DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Course Material

COURSE Essential Mathematics I

COURSE CODE 22MATC11/22MATM11/22MATE11/22MATS11

MODULE III

MODULE NAME ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

STAFF INCHARGE PADMAJA C

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Objectives:

At the end of this Module, student will be able to solve :

• Bernoulli’s Equation
• Exact Differential equations
• Reducible to Exact Differential equations
• Physical Applications
• Non linear Differential equations-Solvable for p
• Clairaut’s equation

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS:

Introduction
In this lesson we will study about definition of differential equation, difference between
particular solution and general solution and also first method variable separable method for
finding solution. For some problems we reduce the differential equation in the form of variable
separable method ,this method is called as reducible variable separable method. In separating
the variables in a given DE, dx and dy can be regarded as separate quantities.

Ordinary Differential Equations

ORDER AND DEGREE OF AN ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
Differential Equation: If y = f (x) is an unknown function, an equation which involves at least
one derivative of y, w.r.t. x is called an ordinary differential equation which in future will be
simply referred to as Differential Equation (D.E).
The order of D.E is the order of the highest derivative present in the equation.
Degree of the D.E. is the degree of the highest order derivative after clearing the fractional
powers.
Finding y as a function of x explicitly [y = f (x)] or a relationship in x and y satisfying the D.E.
[f (x, y)= c] constitutes the solution of the D.E.
Observe the following equations along with their order and degree.
dy
= 2x [order = 1, degree = 1]
dx
2
 dy  dy
  + 3 + 3y = 0 [order = 1, degree = 2]
 dx  dx
General solution and particular solution:
A solution of a D.E. is a relation between the dependent and independent variables satisfying
the given equation identically. The general solution will involve arbitrary constants equal to the
order of the D. E. If the arbitrary constants present in the solution are evaluated by using a set
of given conditions, then the solution so obtained is called a particular solution. In many
physical problems these conditions can be formulated from the problem itself.
Note: Basic integration and integration methods are essential prerequisites for this chapter.
Solution of differential equations of first order and first degree
Recollecting the definition of the order and the degree of a D.E., a first order and first-degree
dy
equation will be of the form = f ( x, y )
dx

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Exact Differential equations

Introduction:
In this lesson we learn the important method called as method of exactness and also reducible
to exact differential equation. This method is most important because, we can solve many of
the type of DE by this method by using suitable integrating factors.

We say that M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) dy = 0 is an exact differential equation if there exists a

function f (x, y) such that
D f = M (x, y) dx +N (x, y) dy.
The necessary and the sufficient condition for the D.E. M (x, y) dx + N (x, y) d y = 0 to be an
exact equation is
M N
=
dy x
Further the solution of the exact equation is given by
 Mdx +  N ( y)dy = c
Where, in the first term we integrate M (x, y) w.r.t x keeping y fixed and N (y) indicate the terms
in N not containing x

Example 1:

dy y cos x + sin y + y
Solve : + =0
dx sin x + x cos y + x
 The given equation is put in the form,
( y cos x + sin y + y) dx + sin x + x cos y + x dy = 0
Let M = y cos x + sin y + y and N = sin x + x cos y + x
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= cos 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Hence = , therefore given eqn is exact.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
The solution of M dx+ N d y=0 is

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

∫(y cosx + siny + y)dx +∫ 0dy =c

Y sin x +x sin y + y x-=c

Example – 2
Solve − 8 x 3 )dx + (2 xye xy − 6 y 2 )dy = 0
2 2
( y 2 e xy
Solution: M= y 2 e xy − 8 x 3 N= 2 xye xy − 6 y 2
2 2

M N
= y 2 e xy .x.2 y + e xy .2 y
2 2
= 2 ye xy .1 + 2 xy.e xy . y 2
2 2

dy dx
M N
=
dy x
thus the equation is exact.
Solution is M dx +N d y=0
∫( y e − 8 x ) dx+∫ −6𝑦 2 dy=c
2
2 xy 3

2
y 2 e xy x4 y3
− 8 . − 6 . =c
y2 4 3
ore xy − 2 x 4 − 2 y 3 = c
2

Example-3
Solve (𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
Sol: M=𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦, N== 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2
M N
= 3 y 2 − 3x 2 , = 3 y 2 − 3x 2
dy x
M N
=
dy x
3 2
∫(𝑦 − 3𝑥 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 0𝑑𝑦 = 𝑐
x𝑦 3 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 = 𝑐

