ALL ABOUT

FOR EAAP
1ST - 2ND QUARTER

SUBMITTED TO: CHANDRA G. GANDONG

SUBMITTED BY: SITTI MAE PISAC

FUNDAMENTALS OF READING ACADEMIC TEXTS

ACADEMIC TEXTS
  Books
 Written by professionals, experts, or authors
 Based on facts (strong evidence, solid facts)
NON – ACADEMIC TEXT

 Novels non - fiction imagination

 Creative imagination/ thinking

• Articles – published in scholarly journals, results of research and development.

• Conference Papers – a paper which contains your goal and intention.

• Reviews – judgement or discussion of the quality of something.

• Theses And Dissertation – personal researchers written by a candidate for college or

university degree.

STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXT

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Of The Topic
1.2 Thesis Statement

2. BODY
2.1 Main Idea 1
2.1.1 Supporting Idea 1
2.1.2 Supporting Idea 2
2.2 Main Idea 2
2.2.1 Supporting Idea 1
2.2.2 Supporting Idea 2

3. CONCLUSION
3.1 Restatement Of The Thesis Statement
3.2 Closing Statement

4. REFERENCES

CONTENT AND STYLE OF ACADEMIC TEXT

 Concepts And Theories that are related to discipline

 Should have organization, unity, adherence and cohesion adherence to rules and
mechanics of the language
• They state critical questions and issues.

• They provide facts and credible sources

• They use precise and accurate words

• They do not take jargon excessively

• List references

• Use hedging expressions (possible to happen/ playing safe)

 It looks like, it could be, it appears to be

 Suggest either you don’t know
 There is possibility or doubt

CRITICAL READING STRATEGIES

Reading Academic Text requires focus and understanding. You have to interact with
the text by questioning its assumptions, responding to its arguments and connecting
it to real life experiences and applications. Critical or reflecting reading helps you
identify the key arguments presented by the author and analyse concept presented
in the text.

To adopt a critical reading approach, practice the strategies to be employed during

each stage of reading.

BEFORE READING
▪︎Determine which type of academic text (article, reviews, thesis, etc.) you are
reading.
▪︎Determine an establish your purpose for reading.
▪︎identify the author’s purpose for writing
▪︎Predict or infer the main idea or argument of the text based on its title
▪︎identify your attitude towards the author and the text.
▪︎State what you already know and what you want to learn about the topic.
▪︎Determine the target audience
▪︎Check the publication date for relevance, it should have been published at most 5
years earlier than the current year.
▪︎Check the reference list while making sure to consider the correctness of the
formatting style.
▪︎Use a concept map or anything appropriate graphic organizer to note your existing
ideas and knowledge on the topic.

DURING READING
▪︎Annotate important parts of the text.
▪︎Annotating a text can help you determine essential ideas or information, main ideas
or arguments, and new information or ideas. Here are some ways to annotate a text.
▪︎Write key words or phrases on the margins in bullet form.
▪︎Write a symbol on the page margin where important information is found.
▪︎Write brief notes in the margin.
▪︎Write questions on information that you find confusing.
▪︎Write what you already know about the ideas.
▪︎Write the limitations of the author’s arguments.
▪︎Write notes on the reliability of the text.
▪︎Comment on the author’s biases.
▪︎Use a concept map or any appropriate graphic organizer to note down the ideas
being explained.
▪︎React on the arguments presented in the text.
▪︎Underline or circle meanings or definitions
▪︎Mark or highlight relevant/essential part of the text.
▪︎Use the headings and transition words to identify relationships in the text.
▪︎Create a bank of unfamiliar or technical words to be defined later.
▪︎Use control clues to define unfamiliar or technical words.
▪︎Synthesize the author’s arguments at the end of a chapter or section.
▪︎Determine the main idea of the text.
▪︎identify the evidence or supporting arguments presented by the author and check
their validity and relevance
▪︎identify findings and note the appropriateness of the research method used.

AFTER READING
▪︎Reflect on what you have read.
▪︎React on some parts of the text through writing.
▪︎Discuss some parts with your teacher or classmates.
▪︎Link the main idea of the text to what you already know.

OTHER READING STRATEGIES

In addition to the given strategies before, during and after reading, there are other
reading strategies that you can employ to ensure critical reading not only of
academic text but also other text in general.

• SQ3R method
 The SQR3 method stands for Survey (or skim), Question, Read, Recite, (or
Recall), Review.

STAGE GUIDELINES
Survey • Skim the target text
• Check the headings and tables,
diagrams, or figures presented in
the text.
• Read the first few and last
sentences of the text to
determine key information.
• Get a feel of the text.
Question • Annotate the headings with
your questions
• Develop questions on the types
of information you expect from
the text.
Read • Look for answers to your
questions as you read the text.
• Stop and slow down if the
passage is not clear
• Make sure to proceed reading
only when you already
understand the previous text.
Recite • Recount the main points of the
text.
• Recall by writing a summary or
synthesis based on what you
understand of the text.
• Highlight or underline the
important points you read.
Review • After finishing the text, go back
and re-read the questions you
wrote and see if you can answer
them if not, refresh your memory.
• Evaluate what you learned to
ensure that you are convinced
and satisfied with the information
presented in the text.

