76 Tn:{nrrdrrliTfl nnraqf nfl6ao'Ju.

rarasriltn;nnf

il
utJTatuq : r!1li.t 't.' vx.u{trlo t lluruti t6ourilv:.o iu6o1or11o'iur:ur:.1RzR rilt d'ryd"tni C

c.irtrlloia!n'nriotli
3.1.1 d-'xaei1':,
1. 32 ' z + 5 2 + 3 2. (z+ 1)'?= 4s

c6n1 : (ll e:16'

loru1{4nmraumrnaoraunranquuiirdlaor
- s+Jln = 1, - L t- ,
-' 6
6\-cr.!' rrU

12) \z+ 1)" = 4s = !7i)'z

o.tul] z+1=tli 'f'tlfi.d z= tXtt o

z = a+in rflu'irurutir{ouLLdli'rucuti.rfou
d'rmot'irfrr a ib s!fill 1rld.drlvalilltrn.t
fit6'iriufrodrr!}lrrud':'htodrnnio4, 5 tior T i.ifiu 6mrnefirrundrgdrunittasioti'Gsn'itrutir{ou
dif6i'rx

a+( b) = a in fu6o'irururir{ourroinrd'rrflud'rqo
rslidrrnorir a+ib = a (ib) dtd'.iqnno.i
qordrrnlo.r,irururir6outiuto.r

Tafi.irfln :
1. la+ib
umoa z i u rfl u i ru rur ir { ouudr
.' = u16' = 6' + 6' 1
C'lUCUll.1tOU 75

(0,1)(0,1) = (-1,0)

u6o.i,jln (0, 1) drrflurnfinorro.r,i'ru,ru

r rdlu!n,ilr-r,ru!6.r,i'olrdudr4rlir:rfiirucltrA.iiel-t ( r, 0) fidrfflfill
{urLir_r -l orr*rdornrrarirr.'r1rr..oio:"i
urr-,6r"iourir!10'Lrrldrd
( a ,b) = {a,0)+(0,b) = a(1,0)+ b (01,)

laflfi (1,0) u6y(0,1)rflurfijrriccflrlunu x !!av[n! y ro$vu'uor1|.]drfi A.i1:]n.j'r;!(1,0) 6 lisii'!d1u.!

_t91r.t
,iJ
t?t I 1$.J - ?n.vl.{ndaLJ6 t11.lt1!0ttvuvto rni.Juunuqol|n:t ru M1[vtt_tl]gua uautl lnou tl,lg!tvtn i
i
tuue![uutoulf]!q1u'tuattln0nflltuIo- ilu

a+ i b r r i o a+bi Io sfr a ,b € R

un:rr:r:frrrrorirururir{oulugrJuuu2 = 6 + ib trr6l6ar a 41"ti,tui6rteatpaft)qdn z" mt6dn b,j'l

.dTuiusr'1fl(inaginary
part)?on
z' [6vrifl1ur1.lfirud'r;d'nuni
Re(z)|Navlm(z)r].udln'':r

r.'=(i)O = (0,1X0,i) = (r,0) = 1+0r =-l

2. (a+ib)+(c+ d) = (a+c)+i(b+d)
3. (a + ib)(c+ id) = (ac bd) + i (bc + ad )

; ro1firi'rnolirnrern4ru"irurlri.r{all6'uiurdrrri'rntqnliuun?rlno1{nl{6itmftstflua:ut1u
i'= 1 6',1edr$d!(4 3D(5+2D= (4X5) + (- 3X5)+ (4X20+ (- 30(2D
= 20_1s +8i 6( 1) = 26 7 rflud! l
a+ ib = (dlsYi-rs)
\c + i d f\c - i d ,
= (ac+ bd)+l(bc - ad)
c+id

(ffi) lz+)c=l - 1-;z

/ "- "\ /r o\ / < - r , \
rdror-rnu
5. (a+ ibxa b) = a'* n' (ri1r,iru,unirrrn)

11nfiflrr'ro li.u'rL.6dou .iiqJd'ir

' ' a + ' i b= c+i d fi ri o d oa =c u a; b= o

T. ir a r o .iu,i^urr-,frrdau*6c
J,a+'otru-ot - J"ab
(0,0)l til4lururildou{a,b)lury!1! RxR
irfi6orvevnrrnrnlorirtfio
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1 orn4ntd'lnrimrir}irrrrru.jr
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t':+z+s 60 1+J]t [6v t J]7 6.rsyrfiu,jrui[ei rrutl.tyir?sui.ed:ra"rodrrfifl-rfi
ttild.i'rurtlsii loerrrnvriunarnaorrqlrrfihlriu,il.rculiluild,j
lr,tnt ttau(mnptexroog uon,rrnirqtii
rorarn i6rrr,ryrdr,fir}-r vri a ,ol.drnorrrrr.rourr{u.lririr1,,:frfru l'lr: r ,;rir.i r.flLfrrir
,ic,j-
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nqurrldn'lurnuavn;rieniruulur;rufi
nir.rdulri{nt "i'tuzud,tfoubonptexnunber)"

rn,lddirio.jrnfrdo.rso.i4rurlniral
rdrul61ugr.ho4ruto.:"irueueird'oufiri'rrnfroorler
-r drfi6a
It-
a) o
uanxirryrr4ruruff,ryairrdldorlr;nordee4ruru"fTdrs nrdlduuyir'hirruru4rururfti6'oudrssalu
?vLl'r!RxR rdoR urunonar4rurun3rfrivlor (a,b) (do a,b€ R) rflu,r".ruru
nrirrdoriryr.ro'hiurioyoiri'lfi
tiidotl *ovoiol:.lnrs:rlen
RxR ir "*ututl.ttauftomptexptane),,lo}ifr.rrnotirlnsolu[nux fudofln
qoiuo"rlug1a,olovrrfiefriurinvirurunila r?16.!o.ts1ia.?.ul.j,liollo.riruruiairriu"h.lriili:uJl€1!n
,i,llruqirr{rl{drirlosfiurinv,i,ruruq?r
a qnwudifl,i.l-t,tu!6.iie!
(a,0)
.- iir rnrrur' . ,6"' ,r,ru,.ruLJruLr6r6ot.r'1fr
(a,b)+(c,d) = (a+c,b+d)
[ny (a,bxc, d) = (ac- bd, bc + ad)
orruiird' rna,lrqgfrl#ldi'l
9r u! ur5.i{011 77

2. d't z, = a,+ br !!at z, = a, + b, [dr

-b, ) = a G
l z, z , = (a,-a,)+i (b, ,J1(b, -b.t'
d ,.'^r ," l, - /.lFoi:t:v 'f.n; 17 i" / .

r Liu'i'rucun?rrrnrdr
3. fir a rflr4rururi.r{ounrriruav {z eC lz-al< ' } donoaorlo
yr"rvnrslqa:urr16r{elfifitve:ti'r.rs'rn
a fiornirrllotvirnir
r 6ifi6ottotloisaluIiiurlnnrfrfiiei
r
v !allovfia rfluSrr4utirnrr
fr.rJr.J:.t.t

? 3.1.1

Z = a ib [avtt=
uvrfi4nrir1# z = a+ib unv w = c+id liu'i'r1]rulArdoludir c-id
78 lnr.in,trd1r.li11flr
dtdniunynnfnrra
otflnfi6 aoou.