Example-4
1
Solve [𝑦(1 + ) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦]dx-(x+logx-xsiny)dy = 0
𝑥
Sol: The given equation can be rearranged as
𝑦
(y dx +x dy) +(𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥𝑑𝑦) + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦) = 0
∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + ∫ 𝑑(𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + ∫ 𝑑(𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦) = 𝑐
The general solution of this equation is
x y+ylogx +xcosy=c
Example-5

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Solve (𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 + 𝒙)𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎

Sol: The given equation can be arranged as
(𝑦 2 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + (𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦𝑑𝑥) = 0
1 (𝑥𝑑𝑦−𝑦𝑑𝑥)
(1+𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + =0
𝑦2
𝑥
∫ 𝑑(𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦) − ∫ 𝑑 𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑥
The general solution of this equation is 𝑦 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 − 𝑦 =
EXERCISES:
Solve the following problems
1.(3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 3 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0 Ans : 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
2.𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 1)𝑑𝑦 Ans : log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐

Equations reducible to the exact form

Sometimes the given differential equation which is not an exact equation can be transformed
into an exact equation by multiplying with some function (factor) known as the integrating
factor (I.F.)
Rules for integrating factors:
1
(1) If the equation is Homogeneous and Mx+Ny  0 then is an integrating factor.
Mx + Ny
1  M N 
 is a function of ‘x’ alone say f(x) then e 
f ( x ) dx
(2) If  − is an integrating factor.
N  y x 
 N M 
 is a function of y alone, say g(y) ,then e 
1 g ( y ) dy
(3) If  − is an integrating factor.
M  x y 

Note:
𝑑𝑦
An equation in the form 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄𝑦 𝑛 where P and Q are functions of x is called Bernoulli’s
equation in y which is reducible to Linear differential equation which in turn is reducible to
exact. The following method is applied to solve the Bernoulli’s equation.

To reduce this to linear form divide given eqn both side by 𝑦 𝑛 ,then
1 𝑑𝑦 1
+ 𝑦 1−𝑛 𝑃 = 𝑄 … (1)
𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑡
Then put = 𝑡 in (1) then diff w.r.t x to get (1 − 𝑛) 𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 or = (1−𝑛) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 1−𝑛 𝑦 𝑛 𝑑𝑥

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

1 𝑑𝑡
Hence (1) becomes (1−𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑄

𝑑𝑡
or + (1 − 𝑛)𝑃𝑡 = (1 − 𝑛)𝑄 which is linear in t and can be solved.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Similarly , 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑃𝑥 = 𝑄𝑥 𝑛 where P and Q are functions of y is the standard form of Bernoulli’s
eqn in x.
1
We divide given eqn both side by 𝑥 𝑛 and later put = 𝑡 to obtain a linear eqn in t
𝑥 1−𝑛

(4) If the equation is of the form yf1 ( x, y)dx + xf 2 ( x, y)dy = 0 so that M = yf1 ( x, y)dx and
1
N = xf 2 ( x, y)dy and if Mx − Ny  0 then is an integrating factor.
Mx − Ny
(5) If the equation is of the form x m y n (aydx + bxdy) + x p y q (cydx + exdy) = 0
Where m, n, p, q, a, b, c, e are all constants , then x h y k is an integrating factor. Hence h and k
are constants to be chosen so that the condition for exactness is satisfied.

Example: 1
Solve: ( x 2 y − 2 xy 2 )dx − ( x 3 − 3x 2 y)dy = 0
Solution: The given equation is of the form M d x + N d y=0
M = ( x 2 y − 2 xy 2 )dx N = −( x 3 − 3x 2 y)dy
M N
 the given equation is not exact
y x
The given equation is homogeneous there fore Mx + Ny = x 2 y 2  0
1 1
Therefore by the rule (1) = 2 2 is an integrating factor, multiply to given equation it
Mx + Ny x y
becomes exact equation:
1 1
2 2
( x 2 y − 2 xy 2 )dx − 2 2 ( x 3 − 3x 2 y )dy = 0
x y x y
 1 2  x 3
 − dx −  2 − dy = 0
 y x y y
Solve the exact equation, we get the solution

