12341608_01

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)
PROJECT FOR MASTERPLAN ON

HIGH STANDARD HIGHWAY
NETWORK DEVELOPMENT
(PHASE 2)
FINAL REPORT
MAIN TEXT
<VOLUME-1>
JULY 2021
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd.
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd. IM
Nippon Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd. JR
Metropolitan Expressway Company Limited 21-044

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

NETWORK DEVELOPMENT
(PHASE 2)
FINAL REPORT
MAIN TEXT
<VOLUME-1>
JULY 2021
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

CTI Engineering International Co., Ltd.
Nippon Koei Co., Ltd.
Oriental Consultants Global Co., Ltd.
Nippon Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd.
Metropolitan Expressway Company Limited
EXCHANGE RATE
March 2020
1Php = 2.1138 Japan Yen
1US$ = 51.0440 Philippine Peso
1US$ = 107.8283 Japan Yen
Central Bank of the Philippine

HSH Network and Implementation Schedule
Batanes Island
Region Border
HIGH STANDARD HIGHWAY NETWORK DEVELOPMENT (PHASE 2)
FINAL REPORT
MAIN TEXT <VOLUME-1>
TABLE OF CONTENTS
MAIN TEXT <Volume-1>

HSH Network and Implementation Schedule
Region Border
Table of Contents
List of Figures/Tables
Acronyms and Abbreviations
PART-A GENERAL
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1-1
1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Study Description .............................................................................................. 1-1
1.3 Study Area ......................................................................................................... 1-2
1.4 Scope of the Study ............................................................................................. 1-2
1.5 Schedule of the Study ........................................................................................ 1-2
1.6 Organization to Carry Out the Study ................................................................. 1-5
1.7 Final Report Organization ................................................................................. 1-8
Reports Prepared ............................................................................................... 1-8
Organization of the Final Report ....................................................................... 1-8
1.8 Meetings ............................................................................................................ 1-9
PART-B PRESENT AND FUTURE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

CHAPTER 2 GENERAL PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINES ............................................ 2-1
2.1 Physical Profile .................................................................................................. 2-1
Geology ............................................................................................................. 2-1
Potential Earthquake Generators ....................................................................... 2-5
Climate ............................................................................................................ 2-10
Flood Potential Area ........................................................................................ 2-14
2.2 Socio-Economic Profile................................................................................... 2-18
Demographic Trend ......................................................................................... 2-18
Economic Trend............................................................................................... 2-24
Per Capita GDP and GRDP ............................................................................. 2-32
CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
PLAN OF MEGA CITY AREAS ................................................................ 3-1
National and Regional Development Plan ......................................................... 3-1
National Development Plan ............................................................................... 3-1
Regional Development Plan 2017-2022 ............................................................ 3-4
National and Regional Physical Development Framework ............................. 3-39
National Physical Development Framework ................................................... 3-39
Regional Physical Development Framework .................................................. 3-41
Urban Development Plan of Mega City Area .................................................. 3-58
Metro Manila Urban Development Plan.......................................................... 3-58
Metro Cebu Urban Development Plan ............................................................ 3-62
Metro Davao Urban Development Plan .......................................................... 3-66
Metro Cagayan de Oro Urban Development Plan ........................................... 3-71
National Tourism Development Plan............................................................... 3-71
FINAL REPORT
CHAPTER 4 FUTURE SOCIO-ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK ......................................... 4-1

Future socio-Economic Framework .................................................................. 4-1
Population Projection ........................................................................................ 4-1
Economic Framework...................................................................................... 4-12
Regional Development Scenario ..................................................................... 4-16
Trends and Direction of Reginal Development ............................................... 4-16
Analysis of Metropolitan, Regional and Sub-regional Centers ....................... 4-25
Issues in Regional Development ..................................................................... 4-39
Development Alternatives ............................................................................... 4-42
Future Population and Spatial Structure .......................................................... 4-55
Regional Development Scenarios .................................................................... 4-58
PART-C PRESENT AND FUTURE TRAFFIC DEMAND

CHAPTER 5 PRESENT TRAFFIC CONDITION ............................................................... 5-1
5.1 Traffic Survey Undertaken ................................................................................ 5-1
Traffic Count Survey ......................................................................................... 5-2
Roadside Origin-Destination (OD) Survey ....................................................... 5-2
Travel Speed Survey .......................................................................................... 5-4
Truck OD Survey at Port and Airport ................................................................ 5-7
Ferry Passenger OD Survey ............................................................................ 5-11
Port and Airport Administrator Interview Survey ........................................... 5-13
Logistics Company Interview Survey ............................................................. 5-13
Manufacturing Company Interview Survey .................................................... 5-13
SEZ Administrator Interview Survey .............................................................. 5-14
5.2 Traffic Condition / Traffic Survey Result ........................................................ 5-17
Traffic Count Survey ....................................................................................... 5-17
Roadside OD survey ........................................................................................ 5-26
Travel Speed .................................................................................................... 5-28
Ferry Passenger OD Survey at Ferry Port ....................................................... 5-35
Truck OD Survey at Port and Airport .............................................................. 5-37
5.3 Freight Movement and Logistics Corridors Survey ........................................ 5-45
Survey Methodology ....................................................................................... 5-45
Logistics Costs in the Philippines .................................................................... 5-47
Relationship between Logistics Cost and Quality of related Infrastructure .... 5-51
Impact of Expressways on Logistics ............................................................... 5-53
Logistics Flow of Manufacturing Companies (including Palay) in Luzon, Visayas,
and Mindanao .................................................................................................. 5-57
Summary of Issues identified by Manufacturing Companies and Trucking
Companies ....................................................................................................... 5-64
CHAPTER 6 TRAFFIC DEMAND FORECAST ................................................................. 6-1
Objective and Outline of Analysis ..................................................................... 6-1
Establishment of Present Condition .................................................................. 6-3
Zoning System ................................................................................................... 6-3
Road Network for Traffic Assignment .............................................................. 6-6
Preparation of Present OD Matrix ..................................................................... 6-7
Traffic Demand Forecast ................................................................................... 6-9
Perspective of Traffic Demand Increase ............................................................ 6-9
Forecasting Generation and Attraction Traffic Volume ................................... 6-11
Forecasting Traffic Distribution ...................................................................... 6-13
Traffic Assignment .......................................................................................... 6-14
FINAL REPORT
Outline ............................................................................................................. 6-14

Assignment Method and Parameter ................................................................. 6-14
Preparation of Input Data ................................................................................ 6-15
Result of Future Road Traffic Assignment ...................................................... 6-18
PART-D ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT ROADS

