altair-basic

November 13, 2024

1 Cài đặt
[ ]: import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
# ẩn đi warnings

[ ]: pip install altair

Requirement already satisfied: altair in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages

(4.2.2)
Requirement already satisfied: entrypoints in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from altair) (0.4)
Requirement already satisfied: jinja2 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages
(from altair) (3.1.4)
Requirement already satisfied: jsonschema>=3.0 in
/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from altair) (4.23.0)
Requirement already satisfied: numpy in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages
(from altair) (1.26.4)
Requirement already satisfied: pandas>=0.18 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from altair) (2.2.2)
Requirement already satisfied: toolz in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages
(from altair) (0.12.1)
Requirement already satisfied: attrs>=22.2.0 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from jsonschema>=3.0->altair) (24.2.0)
Requirement already satisfied: jsonschema-specifications>=2023.03.6 in
/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from jsonschema>=3.0->altair)
(2024.10.1)
Requirement already satisfied: referencing>=0.28.4 in
/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from jsonschema>=3.0->altair) (0.35.1)
Requirement already satisfied: rpds-py>=0.7.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from jsonschema>=3.0->altair) (0.20.0)
Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.8.2 in
/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from pandas>=0.18->altair) (2.8.2)
Requirement already satisfied: pytz>=2020.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from pandas>=0.18->altair) (2024.2)
Requirement already satisfied: tzdata>=2022.7 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from pandas>=0.18->altair) (2024.2)
Requirement already satisfied: MarkupSafe>=2.0 in

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 /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from jinja2->altair) (3.0.2)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from python-dateutil>=2.8.2->pandas>=0.18->altair) (1.16.0)

#Basic Chart
[ ]: import pandas as pd
data = pd.DataFrame({'a': list('CCCDDDEEE'),
'b': [2, 7, 4, 1, 2, 6, 8, 4, 7]})

[ ]: data

[ ]: a b
0 C 2
1 C 7
2 C 4
3 D 1
4 D 2
5 D 6
6 E 8
7 E 4
8 E 7

[ ]: import altair as alt

chart = alt.Chart(data)

[ ]: alt.Chart(data).mark_point()

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: alt.Chart(data).mark_point().encode(
x='a'
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: alt.Chart(data).mark_point().encode(
x='a',
y='b'
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

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 2 Data Transformation: Aggregation
[ ]: alt.Chart(data).mark_point().encode(
x='a',
y='average(b)' # y là trung bình của b
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: alt.Chart(data).mark_bar().encode(
x='a',
y='average(b)'
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: alt.Chart(data).mark_bar().encode(
y='a',
x='average(b)'
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

3 Customizing your Visualization

[ ]: alt.Chart(data).mark_bar(color='firebrick').encode(
alt.Y('a'), alt.X('average(b)') # trục y và trục x
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

4 Example
[ ]: !pip install vega_datasets

Requirement already satisfied: vega_datasets in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-

packages (0.9.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pandas in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages
(from vega_datasets) (2.2.2)
Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.22.4 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from pandas->vega_datasets) (1.26.4)
Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.8.2 in
/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from pandas->vega_datasets) (2.8.2)
Requirement already satisfied: pytz>=2020.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from pandas->vega_datasets) (2024.2)

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 Requirement already satisfied: tzdata>=2022.7 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from pandas->vega_datasets) (2024.2)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from python-dateutil>=2.8.2->pandas->vega_datasets) (1.16.0)

4.1 Simple Scatter Plot with Tooltips

[ ]: import altair as alt
from vega_datasets import data

source = data.cars()

alt.Chart(source).mark_circle(size=60).encode(
x='Horsepower',
y='Miles_per_Gallon',
color='Origin',
tooltip=['Name', 'Origin', 'Horsepower', 'Miles_per_Gallon']
).interactive()

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: source.head()

[ ]: Name Miles_per_Gallon Cylinders Displacement \

0 chevrolet chevelle malibu 18.0 8 307.0
1 buick skylark 320 15.0 8 350.0
2 plymouth satellite 18.0 8 318.0
3 amc rebel sst 16.0 8 304.0
4 ford torino 17.0 8 302.0