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

1 dx dy
y  dx − 2 + 3
x y
=c

x
− 2 log x + 3 log y = c
y
Example: 2 Solve: [xy sin(xy) + cos(xy)]y dx + [xy sin(xy) − cos(xy)]x dy = 0
Solution: M= (x y sin x y +cos x y)y N=(x y sin x y-cos x y)x
M N
 so that the given equation is not exact, therefore find out integrating
y x
1 1
factor by the rule (4) = is an integrating factor, multiplying the given
Mx − Ny 2 xy cos xy
equation by this factor, we get the equation

 1  1
 y tan xy + dx +  x tan xy − dy = 0
 x  y
The general solution of this exact equation is
1 1
y  tan xydx +  dx −  dy = c
x y
 x sec xy 
y  + log x − log y = c
 y 
x sec xy + log( x / y ) = c

Example – 3
dy y
Solve : + = y2 x
dx x
>> Dividing the given equation by y 2 we have,
1 dy 1
2
+ =x …..1
y dx y x
1 −1 dy dt
Put = t  2 =
y y dx dx
− dt t
Hence (1) becomes + =x
dx x
dt t
or − = −x
dx x

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

dt
This equation is a linear equation of the + Pt = Q,
dx
−1
where P = and Q = − x
x
1
 P dx − dx 1
e =e x = e − log x =
x
The solution is t e
 P dx
 
= Q e P dx dx + c

i. e. , t .
1
x
 1
= − x . dx + c
x
1
Thus = − x + c, is the required solution.
xy
Example – 4
dy
Solve : xy( 1 + xy 2 ) =1
dx
dx
 Consider = x y + x 2 y3
dy
dx
or − xy = x 2 y 3 Dividing by x 2 we get,
dy
1 dx 1
2
− y = y3 ….1
x dy x
1 −1 dx dt
Put =t  2 =
x x dy dy

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

dt dt
Hence (1) becomes − − t y = y 3 or + t y = − y3
dy dy
dt
This equation is of the form + P t = Q where,
dy
2 /
P = y and Q = − y 3  e  P dy= e  y dy= e y 2
The solution is t e  P dy= Q e  P dy
dy + c
2
y 2
i. e. , t e y / 2 = − y 3 e / dy + c
2

Put y 2 / 2 = u  y dy = du
Also y 2 y dy = y 2 du or y 3 dy = 2u du
2
 t e y / 2 = −2 u e u du + c
2
i. e. , t e y / 2 = −2 u e u − e u + c , on integration by parts.
2
ey/ 2 y2
= 2 e y /2 ( 1 − ) + c , is the required solution.
2
Thus
x 2
Example-5
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝒚𝟑
Solve − 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒚 + =𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝒚𝟑
>> Now consider, − 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒚 = −
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝟑 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑
Divide by 𝒚 ,then − (𝟏 + 𝒙) 𝒚 = − 𝒙 ----(1)
𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒚𝟐
𝟏 𝒅𝒕 −𝟐 𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 −𝟏 𝒅𝒕
Put t = 𝒚𝟐 then = ∴ =
𝒅𝒙 𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒙 𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
−𝟏 𝒅𝒕 𝒕 𝟏 𝟑
Eqn (1) implies − 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒙) = − 𝒙
𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒕 𝟏 𝟔
+ 𝒕 (𝟏 + 𝒙) =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒕
this eqn is of the form 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑷𝒕 = 𝑸
𝟏 𝟔
Where P = 𝟏 + 𝒙 ,Q = 𝒙
𝟏
∫(𝟏+𝒙 )𝒅𝒙
I.F =𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙=𝒆 = 𝒆𝒙+𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒙
The soln is t𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝑸𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟔
∴ 𝒕 𝒆𝒙 𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙 𝒆𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟏
𝒆𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟔𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄 is the soln
𝒚𝟐

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Example: 6 Solve: xy 3 ( ydx + 2 xdy) + (3 ydx + 5xdy) = 0