1 1 ) z+w (a+ib) +(c + id) (a+ c )+ i(b + d ) = (a+ c )- (b+ d )

{a- ib)+ (c - id) z+w

(a+ib)(c+id) (ac-bd) + (bc+ ad) = (ac bd) i(bc + ad)

(a - b )(c- i d ) Zw

z = a ,i b = a+ i b

\2) zw Itu+ o)(c+ ctl = (ac- bd)+i(bc+ad)l

(ac bd)':+(bc+ad)?

a'c' - 2(acxbd)+
b'd' + b'

!:'C +b'd' +b'c' + atf' = J1a' + n' 11c- + ct' 1

z lwl

Iu}l'rslucl : druiuntffi4oril z + wl< lz l+ lwl ctu6or'hirto3.31

13) t = (a+b)(a-b) = a'z+b'= )z'

(4) lzl = la-ibl = ' + (-b)'

lO \i z +o (dr a+o ri o b + o 0n1,lu

1 1 T . a + ib
a -ib a + ib at+b'

---L.3-iq
a+ib a- b
l---1 I =g
lln3 l ;' l l1l _ ___Ll
la+ ibl
_ lr .a - b l la - ,ol
la + ib a -ib l u , + O, l
1
 irurur?l{au 79

(a+ib)+(a b) = 2 Re(z)
(a + ib) - (a ib) = 2bi = 2 t.r'lz) B

trk6or]' ll+izl l -ill rrou.o z .r.lu'l11!t-1:

I

i6t/..r.: 1$ z duirulltirdor u6r

1+ zl = 1 -i.1 <> 11+z' = l1 -iz '
<=) \l+i/)'H /. ''- r, rrl' (tvt11t41n = Izl')
<- L+.rt=t it - \ t -i4 \ 7 -. 1 '
<= \ | zt\=+ t 7 ' r - z Y t -il'

{> l1+iz)1- 7 ) = (1 -iz )\ 1 + iz )

<> 1+iz-iZ + z Z = 1 z + iz + z i

e e - z ) = - i( z- z) <+

<> z tflu'i'rucus?i o

rdolfinilirntnirl:vurirullrildeu dr'iri'tnvmnsorwruuiird'.laol'ldoarti.tvrolurvrud
o1
rrqyu6orfrrotirrnrrumrniaoraovi'rleutirfe

qruanrirernfr
aorrovirlrutfir{olt R-{o} 60 t(a+ b) loirfr
,- = |t" + m s b ' .= ; ( + ll [4itnt0ntx.]'rfl,lt0.i 2ab=
u uavo qndruuolnr
"+J*

z = x + iy rfio x,y e R - {o} rrn'revlfi

i6rir : 1i a + tn riurndaoiqo.r'irurtrtfi.i6or-r
x + iy = ( a + i b )' ? = (a ' b ' 1 )+ 2 a b

rrn;li a'zo' = x .......(1)

rr6Y 2ab = y ........\2)

i
 annf:,rnfiE
lnr{nrrrir:lifl flrd'rdnfmsnniorfi aoru.

a uni b r"rndnrr(1) lrnr (2)loaot.rn!!ianrlut]ternun:ornfiiofrnnnrold.irtt

d'{rno,irdal',l1rsrer:..rvrFir
Lz.3 r:ririmar:furi6nrr'luri lnad'rmorirarnli(1) firnuirlt'lt,tnllluua'+ b'= c
n'.rfinrimlflud'roelrr
q:d'r"hiirrurrir
a ltar b 1d.!.sdum:!tr6rlmai'r.r6nit'h?lffrr a'*b'=c 1fi^rn6!n'rt(1)tt6v(2)frid

1at+ot)t = a' + 2a"b'+ b' la4 2a'zb'?+b') + 4a'b'

= la,_ tr,),+ \2ab),

a+o = {Ytn -fy ........( s)

frrrnir6rnta(1) !!6v (3) r:]!nii'u !?rcr16' ualdrr:r{rnrnri(t) unv

(3) rl16!n'i] lrassld o'=l (-" +ntr+; )
"n"'l
il6Y

'rtrloi a [at b tiqndol load'rtnotnrn

z firfiu.iz 'irurr,lLvirriuLrr6rdorL6onLniotu
uoirnfrdorso.r
nrnrr11 irronr 2ao- y ur6orr-_orvurflldrlneu db dor.viou'lrat " ., ir.6o' u ,,n:"o dri

6 ' ry .0 a rn to r.6 o

6r y tanout. 'u
-6

n:l - o

airlflnddorlror5-12 i

66rir : .rr dr,iunrrrrun.rordrorrr.t.i.rdri,-

":
ti a+ n rflu4rururirdoudo s-tzi = (a+lb)':[de
5 12 = l a +i b )'= 1 a 'o f+zau
nil 2ab= 12 u6s16'
{rn:ldaurrr2 6 nr?60a'?-b'?=5
h'.+ b'1)'z= (2ab)'z = 2s+144
la'z b'z)'1+ = 16s rt0
 ir ururfi.r{o
u 8I

a'z+b'.=13 u.,iyld' 2a2=18 rdz 2b, = 8 o-.i;! a =i: unv b=I2 [FiM',ts
2ab =-tz i:I'fl"d .,'Gl7 = tts 2t)

qirdc',"i.ruiu
Jffi hio{lugr.Jodr$r'

i6rir : rior6ur:rd'orvr unr .16 iufiourtrnfiaorror 9+,roi ms g 40i

"/6T!d
--l6i
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3.i.3 ryrlr,ilnrtriitniooiqo.l x + iy
vio x iy drldrflu 11a+in1 riurflunr:lrufrldnlfu eyrirlfrwor.",^iuo"uruou,r^q*ub ,n.riu
,. 6r':o'..fir"r-;y"fiutJo-26 ,;';u6tg
hi a+in riu,irururi.rdo!6.!s+40 = (a+ o)' $d'rlnsf:;lounrruoto-rotjrt
3.1.3 [r,]srld.
a '1 nar o ro i.ri'hild a - ls r,nr o rc driu
Vq+40 ! q' ,,6i .,,G-,0 1,. -2,,

Jg+loi + au = t(5 +4 D 1 (s- 40 € { 10 10,si, 8)

" ,6

to l ! r ,:r 'l !/{qr /0 | Jq-ro 6rior ^doa rg . r ' 0 , t o , a , v --o a d rf

(n) r.nfr6onro.!
1o n'o1140
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ra .oen*rru..r,Fr!dr",ruilror $-i7d r.nl .,6-zu..-,r:1d: niaora". r ur(lnnNloui
niuri'u)60 1(2 + 2Dir X(2 2)

rnerro:rirpJoeirrireaor
Jffi;-/g_,10 6o tr,4o, lJIt.x1z+21 l|io t(2 2i) O

fi,irururir{ouz rfluernro.rnqurr
rsilriftilirtii$..Slfi x"+p,x''+p1",+ *p","*p" dfid.rrJovar.rf,
0,,.. .,n" rflu'iruruniludrd'.lqn
z fievrfllarnauon,4ulud6'.u

rvrvr'gnri: hl f(x)= x^+ p,x"'+ p.x"' + . . . + pn,x+ pi un:lfi z= a+to rfluatnlo.lrixl uhr
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1 u^sfiulx.]
c+id rflu,irurllirdoulo
io.r q.u'r,irurnlir{oue fiilir# .". =
'
'0 h' r "*
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" r. ^tu
.'"
1 't.nlq'ut,]]F rlEt l.l $0ntvutlt I 4/
flu!'xl)ut11lta1,llt '9/l t,l2
12.,il1il,i.rrrurqifrotl,v?rrrodrz = r'
A , i,
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L1]1lqtiuto $t qiLl,lt1,logln

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"
x'+axr+bx'?+cx+d
15.frr z rflr'irururir{ord
< l*n= 1, * ;-tl
I t.i1r.Fi'r1on

t. qlwllrxr6lrorqo z lurnrrrirdoufi
bi' c rirl"i'rucuqirnl rir unv w ulu"irururtrieuorrir
aoaori'ornrntludoriohld
1.1 Re(zw)= c -
= .1!1

2. o.iu^oiaiiir z+ 0 !!d'e
1z
z lzl'

3 ejvrFillrrn4olo.i (2 z- l)lz !flu,i1u!!c?r'r.

l. d'r z Lflr-r'irururirdo!6{

4 i "i u,r.,516or-
z id:r-rir.rlu,iLrL6r--rlln nlllit.nn rr.flu run; lzl' = s rd'rdiuolon