CHAPTER 7 PRESENT AND FUTURE NATIONAL ROAD AND EXPRESSWAY
NETWORK AND OTHER TRANSPORT FACILITIES ........................ 7-1
7.1 Review of Existing Road Development Studies ................................................ 7-1
DPWH’s Investment Project for Road Development ........................................ 7-1
HSH Network Development M/P (Phase-1) ...................................................... 7-7
Preparatory Survey for Public – Private Partnership (PPP) Infrastructure
Development Project ....................................................................................... 7-11
Other Transport Plan........................................................................................ 7-11
7.2 Present Road Network ..................................................................................... 7-13
DPWH Functional Road Classification ........................................................... 7-13
Philippine Nautical Highway System and Asian Highway ............................. 7-17
7.3 Proposed Expressway Project .......................................................................... 7-20
7.4 Other Transport Facilities ................................................................................ 7-27
Airports and Seaports ...................................................................................... 7-27
Railway ............................................................................................................ 7-33
7.5 Private Company Investment Plan for Transport Sectors ................................ 7-39
CHAPTER 8 ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT ROAD NETWORK ..................................... 8-1
Present Road Development Level ..................................................................... 8-1
Road Density ..................................................................................................... 8-1
Existing and Under Construction Expressway Network ................................... 8-3
National Road Network and Location of Urban Centers ................................... 8-5
Issues arise from Natural Condition and Geographic Condition ....................... 8-7
Identification of Disaster-Prone Area ................................................................ 8-7
Weakness of Redundancy and Durability Against Natural Disasters .............. 8-10
Inter-Island Connection ................................................................................... 8-13
Assessment of Regional Connectivity ............................................................. 8-14
Importance of Regional Connectivity by High Speed Transportation Network .....
..................................................................................................................... 8-14
Present Road Network Connectivity ............................................................... 8-15
Accessibility Evaluation by “Nationwide One-day Traffic Ranges” ............... 8-17
Accessibility to Metropolitan Centers ............................................................. 8-17
Accessibility to Regional Centers.................................................................... 8-17
Accessibility to Important Transport Hub ....................................................... 8-21
Logistics Value Chain and Industrial Location ................................................ 8-25
Relationship between Expressways and Industrial Locations (Ecozones) ...... 8-25
Access Condition between Ecozones and Existing Expressways ................... 8-25
Issues on Present Road Traffic and Road Network ......................................... 8-27
Issues on Present State of Road Traffic ........................................................... 8-27
Issues on Road Network and Regional Connectivity ...................................... 8-28
Impact of HSH development ........................................................................... 8-30
CHAPTER 9 INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM AND PPP ......................................................... 9-1
DPWH Organization.......................................................................................... 9-1
DPWH Mandate ................................................................................................ 9-1
DPWH Organizational Structure ....................................................................... 9-1
FINAL REPORT
DPWH and TRB ................................................................................................ 9-4

Historical Background of TRB .......................................................................... 9-4
Power Demarcation between DPWH and TRB ................................................. 9-5
Existing Expressways under DPWH and/or TRB ............................................. 9-5
Legislative Framework on PPP ......................................................................... 9-7
Laws and Regulations for Toll Road Development ........................................... 9-7
Institutional Structure on Toll Road Development ............................................ 9-8
Implementation Framework on Toll Road Development .................................. 9-8
Issues on Road Institutional System and PPP Scheme .................................... 9-11
PART-E FORMULATION OF HSH DEVELOPMENT MASTERPLAN

CHAPTER 10 DEFINITIONS OF HSHs AND IDENTIFICATION CRITERIA OF HSH
CORRIDORS ............................................................................................. 10-1
Definition of HSH ........................................................................................... 10-1
Necessity of HSH ............................................................................................ 10-1
Design Standards of HSH ................................................................................ 10-5
HSH Corridor Identification Criteria ............................................................... 10-9
Factors to be Considered in Selecting HSH .................................................... 10-9
HSH Corridors Identification Criteria ............................................................. 10-9
CHAPTER 11 HSH NETWORK DEVELOPMENT PLAN .............................................. 11-1
Procedure to Develop HSH Network .............................................................. 11-1
Problems and Issues Identified ........................................................................ 11-2
Policy and Strategy for Development of HSH ................................................ 11-3
HSH Development Objective .......................................................................... 11-3
HSH Development Strategy ............................................................................ 11-4
Proposed HSH Network .................................................................................. 11-6
Identification of HSH Network Plan in 2040 ................................................ 11-17
Procedure of HSH Network Plan in 2040...................................................... 11-17
Investment Framework .................................................................................. 11-17
Total Project Cost for Development of the Overall HSH Network ............... 11-18
Budget Allocation to HSH Class-1 and to Class-2 ........................................ 11-19
Proposed HSH Class-1 Network in 2040 ...................................................... 11-27
CHAPTER 12 PROPOSED HSH DEVELOPMENT MASTER PLAN ........................... 12-1
Introduction ..................................................................................................... 12-1
Prioritization Criteria of HSH Projects ............................................................ 12-2
Prioritization Method of DPWH...................................................................... 12-2
Prioritization Method....................................................................................... 12-4
Contribution to Regional Economic Growth and Development ...................... 12-5
Connect SEZs, Tourism Attractions, and Production Centers with Ports, Airports,
and Markets ..................................................................................................... 12-5
Connect Weak Regional Centers/Strong Sub-Regional Centers ..................... 12-7
Development Potential Identified in the Existing Development Plans............ 12-8
Economic Evaluation....................................................................................... 12-9
General Methodology of Economic Evaluation .............................................. 12-9
Assumptions of Economic Evaluation .......................................................... 12-11
Economic Cost for the Project ....................................................................... 12-11
Economic Benefit of the Project .................................................................... 12-14
Results of Economic Evaluation.................................................................... 12-16
Financial Evaluation ...................................................................................... 12-18
FINAL REPORT
Assumptions for Parameters for Financial Analysis ...................................... 12-18

Project FIRR .................................................................................................. 12-20
Preliminary Design ........................................................................................ 12-21
Preliminary Design of HSH Class-1 .............................................................. 12-21
Preliminary Design of HSH Class-2 .............................................................. 12-25
Cost Estimate ................................................................................................. 12-29
Method of Cost Estimation ............................................................................ 12-29
Construction Cost .......................................................................................... 12-33
ROW Cost...................................................................................................... 12-33
Project Implementation Cost ......................................................................... 12-35
Traffic Impact ................................................................................................ 12-41
Future Traffic Volume on HSH Class-1 ......................................................... 12-41
Share of Traffic Volume between Proposed HSH Class-1 and Primary National
Road............................................................................................................... 12-43
High Standard Highway Class-1 User Volume.............................................. 12-45
Comparison of Traffic Volume and Vehicle Congestion Ratio for With Project and
Without Project .............................................................................................. 12-45
Environmental and Social Impact.................................................................. 12-55
Environmental and Social Impact Evaluation Process .................................. 12-55
Result of Analysis .......................................................................................... 12-56
Formulation of Project Implementation Program .......................................... 12-60
Project Implementation Program for HSH Class-1 ....................................... 12-60
Project Implementation Program for HSH Class-2 ....................................... 12-65
Evaluation of Master Plan ............................................................................. 12-69
Improvement of Traffic ................................................................................. 12-69
Improvement of regional connectivity........................................................... 12-71
Response to Climate Change Issues .............................................................. 12-73
Total Economic Benefit by HSH Master Plan Implementation ..................... 12-78
CHAPTER 13 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ................................. 13-1
13.3 Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) ................................................... 13-1
Basic Approaches of SEA................................................................................ 13-1
Scope of Work of SEA for the Project ............................................................. 13-1
13.4 Outline of the Project Component ................................................................... 13-1
Background...................................................................................................... 13-1
Output .............................................................................................................. 13-2
Functions of HSH Class-1 and Class-2 ........................................................... 13-2
Regional Development Strategy ...................................................................... 13-3
HSH Development Strategy ............................................................................ 13-4
Overall HSH Network ..................................................................................... 13-4
HSH Network in 2040 ..................................................................................... 13-6
Priority of HSH Project (HSH Class-1) ........................................................... 13-8
Priority of HSH Project (HSH Class-2) ......................................................... 13-12
13.5 Baseline Information of the Project Area ...................................................... 13-14
Physical Environment .................................................................................... 13-14
Pollution ........................................................................................................ 13-17
Natural Environment ..................................................................................... 13-21
Social Environment ....................................................................................... 13-31
13.6 Relevant Laws and Regulations .................................................................... 13-42
SEA................................................................................................................ 13-42
Environmental Impact Statement, Natural Environment and Environmental
FINAL REPORT
Standard ......................................................................................................... 13-43