Solution: By rule (5), the form of the given equation suggests that x h y k is an integrating factor,
where h, k, are constants to be chosen such that the condition of exactness holds. Multiplying
by this factor, the equation becomes
( ) (
x h y k xy 4 + 3 y dx + 2 x 2 y 3 + 5x dy = 0 ) 
Which is of the form Mdx+Ndy=0, where
M = x h +1 y k + 4 + 3x h y k +1
N = 2 x h + 2 y k +3 + 5 x h +1 y k
diff M equation partially w.r.t ‘y’ and N equation w.r.t ‘x’
M
= (k + 4) x h +1 y k +3 + 3(k + 1) x h y k
y
N
= 2(h + 2) x h +1 y k +3 + 5(h + 1) x h y k
x
M N
Now, we find that the condition = holds if
y x
(k + 4) xy 3 + 3(k + 1) = 2(h + 2) xy 3 + 5(h + 1)
Equating the corresponding coefficients in this, we get
k + 4 = 2(h + 2) 3(k + 1) = 5(h + 1)
k = 2h 3k − 5h = 2
by solving, h=2, k=4
Putting these values of ‘h’ and ‘k’ into the equation (1), we get the exact equation
( ) ( )
x 3 y 8 + 3x 2 y 5 dx + 2 x 4 y 7 + 5x 3 y 4 dy = 0
The general solution of this exact equation is
y 8  x 3 dx + 3 y 5  x 2 dx = c
x 4 y 8 + 4 x 3 y 5 = 4c
Example – 7 Solve: ( x 2 + y 3 + 6 x)dx + y 2 xdy = 0
Solution: M = x 2 + y 3 + 6 x N = y2x
M N
− = 3y 2 − y 2 = 2 y 2  0
y x
the given equation is not exact
1  M N  2
 −  = = f ( x)
N  y x  x

therefore, by rule an integrating factor e  = e

f ( x ) dx 2 dx
x
= e 2 log x = x 2

11
 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Multiplying the given equation by this factor, we get the exact equation
( x 4 + x 2 y 3 + 6 x 3 )dx + y 2 x 3 dy = 0
The general solution of this exact equation is
6 x 5 + 10x 3 y 3 + 45x 4 = 30c
Example – 8 Solve: y(x+y) dx+(x+2y-1) dy=0
Solution: M = y( x + y) N = x + 2 y −1
M N
− = x + 2y −1  0
y x
the given equation is not exact
1 M N
( − ) =1
N y x

I.F= e  = e x
dx

Multiplying the given equation by this factor

e x y ( x + y )dx + e x ( x + 2 y − 1)dy = 0

The general solution of this exact equation is

y( x − 1)e x + y 2 e x = c
EXERCISES:

1.Solve:(2𝑥𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 Ans: 4𝑦𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑐+𝑥
2.Solve :𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 Ans :𝑦 = 1+𝑥
1
3.Solve :(3𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 Ans :𝑥 = −𝑦(3 log 𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑥
4.Solve :𝑦(2𝑥𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 Ans: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 𝑐.

Type equation here.

12
 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Newton’s Law of cooling:

Newton's Law of Cooling describes how the temperature of an object changes. It states that
the rate of change of its temperature depends on how much hotter it is than its surroundings.
Since it includes both temperature and the time derivative of temperature, is a first-
order differential equation.

Temperature difference in any situation results from energy flow into a system or energy flow
from a system to surroundings. The former leads to heating, whereas latter leads to cooling of
an object.
Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate of temperature of the body is proportional to the
difference between the temperature of the body and that of the surrounding medium. This
statement leads to the classic equation of exponential decline over time which can be applied
to many phenomena in science and engineering, including the discharge of a capacitor and the
decay in radioactivity.
Newton's Law of Cooling is useful for studying water heating because it can tell us how fast the
hot water in pipes cools off. A practical application is that it can tell us how fast a water heater
cools down if you turn off the breaker when you go on vacation.

Suppose that a body with initial temperature T1°C, is allowed to cool in air which is maintained
at a constant temperatureT2°C.
Let the temperature of the body be T°C at time t.
Then by Newton’s Law of Cooling,

(1)
Where k is a positive proportionality constant. Since the temperature of the body is higher
than the temperature of the surroundings then T-T2is positive. Also, the temperature of the
body is decreasing i.e., it is cooling down and rate of change of temperature is negative.

The constant ‘k’ depends upon the surface properties of the material being cooled.
Initial condition is given by T=T1 at t=0
Solving (1)

(2)
Applying initial conditions;

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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Substituting the value of C in equation (2) gives

This equation represents Newton’s law of cooling.

-kt
If k <0, lim t --> ∞, e = 0 and T= T2,

Or we can say that the temperature of the body approaches that of its surroundings as time
goes.

The graph drawn between the temperature of the body and time is known as cooling curve.
The slope of the tangent to the curve at any point gives the rate of fall of temperature.

