Electromagnetic Induction

Class XII Physics : Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)

The phenomena of generating current and e.m.f. by changing magnetic fields is
called electromagnetic induction (EMI).
Induced e.m.f. & Induced Current
The e.m.f. so developed is called induced e.m.f. If the conductor is in the form of
a closed circuit then a current flow in the circuit. This is called induced current.
* The phenomena of EMI is the basis of working of power generators, dynamics,
transformers etc.
Magnetic Flux ()

The magnetic flux () through any surface held in a magnetic field B is measured
by the total number of magnetic lines of force crossing the surface normally.
 
  B.A  BAcos 
If the coil has N turns then total amount of magnetic flux linked with the coil is
 
  N(B.A)  NBAcos 
* When   90º then   0
* When   0º then   BA (Max value)
SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb).

1. Weber (Wb)
One weber is the amount of magnetic flux over an area of 1 metre 2 held normal
to a uniform magnetic field of  Tesla.
1 Weber =  tesla × 1 m 2
* Magnetic flux () is a scalar quantity.
* When a body is present in a uniform or non-uniform magnetic field, outward flux
is taken to be positive, while inward flux is taken as negative.
IPA A Premier Institute for Class VIII to XII, JEE (Main), IIT (Advanced), NEET, CA, IAS & RAS Foundation Classroom Programme [1]
Experiment of Faraday and Henry

Experiment-1 (Current induced by a magnet)
Fig shows a coil or loop c of a few turns of conducting material insulated form
each other. It is connected to a sensitive galvanometer G. Faraday and Henry
observed that-
(i) When north pole of bar magnet is pushed towards the coil, the galvanometer shows
a sudden deflection, which indicates that current is induced in the coil.
(ii) There is no deflection when the bar magnet is held stationary anywhere.
(iii) When the magnet is moved away from the coil, the galvanometer shows deflection
in the opposite direction, which indicates reversed in the direction of induced
current.
(iv) When south pole of bar magnet is moved towards or away from the coil, the
galvanometer deflections are opposite to those observed with the north pole for
similar movement.
(v) The galvanometer deflection (and hence induced current) is found to be larger
when magnet is pushed towards or pulled away from the coil faster.
(vi) When the bar magnet is held stationary and coil C is moved towards or away from
the magnet, the same effects are observed.
It shows relative motion between the coil and the magnet is responsible for
indcution of electric current in the coil.
Experiment-2 (Current induced by current)
Fig shows a coil or loop C of a few turns of conducting material insulated one
another and connected to a galvanometer G.
C’ is another such coil connected to a battery. A steady current through coil C’
produces a uniform magnetic field along its axis.
(i) When coil C’ is moved toward the coil C, the galvanometer shows a sudden deflection.
This indicates that electric current is induced in the coil C.
(ii) When the coil C’ is moved away from the coil C, the galvanometer shows a
deflection in the opposite direction. This indicates that direction of current
induced in coil C is reversed.
(iii) There is no deflection (and hence induced current) is found to be larger when coils
are moved faster towards/away from each other.
* Here the coil C’ carrying current behaves as a bar magnet.
Experiment-3 (Current induced by changing current)
From the experiment 3 Faraday showed that relative motion is not an absolute
requirement.
Current can be induced without relative motion.
Fig. shows two coils C and C’ held stationary coil C is connected to a sensitive
galvanometer G and coil C’ is connected to a battery through a key. It is observed
that-
(i) Whey Key K is pressed, galvanometer in coil C shows a momentary deflection,

indicating that current is induced in coil C.
(ii) When the key is pressed continously, there is no deflection in the galvanometer.
(iii) When the key is relased the galvanometer shows again a momentary deflection but
in the opposite direction.
(iv) The galvanometer deflection increases, when an iron rod is inserted into the coils
along their axis, and the key is pressed/released.
Cause of Induced E.M.F.