Regulations on Social Environment .............................................................. 13-51
Gap Analysis between JICA Guidelines and Regulations in the Philippines 13-53
13.7 Roles and Responsibilities of Relevant Agencies .......................................... 13-65
Environment .................................................................................................. 13-65
Social Environment ....................................................................................... 13-66
13.8 Alternative Examinations .............................................................................. 13-67
“Without Project” Option .............................................................................. 13-67
Alternative Examinations .............................................................................. 13-68
13.9 Preliminary Scoping ...................................................................................... 13-69
Procedure of Preliminary Scoping ................................................................. 13-69
Result of Preliminary Scoping ....................................................................... 13-69
Result of Preliminary Examination on Social Impact ................................... 13-72
Preparation for Pre-Feasibility Study ............................................................ 13-78
13.10 Stakeholder Meetings .................................................................................... 13-81
Purpose and Outline of Stakeholders Meetings ............................................. 13-81
1st Stakeholder Meeting ................................................................................ 13-82
2nd Stakeholders Meeting ............................................................................. 13-93
3rd Stakeholder Meeting ............................................................................... 13-97
Evaluation / Assessment .............................................................................. 13-106
13.11 Selection of Projects for Pre-Feasibility Study............................................ 13-106
FINAL REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- Other Volume -
MAIN TEXT <Volume-2>

PART-F PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY
CHAPTER 14 SELECTION OF THE PROJECT FOR PRE-FEASIBILITY STUDY
CHAPTER 15 CENTRAL MINDANAO HIGH STANDARD HIGHWAY
(CAGAYAN DE ORO – MALAYBALAY)
CHAPTER 16 CEBU CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROAD
CHAPTER 17 2ND SAN JUANICO BRIDGE
CHAPTER 18 AGUSAN DEL NORTE – BUTUAN CITY LOGISTICAL HIGHWAY
PART-G HSH DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

CHAPTER 19 DEVELOPMENT SCHEME OF HIGH STANDARD HIGHWAY
PART-H RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER 20 RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX
APPENDIX 5 PRESENT TRAFFIC CONDITION

