter(class)
 FileReader(class)
 Serializable(Inteface)

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 Java.net;
 The classes which are required for connection
establishment in the network that classes are present
in the java.net package.
Ex:
HttpURLConnection
Socket
URL
ServerSocket
InetAddress
SocketOptions (Interface)

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 Java.util;
 Contains the collections framework, legacy collection
classes, event model, date and time facilities,
internationalization, and miscellaneous utility classes.
 Ex:
 Calender
 Date
 Scanner
 Arrays
 ArrayList
 Collection<E> (Interface)
 Iterator<E> (Interface)
 .. etc

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 Java.sql;
 Provides the API for accessing and processing data
stored in a data source (usually a relational database)
using the JavaTM programming language.
 Ex:
 Date
 DriverManager
 Blob (Interface)

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 Java.awt;
 The classes which are used to prepare graphical user
interface those classes are present in the java.awt
package.
 Ex: Button (class)
 Checkbox(class)
 Choice (Class)
 List (class)
 ActiveEvent (Interface)

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 User Defined Packages
 The packages which are defined by the user are called
user defined packages.
 In the single source file it is possible to take the only
one package. If we are trying to take two packages at
that time compiler raise a compilation error.
 While taking package name we have to follow some
coding standards.
 The import statement must be in between the package
and class statement. And it is possible to declare any
number of import statements within the source file.
 It is possible to declare at most one public class.

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 Advantages
 Java package is used to categorize the classes and
interfaces so that they can be easily maintained.
 Java package removes naming collision or naming
conflicts.
 Packages provide reusability of code .
 Java package provides access protection.

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 Final Keyword
 final is a keyword or modifier applicable to
 variables (for all instance, Static and local variables).
 methods
 classes

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 Final Variable
 If a variable is declared with final keyword, its value
can’t be modified, and we can make a variable as a
constant.
 We must initialize a final variable, otherwise compiler
will generates compile-time error.
 Ex: public static final double PI=3.141592653589793

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 Final Class
 When a class is declared with final keyword, it is called
a final class.
 If a class is declared as final, then we cannot inherit
that class i.e., we cannot create any child class for
that final class.
 Ex: You can not create child class to the String
class . Because String is the final class.

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 Example
final class Demo
{
int a=10;
void m1()
{
System.out.println("m1 method is final");
System.out.println(a=a+1);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Demo d=new Demo();
d.m1();
}
} MLR
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 Final Method
 If a method is declared with final keyword, it is called a
final method. A final method cannot be overridden.
 If you want to restrict implementation of a method
then you can declare it as final.
 For example in Object class we can override some
methods like equals(), toString() but you cant override
method like wait(), notify(), notifyAll() because these
methods are declared as final.

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 Final Method
class Parent
{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("Parent class method ... m1()");
}

public final void m2()

{
System.out.println("It is method -2");
}
}

class Child extends Parent

{
public void m1()
{
System.out.println("Hello this is child class method..m1()");
}

public void m2()

{
//Compile thime error
}

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