All experiment shows that induced e.m.f. appears in a coil whenever the amount of
magnetic flux linked with the coil changes with time
Note: Only the presence of magnetic flux is not enough. The amount of magnetic
flux linked with the coil must change in order to produced any induced e.m.f. in
the coil.
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
First Law-
Whenever the amount of magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an e.m.f. is
induced in the circuit. The induced e.m.f.exists so long as the change in magnetic
flux continues.
Second Law-
The magnetic of e.m.f. induced in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
(2  1 )
induced e.m.f e 
t
K(2  1 )
or e
t
Here K = 1 in all system of units.
2  1
so e
t
It d is the small change in magnetic flux in a small time dt then we can rewrite
d
e
dt
* Negative sign is taken because induced e.m.f always apposes any change in magnetic
flux associated with the circuit.
In case of a closely wound coil of turns, change in magnetic flux associated with
each turn is the same. Therefor total induced e.m.f is given by
d
e  N
dt
So by increasing the number of turns N in the coil we can increase the induced
e.m.f.
Lenz’s Law
According to ‘Lenz’s Law’, the polarity of the induced e.m.f is such that it opposes
the change in the magnetic flux responsible for its production.
This Law gives the direction of current induced in a circuit.
Explanation
When north pole of a bar magnet is being pushed towards the coil, the amount of
magnetic flux linked with the coil increases.
Current is induced in the coil in such a direction that it opposes the increase in
flux. This is possible only when the current induced in the coil is in anticlockwise
directin with respect to an observer on the side of the bar magnet.
Similary, when north pole of the bar magnet is moved away from the coil the
magnetic flux linkedwith the coil decreases. To oppose this decrease in magnetic
flux, current induced in the coil is in clockwise direction so that its face towards
the bar magnet becomes south pole.
This would result in an attractive force, which opposes the motion of the magnet
and the corresponding decrease in magnetic flux.
Lenz’s Law & Energy Conservation
Lenz’s Law is in accordance with the law of conservation of energy.
Explanation
In the experiment verification of Lenz’s Law, when N-pole of magnet is moved
towards the coil, the upper face of the coil acquires north polartiy. Therefore,
work has to be done against the force of repulsion, in bringing the magnet closer
to the coil.
Similarly when north pole of magnet is moved away south polarity develops
on the upper face of the coil. Therefore work has to be done against the force
of attraction, in taking the magnet away from the coil.
It is this mechanical work done in moving the magnet w.r.t the coil that changes
into electrical energy producing induced current.
Thus energy is being transformed only.
When we do not move the magnet, work done is zero. Therefore, induced current
is also not produced.
Fleming’s right hand rule
Fleming’s right hand rule gives us the direction of induced e.m.f./ Current in a
conductor moiving in a magnetic field.
If we stretch the first finger, central finger and thumb of our right hand in
mutually perpendicular directions such that first finger points along the direction
of the field and thumb is along the direction of motion of the conductor, then the
central finger would give us the direction of induced current.
Motional Electromotive Force

Fig shows a rectangular conducting loop PQRS in the plane of paper. The conductor
PQ is free to move without any loss of energy due to friction etc. The magnetic
field is perpendicular to the plane of paper and directed inwards.
Let the conductor PQ moved towards the left with a velocity V, due to whcih the
area enclosed by the loop PQRS decreases. Therefore amount of magnetic flux
linked with the loop decreases and an e.m.f. is induced in the loop.
If at any time, the length PQ = x and PQ = L, then magnetic flux linked with the
loop PQRS is
  BLx
Then the induced e.m.f. in the loop can be given by-
d d
e   (BLx)
dt dt
 dx 
e  BL  
 dt 
 dx 
e  BLV  V   dt 
 
Here e is called Motional Electromotive force.

If R is resistance of loop at a given instant, the induced current I at that instant
can be given as
e BLV
I 
R R
* The direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule or by Lenz’s
law.
Note:
  
(a) In vector form e  (B  V). 
     