In general,

Where,

T(t)=Temperature at time t,
TA = Ambient temperature (temp of surroundings),
TH = Temperature of hot object at time 0,
k = positive constant and
t = time.

Example 1:
If the temperature of the air is 30𝑜 𝑐 and the substance cools from 100𝑜 𝑐 to 70𝑜 𝑐 in 15
minutes, find when the temperature will be 40𝑜 𝑐.

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ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Solution: According to the Newton’s law of cooling, the expression for the temperature
function at any time t is
𝑇 = 𝑇2 + (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
We have by data, 𝑇1 = 100, 𝑇2 = 30 and 𝑇 = 70 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 15
∴ 𝑇 = 30 + 70 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡
By applying the initial condition we have,
40 4 70
70 = 30 + 70 𝑒 −15𝑘 or 𝑒 −15𝑘 = 70 = 7 or 𝑒 15𝑘 = 40 = 1.75
1
𝑒 15𝑘 = 1.75 => 15𝑘 = log 𝑒 (175) 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 15 log 𝑒 (175) = 0.0373
We have 𝑇 = 30 + 70 𝑒 −0.0373𝑡 , we have to find t when T=40

40 = 30 + 70 𝑒 −0.0373𝑡
𝑡 = 52.17
Thus we conclude that it will take 52.2 min for the metal ball to reach a temperature of 40𝑜 𝑐

Othogonal Trajectories
If two family of curves are such that every member of one family intersects every member of
the other family at right angle,then they are said to be orthogonal trajectories of each other.
Example : each member of the family𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 of strait lines passing through the orogin is an
orthogonal trajectories of the family of 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 of concentric circles with centre at the
origin.

Method to find Orthogonal Tra jectories in Cartesian form :

Given family of curves f(x,y,c) = 0…(1) where c is a parameter.we differentiate w.r.t x and
eliminate c which will be the differential equation of given curves (1).Eqn so obtained is
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
differential equation of eqn (1).then we replace𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 in
differential equation to get a new differential equation which will be the differential equation
of curves which are orthogonal trajectoriesof given curve (1).On solving this eqn we obtain
the eqn of curves which are orthogonal trajectoriesof given curve (1)

Method to find Orthogonal Tra jectories in polar form :

15
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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Here eqn will be in the form f(r, 𝜽,c) =0…(1), where c is a parameter.we differentiate w.r.t x
and eliminate c which will be the differential equation of given curves (1).Eqn so obtained is
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜽
differential equation of eqn (1).then we replace𝑑𝜽 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 in
differential equation to get a new differential equation which will be the differential equation
of curves which are orthogonal trajectories of given curve (1).On solving this eqn we obtain
the eqn of curves which are orthogonal trajectories of given curve (1)

Remark : Self Orthogonal family

If the differential equation of the given family of curves remains unaltered after replacing
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑏𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 then the given family of curves is Self Orthogonal
𝑑𝑥
Problems ;
1.Find the orthogonal trajectories of family of curves 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙
Sol :Consider 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙 ….(1),here a is parameter
Diff w.r.t x
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4𝑎 .Then eliminating a
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2 𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4 4𝑥 or 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 ….(2)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
Replace 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 in (2)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥(− 𝑑𝑦 ) = 𝑦 which is variable separable form,by integrating
Log
−2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦𝑑𝑦
Physical applications:
∫ −𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒚
𝑦2
We get,−𝒙𝟐 = + 𝑐 or 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝒄 = 𝒌 is the orthogonal trajectories of family of
2
curves 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂𝒙

2.Find the orthogonal trajectories of family of curves 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽

Sol : Consider 𝒓𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝜽 ….(1),here a is parameter
Take log on both side
𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒓 = 𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒂 + 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽
Diff w.r.t 𝜽
2 𝑑𝑟 sin 2𝜽
= 0 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜽 ….(2) here a is eliminated
𝑟 𝑑𝜽
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜽
Now replace𝑑𝜽 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 in( 2)

1 𝑑𝜽 sin 2𝜽 𝑑𝜽
(−𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 ) = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜽 or 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜽
𝑟

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ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