6unofantqruro.r z nvoq]tnrrlodrrf,oM'r"lo

5. drrualri ., !!n! z, rfl r'rnlojauflr z'1+\ 2)z+13 i) = o qwlirururirdor w 6.r

6 0 0 a 6 o .l 6 n l t z rw = 3 + i !!6y z2w = 5

li:
6. srrr1,11.111r3rrir!i!n€rfi!ri.roir5rnfr6o!1ro1rrFi6y1,1l.ll]'r
fidr.rx.r'rn?n'ufiorfre:rfu!!nu6!nm1
lriufiofir r+is tilrrnro.nrqlrrudr r+ s iq;rilurfrolrlltlrx.rfrefll
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z. z.t erfiqlriirdr m uavn rflu"r'ruur6r6{uriavdrurtlrdculolurhoucnaorrr'ra-rnornrqani

ror,irueuLdrz 4ruruudirmn frq:riaul6"h: n:'lrnsordrd'raorqlrumiral.irueud:r
2,iat-liu!.iuto_fl
rf:l
z l:ui:s o:do..t 'lun,iu *',r.ruduI ..n: r f i6 r ' r. , r0 t t - r,

a. Ii 2,, 2,, z. rflu,itrurir{oudlaoonn'olnrnt

414 = 1 21 =
tL -- zi+ ?.2+
,,t**
i*
sillaoi.irfi i €{1,2,3} 6.! z =1

q. irv la 1€r t , ,.n: y ,flui urr"ni.6roooo6ola:.n

" i rr

to. rilrrunlfi plz) = z'+az+rt rilrqlrrfir'dllivf,r6'rflu,irurlriidau*ncroonn"o.rrlor_rhir

lP( z= zl =1 q i u d o .ri ,ra =b= 0
) l t L f i o l o n 'o rrrfi

qruaor.jr
11. !i a,b m, z rflu41u,1!!6.i{ou laz+bl = la+bzl fi1 l,l =1
"
12.n r1,|I
frouh{iI,ti,Ja, b !16rw r'sydrldrrnso.inx]n,rr
l+az+O = 0 rr6iz_w = 0
oq!tltd!ar.i{6sed'u

13. lfi A = {z e c llz-t+il+l z+ l- l = 4 J, vli r eurind'o!

z u^i.z.hrtn6
A fid,rl1X
ryfl y14t l1- n / r |l! I ./x J n x r' l -1 1 4 0

1 4.lf i S = { z € c l l z 2 a 0 a+l z-2 o o 1 l +l z-2aa2l+lz- 2003i = + } nur r ir r ora r

f rra u n yo d o r i r rma n u n vri rfo r4 o a {o rm
l z-or
1:ooo+;ylz€S} oi !ild!

15. frs'mful!3n.un luryurrrir{oud rynou6'ra3o , friuaro6.r,i'rururirdoli4t) un;4 oirrfi

fidruq?runydu6unnrrfinirnrn o fir t ,rrur"irue
udrdfirirlnii'rdelf::dufirore rrnfiao

1 6 . ri. ru o l f iz = c os0 ,+i si n O L L n :* =.o r9+ ' s,nP 1r o6 9.o( .8< 7r

rrLraor.jrB q=4 i'rl[z+wl = z-kw] lmvk rfll-rilu,ue3l6l1ri1d6r,rri
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A.1.: 4r]d6flonlflld' n,lr:.trn+'
fu6ofir a un: n rflunrrinlo.l s un'r a + b tfl!6 rinito.l S
4.2. 4N1J61111i6a1
lvlllflnn)r1tan

rirlFofrra un: o Lilnrrinlo.l S r[6] a + b = D+ a

A.3. fi|ll6nat4a {flo.rn.'",txn
riu6o6'ra, u un: c tflu*lrrinlo.r s rdr a + (b + c) - (a+ b)+ c
aui't n1ni n ndnbahtoi n1tu on
r o.rn:iit r guritze.otfif1ri
ruiuiau 6nr,orc 6',itr-..1r",j
a+0 = a = 0+a li' rv ilr1 n ' l6 & r6an ra is
qluaut"n{Tou 87

Flui6 nt ti ffawn{um nnnt an

Lrf,oi--nn"'nL
"ir d 1o: S slLd annlEl 5 .14t1r1.lltoill1lit:."ltX.l""
Xlltl
)il d [AYtt nll

d2anrfunfilJxt(additive
inverse)laia frrir}i a+1a) = 0 = (a)+a
d!L1r,1-10Urfl
M nrtfr(u
riudodr u rrnv b rfludliinq€l s !!dr ab !flt-t6:l.Ani€l s
6NLqn 1f dau n1lal n 1I qil
u unvb rflud rin$o.is udr ao = uo
rir-r6odr
a'"ffi . "";^ u . id 6 ' n ) .6 .1

du6odra,t un: rfluarrinro.ts t6r a(bc)= {ab)c

"
axtifrnnfitanfinaahtatnnqa
riu6afia:r.6n1o.r I LLa;riun'irurjralunr4irir}i
s 6.irl'crl[raufirl
a1 = a = 1a zirufiru1 arrin a ro.rs
d llafia,[email protected],u
dudorrin:nurin a l0 qo.is rvfia r4nlo.i s rfifliufliidfl.6{avrisl[nltdofl a-' [ac
inverce)
frzain a'caniunrquta-t(multipticative a idtlli aa'= 1= a'a
a xrtdnn nazenza tnt t4taufran1ru'tn
dudorir a, n rov c rfl1latrrfinlors [da a(b+ c) = ab + ac

A.1- A.5,N41 - r\t.suoy D lndeirrfrlrrrirr.ir flnfl(rien)tiutzvv

lnnairri.raoood'ororlG
,irurlrirdor C rvryirurunir R ua;a:ryirurunrma: Q r:rr6rnoon6'o.i6udi
A.1 A.5,M.1,
H,t.zrflr?fln.jr6.raa-u#(co
ro:?16rnoonn'orariG
M.J ff^: D rrrriun,]r?.r1nng) nnd d11.!i\
mnutative
oorfi6rnooodornrrG\,4.4,J.5rn.itaa*uddfinna'wdpommutativenngwithidenti44air-'rniir.:
6rffrona"nr*niunvno
ond'or 6ho zercdivisor)
nri6lll'a"rlrrazo.rgr: rilFofiran=ou6'ra=ovion=o
frinjnrvryiruruLFrZ t:,]t6fl donain)
n'irlatslut?.rcilJxulaN1ntegral

riod-{rnq,
l ,lvdr'hirrarrranfleru
loeauf6nrrfifrrnneiudru*rnreren*ovnrtnru "mrn ' uoi'n'rtt1?"

z1 2 1+ \ - z r ) LLAY - = z lz '
1=

riitiuirgolridlrnolir"ntar" u3o n.etra' qstirrnoflnecldtonrtfirlnatnirrfiaoorodoroldG

,q.adr
M.5drrdurvirfu
A.5 u3oM.4n'r.r
88 nrranfqlnfl6
ln:.:nr:dmrivardrnoriun;nfi aoru-

z r:rorn14dry6nuni
-L $ 11UtaUeU!5i1OllnnUlml tlll ul.16lvtun ltqau.l]on z

1. ,lienri'rod'r.lr:tltl4rurt,tdrhinoondornr
Grrr:lrvnrr'lu,qt. A5. onrnrionrffirr.tlrvnrrlu
N.tT.tv5.llsvrlsnd'.Jedrvvrr4 dG A1.- A5. r!6sM1. M5.
rutrdraooa6'o.16
siudo.i.ir0 [ns t lurvrrlofiorr6rnoandorla. rov u4.nrl.ldrdl s:fildodr.invrfieiuirrder
3. ,i.ru6ol,irrirrfirLLriovarrir ns. q:fi -a 'lurvuurilltdrisiudr
a lurvrudraoonrd'or tdar
vs. q:fi u lur:Lurlutdrfieivd.rrfirn
a filri1do "luaguudrnoondo.i
+. s.irao.i.irrilvfirrriavarrin

nvtfiu'jrfrrtar6'ol4ru"iruruti.r'i'ott
rardrrnornrnf,arrnrrqruuasnreurnnfr6orsordturut6.:{ourdc
d.l
,nlil I al tu tiollfln16n n ttolrlfln11 n 10 1311rtllril Fltlt'ln '] Fr.i^Yllnflan
l{o1,luJon Juqluelltn ul nI?.J
.- , Xr" 4
lnrMtga ['lqiv t'ttn1t0u 'l rctlrg lv tram! ruu1tto'tulrl.i"tullu