It is clear from above equation that if (i) V || B or (ii) V ||  (iii) B ||  then
in these conditions there will be no induced emf between edges of the conducting
rod.
(b) For induced emf between the edges of the conducting rod moving in magnetic field
it is necessary conduction that the rod should cut the magnetic field lines.
Induced EMF due to rotation of a conducting rod in uniform magnetic field
Let a conducting rod of length L is rotating with angular velocity  , perpendicular

to magnetic field B .
To calculate the induced emf Let consider an element of length dl at distance l

from the end o of the rod
If the linear velocity of the element dl is v the induced emf in ti
de = BVdl
Here element dl is rotating in a circular path of radius l, so that
v  
Hence de  Bd
To calculate the induced emf in the complete rod we integrate the equation with
limits o to L.
 de   Bd
0
L
 2 
e  B  
 2 0
 L2 
e  B   0 
2 
BL2
or e
2
1
As   2f so that e B  2f  L2
2
or e  BL2 f  Baf
Where A  L2  Area of the coil
Note: If a conducting rod rotating about an axis perpendicular to its length and
passing through its centre then the points which are at equal distance from the
centre have the same potential and their potential difference will be zero.
Induced emf in a wheel of cycle rotating in a uniform magnetic field.
If a wheel of cycle having spokes of length  is rotating with angular velocity  ,

perpendicular to a magnetic field B , then due to induced emf in each spoke behaves
like a cell of emf e.
As these celss are connected in parallel then
e equivalent = e (emf of each cell)
1
eequivalent  B2
2
* Net induced emf does not depends on the number of spokes in the wheel.
Consider the forward motion from x = 0 to x = 2b. When arm PQ is at x1 magnetic
flux Linked with the circuit PQRS is -
  BLx for 0  x  b
  BLb for b  x  2b
so the induced e.m.f. is
d
e  BLV for 0  x  b
dt
d
e 0 for b  x  2b
dt
when the induced e.m.f. is non-zero, the magnitude of current is
E BLV
I 
r r
Force required to keep the arm PQ in constant motion = BIL
 BLV  B2L2V
F  B L = , for o  x  b
 r  r
F = zero, for b  x  2b
The direction of the force on PQ is to the left

The Joule heating loss is.
B2L2V 2
P  I2r 
r
B2L2V 2
P for o xb
r
 0, for b  x  2b
Similar expression are obtained fro inward

motion of PQ from x = 2b to x = 0.
Energy consideration in Motional E.M.F.
When a conductor of length L is moved with a velocity V in a perpendicular
magnetic field B, then the motional e.m.f. produced in the conductor is
e = BLV
Let r be the resistance of movable arm PQ of the rectangular conductor. Here we
assume that the resistance of remaining arm QR, RS and SP is negligible compared
to r 1
e BLV
Current Induced in the loop I  
r r
The magnitude of force on the conductor PQ moving in the magnetic field is
 BLV  B2L2V
F  BIL  B   L 
 r  r
The direction of this force is opposite to the velocity of the conductor.

Power required to push the conductor is
B2L2V B2L2V 2
PH  F  V  V 
r r
As the conductor is pushed mechanically, the mechanical energy dissipated per

second is given by
 BLV 2  B2L2V2
PE  I2r   
 r  r
Whichis the same as the power reqruired to push the conductor.

Hence, mechanical energy required to move the conductor PQ is converted into
electrical energy first (i.e. the induced e.m.f.) and then to thermal energy.
B2L2V 2
Heat energy produced/ sec. 
r
Eddy Currents
The eddy currents are basically the currents induced in the body of a conductor
due to change in magnetic flux linked with the conductor.
For example when we move a metal plate out of a magnetic field, then the relative
motion of the field and the conductor induced a current in the conductor.
The conduction electrons making up the induced current whirl about within the
plate as if they were caught in an eddy (or whirlpool) of water. This is called the
eddy current.
induced e.m.f. (e)