APPENDIX 6 TRAFFIC DEMAND FORECAST
APPENDIX 12 BASE UNIT COST ESTIMATION FOR EACH CATEGORY OF
APPENDIX 13 STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
APPENDIX 15 CENTRAL MINDANAO HIGHWAY
APPENDIX 16 CEBU CIRCUMFERENTIAL ROAD
APPENDIX 17 2nd SAN JUANICO BRIDGE
APPENDIX 18 AGUSAN DEL NORTE – BUTUAN CITY LOGISTICAL HIGHWAY
FINAL REPORT
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.5-1 Project Procedure ............................................................................................. 1-4
Figure 1.6-1 Organizational Chart to Carry Out the Study ...................................................... 1-7
Figure 2.1-1 Tectonic Map of the Philippines ......................................................................... 2-1
Figure 2.1-2 Geologic Map of the Philippines ......................................................................... 2-4
Figure 2.1-3 Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines ............................ 2-6
Figure 2.1-4 Distribution of Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in the Philippines ....... 2-7
Figure 2.1-5 Seismicity Map of the Philippines: Magnitude 4.0 and Above (1907-2018) ...... 2-8
Figure 2.1-6 Earthquake-triggered Landslide Susceptibility Map ........................................... 2-9
Figure 2.1-7 Distribution of Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) ..................................................... 2-11
Figure 2.1-8 Distribution of Mean Annual Number of Rainy Days....................................... 2-11
Figure 2.1-9 Climate Map of the Philippines based on the Modified Coronas Classification ......
.................................................................................................................................................. 2-12
Figure 2.1-10 Philippine Hazard Map.................................................................................... 2-13
Figure 2.1-11 Flood Susceptible Areas in Luzon ................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2.1-12 Flood Susceptible Areas in Visayas ................................................................. 2-15
Figure 2.1-13 Flood Susceptible Areas in Mindanao ............................................................. 2-16
Figure 2.1-14 Flood Susceptible Areas in Palawan ............................................................... 2-17
Figure 2.2-1 Past Population Growth Rate: Luzon ................................................................ 2-21
Figure 2.2-2 Past Population Growth Rate: Visayas .............................................................. 2-22
Figure 2.2-3 Past Population Growth Rate: Mindanao .......................................................... 2-22
Figure 2.2-4 Shares of Population, Land Area and Population Density: 2015 ...................... 2-23
Figure 2.2-5 Philippine GDP and GDP Growth Rate for the Past 10 years ........................... 2-24
Figure 2.2-6 GDP Share of the Major Island Groups: 2018 .................................................. 2-25
Figure 2.2-7 GDP and GRDP Growth Rate of Regions in Luzon.......................................... 2-28
Figure 2.2-8 GDP and GRDP Growth Rate of Regions in Visayas ....................................... 2-29
Figure 2.2-9 GDP and GRDP Growth Rate of Regions in Mindanao.................................... 2-29
Figure 2.2-10 Sectoral GDP and GRDP Growth Rate ........................................................... 2-30
Figure 2.2-11 Per Capita GRDP Index with Reference to the National Average: 2017 and 2018
(at Constant 2000 Prices) ......................................................................................................... 2-32
Figure 3.1-1 PDP 2017-2022 Overall Strategic Framework ................................................... 3-2
Figure 3.1-2 Regional Hierarchy of Settlements...................................................................... 3-5
Figure 3.1-3 Network of Settlements in Ilocos Region............................................................ 3-7
Figure 3.1-4 Proposed Connectivity Network in Ilocos Region .............................................. 3-7
Figure 3.1-5 Growth Centers and Linkages in Cagayan Valley ............................................... 3-8
Figure 3.1-6 Proposed Land Connectivity Projects in Cagayan Valley ................................... 3-8
Figure 3.1-7 Five-tiered Hierarchy of Settlements of Central Luzon ...................................... 3-9
Figure 3.1-8 The Twin-Spine Connectivity Framework Showing Linkages between Urban
Centers...................................................................................................................................... 3-10
Figure 3.1-9 North-South Backbone/ East-West Lateral/ Strategic Road Development
Framework ............................................................................................................................... 3-10
Figure 3.1-10 Integrated Access, Circulation, & Land Use Planning Framework for Provinces,
Cities, and Municipalities......................................................................................................... 3-10
Figure 3.1-11 Proposed Hierarchy of Settlements ................................................................. 3-11
Figure 3.1-12 CALABARZON Quadrant and Cluster Framework Concepts ....................... 3-12
Figure 3.1-13 Proposed CALABARZON West-East Connection ......................................... 3-12
Figure 3.1-14 Proposed Growth Center in MIMAROPA....................................................... 3-14
Figure 3.1-15 Inter-Region Sea Routes .................................................................................. 3-14
Figure 3.1-16 Intermodal Transport Map in MIMAROPA .................................................... 3-15
Figure 3.1-17 Hierarchy of Settlements Map of the Bicol Region ........................................ 3-16
FINAL REPORT
Figure 3.1-18 Road Network Map of the Bicol Region ......................................................... 3-16
Figure 3.1-19 Built-up cum Multi Hazard Map, Bicol Region .............................................. 3-17
Figure 3.1-20 Hierarchy of Settlements ................................................................................. 3-19
Figure 3.1-21 Major Transportation Facilities ....................................................................... 3-19
Figure 3.1-22 Agro-Industrial and Fisheries Areas for Development.................................... 3-19
Figure 3.1-23 Hydro-meteorological Hazards ....................................................................... 3-19
Figure 3.1-24 Central Visayas Network of Urban Centers and Functions ............................. 3-21
Figure 3.1-25 Connectivity of Urban Centers/ Settlements ................................................... 3-21
Figure 3.1-26 Road Transport Network, Central Visayas ...................................................... 3-21
Figure 3.1-27 Nautical Highway and Major Projects, Central Visayas ................................. 3-21
Figure 3.1-28 Connectivity of Settlements ............................................................................ 3-23
Figure 3.1-29 Connectivity to Other Regions ........................................................................ 3-23
Figure 3.1-30 Hazard Prone Area........................................................................................... 3-23
Figure 3.1-31 Concentric Y Strategy ..................................................................................... 3-25
Figure 3.1-32 Intermodal Connectivity Map ......................................................................... 3-25
Figure 3.1-33 Regional Spatial Strategy 2045 ....................................................................... 3-26
Figure 3.1-34 Transport Network Map .................................................................................. 3-26
Figure 3.1-35 Flood Susceptibility Map ................................................................................ 3-26
Figure 3.1-36 Northern Mindanao Development Plan Framework ....................................... 3-27
Figure 3.1-37 Physical Framework 2040 ............................................................................... 3-28
Figure 3.1-38 Hierarchy of Settlements ................................................................................. 3-28
Figure 3.1-39 Infrastructure Framework Map ....................................................................... 3-29
Figure 3.1-40 Potential Geohazard Types and Distribution ................................................... 3-29
Figure 3.1-41 Overall Spatial Strategy .................................................................................. 3-30
Figure 3.1-42 Existing Network of Growth Centers .............................................................. 3-30
Figure 3.1-43 Multi-hazards Map .......................................................................................... 3-31
Figure 3.1-44 The Regional Spatial Development Strategy 2015-2045 ................................ 3-33
Figure 3.1-45 Kilos Abante Programs/Projects (KAPP), Roads ............................................ 3-33
Figure 3.1-46 Polycentric Spatial Development Framework & Key Development Zones in
Caraga Region .......................................................................................................................... 3-35
Figure 3.1-47 Projected Hierarchy of Settlements in 2040 .................................................... 3-35
Figure 3.1-48 Major Airport and Sea ports ............................................................................ 3-35
Figure 3.1-49 Multi-Hazard Map ........................................................................................... 3-36
Figure 3.1-50 Hierarchy of Settlement in ARMM ................................................................. 3-38
Figure 3.1-51 Actual and Proposed ARMM Ecozones .......................................................... 3-38
Figure 3.1-52 Air Connectivity .............................................................................................. 3-39
Figure 3.1-53 Sea Connectivity ............................................................................................. 3-39
Figure 3.2-1 National Spatial Strategies ................................................................................ 3-40
Figure 3.2-2 Three Major Metropolitan Centers and Proposed Network of Settlements ...... 3-41
Figure 3.2-3 Proposed Hierarchy/ Network of Settlements in Luzon .................................... 3-43
Figure 3.2-4 Twin-Spine Spatial Structure in Metro Manila and Surrounding Regions ........ 3-44
Figure 3.2-5 Seaport and Airport Systems in Luzon .............................................................. 3-45
Figure 3.2-6 North-South Backbone/East-West Lateral/ Strategic Road Development
Framework in Luzon ................................................................................................................ 3-45
Figure 3.2-7 Priority Core Projects for Concentration Strategy in Luzon ............................. 3-46
Figure 3.2-8 Priority Core Projects for Connectivity Strategy in Luzon ............................... 3-46
Figure 3.2-9 Priority Core Project for Vulnerability Reduction Strategy in Luzon ............... 3-47
Figure 3.2-10 Development Framework for the Visayas ....................................................... 3-49
Figure 3.2-11 Network of Settlements in the Visayas ............................................................ 3-50
Figure 3.2-12 Existing Road Network in the Visayas ............................................................ 3-50
Figure 3.2-13 Industrial Ecozone Development in the Visayas ............................................. 3-51
FINAL REPORT
Figure 3.2-14 Tourism Development Areas in the Visayas .................................................... 3-51