Horsepower Weight_in_lbs Acceleration Year Origin

0 130.0 3504 12.0 1970-01-01 USA
1 165.0 3693 11.5 1970-01-01 USA
2 150.0 3436 11.0 1970-01-01 USA
3 150.0 3433 12.0 1970-01-01 USA
4 140.0 3449 10.5 1970-01-01 USA

[ ]: alt.Chart(source).mark_circle(size=60).encode(
x='Weight_in_lbs',
y='Miles_per_Gallon',
color='Cylinders',
tooltip=['Name','Weight_in_lbs', 'Miles_per_Gallon']
).interactive()

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

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[ ]: alt.Chart(source).mark_circle(size=60).encode(
x='Cylinders',
y='Miles_per_Gallon',
color = 'Origin',
tooltip=['Name','Miles_per_Gallon', 'Origin']
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

4.2 Simple Bar Chart

[ ]: import altair as alt
import pandas as pd

source = pd.DataFrame({
'a': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'I'],
'b': [28, 55, 43, 91, 81, 53, 19, 87, 52]
})

alt.Chart(source).mark_bar().encode(
x='a', y='b'
).interactive()

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]:

4.3 Simple heat map

[ ]: import altair as alt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

# Compute x^2 + y^2 across a 2D grid

x, y = np.meshgrid(range(-5, 5), range(-5, 5))
z = x ** 2 + y ** 2

# Convert this grid to columnar data expected by Altair

source = pd.DataFrame({'x': x.ravel(),
'y': y.ravel(),
'z': z.ravel()})

alt.Chart(source).mark_rect().encode(
x='x:O',
y='y:O',
color='z:Q'

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 )

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.add_subplot(projection='3d')
# Compute x^2 + y^2 across a 2D grid
x, y = np.meshgrid(range(-50, 50), range(-50, 50))
z = x ** 2 + y ** 2
ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, cmap=plt.cm.YlGnBu_r)
plt.show()

4.4 Simple Histogram

[ ]: import altair as alt
from vega_datasets import data

source = data.movies.url

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 alt.Chart(source).mark_bar().encode(
alt.X("IMDB_Rating:Q", bin=True),
y='count()',
)
# Vẽ mark_bar() (biểu đồ cột) với y = 'count()' -->histogram

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: source

[ ]: 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/data/movies.json'

[ ]: # Vẽ biểu đồ hist cho data sau:

import pandas as pd
data = {'Diem':range(11),
'Soluong':[5, 6, 8, 8, 10, 10, 20, 21, 15, 14, 10]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)
df

[ ]: Diem Soluong
0 0 5
1 1 6
2 2 8
3 3 8
4 4 10
5 5 10
6 6 20
7 7 21
8 8 15
9 9 14
10 10 10

[ ]: import altair as alt

alt.Chart(df).mark_bar().encode(
alt.X("Diem:Q", bin=True),
y='Soluong'
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

4.5 Simple line chart

[ ]: import altair as alt
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd

7
 x = np.arange(100)# 0--->99
source = pd.DataFrame({
'x': x,
'f(x)': np.sin(x / 5) #sin, cos, exp... -->numpy
})

alt.Chart(source).mark_line().encode(
x='x',
y='f(x)'
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: #Vẽ đồ thị y = sin(x)+cos(x) trong khoảng từ 0 -->10 bằng altair

import numpy as np
import altair as alt
import pandas as pd

x = range(0, 11)
y = np.sin(x)+np.cos(x)
df = pd.DataFrame({'x':x, 'f(x)':y})
df

alt.Chart(df).mark_line().encode(
x='x',
y='f(x)'
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: source.head()

[ ]: x f(x)
0 0 0.000000
1 1 0.198669
2 2 0.389418
3 3 0.564642
4 4 0.717356

4.6 Simple Stacked Area Chart

[ ]: import altair as alt
from vega_datasets import data

source = data.iowa_electricity()

alt.Chart(source).mark_area().encode(

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 x="year:T",
y="net_generation:Q",
color="source:N"
)
# mark_area(): biểu đồ diện tích