KWL METHOD
Guides you in reading and understanding the text.

K W L
What I k(now) What I w(ant) to learn What I have l(earned

• There is a • are women really • Women are reported

 connection between more talkative than to speak 20,000
language and gender men? words a day while
men speak and
• Women and men • what accounts for average of 7,000
have different levels the difference in the words.
of talkativeness frequency of language
use between men and • foxp2 protein is one
women? pf the genes
associated with
languages

• it was shown that

women have higher
levels of foxp2 protein
than men.

LOCATING MAIN IDEAS

 The ideas that are very important in the context. Where supporting
details exist.
TOPIC SENTENCE
 States the subject of the whole paragraph
THESIS STATEMEN
 Presents or describe the point of a text

INTRODUCTION OF REFERENCING
• Evaluating Sources • Citing Sources
CRITERIA IN EVALUATING SOURCES
▪︎Relevance of the source to the research topic
(title, table of contents, summary/ abstract, introduction/ headings)
▪︎Authority/ Authors Qualifications
(author’s background, education, related training, contact information)
▪︎Content/Accuracy of information
(Citations or bibliography, tone and style of writing, not biased or prejudiced)
▪︎Currency/ Date of publication
(What is the date of publication?, digitally published or print?, book, academic
journal, reputable news source)

.com (commercial sites)

.ph (philippines)
.gov (government)
.org (organization)
.net (network infrastructure)

AVOID
(Wikipedia)
(Wiktionary)
(Wikiquotes)

EVALUATION OF WEB DOCUMENTS

COVERAGE OF WEB DOCUMENTS

▪︎Are the links (if any) evaluated and do they complement the
document theme?
▪︎is it all images or a balance of text and images?
▪︎is the information cited correctly?

ACCURACY OF WEB DOCUMENTS

▪︎Who wrote the page and can you contact him or her?
▪︎Is this person qualified to wrote thus documents?
▪︎Where does the information came from?
▪︎Has the information been reviewed or refereed?
▪︎Cab you verify the information in another source?

CURRENCY OF WEB DOCUMENTS

▪︎How relevant is the information
▪︎How recently has the resource been updated?
▪︎Is it current enough for your topic?
▪︎How up to date are the link (if any?)

AUTHORITY OF WEB DOCUMENT

▪︎Who published the documents and is it separate from the web
master?
▪︎Check the domain of the documents. What institution
publishes this documents? Is it replaceable?
▪︎Is it the page editable like a Wikipedia page?

ACCURACY
▪︎Make sure the author provides an e-mail address or a contact
address/ phone number.
▪︎Know the distinction between an author and a web master
▪︎Make sure to have a relative source
COVERAGE
▪︎if the page requires a special software to view the information
how much are you missing if you don’t have the software?
▪︎Is it free or is there a fee obtain the information
▪︎is there an option for the text only frames, or a suggested
browser for better viewing?

CURRENCY
▪︎How many dead links are on the page?
▪︎Are the links current or updated regularly?
▪︎Is the information on the page outdated?

AUTHORITY
▪︎What are the author’s listed credentials?
▪︎Where is the document published? Check the website’s URL
domain

PURPOSE FOR CITING SOURCES

• To give credit to the original author of a work
 Plagiarism is a serious offense in which someone takes
and uses the ideas, information, concepts, or arguments,
or information of someone else, intentionally or
unintentionally with proper citing.
• To promote scholarly writing
 Scholarly writing means that you are able to use related
and existing ideas, information, concepts, or arguments of
an expert and to properly attribute these to the original
source.
• To help your target audience identify your original source
 More often than not, your target audience/ reader want to
either verify information or learn more information from the
original source. With proper citations, your target audience
can easily identify the location of the original source used
in your paper.

FORMS OF CITATIONS
• In-text citation – required the writer to cite the details of the
reference used in a certain part of his/her work within the work
itself. The formatting of in-text citation is varies per style.
• Reference citation – reference to the complete bibliography
entry of a reference used by the writer. This appears in the
reference list found at the last part of the paper.

GUIDELINES IN IN-TEXT CITATION

1. APA style Guide (6th edition) – authors name and latest
year of publication, page num (if necessary)
Ex. (For only one author)
▪︎According to sipacio (2019), APA style is required for
business student majors.
▪︎APA style is applied in Social Sciences. (Sipacio, 2019)
(For 2 authors)
▪︎According to sipacio and barrot (2019), APA style is
required for business student majors. (Sipacio & Barrot,
2019, 54)
(For 3 to 5 authors) ( Sipacio, Barrot, Sanchez)
2. MLA style (8th edition) – authors last name – page method
– page number must be in the parentheses (not in the
sentence) (there is an absence of comma)
3. IEEE Editorial style manual (2018)
 No need to name the author, page number, date of
publication.
 Reference number must be enclosed in brackets
 When a reference is cited earlier is used again in the later
parts of the text, the same reference number will be used.