P (x, y)

r 3.3.1
rlrurui6l6ou 89

iaituua:engtJs.s.tfu0rflw1udtda'lufianmnau6xu1ffn1s.)nunurnt.tdrudduutnhlei.tdtu
aorrdratr G o.tnzdannr{a4u 0 Lufinuaynjudh.rnfia4u,luftant.wcn, uaii.tiaLufian.t,tax
in nehcdadalufian.t.ralufi*u.tf,nic1nunu
, n $nfitfl*nnkltitd.ult@ duar,!d tnsy6t)nn,nia
4u'luffnwatvdh"nn{a4x'lufiavnrar"

d.rrnot.iriru'uildotx + iy 10J 6.x.l.rr.![flutdd,rr1n

e(x,y) lu:yurtl rri,i=.lur
r.iu6,fli]'lafl
ldLLn,nrn'lrrireuovLiefioartuisrnar3.31[d!srfl!.irr?,r6,]r..m:.Jr:endrqufiurorflrrnoinrLn'onrrir
x un: y l,urrol.rtror
r Lrnv0 ldH*on'ruuo1#0 rflulrdliortrfraur.!!rnu6v
r 4fl,,?ru;vfr.!Tv1r.r1{ao
p
rirrflno frila doir}i'lio'rrrfir-ufd.rd

uomrndrrrr-rldnrrua-rriurifilirlliurrir
r ua, 0 "lu!r€ so.ix u6J o.ix{
-&

= ! r{ )E
^+o

= r c' s0

z = r1cosO
rrrrieiirurrrri.idoufrrdflulup! + s n01 4mlluriailpotarform.)
lol z rarr?rnr uio
z d'tdx'uutcti(atsotutQro.lz t!^sLd!t!![
u 0 ff.inrimler
z dredryffiuni'arg(zJttazfttn'tatinuuai
(atgumenl)'ta<
z
0 = arg(z)udr 0+2nfi srrfluo.i!lilufllol z druiirufitrn 1,irurwfill n u6oli,l
solfid'.rLro.jrfir
grlfirdrfiorurln;'i'rururir{ouz fiorfnmudlfrrra:r.rsunrfld,r
Milotlfl'rl:Jr?,lfi
ildrrtroFil arg(z)oEl?rr.jr,!
o fr.i2rc
z ,i.rr-nuFirrd'uLL6'r
etirrlm'nrrfrrr c s 0 un! p cisq FiN!fluerlbl6irS6runu.irururfi,riou r=p
n dr rp = 0 *:nn r;udu
unrqvfi,i'ruourfir
'' r c s 0 = p c s q fi ri o rffor=p rrn yg= 0*znn: nez
0 n'r 0 + znn lri.ir n qyrflr-rirururfrrlo
ra'lqvlSflnnrrtlnilrl[uf,lrol l ir.rilolryn,iu o'rriudtfi
"irurnrfirn frrir"lii0-g + znn r^"! rcis0 + rcsq
 Io:inrrqr"rrrirfl
rfiraninavnrfl
narnmf

3.3.1 ffiosit.i r qirdfluirurrrrir,iouriol:ld

lurrllnrirf
1. 2 2i 2 J j- ,

i6rir : ttt ti rcis0 rfl!?l1a{i1fiJo.i

2 2i rarnsld'
| = \ l t 2 f + t z : ' = Jq + q = n tr =
*avmetz j = 1 u.6i16'.jr0 ir'r1ri tan0 =I 6 o 0 = -f,*^e=! ua -2-2i ae'|u
I Ot1 ,l U U = ;
O ) ot t n51 J y tr1 1 ]l L tto

' z /,1) ' i" ' r' ,n . e Z

(z) fuXrcis0 rflu:rlllrrirfio.r i Lrrn;16'

"/:
' ri J,' , .,!-' "tq
rua;0 irirli t,"0 = - f 6o 0 = T vio 0 lt q
LLriJi I oqjlunromr:uriri
a,/3 6

flru1] v= 9lut[1.4to
?
4i | 2 i.' : 2\f ia '.7 o
g.e.z gr-qori't.l ,""20 =.,[+
, s.lrf'rdir [n;0 rdodrvua uozo(032n

66ri r:.r, ri 1..,,[+, . , - o ' . 6 r , , r f lu " r , n n r jrJorr u ry1.'

= = = 2
^tz+t ^tq
5+=,b
r u 6 i ran{ars (.J)) dtl# f i'a r s 1 J t * : ;6 o f ; vio ff
ruoiJ:+ r fiiiu arg(J3+ ) =f;
nq'ls61e1161xuriff rrr6.rtri,h
rc i s z 0=116+i= 2c i s (+ + 2 k f i)ld ok € Z
,nr."or,:u,= z &ay20 = f; +zrn rfioI eZ
..n o:0' -n i 'l tf\da ! - O ' - a n d r iu . v ' . f lu 1t d 6 o 0 u io ^ - l
rirl#1d0 irflu1rl16'r'.ru
ua6,a0=$
'#a
e=$.n =$ o

3.3.3 n-?odtl : 'lfi4rururir{ouz, ,2., z. rflu'lrreoorornrrru6rldruMr;r1ufir6.r

/- _- |
7a 7t stvr aro#l
3
s't e tl{{ou 91

-" z. -2.
26111:n.tnLsrldnavuoLt = "''3 n + isln+ y16',i,1
Lr.r,i
-

at g\ z , - z t l a tg \Z , z j ) = a e l _ :) = a,s(cos +i sin n
+ +) 3

rfiorqrruriay"irueurildol6olnlualurrd'.rrrirrrLn"rllfeio:.r
rtr6r16'.jrdr
z, rn; z. riu,irueu
1., - t"l = l r, -.,1 uniu.rr
rij{ourdrrvgvririe:v.jrr,iruruftaorqs6o rrnoirrfirrnrirvror4rltcuiroe.r
iuda z,-z.uio z, z, drluo-rotirr 3.3.3d udeorsfiliorlo{fiarrrL{urrfirr{olfiranrirrdo z,-2.
rrltreir,i'ururirdoufffifioltlern z.lJti.r z, d.ru"irueurir{ou
z,-2, n:fifirtrr.terr2,1:Jfiz,
rr6jtd"ir arg1z.,z,)arg1z,-z,y
rfluxlirdduaolrdlner6rornqrn
2,l:Jti.rz. rirdldutoudu
orldo,rnslnz, tltil z. lufronrrrrrl'nilvirnir: r*6eudrrvirftldr4rrornuurderdrurrr lLLrifirnlu
f
aeej \) arcl'z,
- z,) evrflutllurrtntln'ltrrunlrrrqyldnirlorirlso.loriq*ruoilunroir.la"t
firirMrn'u

f nr6out
unar'irtarfiordruundruurjuo.r
2,,2,,z.1ur:l.rr-r'bifin'n:gnrynrrerr
tttlrrrurfirurfiard'.tgrJ

unvffionrmtrfrro.r
z, , z, , z, rflun-nun*d'rndm
rrqsl6' ttl, -+
lat=.)=
o

nrrB-sui'ruiurird'ou
iu?r.lln
rirf s;drldnrli,rucrurnqrut6onraardrd'.irlrr
1 nrvrirldr'rriu
d'.ro:ttaortiniulurqufiufl
3.3.4riol fl
92 lnr.rnr:dr:rirsr6rdnfun;nnf
mnraqrf
rnf,6aoru.

ti z, = r,1s..6,* sinO,)unv z, = r,{cos0,+sn0.) losfr z,+o $d!