Eddy current (i) 
resis tan ce (R)
d
But we know that e  
dt
d / dt
so i
R
The direction of eddy current is given by Lenz’s law or Flemings right hand rule.
Experimental Demonstration
Suspended a flat metallic plate between pole pieces N and S of an electromagnet.
Let it come to rest with its plane perpendicular to magnetic field.
When the magnetic field is off, the metallic plate disturbed from its equilibrium
position and left, oscillates freely for a longer time.
But when the electromagnet is switched on, the vibrations of the plate are damped
and the plate stops vibrating sooner. This is because of eddy currents developed
in the vibrating plate.
Reason:
In the normal position of rest of the plate, magnetic flux linked with the plate
is maximum. When it is displaced towards any one extreme position, are of plate
in the field decreases. Therefore magnetic flux linked with the plate decreases.
Eddy currents develop in the plate which according to Lenz’s law, oppose the
decrease in flux and hence the motion of the plate towards extreme position.
Similar when plate returns from extreme position to mean position, area of plate
in the field increases, magnetic flux linked with the plate increases Eddy currents
are developed which oppose the increase in flux and hence the motion of the plate
towards the mean position.
In either case, vibrations of the plate are opposed and hence damped.
How to reduce eddy currents
When a plate with slots cut in it is made to oscillate in the magnetic field, the
damping effect is there, but it is much smaller compared to the case when no slots
were cut.
This means eddy currents are reduced. This is because magnetic moment of the
induced current (which oppose the motion) depend upon the area enclosed by the
currents.

M  IA
Hence to minimize the eddy currents, the metal core to be used in an appliance
like dynamo, transformer, choke coil, motor etc. is taken in the form of thin shets.
Each sheet is electrically insulated from the other by insulating varnish. Such a
core is called a laminated core.
Large resistance between the thin sheets confines the eddy currents to the
individual sheets. Hence the eddy currents are reduced to a large extent.
Uses of Eddy Currents
(1) Induction Furnace
The heating effect of eddy currents is used for melting a metal in an induction
furnace. Eddy currents of large magnitude are produced by varying magnetic field.
The changes in the magnetic field are so rapid that very large eddy currents are
generated and heat produced is sufficient to melt a metal quickly.
(2) Electric Brakes
It is an efficient system of brakes employed in electric trains. The axle of a train
is surrounded by a coaxial cylindrical drum. When the train is to be stopped, a

strong magnetic field is applied to the rotating drum. This results in the generation
of the large eddy currents which oppose the relative motion and thus the train
down and comes to rest quickly.
(3) Speedometer
In a speedometer, the magnetic rotates inside a piovted metallic drum. The speed
of rotation depends. on the speed of the vehicle. Eddy current in the drum causes
the magnet to rotate with the drum. It rotates through an angle which is proportional
to the speed of the vehicle. A pointer attached to the magnet gives a reading of
the speed of the vehicle on a calibrated scale.
(4) Deadbeat Galvometer
When the current flows in the coil of a moving coil galvanometer, the coil gets
deflected and as soon as the current stops the coil tends to oscillate about its mean
position. However the eddy currents generated in the metal core of the coil oppose
the oscillatory motion, due to which the coil comes to rest quickly.
Self Induction
It is the property of a coil by virtue of which the coil opposes any change in the
strength of current flowing through it by inducing an e.m.f. in itself.
When current (I) is increasing the self induced e.m.f. (e) appears accross
the coil in a direction such that is opposes the increase. Therefore it would be
in a direction opposite to I.
When current (I) is decreasing, the self induced e.m.f. (e) appears across the coil
in a direction, such that it opposes the decrease. Therefore it would be in the
direction of I.
Self Inductance
Let the current I flowing through a coil at any time and  is the amount of
magnetic flux linked with all the turns of the coil at that time. Then it is found
that
  I or   LI
Here L is a constant of proportionality and is called self inductance or coefficient

of self induction of the coil.
* The value of L depends upon the number of turns, area of cross section and nature
of material of the core on which the coil is wound.
If I  I ,   L  I or L  
Self inductance of a coil is numerically equal to the amount of magnetic flux linked
with the coil when unit current flows through the coil.
The e.m.f. induced in the coil is given by
d d
e   (LI)
dt dt
dI
or e  L 
dt
* The SI unit of L is henry.
e 1 volt
L  1 henry  1 ampere / sec
dI / dt
The self inductance of a coil is said to be 1 henry when a current change at the
rate of 1 ampere/sec through the coil induces on e.m.f. of 1 volt int he coil.
Mutual Inductance
It is the property of two coils by virtue of which each opposes any change in the
strength of current flowing through the other by developing an induced e.m.f.
Let us take coils P and S held close by P is connected to a cell through a key K.
S is connected to a sensitive galvanometer G.
On pressing or releasing K1 galvanometer shows a sudden temporary deflection.