4. AMA manual of style (10th edition)

 No need to add the author, year/ date of publication
 Reference number is placed in superscript form.

5. The Chicago Manual Of style (17th edition)

 (Notes) and (bibliography) – commonly used in the fields
of history, literature and arts
ESSENTIAL WRITING SKILSS

BASICS OF SUMMARIZING
What is not Summarizing?
Summarizing is an important skill in critical reading that is
often used to share the essential ideas in a book, a book
chapter, an article, and/or parts of its. These essential ideas
include the gist or main idea, useful information or key words
or phrases that help you meet your reading purpose.
Summarizing is generally done after reading.

Summarizing is an important skill because it helps you:

• deepen your understanding of the text
• identify relevant information or key ideas
• combine details or examples that support the main ideas
• concentrate on the gist or main idea and key words
presented in the text; and
• capture the key ideas in the text and put them together
clearly and concisely.

What is Not Summarizing?

You are not Summarizing when you.
• write down everything
• write down ideas from the text word-for-word
• Write down incoherent and irrelevant ideas

GUIDELINES IN SUMMARIZING
• Clarify your purpose before you read
• Read the text and understand the meaning. Do not stop
reading until you understand the message conveyed by the
author.
• Select and underline or circle the key words and phrases
while reading.
• Without looking at the text, identify the connection of these
key ideas in sentence form in a concept map.
• List your ideas in sentence form

USING REPORTING WORD/VERBS WHEN

SUMMARIZING
A reporting verb is a word used to discuss another person’s
writing or assertions. They are generally used to incorporate
the source to the discussion in the text.

SUMMARY FORMATS
• idea heading format
• author heading format
• date heading format

COMPARING SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING, AND

QUOTING

SUMMARIZING
 Does not match the original source word for word
  Involves putting the main idea (s) into your own words, but
includes these main point (s)
 Presents a broad overview so is usually much shorter than
the original text
 Must be attribute to the original source

PARAPHRASING
 Does not match the original source word for word
 Involves putting a passage from a source into your own
words
 Changes the words or paraphrasing of a passage , but
retains and fully communicate into original source

DIRECT QUOTING
 Matching the original source word for word
 Is usually a short part of the original source
 Cited part appear words inside quotation marks
 Must be attributed to the original source.

EXAMPLE OF SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING, AND

DIRECT QUOTING
ORIGINAL PASSAGE
 What is plagiarism? In minor cases. It can be the quotation
of a sentence or two, without quotation marks and without
citation (e.g., footnote) to the true author.

WHEN TO USE SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING AND

DIRECT QUOTING
SUMMARIZING PARAPHRASING DIRECT
QUOTATION
▪︎Summarize a text • Paraphrase a • Quote a text that
that has long short text with one conveys a powerful
section or two sentences message or whose
• Summarize when or a paragraph with impact lessens if it
you want to a maximum of five is paraphrased or
~ avoid or minimize sentences summarized.
direct quotation • Paraphrase when • Quote directly
~ use the main you want to when you want to
idea of the text and ~ avoid or minimize ~ begin your
note it in your own direct quotation discussion with the
word ~ use your own author’s stand
words to state the ~ highlight the
author’s idea author’s expertise
in your claim
GUIDLINES IN SUMMARY
-Clarify your before you read
-Read the text understand messaged conveyed by the author. Locate the gist or
main idea of the text
-Select, underline, circle the key ideas and phrases while reading
- Write all key ideas and phrase you identified on the margins
-Without looking at the text identify the connections of these key ideas and phrases
-List your in sentence and form a concept map
-Combine the sentence into paragraph use
-Ensure that you do not copy any single sentence in the original text
-Refrain from adding more comments about the text stick to the ideas it present
-Edit the draft of your summary by eliminating redundant ideas
-Compare your output with the original text to ensure accuracy
-Record the details of the original source.
- Format your summary properly.

GUIDLINES OF PARAPHRASING
-Read the text and understand its meaning. Do not stop reading until you understand
the message conveyed by the author
-Use a pen to mark or highlight the key words or main idea of a text
- Recall the keywords or main od the text you highlighted
- Write in your own word the things you understand
- the original text and compare it with your paragraph
-Check the meaning remember, your paraphrase should have the same its original
text
-Refrain from comments about the text, Stick the ideas presented in the text
-Record the details of the original source( authors name, date and time of
publication)
-Format your paraphrase properly. When you combine your paraphrase in
paragraph, use different formats to show variety of writing
GUIDLINES IN DIRECT QUOTATION
-Copy exactly the part of the text you want to use
-Use quotation mark to show beginning and end of your quote
-Record the details of original source authors, date or publication time, title,
publisher, place
-Format your quotation properly. If your direct quotation consist less than 40 words it
should be presented as part of the text
-Direct quotation should not be used to replace paraphrasing or summarizing using
report verbs are also used in paraphrasing.