1
⇒ 𝒄𝒐𝒕2𝜽𝒅𝜽 = 𝑑𝑟 ,on integration
𝑟
1
∫ 𝒄𝒐𝒕2𝜽𝒅𝜽 = ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝑙𝑜𝑔 sin 2𝜽
= log 𝑟 + 𝑐 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑔 sin 2𝜽 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟 2 + 2𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑟 2 + log 𝑘
2
1 1
sin 2𝜽 = 𝑟 2 𝑘 or 𝑟 2 = 𝑘 sin 2𝜽 .Let 𝑘 = 𝑏2 ,then orthogonal trajectories of the
given curve will be 𝑟 2 = 𝑏2 sin 2𝜽 .
EXERCISES:
1.Find the orthogonal trajectories of family of curves 𝒙𝟐/𝟑 +𝒚𝟐/𝟑 = 𝒂𝟐/𝟑
Ans :𝒙𝟒/𝟑 − 𝒚𝟒/𝟑 = 𝒄
2. Show that family of curves 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟒𝒂(𝒙 +a) is self orthogonal trajectories of

FIRST ORDER NON LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

Equations solvable for 𝒑.
Introduction:
We are already familiar with differential equations of the first order and first degree, now
we shall study differential equations of first order and degree higher than the first. For
𝒅𝒚
convenience, we denote by 𝒑. Such equations are of the form𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒑) = 𝟎 → (1).
𝒅𝒙

A differential equation of the first order but of the nth degree is of the form
𝑝 + 𝑝1 𝑝𝑛−1 + 𝑝2 𝑝𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑝𝑛 = 0 → (2)
𝑛

Where 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , 𝑝3 , … . . 𝑝𝑛 are functions of 𝑥 and 𝑦.

In several cases (2) can be solved by reducing (2) to first order and first degree (n)
equations by solving for p(b), solving for y(c), solving for x.
Splitting up the left hand side of (2) into n linear factors, we have
[𝑝 − 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦)], [𝑝 − 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦)], … … . , [𝑝 − 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦)] = 0.
Equating each of the factors to Zero,
𝑝 = 𝑓1 (𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑝 = 𝑓2 (𝑥, 𝑦), … . . , 𝑝 = 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦).
Solving each of these equations of the first order of first degree, we get the solutions
𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 ) = 0, 𝐹2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 ) = 0, … … . , 𝐹𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 ) = 0. These n solutions constitute the general
solution of (1).
Otherwise, the general solution of (1) may be written as
𝐹1 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 ). 𝐹2 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 ). … … . 𝐹𝑛 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑐 ) = 0.

17
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ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Problems:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦
1. Solve : 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 .
1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given equation is 𝑝 − 𝑝 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑦
𝑝2 − 1 = 𝑝 ( − )
𝑦 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑝2 + 𝑝 ( − ) − 1 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
𝑝2 + 𝑝 − 𝑝 − 1 = 0
𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑝 (𝑝 + ) − (𝑝 + ) = 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
(𝑝 + ) (𝑝 − ) = 0
𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 𝑥
𝑝 + = 0 → (1 ) , 𝑝 − = 0 → (2)
𝑥 𝑦
From (1)
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
+ =0⇒ =− ⇒ =−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
On integration, we get, 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 ⇒ log(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 → (3)
From (2)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
− =0⇒ = ⇒ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑥2 𝑦2
On integration, we get − = 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑐 = 𝐶
2 2
𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 → (4)
Thus, 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 , constitute the required solution.
On combining these into one, the required solution can be written as
(𝑥𝑦 − 𝑐 )(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑐 ) = 0 .

2. Solve: 𝑝2 + 2𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑦 2
Sol: We have, 𝑝2 + 2𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑦 2
Adding (𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)2 on both sides,
𝑝2 + 2𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + (𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)2 =𝑦 2 + (𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)2
(𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 )2 = 𝑦 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = ±𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
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ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝑝 + 𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 = −𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥

𝑝 = 𝑦[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ] → (1)
𝑜𝑟 𝑝 = −𝑦[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ] → (2)
From (1): 𝑝 = 𝑦[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) − log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) + 𝑐
2
𝑥
𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥
𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑐
𝑦= =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 𝑐 → (3)
𝑑𝑦
From (2): = −𝑦[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑦
𝑥
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = −𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) − log(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 ) + 𝑐
2
𝑐
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑥)
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
𝑐 𝑐
𝑦= 𝑥 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑦(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 𝑐 → (4)
Thus combining (3) and (4), the required general solution is 𝑦(1 ± 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 ) = 𝑐