L r,r,tcos
10,+0,) + isin(0,+e,)l
2. Ir-"0, "n0,r
3.
f 10,- 9,; * isin10, 0.;
tcos
r,lcos(-o,
)+i sin(e,)l

llvl 6qu : 'hi z, = r,1cos0,+

istnO,)uavt, = r,1cosO,+
sinO,;udl

(1) r,(cos0,+
is n0,;r.1cosO,+
;s;6$.1
r,r,{cosO,+
I sin0,){cosO.+s n0,)
r,r,t(cos0,cosO. + ilstn0,cos0,+ sin0,cos0,)J
- sin0,sin0,1
(0,+0.) + tsn(e,+0,)l
r,r,lcos

lc o s0 , -is n 0 r )
t2) + rr{cos0,+ isin0,) r,{cos0, + isin0r) lc o s0 , -is n 0 , )

co s0r -
"n0, (cosg,- sinu,)
+"in' ?0r ) -
" 1 co s'0,

(3) tumrv,irdruturln l4rurunir0 nrtd.jr cosl-0;= "o"0 uoysin(0) =-sn0 u.tux.l

I = i sn e .) = lbos( 0,y+ sn1 0.yl
t't" o .0 ,

z1
= qt = r,1 co s 0,+isinO,l.ltcos( - 0,)
sin(+ 0,) l

= t"o"t0, 0, y* isin{0, g.)l (lon,ia1)

|

(4) f.i'rvollnr6ercdr{e
a rnn:16'
a = r,1cosO,
- is n0,1 fltcosCoj)+ s n(-0,)l tr
{rururfir{ou 93

7 = (sos0+ sinO)1o.l6'rei loei

loerqvfrr:r:.:.+rioI d'rrrqnr,irururir{olluglfurirf
i r{el:brdlnririliril = 4cosf + stnf ) nrnvl6'
zr = r tco st0+?t+s nt0+?l

z =x+ iy

eir 3.3.2

I
i.itil1lir1-lr1]li{fo!frfiirsrrr,i,irn,lori.rin(*u6oo.d "
urniiori ruluri r = lzl uolorfq
- . rdou{u)MI n*l.t |rruf
soi zt qs rnn,jrqo.i, oqjf rldtll drrlurirfiqtrurlnuirunryrnlrfu.jr zi rfrodulornr:vuLdlnrri
arnrdorler, frlllorirrf,otrJlufiarrwrurflurflnrrirri'r f r:rdtrufigr! 3.3.2 [uo:6'irfle.uz drir i
do.!nii(d!6oq z 6'ra-t) qsld4rururi.r{ouria4rur'finiulnenrruur.uduorr.rriornrdo!TlN z nir'l1ndrrfra
tlluferrn rl.iur- ri. r.r riun,,rdut.l
rr6rorerril'ldirnt4ru4rlrurfirdoulniuuhrvurld'oa,irururir{ou; rflunmdrz ) zi 6.r
Fant,utJatnt
t'v4u,ro.a.
or . aleton d.on,tytr1utfr
t{or'luiry'lrrr1t } rr.6rutiuror
s4 lnr.inf?dr?riTgtFldrt{ttn;nfindraorf:lnfi6
ao']u.

. i".
tlrfracri : .r1lifr4ifr quir rilollfiiorJ# t6rr.iae auf
ti e1n)uru{onru 'z'= r"tcos(n0)+ sn(n0)1"

ri!5ru: do n=1 urnvtdsrf

alrJfrjruaowqufiu,jr
t' = . = 4es5Q+1srn
0) = 1 1"o.1,.9,+ isin(1 0)l
ri'.rriue1t1rflunir

, h) . tflui rr".urdrur, ,.n:li o,., ,fl!"?r*!60

ntlqr.Jrfo
z- = I tcos(ke)+ sn(ke)l
lrd,llnnP(1)!!nyp(k)rflue?i !r.^rld'
z - /./ frc os0 sr 0,lf r cos0- - r .0t
= i'i tcos(o+kg)+ isin(o+ke)l (lnflflqui:rfl 3.3.44o 1)
= l.r lcos(k+1)0
+ sn(k+1)01
fr.i1iuP(k+1)rfll,ls3.r

run'rloeri6q
ir 16.rnoiornranf
rre:td,irrquilrqoltoofridlqS.r a

= 4cos0+: stnO)lorfli z * o ras n riu,irloudrnr r:rsyld.ir n rfh,iurudlurrr

1| lt trl
T(coso+ isino)
(olt.v.jl 1 = cosO+ sin0)
r "lcos( nOr+ sin(-nOr

r" lcos1n01+ sin1n011 (Inirrquirrr3.3.ai€ 3 )

tyt' 1/l,r !1!.tl t11tt l l i l Ll l l rN U 1_OX t) 1td{ tl l r!

llil: : " niu l j v q :J fU r1 0 I| e d u ),1 1 .1 1 1 ' l t16
1',',rulut1.t,io11 95

3.3.6 d'to:ils r s.i,irurtudrlo.r(t )u

i ,"
iErir : }, . ..,Yi I I J, r.^; ,o.r.drq 1 "LAflI Z eULUFt!2ttot1tl1lt"! -"-
4 U.ilJXi

J2 . f, ,,,l i l rrrrui 'r"or.o o f r ir r r : U

3n.
J r ," + ," Jz", r.
i f ' - cst
6 . -l
= -.
dtcosr
3 rr.+ s nr 3 ,T. 8 (0 + ) = 8 O
.-) .-,1

or'rodr.rrio
1l:J L:ro;uanrrtlr:qndlrqviwrolroo:.r-rfLm:rquiuviurr 6{svaon6irrfr.i
fl tlreIIrll?r'll.r'r,.r
lrifl Naq sunju

g.e-z ffradrl : (rnrcnrora-rJrsftrf,riurr)

i'rrrrmu a dte t !!6vtt! b frrfl lurquirvriurr trrn:'ld'

_ (I,l
,,/r\ /,\ r \
\/\,i \ /
/ \
h_, / h/ '
hi"
'
uavloerqufi t:ro:16'
:.:rro.rroo:irf
(i.)"= lltf*++""+)l'=(.,a1"("*f+r."f)
.i E c,--
anU !1',ttt totoInnHruno f 1l
|lJO|l]rfl ULlrU A.lU9tnLL6i6iUS!Ftn1VUt0.lCt1l't!tr.1!i0l.tnaIUfl

i"i /"\ i"\ t J7r o .1r

bj l,/ |..,1
..4 .'
t' \ l-\ h\ n,r, o
\i \/ \"/ 42t s1;
96 tnr{nlrfi'rriTfl rdrdniunvnfiqrrraorf
rafl6 noru.