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: source

[ ]: year source net_generation

0 2001-01-01 Fossil Fuels 35361
1 2002-01-01 Fossil Fuels 35991
2 2003-01-01 Fossil Fuels 36234
3 2004-01-01 Fossil Fuels 36205
4 2005-01-01 Fossil Fuels 36883
5 2006-01-01 Fossil Fuels 37014
6 2007-01-01 Fossil Fuels 41389
7 2008-01-01 Fossil Fuels 42734
8 2009-01-01 Fossil Fuels 38620
9 2010-01-01 Fossil Fuels 42750
10 2011-01-01 Fossil Fuels 39361
11 2012-01-01 Fossil Fuels 37379
12 2013-01-01 Fossil Fuels 34873
13 2014-01-01 Fossil Fuels 35250
14 2015-01-01 Fossil Fuels 32319
15 2016-01-01 Fossil Fuels 28437
16 2017-01-01 Fossil Fuels 29329
17 2001-01-01 Nuclear Energy 3853
18 2002-01-01 Nuclear Energy 4574
19 2003-01-01 Nuclear Energy 3988
20 2004-01-01 Nuclear Energy 4929
21 2005-01-01 Nuclear Energy 4538
22 2006-01-01 Nuclear Energy 5095
23 2007-01-01 Nuclear Energy 4519
24 2008-01-01 Nuclear Energy 5282
25 2009-01-01 Nuclear Energy 4679
26 2010-01-01 Nuclear Energy 4451
27 2011-01-01 Nuclear Energy 5215
28 2012-01-01 Nuclear Energy 4347
29 2013-01-01 Nuclear Energy 5321
30 2014-01-01 Nuclear Energy 4152
31 2015-01-01 Nuclear Energy 5243
32 2016-01-01 Nuclear Energy 4703
33 2017-01-01 Nuclear Energy 5214
34 2001-01-01 Renewables 1437
35 2002-01-01 Renewables 1963

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 36 2003-01-01 Renewables 1885
37 2004-01-01 Renewables 2102
38 2005-01-01 Renewables 2724
39 2006-01-01 Renewables 3364
40 2007-01-01 Renewables 3870
41 2008-01-01 Renewables 5070
42 2009-01-01 Renewables 8560
43 2010-01-01 Renewables 10308
44 2011-01-01 Renewables 11795
45 2012-01-01 Renewables 14949
46 2013-01-01 Renewables 16476
47 2014-01-01 Renewables 17452
48 2015-01-01 Renewables 19091
49 2016-01-01 Renewables 21241
50 2017-01-01 Renewables 21933

[ ]: data = {'Nam':[2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024],
'Diem':[5, 6, 6, 8, 9, 5, 5, 7, 6, 5],
'Mon':['T', 'T', 'T', 'T', 'T', 'V', 'V', 'V', 'V', 'V']}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)
df

[ ]: Nam Diem Mon

0 2020 5 T
1 2021 6 T
2 2022 6 T
3 2023 8 T
4 2024 9 T
5 2020 5 V
6 2021 5 V
7 2022 7 V
8 2023 6 V
9 2024 5 V

4.7 Simple Strip plot

[ ]: import altair as alt
from vega_datasets import data

source = data.cars()

alt.Chart(source).mark_tick().encode(
x='Horsepower:Q',
y='Cylinders:O'
)

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[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

Ngoài ra, có thể tham khảo thêm ở đây: https://altair-viz.github.io/gallery/index.html