3. Solve: 𝑝3 + 2𝑥𝑝2 − 𝑦 2 𝑝2 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑝 = 0

Sol: we have, 𝑝3 + 2𝑥𝑝2 − 𝑦 2 𝑝2 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑝 = 0
𝑝(𝑝2 + 2𝑥𝑝 − 𝑦 2 𝑝 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 ) = 0
⇒ 𝑝 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑝2 + 𝑝(2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 0
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑝2 + 𝑝(2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) − 2𝑥𝑦 2 = 0

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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

−(2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) ± √(2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 )2 − 4(−2𝑥𝑦 2 )

⇒𝑝=
2
−(2𝑥−𝑦 2 )±√4𝑥 2 +𝑦 4 −4𝑥𝑦 2 +8𝑥𝑦 2
= 2

−(2𝑥−𝑦 2 )±√4𝑥 2 +𝑦 4 +4𝑥𝑦 2

= 2

−(2𝑥−𝑦 2 )±√(2𝑥+𝑦 2)2

=
2
−(2𝑥−𝑦 2 )±(2𝑥+𝑦 2)
= 2

−2𝑥 + 𝑦 + (2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 ) 2𝑦 2
2
𝑝= = = 𝑦 2 ⟹ 𝑝 = 𝑦 2 → (1)
2 2
−2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − (2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑜𝑟 𝑝 = = −2𝑥 ⟹ 𝑝 = −2𝑥 → (2)
2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (1), = 𝑦 2 ⇒ 2 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
−1 1
On Integration, we get = 𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 → (3)
𝑦

𝑑𝑦
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (2), = −2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
On integration, we get 𝑦 + 𝑐 = −𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 → (4)
Thus combining (3) and (4), the required general solution is
1
(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑐) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 + 𝑐 ) = 0 .

Exercise:
1. Solve : 𝑝(𝑝 + 𝑦) = 𝑥(𝑥 + 𝑦) Ans : (2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑐)(𝑒 𝑥 (𝑦+x-1)-c)=0
2. Solve : 𝑝2 − 2𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 − 1 = 0 Ans :(𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑐 )(𝑦 − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑐 ) = 0
Miscellaneous Problems
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
1. Solve:(𝑑𝑥 ) − 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2 = 0.
𝑑𝑦
Sol: Given equation is 𝑝2 − 3𝑝 + 2 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 = 𝑑𝑥
On factorizing, we get 𝑝 = 1 → (1)
𝑜𝑟 𝑝 = 2 → (2)

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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

𝑑𝑦
From (1): 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
On integration, we get 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 0 → (3)
𝑑𝑦
From (2): 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥
On integration, we get 2𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑐 ⇒ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑐 = 0 → (4)
Thus combining (3) and (4), the required general solution is (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑐 )(2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑐 ) = 0

The Clairaut’s Equation

By using suitable substitutions some differential equations can be put in the clairaut’s form.
𝑑𝑦
Let 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑝) ……(1) ,where 𝑝 = 𝑑𝑥
be the first degree in x and y is called clairaut’s equation
diff (1) w.r.t x
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑝
= 𝑝 + 𝑓′(𝑝) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑝 = 𝑝 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓′(𝑝) 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝) 𝑑𝑥 = 0 then (𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝)) = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑝
𝑥 + 𝑓 ′ (𝑝) = 0 ……(2) or 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ……(3)
Solving (3)
𝑑𝑝
∴ 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇒ p = c
Putting this value in (1) we get 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑐) …..(4) is the required complete soln of clairaut’s
equation.
Beside complete soln (4) we can obtain a singular soln of clairaut’s equation by differentiating
the complete soln w.r.t arbitrary constant c treating x,y as constants.

Problems:
1.Solve : 𝑝 = ln(𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦). Also find its singular solution
Sol: Consider the given eqn 𝑝 = ln(𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦)
⇒ 𝑒 𝑝 = 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦
Or 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑝 …..(1)
Which is in the clairaut’s form 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑝)
Therefore complete sol of (1) is given by replacing 𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑐
i,e 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑐 ….(2)
To get singular sol diff (2) partially w.r.t c
0 = 𝑥 − 𝑒𝑐
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑐 or 𝑐 = log 𝑥
Substitute for c in eqn (2)
(2) ⇒ 𝑦 = log 𝑥 . 𝑥 − 𝑒 log 𝑥

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 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