1l
,i t +nnt,ir 8xr 4x' 4x+ I = o
tflurrnrornrnre
"n14

afitll: lt i - sr1; ..6! 1 . - sin co,'; ,,6:Itrr.rqullvllo1,o0r Jt

t4
n!11al!l:l11ltau11.l
tta'rvto

,, c o s T nr l
7t tt
s rr
14 t4

"o"'f* tz"o"'fi..nft1z ft- i {:scos'ff.sin'fi

"o"'ft."n" )
. ss""jff.""'ffI ttzt -t"o"ff."n"fr sni
- "*'fr """ftt
Fl.l1Jl.l

1= " .+ /ro' " n 1r -Il 7T

r a .ir i; - 3.r os r a sir r ; ,1,o" r i sh-r ; ' 14
1 11

= 2n,3 .
-, 11 _ II ]I -_ cos ,T It . Il
/tcos 1V/ srniZ. r) cos t: srr 7 lA.<r l?
sI
14

= 7(1 x':)3x35(1 x1'x'+ 2i(1 x1x' x'

= 7x(1-3x'?+ sxa-x') ss'1t z"' +
+ 21x11-x1 -x'
"o)
= 7x 21x3+ 21xs 7x'- 35x3+ 70x5- 35x7+ 21x5 21x7 x7
= 64x' + 112x5 56x3+ 7x

o = 64x' TT2x5+56x3-7x+
1
= (x + 1X64x6 64x5 48xn+ 48x3+ 8x' - 8x + 1)
= (x+ 1X8x3-4x'?-4x+
1)'.

x = srnff+ o d'rrfuex' ax' ax+- = o d r u a o xir

uo1 r= riurnrorarnm
"ln #
ax3- 4x'1-4x + 1 = 0 nlx.rd'o.in'lt o

ttrn1fiqnf,ond'nlJoiq3lnnrfifr
frroclrloiol:Jrrevla:qndrqufruro.rroofriun:rqufrwriuu
un:drafr
qndrqufrufr rirdcgrmrquilrrflrlu6oroornt

;lelfi 6sd,j1frr0 ri*itreusiqm'r

cos50 = cosuO n'l$ + 566s0sn'0
-Tocos3Qs
s n50 = scos'0stn0 1ocos'0stn'O
+ stn50
s'tu'lutl{,nou 9T

i6rir : coss0+ + sinO)'

16ssQ florrqufirrrorroorirfl

cos'0+ scoso0(;stnO)-
tocos'O1
sn01'?1ocoie( sinO)r
+ scose(s no)a+
(isn0)5 I rris ql'flulr11xLlrr.ri
cossO+ i scosaes
n0 Iocos'0sin'0- t ocos'Osn'0+ scosOsnoO+ I s n'0
co"'O to"os'Osn'0 * scosgsn"0 + r (scosaOstnOtocos'0sin'O+ sin'0)

r'L .t itlA
r otnl t"f,r; rLluti',iur"d,.6"
,,niyir,ro.;

coss0 cos'0 to"o"'0"in'0+ 5cosesin'0

snsO n'0+
s"o"'O"n0 - tocos'0s
"in'0
o

i{ (P unv
3.3.1o tt-xoei't.l: zir'tirrrio:,irurutfirr!n n tt6r||ti6r'i'lu':uT
S, = sinQ +sn(q+cr)+ sir(q+2t r)+ " + s in (q + n c l)

s? = cos(P + cos(q + 0.)+ cos(q + 2 c L+) . . . + c o s (q + n c { , )

o. = 2kn do t<Ltlu,iruruLfir
i6rir : uli=ltri"i'o,irfrr rrq;ld
S, = (n+ 1)sifq unY S, = (n + 1)cos(P

s = sr+isl u.i1.l
rr6y{i'rui!c[.+2kr 6o I ril,irl.lur6r rrlqvfrnaiurr.rnr.]!n

s = tc osq + s n ql + lcos(Q + 0, )+ s n (q + c r)l+ lc o s (q + 2 (r) + s n (q + 2 o )l+

+...+ lcos (q + n c { .+) is in (Q + f O . )l

rirlfra = costp+isin(P [nt o = sn] LLdrloerqafirvlo{too1r'.i

tt.erlfr
-"+.
S = a+ a b ' + a b o + . + a b ' :" = a (1 + b' + bo+ ...+ b' " )

ttu d + 2 "n d 1 i 1 6o zt,,n :'r- b? (b' 1)11+ b' + b' + . .. + b') ,iyld'

b b ,b -o /

t
-^ tll,tr trl
unvtau11qt!,i!11110.iIorox.],ltonnt.i
+

98 rF?r-.?rrt-lTfl1n-sFfll6:F[LtF'rdFlt nl.n aoeL.

(t.
bb + sn2 / r" * f-" " $ r = z ts n !

(r + l)cf (r (r
:.4> <lr..- )q ' icos + l)0 - i\n ---r-
,n I Ld
|
2 2
- str (n+ l)0
zt
t-

uny ab' = (c os g+ s nq ) ( c o s g+ s n r y ) = cos(9+$) + sn(q+9)

r - -sr'-t
- r - o "I =, -
-i- - ,q i,l

dor isrrfi g!drtln?i!!nydcu6unntrro.r,itnuril"i'oud'r16sefu

S = S, + isr ,iv 11fi16'

sinr :q sn( q+ 9)
S, = s n q + sin(9 + C{.)
+ s n (9 + 2c()+ ... + sir (g + nc{,) =
sinf

sinlis.cos(q+ +)
S, = cos(P + cos(9 + 0,)+ cos(9 + 2cx,)
+ . .+cos(q+n(x.) =
s n-
o

rvrfiaqri :hi z, = r,(cosO,

+ *n: z, = r,(cosQ.
+ snQ; ude
"n0,)

tzliz2t = \21+ 4)\z +z ) = l7 +r \1, +7 \

= .;, ":
-;* -;,
+ zrz + zrl (*)
rnvtllty,ir
= + isin0.)tk,{cos(
Ir.1cos0, 0,)+ isir( e,))t+
'"4-.,,
+[r,(cosej+sn0,)]lr,(cos(
0.; * tstn{-o,))l

r,r,tcos{0,
0,1+rsrn{0,0,)l+ 0,)* isin(O,e,)l
',r.lcos{0,-
qlruQ
u rq.i{ou 99

0.) + cos(0, 0,) * lsin{0, 0,y- sin{O,0.))t

r,r,tcos(O,-

: r,r.(cos(O.0,)

22, 22

6a.:ue t-7 t t 7 z'- , nr1r-,*' ,rm:ld

lz,+ 2,1'13 lzll'+ 2lz1 z' + z'l' = ( z t + lz , l)'

f11t1ra91iu z,+2" 3lz. + z, D

,2
ftto{,iurl.6 riounolrli: - a. 2i. -" .1 .
. a.i";rr"r!.l111n 2t.t I Jlt. Jx lt

e'rrirr4runuoiobJfilugrl
a+bi - l./r *A f, l tf r/ ! --;--
'v r
- tt:u 0
lJ r']' ' (.,6 "
" [***l 't
q.itlunFrnl tLl1l€u0l!1.1

: . r tr * r 6 X r * " , ' 5t 3.2 r (coso+ is n0)i

3.3 (cosc[.
+ isir(L)(2cosB
+Zlslnp)
3.4 (cosd+ s no)(cosB+ s np)(cosT+
isin1)

4. csvrrirr lroy0 drflutlldr'll,rlnfirirliiarnmluioriot

drflro3.r
4 . 1 r cs0 = 1 Jt 6 o zn 3 0 So n
4 . 2 r ci so = 1i r d ea n 3 0 ( zn
4.3 r'?cs20 = -1 -i r fio0 3 0 ( zn

5. enranrrhrnlfl
!{alol"irlorrrit{oloiotr.lfi
51 lz a e tzJ=;I |
^-^t-,
-
-L 2 )
5 . 3 { z l 0 <a re e )<T } tl t
5.4 { -2 atglz) .0]
100 lnxnmdrrirrraranflm;nfi q1nf,6
nnraotf aocu.

6 frr z rfl!,irururirdou ,i.r[4on'jlafg(z)+ arg(Z) = 2nrt tu0

7 o.ivrrird'rqeniuovorSiruuoiro.r,irururirdouoiol:li
-
'+ -, ', J: ' t / jar "' r . , 6 ; "'

s. ct:.Jrvqndrquflurrornor-rfunvnquflrnniurr cosn0 ua: n0 lugl

rfieriau4oradrvfir
"in
qol stn0 mv tdo n titlirluror'rr:rn1a1
.J . "o"0
q. \ r r . l .i q n F rti 0 :5 1 !l r-,9 i rn e 1 l ,{ rLQF,6rvtL .dr2d tcn od
-.rl
t;
ru. nio6:tagolullr.run'1fllrnr
z -. r+t) u6, ,' i
1i. r.i*dnlirn.t!!i6.iz ) z donrrvlu*urrr4.rdoutoulodtin*uurut{rurfinrlJtflu4lr7l
2
, :- , I :
1\ t 0 ,.1 1 1 l Etu ]fl f.li ..In
6 v 0t!.1 d u t l - t. !l ttn!L 2 rt!