Figure 3.2-15 Proposed Agri-business Development Areas in the Visayas ........................... 3-51
Figure 3.2-16 Existing and New Port Projects in the Visayas ............................................... 3-52
Figure 3.2-17 Existing and New Airport Projects in the Visayas........................................... 3-52
Figure 3.2-18 Slope Map of the Visayas ................................................................................ 3-52
Figure 3.2-19 Over-all Spatial Strategy in Mindanao: Network of Growth Centers and Key
Development Zones ................................................................................................................. 3-54
Figure 3.2-20 Over-all Spatial Strategy in Mindanao: Network of Growth Centers ............. 3-55
Figure 3.2-21 Inter-modal Connectivity Map for Mindanao ................................................. 3-55
Figure 3.2-22 Flood-Prone Area Map for Mindanao ............................................................. 3-56
Figure 3.2-23 Landslide-Prone Area Map for Mindanao ....................................................... 3-56
Figure 3.3-1 Integrated Spatial Development Concept for Greater Capital Region .............. 3-59
Figure 3.3-2 Proposed Spatial Structure and Transport Network for Greater Capital Region ......
.................................................................................................................................................. 3-60
Figure 3.3-3 Metro Cebu Spatial Plan and Major Roadmap Projects .................................... 3-62
Figure 3.3-4 Proposed Concepts for Urban Structure, Metro Cebu ....................................... 3-63
Figure 3.3-5 Metro Cebu Spatial Plan and Major Roadmap Projects .................................... 3-64
Figure 3.3-6 Metro Cebu Future Urban Road Network (Left) and UMRT Network (Right) 3-65
Figure 3.3-7 4D Development Strategies for Davao City 2045 ............................................. 3-67
Figure 3.3-8 Davao City Spatial Development Strategy ........................................................ 3-68
Figure 3.3-9 Land Use Plan cum Infrastructure Development Plan for Davao City 2045 .... 3-69
Figure 3.3-10 Transport Network Plan (Left) and Road Network Plan (Right) for Davao City
2045 .......................................................................................................................................... 3-70
Figure 3.4-1 Tourism Cluster Concept ................................................................................... 3-71
Figure 3.4-2 Tourism Cluster Destinations and Primary Airport Gateways .......................... 3-72
Figure 3.4-3 NTDP 2016-2022 General Framework ............................................................. 3-73
Figure 4.1-1 Projected Provincial Population 2020 ................................................................. 4-8
Figure 4.1-2 Projected Provincial Population 2040 ................................................................. 4-8
Figure 4.1-3 Provincial Population Growth 2010-2020 ........................................................... 4-9
Figure 4.1-4 Provincial Population Growth 2020-2030 ........................................................... 4-9
Figure 4.1-5 Provincial Population Growth Rate 2030-2040 ................................................ 4-10
Figure 4.1-6 Municipal Population Growth Rate 2010-2020 ................................................ 4-10
Figure 4.1-7 Municipal Population Growth Rate 2020-20230 .............................................. 4-11
Figure 4.1-8 Municipal Population Growth Rate 2030-2040 ................................................ 4-11
Figure 4.2-1 Distribution of SEZs by Status of Operating/ Proclaimed as of November 2017 ....
.................................................................................................................................................. 4-22
Figure 4.2-2 Distribution of SEZs by Type as of November 2017 ........................................ 4-22
Figure 4.2-3 Economic Zones by Status (Operating / Proclaimed) as of 2017 ...................... 4-23
Figure 4.2-4 Economic Zones by Type (Agro-Industrial / IT Park/ Manufacturing / Medical /
Tourism as of 2017 ................................................................................................................... 4-24
Figure 4.2-5 Analysis Flow of Centers .................................................................................. 4-28
Figure 4.2-6 Relative Comparisons of Typical Types of Centers (Standardized Values) ...... 4-30
Figure 4.2-7 Spatial Distribution of Typical Five Types of Centers ...................................... 4-31
Figure 4.2-8 Relative Extent of Growth/Development Potential of Metropolitan and Regional
Centers...................................................................................................................................... 4-33
Figure 4.2-9 Relative Extent of Growth/Development Potential of Sub-regional Centers .... 4-34
Figure 4.2-10 Shares of Typical Five Types of Centers by Region........................................ 4-35
Figure 4.2-11 Alternative A: Metropolitan-led Development Scenario in Luzon.................. 4-45
Figure 4.2-12 Alternative B: Decentralized Development Scenario in Luzon ...................... 4-45
Figure 4.2-13 Alternative C: Balanced Development Scenario in Luzon.............................. 4-45
Figure 4.2-14 Alternative A: Status-Quo Scenario in Greater Capital Region ...................... 4-46
FINAL REPORT
Figure 4.2-15 Alternative B: Twin-Spine Development Scenario in Greater Capital Region4-46