5 IDMB data
[ ]: !pip install vega_datasets

import pandas as pd
import altair as alt

Requirement already satisfied: vega_datasets in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-

packages (0.9.0)
Requirement already satisfied: pandas in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages
(from vega_datasets) (2.2.2)
Requirement already satisfied: numpy>=1.22.4 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from pandas->vega_datasets) (1.26.4)
Requirement already satisfied: python-dateutil>=2.8.2 in
/usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-packages (from pandas->vega_datasets) (2.8.2)
Requirement already satisfied: pytz>=2020.1 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from pandas->vega_datasets) (2024.2)
Requirement already satisfied: tzdata>=2022.7 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from pandas->vega_datasets) (2024.2)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.5 in /usr/local/lib/python3.10/dist-
packages (from python-dateutil>=2.8.2->pandas->vega_datasets) (1.16.0)

[ ]: # Importing the Vega Dataset

from vega_datasets import data as vega_data

movies_df = pd.read_json(vega_data.movies.url)

# Checking the type of data that we get

print("movies_df is of the type: ", type(movies_df))

print("movies_df: ", movies_df.shape)

movies_df is of the type: <class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>

movies_df: (3201, 16)

[ ]: movies_df.head(5)

[ ]: Title US_Gross Worldwide_Gross US_DVD_Sales \

0 The Land Girls 146083.0 146083.0 NaN
1 First Love, Last Rites 10876.0 10876.0 NaN
2 I Married a Strange Person 203134.0 203134.0 NaN
3 Let's Talk About Sex 373615.0 373615.0 NaN
4 Slam 1009819.0 1087521.0 NaN

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 Production_Budget Release_Date MPAA_Rating Running_Time_min Distributor \
0 8000000.0 Jun 12 1998 R NaN Gramercy
1 300000.0 Aug 07 1998 R NaN Strand
2 250000.0 Aug 28 1998 None NaN Lionsgate
3 300000.0 Sep 11 1998 None NaN Fine Line
4 1000000.0 Oct 09 1998 R NaN Trimark

Source Major_Genre Creative_Type Director \

0 None None None None
1 None Drama None None
2 None Comedy None None
3 None Comedy None None
4 Original Screenplay Drama Contemporary Fiction None

Rotten_Tomatoes_Rating IMDB_Rating IMDB_Votes

0 NaN 6.1 1071.0
1 NaN 6.9 207.0
2 NaN 6.8 865.0
3 13.0 NaN NaN
4 62.0 3.4 165.0

[ ]: movies_df.columns #Tên các columns (tên biến - cột)

[ ]: Index(['Title', 'US_Gross', 'Worldwide_Gross', 'US_DVD_Sales',

'Production_Budget', 'Release_Date', 'MPAA_Rating', 'Running_Time_min',
'Distributor', 'Source', 'Major_Genre', 'Creative_Type', 'Director',
'Rotten_Tomatoes_Rating', 'IMDB_Rating', 'IMDB_Votes'],
dtype='object')

[ ]: def extract_year(value):
return pd.to_datetime(value, format='%b %d %Y').year
# chỉ lấy ra year của cột Release_Date --> convert sang datetime

movies_df["Year"] = movies_df["Release_Date"].apply(extract_year)

[ ]: movies_df.columns

[ ]: Index(['Title', 'US_Gross', 'Worldwide_Gross', 'US_DVD_Sales',

'Production_Budget', 'Release_Date', 'MPAA_Rating', 'Running_Time_min',
'Distributor', 'Source', 'Major_Genre', 'Creative_Type', 'Director',
'Rotten_Tomatoes_Rating', 'IMDB_Rating', 'IMDB_Votes', 'Year'],
dtype='object')

[ ]: movies_df.head()

12
[ ]: Title US_Gross Worldwide_Gross US_DVD_Sales \
0 The Land Girls 146083.0 146083.0 NaN
1 First Love, Last Rites 10876.0 10876.0 NaN
2 I Married a Strange Person 203134.0 203134.0 NaN
3 Let's Talk About Sex 373615.0 373615.0 NaN
4 Slam 1009819.0 1087521.0 NaN

Production_Budget Release_Date MPAA_Rating Running_Time_min Distributor \

0 8000000.0 Jun 12 1998 R NaN Gramercy
1 300000.0 Aug 07 1998 R NaN Strand
2 250000.0 Aug 28 1998 None NaN Lionsgate
3 300000.0 Sep 11 1998 None NaN Fine Line
4 1000000.0 Oct 09 1998 R NaN Trimark