'12.ti w rfllrdrururirdounreirqroiltgnruyti'rgfl'l.itr1r'rorfiolo.rirarrdln.i
z )wz

i !
13. nrrilnli w = cosU+icosU
^ ^ rfrocosU<o [^! 2cos':e= I ir z rflu,irurt-ltirdouh.r
-"

wz-z [n L a t]' L \-- 1l l .aa" n t\-:

-tqt/' + z

t+. hi z, unr z, rflu"irueur4rd'or

l zt +2 2| > l zrJ-l 2 2 l [ ! lzr z2l > lzr ]- lz2l

2,,2.,...,z. rflu,i'rlrurirdou nrrarxi'r

15.fi r>2 rflu,i'tururfirurnunv
1 2 1 +2 2 +...+znl l l zt l+lz2l+...+ lznl

l a 1 i i ! ttF rd tc x t)u ttl l l l tn ^ t5 ^ xrt Lty .. ttoy y^.:.l L l uaut5tftt ' i I vnt - I {J '
n r fi 4 'ri j r ' . ,, ' r .o! .") " ,Ez d r yir r l *' r ur ur dttt^r
"
." I+.,G l
2. 1uz -:7 ! ..0 : * --z! 6' i', r i' vu, r z+*' o: b- - t.'

,2 ,3 ,4
3.
" l t/ r z4 | z I,zt
qrulirururir{ou z r,i.nror
e6.l
"iru,:urq.i{ou 101

4 2 n l z + 1 + z :=l+at )

z rflu'irue
s. erfr4criirfir lzl=r uricInll :-l=
utirdoufu o
\ z + 1 )' /
6. s.imolirfr.lzl= 1 LLd.1 .l = r r ^l!E!)
7. *r 1 4qrr. fl rror.oori rir' .v rFfl €
..do ' . 1 lr v o u r r o 'o [ *#
" :
rr 16. 1t
"rn:t'izuoiLtaor. 'i' 'i "flu' "€.r6,-n a A

8. r i v u "! l !.i r'. - "' ; ro 4 r,fl uer r ' ,lor fi'n.r ' .' 6: I o0 qr xr r e a- ' r

L bi u uasv rflurrnsolarnra ,+ ! = :csO rfio0.0<tt ei!r6n'!'i.

z
a r g (+ui ) =a rs(v+)u a vl u -l =l v I

F 'rr':u
10. . r r n d o -n u vfi rvri ro r-n r vruir .o"fiduli t.n:ioufu z r ot-
un: r ' fl;
roloiv rfl irrnrlri;ldus'rnfruli t L6u1lfl-lrioltfru
u udrtdsermtfruorril:l
sutfirvirvflr.l
r 6roir nrmir6ul:.1
e udonrnLq"rfin6-1rur;.id!firilli
rvirir tu udrdrurordrur.njrLflulo
o udr
e-jfroufrtv udrrdlrdre Funrills drvu;rritvirfitlry rdedruuodruuri.rrflulo
eo ud.rioiorrnrirtr:ndnldrnir,lurfirnrrdrfiorlo
rrrorfifl.rarri616fi1oi.rn6r'rn!ro.i?vflvvr.r
nx1 fl [a:]l -la Fluu] ltvlu[:J rq:F1 udr
rvfl.rlunrir6rtd'rirvuad'ubiriuvir{uuru
vlrunrla;qnrinrr.ritlovirul-l6rdauirarr:ri'irlorn{rd
riliui6rrardur6senirneufiflrnrffi
a3 !6U1lFlV30Lr.l

n orfr4od'ir
11. rirrfirrrins4rurudurm

"o,ffi**";h."o"t'f*' .*'#h= t
tz. qifinsdzua!rnlo{dllr]avfi
rfiiurr dotrlf,

12.1 (3l(r).(') = z" |""tr)''*"7

-
12.2 (!) (3).
(l) = z"'. 1, 1; )''. , 7
12.3 .(.r)
(!) (;) = z' ' l' [) " ' cos*

12.4 (:) (:).(..) = z " ' (" ' a )" ' " rf
102 lnrinran'r:rirflr
flrdnfrravnninora
orirnfi6aoru

t: druiruriny,irunurErL:lrr
n,i . i 1 1 1 9 . l n 1 l t n 0 0t l l 1 . , l

,,, (;). (i), (i). 13.2 (r).(r).(;).

,,, (!)' (i). (!). Il.4 (i).,(l)
.r(l)+ l-ln./"1
l+ ..

(l) ,(l).t(:) 'v

. , ln l
/-
',.
t+. drvir:lr f irueuLdar.lln unlnnl druruoSro. orfr4eriir

[)" 0". ,-,c'- -(;]" ,- o d

" " [)" "

ts q.rvrrLarrnrio'lli
rirufirlr f ,iruru16r::rnn unlrlnf ,irurln3.r9[n3( r

.,=(.)"*r
. (il*,r.",.
(:f*( q+ 2ct) + /"\
' + \n/cos(q + i(r)

*" .,=(i)"
", . (il",r. ",. (i)"
"( 9+2cr .) + "+
/"\
lofn( q+ nit)

tard.rtnn,jrfrr
z tflu,iruruLir{outo
l LLn:n Lflu'irurutfrrlrnLLdrrirdlfi
n lol z n;firlrduqroi
Mrr"r z' urrvoriaLuldnvriu
n rrlrrolorfqwfior z fririufirw rflu.iurruir4ounrrirdrrirlt6"lupl

Mdrfrflu w = Rcise !!^ylf z rflu,irr-nr-rLi

r,i'oudfi
n rdrqanirrrir lF unlorfqnlrir rrl'r $
1JUFt0

00
z = vts tcos-+ sn l
.A
; - .o.'n"
-A
1+
" .i . J" ".o 0,;,r0,
_AA
""a j r z V " ,*i rv, ilu. dr vinr ..6r .r. ' /-
^

z" = w dt ttnfi n h'b root)na,tw

rfley6enrrnuSo,irFoJ]qo.rdrnrt
 T03
.irurutfi:6ou
7[,
, s.lv'r:'rnfi3 lor
3.4.1 gr''xoti1.l (cos] + sr nTr
-tr

: ru'r'[{"o"f;*i"inf;) rrd'r
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-''rz 1"* f; . r " " f ; 1
1 r 1 cos 0+i s i n0)1'
*a:loltquflurlo'rLorotilfL:'rn:'lfi
. 0 .r 0 '.".0' J LS | l r? /
"/-
= *
d.1i16','=.Jt s6; 3Q f znn Lffon ril,;,iruruLfirlnI d.ttitt
. {')
t = 2" 'ra'0 =+.+ rfludrueur6rlo
' ij "" 1
:'orJ7{"osf; *' .r riutrrl;i .rt: ''t_ ' "rlr'ti4c
u^r",n,r.uu"nnr.ur"nfi -^tr-,t-"ir

6ontururhn filfl o drsvlfrr'ndruirdo

z"= 2"'\c*s++sn)+)
uavfirttrudrn 6rtt Lelivl6'rndrdz 6o
)+ rsrn ( + + ?n
z. = 2'"tca st+++
6o
n d'lflz rarqvtdlrno-ed:
unvfirururiir
. .=,''t * t+t+.!t.' "^tft.!.!t
I nrfilfi Tr 4ueinarlfilorirLflo (0' 0) !!^tfiiFi
Ltrdrtnn\d'ir zo,z, Ltnvz, 'r:o{ludueolrlto lrr
zu'z'*a:z'
rrirn'l z"u udrs uunu',ni f 6o t ciqulu: rirulo rLduro!'lurominolldlirlilr ilttdol'ir
rirl#tlrrudrfirtrvru n diredrururdrdu1 dain;td
rljd'rhr;fls1,itiwi'r 'l riulluldut€tlrtlloiljnar
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"l :)
.,af"*X.,"inf;)6rfiffrrnrrirrn'ui'rtrLoLfici3tliMrfiudorlitrrfiurvirr?r