Figure 4.2-16 Alternative A: Metropolitan-led Development Scenario in Visayas ............... 4-48
Figure 4.2-17 Alternative B: Decentralized Development Scenario in Visayas .................... 4-48
Figure 4.2-18 Alternative C: Balanced Development Scenario in Visayas ........................... 4-48
Figure 4.2-19 Alternative A: Metropolitan-led Development Scenario in Mindanao ........... 4-50
Figure 4.2-20 Alternative B: Decentralized Development Scenario in Mindanao ................ 4-50
Figure 4.2-21 Alternative C: Balanced Scenario in Mindanao .............................................. 4-50
Figure 4.2-22 Selected Scenario: Alternative C Balanced Development Scenario in Luzon 4-53
Figure 4.2-23 Selected Scenario: Alternative B Twin-Spine Development Scenario in Greater
Capital Region.......................................................................................................................... 4-53
Figure 4.2-24 Selected Scenario: Alternative C Balanced Development Scenario in Visayas .....
.................................................................................................................................................. 4-54
Figure 4.2-25 Selected Scenario: Alternative C Balanced Scenario in Mindanao ................. 4-54
Figure 4.2-26 Projected Population of Settlement Centers in Luzon ..................................... 4-55
Figure 4.2-27 Projected Population of Settlement Centers in NCR and Surrounding Areas . 4-56
Figure 4.2-28 Projected Population of Settlement Centers in Southern Luzon and Visayas . 4-57
Figure 4.2-29 Projected Population of Settlement Centers in Mindanao ............................... 4-57
Figure 4.2-30 Growth Centers and Development Potential in Northern Luzon .................... 4-58
Figure 4.2-31 Growth Centers and Development Potential in NCR and Surrounding Areas 4-60
Figure 4.2-32 Growth Centers and Development Potential in Southern Luzon .................... 4-62
Figure 4.2-33 Growth Centers and Development Potential in Palawan ................................ 4-62
Figure 4.2-34 Growth Centers and Development Potential in Visayas .................................. 4-63
Figure 4.2-35 Growth Centers and Development Potential in Mindanao .............................. 4-64
Figure 5.1-1 Location Map of Traffic Count and Roadside OD Survey Stations .................... 5-3
Figure 5.1-2 Location Map of Travel Speed Survey Stations .................................................. 5-6
Figure 5.1-3 Location Map of Ports in the Philippines ............................................................ 5-8
Figure 5.1-4 Location Map of Airports in the Philippines ..................................................... 5-10
Figure 5.1-5 Location Map of Ferry Ports and Ferry Routes ................................................. 5-12
Figure 5.1-6 Location Map of SEZ in the Philippines ........................................................... 5-16
Figure 5.2-1 Annual Average Daily Traffic ........................................................................... 5-19
Figure 5.2-2 Ratio of Large Truck ......................................................................................... 5-21
Figure 5.2-3 Trend of the Average AADT at 53 Points of National Roads ............................ 5-23
Figure 5.2-4 Trend of AADT at North Luzon ........................................................................ 5-23
Figure 5.2-5 Trend of AADT at Central Luzon...................................................................... 5-24
Figure 5.2-6 Trend of AADT at South Luzon ........................................................................ 5-24
Figure 5.2-7 Trend of AADT at Visayas ................................................................................ 5-25
Figure 5.2-8 Trend of AADT at Mindanao ............................................................................ 5-25
Figure 5.2-9 Trip Purpose ...................................................................................................... 5-26
Figure 5.2-10 Vehicle Type .................................................................................................... 5-26
Figure 5.2-11 Commodity Weight.......................................................................................... 5-26
Figure 5.2-12 Commodity Type ............................................................................................. 5-26
Figure 5.2-13 Trip distribution by vehicle type ..................................................................... 5-27
Figure 5.2-14 Trip Distribution: Survey Station at the North of Tarlac ................................. 5-27
Figure 5.2-15 Trip Distribution: Survey Station at Camarines Sur between Naga and Legazpi ..
.................................................................................................................................................. 5-28
Figure 5.2-16 Trip Distribution: Survey Station at Cagayan de Oro ..................................... 5-28
Figure 5.2-17 Travel Speed during AM Peak Hour: North Luzon (Towards Manila) ........... 5-29
Figure 5.2-18 Travel Speed during AM Peak Hour: Bicol Region (Towards Manila) .......... 5-30
Figure 5.2-19 Travel Speed during AM Peak Hour: Visayas (Towards Urban Area) ............ 5-30
Figure 5.2-20 Travel Speed during AM Peak Hour: Mindanao (Towards Urban Area) ........ 5-31
Figure 5.2-21 Detailed Travel Speed Survey Results: San Rafael – Cabanatuan Section ..... 5-32
FINAL REPORT
Figure 5.2-22 Detailed Travel Speed Survey Results: Naga City .......................................... 5-32
Figure 5.2-23 Detailed Travel Speed Survey Results: Cagayan de Oro ................................ 5-33
Figure 5.2-24 Relation of Travel Speed and Population Size of Urban Area ........................ 5-33
Figure 5.2-25 Causes of Stops (All Sections) ........................................................................ 5-34
Figure 5.2-26 Causes of Stops (Sections Near Metro Manila) .............................................. 5-34
Figure 5.2-27 Causes of Stops (Other Sections) .................................................................... 5-34
Figure 5.2-28 Number of Ferry Passengers between Islands ................................................. 5-36
Figure 5.2-29 Number of Vehicles Carried by Ferry Boats between Islands ......................... 5-36
Figure 5.2-30 Proportions of Total Cargo Traffic Handled by the TOP 10 Ports ................... 5-38
Figure 5.2-31 Proportions of Total Container Traffic Handled by the TOP 10 Ports............. 5-38
Figure 5.2-32 Growth of Cargo and Container Traffic at the Major Ports ............................. 5-39
Figure 5.2-33 Passenger Traffic at the Major Airports........................................................... 5-41
Figure 5.2-34 MICT Port ...................................................................................................... 5-43
Figure 5.2-35 Batangas Port................................................................................................... 5-43
Figure 5.2-36 Bacolod Port ................................................................................................... 5-43
Figure 5.2-37 Cagayan de Oro Port ...................................................................................... 5-43
Figure 5.2-38 NAIA Airport .................................................................................................. 5-44
Figure 5.3-1 Location of Surveyed Ports, Airports and Economic Zones............................. 5-46
Figure 5.3-2 International Comparison of Road Freight Prices ............................................ 5-48
Figure 5.3-3 Road Freight Prices in ASEAN countries......................................................... 5-49
Figure 5.3-4 Comparison of Logistics Cost in the Philippines and other ASEA countries (as
percentage of Product Value) ................................................................................................... 5-49
Figure 5.3-5 Comparison of Logistics Costs among Major Islands of the Philippines ......... 5-50
Figure 5.3-6 Relationship between Road Transport Price and LPI (Infrastructure ranking). 5-51
Figure 5.3-7 Relationship between Road Transport Price and Quality of Road ................... 5-52
Figure 5.3-8 Relationship between Road Transport Cost and Length of Expressway .......... 5-52
Figure 5.3-9 Logistics Corridors and Ecozones’ Gateway Ports and Airports ...................... 5-54
Figure 5.3-10 2015 and 2019 Freight Transport Cost and Travel Time ................................ 5-56
Figure 5.3-11 Logistics Flow of a Major Car Company in Luzon ......................................... 5-59
Figure 5.3-12 Logistics Flow of a Major Fresh Fruits Exporter in Mindanao ....................... 5-60
Figure 5.3-13 Logistics Flow of a Major Fresh Fruits Exporter in Mindanao ....................... 5-61
Figure 5.3-14 NFA Gateway Ports and Regional Movement (2019) ..................................... 5-62
Figure 5.3-15 Rice Logistics of NFA Region III (2018) and Region XI (2016) .................... 5-63
Figure 5.3-16 Problems and Proposed Solutions by the Trucking and Manufacturing
Companies in Luzon ................................................................................................................ 5-65
Figure 6.1-1 Road Traffic Demand Forecast Procedure .......................................................... 6-2
Figure 6.2-1 Zoning System in Luzon ..................................................................................... 6-4
Figure 6.2-2 Zoning System in Visayas and Mindanao ........................................................... 6-5
Figure 6.2-3 Road Network for Present Traffic Assignment ................................................... 6-6
Figure 6.2-4 Flow of OD Reverse Estimation Method ............................................................ 6-8
Figure 6.2-5 Validation Result for Present OD Matrix ............................................................ 6-8
Figure 6.3-1 Estimated Growth Trend of Traffic Volume ........................................................ 6-9
Figure 6.3-2 Estimated Growth Rate of Traffic Volume by Region....................................... 6-10
Figure 6.4-1 Estimated Result of Future G/A Traffic Volume ............................................... 6-12
Figure 6.5-1 Estimated Result of Future OD Distribution ..................................................... 6-14
Figure 6.6-1 Road Network for Future Traffic Assignment ................................................... 6-16
Figure 6.6-2 Result of Future Traffic Assignment ................................................................. 6-18
Figure 7.1-1 Share of PIP in Year 2018.................................................................................... 7-6
Figure 7.1-2 Public Investment Program ................................................................................. 7-6