𝑦 = log 𝑥 . 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑦 = x(log 𝑥 − 1) which is the required singular sol.
2.Solve : 𝒑 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒚 − 𝒙𝒑). Also find its singular solution
Sol : Consider the given eqn 𝒑 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝒚 − 𝒙𝒑)
⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑝 = 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑝
−1
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑝 ….(1)
Which is in the clairaut’s form 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑓(𝑝)
Therefore complete sol of (1) is given by replacing 𝑝 𝑏𝑦 𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑥𝑐 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑐 …(2)
To get singular sol diff (2) partially w.r.t c
1
0 = 𝑥 + √1−𝑐 2 or
1 1 1 √𝑥 2−1
𝑥 = − √1−𝑐 2 or 𝑥 2 = 1−𝑐 2 or 𝑐 2 = 1 − or 𝑐 = ±
𝑥2 𝑥
Substitute for c in eqn (2)
√𝑥 2−1 √𝑥 2 −1
𝑦 = 𝑥(± ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (± ) which is the required singuType equation here.lar sol.
𝑥 𝑥

3. Solve (𝒑𝒙 − 𝒚)(𝒑 𝒚 + 𝒙) = 𝒂𝟐 𝒑 by putting 𝒙𝟐 = 𝑿 & 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒀

Sol : Let 𝑥 2 = 𝑋 & 𝑦 2 = 𝑌
Then 2x dx=dX & 2y dy = dY
2𝑦𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑌 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑌 𝑑𝑌 𝑦 𝑥
Then 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑋 therefore 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑋 . Let P = 𝑑𝑋 then 𝑥 𝑝 = 𝑃 then 𝑝 = 𝑦 𝑃
𝑦
If 𝑥 2 = 𝑋 & 𝑦 2 = 𝑌 then 𝑝 = 𝑥 𝑃 in the given eqn (𝑝𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑝 𝑦 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 𝑝 ….(1) then
𝑃𝑥 𝑥 𝑃𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
i,e ( − 𝑦) ( + 𝑥) = 𝑎2 𝑃
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦

𝑃𝑥 𝑥 𝑃𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
( − 𝑦) ( + 𝑥) = 𝑎2 𝑦 𝑃
𝑦 𝑦
(𝑥 𝑃 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑃𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = 𝑎2 𝑥𝑃
2

(𝑥 2 𝑃 − 𝑦 2 )𝑥(𝑃 + 1) = 𝑎2 𝑥𝑃
(𝑥 2 𝑃 − 𝑦 2 )(𝑃 + 1) = 𝑎2 𝑃
(𝑋𝑃 − 𝑌)(𝑃 + 1) = 𝑎2 𝑃
𝑎2 𝑃
𝑋𝑃 − 𝑌 = 𝑃+1
𝑎2 𝑃
𝑌 = 𝑋𝑃 − 𝑃+1 …..(2)
Which is in the clairaut’s form 𝑌 = 𝑃𝑋 + 𝑓(𝑃)
Therefore complete sol of (1) is given by replacing 𝑃 𝑏𝑦 𝑐 in (2)
𝑎2 𝑐
𝑌 = 𝑋𝑐 − 𝑐+1 …..(3)
To get singular sol diff (3) partially w.r.t c

22
 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)
ShavigeMalleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout, Bengaluru-560078
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

−𝑐 1
0 = 𝑋 − 𝑎2 ((𝑐+1)2 + 𝑐+1)
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
Then X = ⇒𝑐+1 = or 𝑐 = −1
(𝑐+1)2 √𝑋 √𝑋

Putting the value of c in eq (3)

𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 2( −1)
√𝑋
We get 𝑌 = 𝑋( − 1) − 𝑎
√𝑋 −1+1
√𝑋
𝑎
𝑎 2( −1)
√𝑋
𝑌 = 𝑎 √𝑋 − 𝑋 − 𝑎 Type equation here.
−1+1
√𝑋
Then 𝑌 = −(𝑎 − √𝑋)2 which is the singular sol.
EXERCISES:
1.Solve: 𝒙𝒑𝟑 − 𝒚𝒑𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟎. Also find its singular solution.
1
Ans: General solution:𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐 2 Singular solution : 4𝑦 3 = 27𝑥 2 .

2. Solve (𝒚 − 𝒑𝒙)𝟐 = 𝟒𝒑𝟐 + 𝟗 Ans :𝒚 = 𝒄𝒙 + √𝟒𝒄𝟐 + 𝟗

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