.Iuntnil4'.Iifi1 w $14'6'rll'rm'rilnt n droio'l ae<

., rfluarndn d'rvislor"irutrLfil{oln\Fi'r
.;
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w 16'6'rrnm"lirhdlqroiler

udrror* un"'itiz. = rcis(O,+?4)rrdo

= r "cs( n0' ) = z\ = w
z l - i ci sIn (e ,++)l = r" c s( n0' + 2n)

z. tilurnff n 6ndrvi't"ilotw
drLtao.t'i'r
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flraraniunrnnlnoranf aoou.

ri'.uiurarnrt.Lrrnvrrrni
n ror * 16'drernrruenorfqo.rupiror:rnfi
n uoi w neufltllll]lnotln?.lni
2n 1:1 1rlt, f ai0t an
i
n 101 w 11! . nnua l f"l:1 " l l i t L f r 0 E 'l l L o U r t1_

hi w = ncs0 rfll.iurur6.:iounrrirudrrnd n drunndrrniu'.wrro' n a"ncrfiff.ltiolifi

z" = V-A
RA (cosi +,s,n;)

., =rFr"*r$.ua).
."(+.+n,
= ylr'""r$*rrf;u
'. ",ar"*r$.zrlf
= rF t"""t$*t"-r11?41;* *1n-r
.rn19 11?4111
'^, l!' - .i
tft0tlflul0 tllillltt ultuuu tu

erlg.+.t
qlueu["n{nou 105

r'rnfi n ral w = Rlcose+ rsn0) 14rn r'rn,r_rnnrrdrrduarEiiuur6ltroux.iso.i

10'l#6"rLnoil

r'.raofifiiFIi !F vrhe ttnrrirlfiud'reneunirno rlriofilooutjnn r rMriir 4 [ r l f-u d.ud3.4.j

riollrrreemn.lirlrifiarnfi n sol * = R(cose+ sn0) fiuoairioqrr n arnfinriret{do

z - ArA
Vq,ooY ,;,"".,: I . f ro o .. I
-r'

loualruabi = (cosq+ sing) = rcisq rflupJlarirfio.rlrafr

nro.rw udelonuquffrrrormefrf
'

z"= /Gosnq + sinnq) = r"csnq = R(c o s e + is in 0 ) = w

.'- =R
mlXlu 1,!t€r=V R
A-
rq U 2' tr v.u q : -- ' 1.t11 cZ
" " ) ,'
v siona gorihm)!ia1ii!,i'-riliuL6
uoilosl"uooui'r:rr:(ct r.rrer n *ay,irueldat k Lrrnvfi4ru!1J[6r
q uav s
[1 '!U f qf t of ] ) v l1' t x lr- 10 to l ' 1 1u ' I l fi vttv[F

,Y^n - Q z r n $ ro*'r I .r _ ^ -
A 1^-
jrur- to ir.ir-u-:.nr:.nir.12r4l! Iori o(, , jr
6:",aor

. , , . o ,q ,s ,,D J " "''9 "9 +

H l u t ) t nF t r ulllDt ./, .. z \ )a l :fl 1 1 1 1 F L -
.:
lt_a"a:lltFr)tl-ldl6Xl t \{ Llv(t t l_l.ry.LrtFr
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, /J!,1 ;";n,lZ p, J 1, fio I o I n I
-Rt.o-,V ^

3.4:2 t1"xoei1.c.
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,:
16 1t1 : L tl|t LlFt llor f nlf t l9t LL lJ t uf l "f l n '.'*
ttmtlluotL

^^ )n
I a a ,, . Y , :
t t 6)d l11 l'i'!1tn el . "4Fl. , lv ly ngeldU' n / - 81 5l 0t0Jf l,lv"Ul 0l 1tl Fli, ull.l!

= '"tEcis& z"s! = 2\D+i) = 2

',
z /-
n 2n - l tt z- o<
7n t 1-
7r- 2
' 2f )t 6 b

.. . .' + - + . * +' + .f , o
 lnrrnrrdmtiysrntaorfunynfi
nnranf ouff 60.tu

anraiani 8 lirvroror -"r5-i

i6u'r : rl,iylie! 16 i lu;rJTndrflfiLfluo-rd

-vr = zcts
6
d.rriufrrfil,ryti6'o.lnra6o:.',nrr'oru.ou.,aln.,
I = J3 q l!.10q
oe8fxtfl l1.4xJn
I trito lFlnh]i :

l9Ir
! tcts
4d- '

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.Jzcs
31n
48

t-
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2. s.l atan 2, 4, 5, 6 [ar 8 lo.i T
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e+z,Et: tJ"5- 4r-r$,
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lu{o z uaytog
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6

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n lor I fid16q{ufiolnr{6o
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rrro.lloorirffir
lnrurqufi n rn
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1,(r),(D',( D', ...,(l)"' l o e fi o=cis4

3.5.1
'il
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108 q1nfii
lnxnmdmrirsrarnnfua;nninoraorf aoeu.

[aviocF]rr!.r1rirrs'rlr.irrrrndn
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I Lfifi13.51

loozunroorqufiuv
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rnrdour,nlu'rxJ
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(x-1)(x-(D)( -x o ) .. (x-(D"')

2. A . x 1 + 0 Ltdl x"'+ x " ' + (x oxx - (D') (x- o"'')

3. irx T+ o udr t+o+ t o ' ? +

! qlr! : (1) "=j

lnflnrrvr?anvn 1o.i1 6rflf rvlrun.rfr.ifr
nrirrlil1-lririo3.4 Lrnsld:rnrol 1

2kn. 2t1t .
zr = c o s l -,+ s n L -l !fio k = 0,1,...,n-1
. j
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27t
z = c ts -=
411 , . ,26 1) n,

t =.n+
luddrarn:16drya'nlni T [^y (D 6o co',. ..,trt"'
rirhi:rnfiLudouonLuio,rrn
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ud'xl?snot:rl€.r
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n nr4urrrvrirdrflulrr.lurrdrdl
ltoit1lt'rsronruqonfltu'rtr n rn6.r'ld
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(2) d'r!r'rrrflfdr*no!so.l x" 1 qs16'

x^ T =(x 1)(x^r+x"'?+ +x+1)

[nvlofl (1) (rlastd'

drrildr t+o rr.s:Id'

"
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s''r lul1.i{o 109

(3) fr'r x-1 + o ursrtdislf (2) i'r

x"r + x"':+ +x+1 = (x o)(x, c D' z.). . (x o " ' )
[ns6o[v]1] x =(D ,iY16'
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u, oL.r,rJ'u,co'u .,0)"'u q;ttluerndn ioru^lu.,. rdeouluarn grgruor'e

vfirro.rI

": fr.:flelt Lrdriiryiuur,-iny= 0, 1, .., n-1 u'lsylfr,i'l

i6rir : }i t'r lilurrn s .1rud!
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druoavjru, (Du,o'zu,rrl3u,...,0)"'u 1nd'rrflurnfin rol z

riotrliirurLLao'rld.jru, trtu, crl':u,(D3u,. .. , rrt"ru LLnarirrfui.rvunrarffnl'ldrrrrryi n

"- " A,a
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z nn0

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ril6o ro = I loufr 0< l lS n 6rLflu1trlldLrll: ro rfllrrn:lgugruroi1 6.irflloillslnrrfrqsd
o

I j
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IL 211 3lt m7! = 1
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