Figure 7.1-3 Proposed HSH in Area within the Sphere of 200km Radius from Metro Manila7-7
Figure 7.1-4 Proposed HSH in Metro Cebu and Metro Davao ................................................ 7-8
FINAL REPORT
Figure 7.1-5 Proposed HSH in Metro Gen. Santos Corridor ................................................... 7-8
Figure 7.1-6 Alignment Map of the Philippine Superhighway Project .................................. 7-12
Figure 7.1-7 Inter-Island linkage / Mega Bridge Program ..................................................... 7-13
Figure 7.2-1 Principle of Functional Classification ............................................................... 7-14
Figure 7.2-2 Managing Authorities by Road Classification ................................................... 7-14
Figure 7.2-3 Philippine Nautical Highway ............................................................................ 7-18
Figure 7.2-4 AH 26 (Asian Highway 26)............................................................................... 7-19
Figure 7.3-1 Expressway Projects in Metro Manila............................................................... 7-24
Figure 7.3-2 Expressway Projects in Luzon .......................................................................... 7-25
Figure 7.3-3 Expressway Projects in Visayas and Mindanao ................................................ 7-26
Figure 7.4-1 Locations of Airports and Seaports for Development in the Philippines .......... 7-32
Figure 7.4-2 Map of Existing and Proposed Railway Projects in Metro Manila ................... 7-34
Figure 7.4-3 Railway Development Projects in Luzon Outside Metro Manila (as of May 2019)
.................................................................................................................................................. 7-37
Figure 7.4-4 Initial Alignment for the Proposed Cebu Metro Rail System ............................ 7-38
Figure 7.4-5 Initial Alignment for the Proposed Mindanao Rail Network ............................ 7-38
Figure 8.1-1 Directly Accessible Areas of the National Primary Road ................................... 8-2
Figure 8.1-2 Existing Expressway Network in Philippines ..................................................... 8-3
Figure 8.1-3 International Comparison of Expressway Length ............................................... 8-4
Figure 8.1-4 Location of City with Population and NPR......................................................... 8-5
Figure 8.1-5 Mixed-up of Slow Vehicle and In-transit Traffic on National Primary Road ...... 8-6
Figure 8.1-6 Relationship between Travel Speed and Population Size at Urbanized Areas .... 8-6
Figure 8.2-1 Track of Major Typhoon in Recent Years in the Philippines ............................... 8-7
Figure 8.2-2 Flood Susceptibility............................................................................................. 8-8
Figure 8.2-3 Road Closure Section due to Typhoon Damage (2014, 2015, 2018) .................. 8-9
Figure 8.2-4 Weak Road Section of Redundancy Function and Resiliency Against Natural
Disasters ................................................................................................................................... 8-10
Disasters: NPR No.1, Cagayan Valley - Central Luzon: Dalton Pass ...................................... 8-11
Disasters: NSR between Marikina Infanta ............................................................................... 8-11
Disasters: NPR No.81 between Naga - Toledo ........................................................................ 8-12
Disasters: NPR No. 10 between Davao- Cagayan de Oro ....................................................... 8-12
Figure 8.2-9 Important Inter-Island Linkage.......................................................................... 8-13
Figure 8.3-1 Concept of Connectivity of Regional Centers and Sub Regional Centers ........ 8-14
Figure 8.3-2 Current Connection Condition between Major Regional Centers ..................... 8-16
Figure 8.3-3 One and a Half Hours Access Area from Regional Centers .............................. 8-20
Figure 8.3-4 Access Condition between Major Seaport and Existing Expressways in 2019 8-22
Figure 8.3-5 Access Condition between Major Airport and Existing Expressways in 2019 . 8-24
Figure 8.4-1 Weak Access between Ecozones and Expressways........................................... 8-26
Figure 9.1-1 DPWH Organizational Chart............................................................................... 9-2
Figure 9.3-1 Historical Flow of Private Sector Participation in Expressway Services ........... 9-7
Figure 9.3-2 Major Players for DPWH PPP Project under IRR of BOT Law ......................... 9-8
Figure 10.1-1 Composition of HSH ....................................................................................... 10-2
Figure 11.1-1 Procedure of HSH Road Network M/P Development ..................................... 11-1
Figure 11.4-1 Image of HSH Class-1 Stage Development .................................................... 11-6
Figure 11.4-2 Image of HSH Class-2 Development .............................................................. 11-7
Figure 11.4-3 Proposed Overall HSH Network ..................................................................... 11-8
Figure 11.4-4 Proposed Overall HSH Network (North Luzon) ............................................. 11-9
FINAL REPORT
Figure 11.4-5 Proposed Overall HSH Network (Central Luzon) ......................................... 11-10
Figure 11.4-6 Proposed Overall HSH Network (Metro Manila).......................................... 11-11
Figure 11.4-7 Proposed Overall HSH Network (South Luzon) ........................................... 11-12
Figure 11.4-8 Proposed Overall HSH Network (West and Central Visayas) ....................... 11-13
Figure 11.4-9 Proposed Overall HSH Network (East Visayas) ........................................... 11-14
Figure 11.4-10 Proposed Overall HSH Network (East Mindanao)...................................... 11-15
Figure 11.4-11 Proposed Overall HSH Network (West Mindanao) ..................................... 11-16
Figure 11.5-1 Procedure of Selection of HSH Network in 2040 ......................................... 11-17
Figure 11.5-2 Alternative 1 of HSH Class-1 Network in 2040, Nationwide Basis.............. 11-21
Figure 11.5-3 Alternative 2 of HSH Class-1 Network in 2040, Regional Basis .................. 11-22
Figure 11.5-4 Proposed Development Scenario ................................................................... 11-26
Figure 11.5-5 Luzon Spine Expressway Network................................................................ 11-27
Figure 11.5-6 Proposed HSH Class-1 Network in 2040 ...................................................... 11-28
Figure 12.1-1 Procedure of HSH Road Network M/P Development ..................................... 12-1
Figure 12.3-1 Corridors Which Links the SEZs, Tourism Attractions, and Production Centers
to Ports, Airports, and Markets................................................................................................. 12-6
Figure 12.3-2 Corridors Which Support Weak Regional Centers and Strong Sub-Regional
Centers...................................................................................................................................... 12-7
Figure 12.3-3 High Potential Development Corridor in Regional Physical Development
Framework ............................................................................................................................... 12-8
Figure 12.4-1 Workflow of Economic Analysis..................................................................... 12-9
Figure 12.5-1 Workflow of Financial Analysis .................................................................... 12-18
Figure 12.6-1 Proposed HSH Class-2 Road Project ............................................................ 12-26
Figure 12.8-1 Future Traffic Volume in Year 2040 (HSH Class-1 Full Network) ............... 12-42
Figure 12.8-2 Shere of HSH Class-1 Utilization ................................................................. 12-45
Figure 12.8-3 Traffic Volume Comparison in North Luzon ................................................. 12-47
Figure 12.8-4 Vehicle Congestion Ratio Comparison in North Luzon ................................ 12-48
Figure 12.8-5 Traffic Volume Comparison in South Luzon ................................................. 12-49
Figure 12.8-6 Vehicle Congestion Ratio Comparison in South Luzon ................................ 12-50
Figure 12.8-7 Traffic Volume Comparison in Visayas ......................................................... 12-51
Figure 12.8-8 Vehicle Congestion Ratio Comparison in Visayas ........................................ 12-52
Figure 12.8-9 Traffic Volume Comparison in Mindanao ..................................................... 12-53
Figure 12.8-10 Vehicle Congestion Ratio Comparison in Mindanao .................................. 12-54
Figure 12.10-1 Implementation Schedule for HSH Class-1 Projects................................... 12-62
Figure 12.10-2 HSH Class-1 Network Expansion Planning ................................................ 12-63
Figure 12.10-3 Implementation Schedule for HSH Class-2 Projects of Nationwide ........... 12-66
Figure 12.10-4 Implementation Schedule for HSH Class-2 Projects in Luzon Area ........... 12-67
Figure 12.10-5 Implementation Schedule for HSH Class-2 Projects in Visayas Area ......... 12-68
Figure 12.10-6 Implementation Schedule for HSH Class-2 Projects in Mindanao Area ..... 12-68
Figure 12.11-1 Reduction of Travel Time by Vehicle in 2040 ............................................. 12-70
Figure 12.11-2 Improvement of Travel Speed by Vehicle in 2040 ...................................... 12-70
Figure 12.11-3 Expansion of Service Areas from Metropolitan Centers ............................. 12-71
Figure 12.11-4 Expansion of 1.5 hours Service Area from Major Regional Centers .......... 12-72
Figure 12.11-5 Reduction of CO2 Emission in 2040............................................................ 12-75
Figure 12.11-6 Reduction of NOx Emission in 2040........................................................... 12-77
Figure 12.11-7 Reduction of SPM Pollution in 2040........................................................... 12-78
Figure 12.11-8 Benefit of Travel Time Cost Reduction in 2040 .......................................... 12-79
Figure 12.11-9 Benefit of Vehicle Operating Cost Reduction in 2040 ................................ 12-80
Figure 12.11-10 Vehicle User’s Cost Reduction by Implementation of HSH Master Plan . 12-81
Figure 13.3-1 Procedure of SEA for the Project .................................................................... 13-1
Figure 13.4-1 Regional Development Strategy Map ............................................................. 13-3
FINAL REPORT
Figure 13.4-2 Overall HSH Network ..................................................................................... 13-5