Source Major_Genre Creative_Type Director \

0 None None None None
1 None Drama None None
2 None Comedy None None
3 None Comedy None None
4 Original Screenplay Drama Contemporary Fiction None

Rotten_Tomatoes_Rating IMDB_Rating IMDB_Votes Year

0 NaN 6.1 1071.0 1998
1 NaN 6.9 207.0 1998
2 NaN 6.8 865.0 1998
3 13.0 NaN NaN 1998
4 62.0 3.4 165.0 1998

[ ]: movies_df["Year"].value_counts()

[ ]: Year
2006 220
2005 210
2002 208
2004 192
2000 188
…
1929 1
2020 1
1946 1
2043 1
1943 1
Name: count, Length: 91, dtype: int64

[ ]: movies_2000 = movies_df[movies_df["Year"] == 2000]

movies_2000.shape

13
[ ]: (188, 17)

5.1 Chart
[ ]: alt.Chart(movies_2000).mark_point().encode(
alt.X('Production_Budget'),
alt.Y('Worldwide_Gross')
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: alt.Chart(movies_2000).mark_point(filled=True).encode(
alt.X('Production_Budget'),
alt.Y('Worldwide_Gross'),
alt.Size('US_Gross')
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: alt.Chart(movies_2000).mark_point(filled=True).encode(
alt.X('Production_Budget'),
alt.Y('Worldwide_Gross'),
alt.Size('US_Gross'),
alt.Color('Major_Genre'),
alt.OpacityValue(0.7)
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: alt.Chart(movies_2000).mark_point(filled=True).encode(
alt.X('Production_Budget'),
alt.Y('Worldwide_Gross'),
alt.Size('US_Gross'),
alt.Color('Major_Genre'),
alt.OpacityValue(0.7),
tooltip = [alt.Tooltip('Title'),
alt.Tooltip('Production_Budget'),
alt.Tooltip('Worldwide_Gross'),
alt.Tooltip('US_Gross')
]
)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: alt.Chart(movies_2000).mark_point(filled=True).encode(
alt.X('Production_Budget'),
alt.Y('Worldwide_Gross'),

14
 alt.Size('US_Gross'),
alt.Color('Major_Genre'),
alt.OpacityValue(0.7),
tooltip = [alt.Tooltip('Title'),
alt.Tooltip('Production_Budget'),
alt.Tooltip('Worldwide_Gross'),
alt.Tooltip('US_Gross')
]
).interactive()

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: select_year = alt.selection_single(
name='Select', fields=['Year'], init={'Year': 1928},
bind=alt.binding_range(min=1928, max=2046, step=10)
)

alt.Chart(movies_df).mark_point(filled=True).encode(
alt.X('Production_Budget'),
alt.Y('Worldwide_Gross'),
alt.Size('US_Gross'),
alt.Color('Major_Genre'),
alt.OpacityValue(0.7),
tooltip = [alt.Tooltip('Title:N'),
alt.Tooltip('Production_Budget:Q'),
alt.Tooltip('Worldwide_Gross:Q'),
alt.Tooltip('US_Gross:Q')
]
).add_selection(select_year).transform_filter(select_year)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

[ ]: select_year = alt.selection_single(
name='Select', fields=['Year'], init={'Year': 1968},
bind=alt.binding_range(min=1968, max=2008, step= 1)
)

alt.Chart(movies_df).mark_point(filled=True).encode(
alt.X('Production_Budget'),
alt.Y('Worldwide_Gross'),
alt.Size('US_Gross'),
alt.Color('Major_Genre'),
alt.OpacityValue(0.7),
tooltip = [alt.Tooltip('Title:N'),
alt.Tooltip('Production_Budget:Q'),
alt.Tooltip('Worldwide_Gross:Q'),
alt.Tooltip('US_Gross:Q')

15
 ]
).add_selection(select_year).transform_filter(select_year)

[ ]: alt.Chart(…)

16