This is due to mutual induction as detailed below-
(i) On pressing Key K1 current in P increases from, zero to maximum value. It takes
some time during this time, current in P is increasing. Therefore magnetic flux
linked with P is increasing. As S is closeby, magnetic flux associated with S also
increases. An e.m.f. is induced in S. According to Lenz’s Law the induced current
in S would oppose increase in current in P by flowing in a direction opposite to
the cell current in P.
(ii) On releasing Key K, current in P decreases from maximum to zero value. It takes
some time During this time current in P is decreasing. Therefore magnetic flux
linked with P is decreasing As S is held closeby, magnetic flux associated with S
also decreased. An e.m.f. is induced in S.
According to lenz’s Law induced current in S during break flows in the direction
of the cell current in P so as to oppose the decrease in current in P.
Mutual Inductance
Let I is the strength of current in one coil and  is the total amount of magnetic
flux linked with all the turns of the neighbours coil.
Then it is found that
2  I1 or 2  MI1
Thus the mutal inductance of two coils is equal to the amount of magnetic flux
linked with one coil when unit flows the neighbouring coil.
The induced e.m.f. in the neighbouring coil is given by
d2 d
e2     (MI1 )
dt dt
dI1
e2  M
dt
SI unit of M is henry
If the mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, when a current
changes at the rate of one ampere/sec. in one coil induces an e.m.f. of one volt
in the other coil.
Mutual Inductance depends on
(i) Geometry of two coils (size of coils, their shape, number of turns, nature of
material on which two coils are wound).
(ii) Distance between two coils.
(iii) Relative placement of two coils (orientation of the two coils)
Coefficient of coupling (K)
Coefficient of coupling (K) of two coils is a measure of the coupling between the
two coils. It is given by
M
K
L1L2
where L1 and L2 are coefficients of self inductance of the two coils and M is
coefficient of mutual inductance of the two coils.
In figure (a) the value of K is maximum.

In figure (b) the value of K is less than that in (a).
In figure (c) the K is minimum.
The various formulae for L
Condition Figure
Circular coil
 N2r
L 0
2
Solenoid
  N2A N2A
L 0 r 
I I
Toroid
 N2r
L 0
2
The various formulae for M
Condition Figure
Two concentric
coplanar circular
coils
0N1N2r2
M
2R
Two solenoids
 NN A
M 0 1 2
I

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Class XII Physics : Electromagnetic Induction

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)

* When   90º then   0

* When   0º then   BA (Max value)

SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb).

Experiment of Faraday and Henry

(i) Whey Key K is pressed, galvanometer in coil C shows a momentary deflection,

Cause of Induced E.M.F.

Here K = 1 in all system of units.

Motional Electromotive Force

Then the induced e.m.f. in the loop can be given by-

Here e is called Motional Electromotive force.

To calculate the induced emf Let consider an element of length dl at distance l

Where A  L2  Area of the coil

e equivalent = e (emf of each cell)

so the induced e.m.f. is

when the induced e.m.f. is non-zero, the magnitude of current is

Force required to keep the arm PQ in constant motion = BIL

The direction of the force on PQ is to the left

Similar expression are obtained fro inward

The magnitude of force on the conductor PQ moving in the magnetic field is

The direction of this force is opposite to the velocity of the conductor.

As the conductor is pushed mechanically, the mechanical energy dissipated per

Whichis the same as the power reqruired to push the conductor.

induced e.m.f. (e)

is surrounded by a coaxial cylindrical drum. When the train is to be stopped, a

Here L is a constant of proportionality and is called self inductance or coefficient

* The SI unit of L is henry.

On pressing or releasing K1 galvanometer shows a sudden temporary deflection.

In figure (a) the value of K is maximum.

The various formulae for M

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