Figure 13.4-3 Proposed HSH for Alternative-1 and Alternative-2......................................... 13-7
Figure 13.4-4 Priority of HSH Project Map (HSH Class-1) ................................................ 13-11
Figure 13.4-5 Priority of HSH Project Map (HSH Class-2) ................................................ 13-13
Figure 13.5-1 Location of Major Rivers .............................................................................. 13-16
Figure 13.5-2 Nationwide Air Quality Status (PM10) ......................................................... 13-17
Figure 13.5-3 Metro Manila Air Quality Status (PM10) ..................................................... 13-17
Figure 13.5-4 Nationwide Air Quality Status (PM2.5) ........................................................ 13-18
Figure 13.5-5 Metro Manila Air Quality Status (PM2.5) .................................................... 13-18
Figure 13.5-6 Source of Municipal Solid Wastes in the Philippines (2008-2013) .............. 13-19
Figure 13.5-7 Protected Areas ............................................................................................. 13-22
Figure 13.5-8 Location of KBAs......................................................................................... 13-24
Figure 13.5-9 Location and Size of IBAs ............................................................................ 13-25
Figure 13.5-10 Soil Classification ....................................................................................... 13-27
Figure 13.5-11 Philippine Population Density (2015) ........................................................ 13-32
Figure 13.5-12 Land Use Map (2010) ................................................................................. 13-35
Figure 13.5-13 Map of UNESCO World Heritage Sites ....................................................... 13-36
Figure 13.5-14 Map of National Cultural Property ............................................................... 13-38
Figure 13.5-15 Philippine Religions (2010) ........................................................................ 13-39
Figure 13.5-16 Philippine Ethnic Groups (2010) ................................................................ 13-39
Figure 13.5-17 CADTs Map................................................................................................ 13-40
Figure 13.6-1 Flowchart of PEISS ...................................................................................... 13-44
Figure 13.10-1 Location of Routes Proposed during Group Discussion (North Luzon) .... 13-91
Figure 13.10-2 Location of Routes Proposed during Group Discussion (South Luzon) .... 13-91
Figure 13.10-3 Location of Routes Proposed during Group Discussion (Palawan) ........... 13-92
Figure 13.10-4 Location of Routes Proposed during Group Discussion (Visayas)............. 13-92
Figure 13.10-5 Location of Routes Proposed during Group Discussion (Mindanao) ......... 13-93
Figure 13.10-6 DWPH Website ........................................................................................... 13-99
Figure 13.10-7 High Standard Highways’s Facebook Page................................................. 13-99
Figure 13.10-8 On-Line Zoom Meeting............................................................................. 13-104
Figure 13.10-9 Presentation ............................................................................................... 13-104
Figure 13.10-10 Participant from Local Sites .................................................................... 13-105
FINAL REPORT
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.5-1 Study Schedule and Progress of Work .................................................................. 1-3
Table 2.2-1 Past Demographic Trend of the Philippines ........................................................ 2-20
Table 2.2-2 Components of the GRDP .................................................................................. 2-25
Table 2.2-3 GDP and GRDP at Constant 2000 Prices: 2012 - 2017 ...................................... 2-26
Table 2.2-4 GDP and GRDP per Economic Sector: 2012 - 2017........................................... 2-27
Table 2.2-5 Per Capita GDP and GRDP at Constant 2000 Prices: 2013-2018....................... 2-33
Table 2.2-6 Per Capita GDP and GRDP at Current Prices: 2013-2018 ................................. 2-33
Table 3.1-1 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of CAR 2017-2022 .......................................... 3-4
Table 3.1-2 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Ilocos 2017-2022 ........................................ 3-6
Table 3.1-3 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Cagayan Valley 2017-2022 ......................... 3-7
Table 3.1-4 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Central Luzon 2017-2022 ........................... 3-9
Table 3.1-5 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of CALABARZON 2017-2022..................... 3-11
Table 3.1-6 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of MIMAROPA 2017-2022........................... 3-13
Table 3.1-7 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Western Visayas 2017-2022 ...................... 3-18
Table 3.1-8 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Central Visayas 2017-2022 ....................... 3-20
Table 3.1-9 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Eastern Visayas 2017-2022....................... 3-22
Table 3.1-10 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Zamboanga Peninsula 2017-2022........... 3-24
Table 3.1-11 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Northern Mindanao 2017-2022 .............. 3-28
Table 3.1-12 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Davao 2017-2022 ................................... 3-30
Table 3.1-13 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of SOCCSKSARGEN 2017-2022 .............. 3-32
Table 3.1-14 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of ARMM 2017-2022 .................................... 3-37
Table 3.2-1 Settlement Center Hierarchy and Characteristics ............................................... 3-40
Table 3.2-2 Strategic Policy Options for Three Strategies in Mindanao ................................ 3-56
Table 3.2-3 Programs, Activities and Projects in Mindanao for 2015-2025 .......................... 3-57
Table 3.3-1 Listed Cooperation Projects between Japan and Philippines .............................. 3-61
Table 3.3-2 Ten (10) Flagship Projects .................................................................................. 3-63
Table 4.1-1 Population Projection in 2015 by PSA ................................................................. 4-1
Table 4.1-2 Population Projection from 2019 to 2040 ............................................................ 4-1
Table 4.1-3 Population Projection of Metro Cebu in the Master Plan Study and Institutional
Development on Urban Transport System by JICA ................................................................... 4-3
Table 4.1-4 Population Projection of Davao City in Davao Region Physical Framework Plan
2015–2045 .................................................................................................................................. 4-3
Table 4.1-5 Population Projection by Region from 2020 to 2040............................................ 4-4
Table 4.1-6 Population Projection by Province from 2020 to 2040 ......................................... 4-5
Table 4.1-7 Growth Rate of GDP........................................................................................... 4-12
Table 4.1-8 GDP and GRDP at Constant 2000 Prices (in Billion Pesos) ............................... 4-13
Table 4.1-9 GDP and GRDP per Capita at Constant 2000 Prices (in Pesos) ......................... 4-14
Table 4.1-10 Predicted Growth Rate of GDP from 2019 to 2024 .......................................... 4-14
Table 4.1-11 Estimated GDP and GRDP (2019-2040) at Constant 2000 Prices (in Billion
Pesos) ....................................................................................................................................... 4-15
Table 4.1-12 Estimated GDP and GRDP (2019-2040) at Constant 2000 Prices (in Billion
Pesos) (Continued) ................................................................................................................... 4-16
Table 4.2-1 Location Quotients of Three Economic Sectors by Region ............................... 4-17
Table 4.2-2 Location Quotients of by Sectors and by Region in 2010 and 2017 .................. 4-19
Table 4.2-3 Concertation of Economic Sectors in Each Region ............................................ 4-20
Table 4.2-4 SEZs by Status and by Type as of November 2017 ............................................ 4-21
Table 4.2-5 Settlement Center Hierarchy and Characteristics ............................................... 4-25
Table 4.2-6 Metropolitan and Regional Centers .................................................................... 4-26
Table 4.2-7 Regional and Sub-Regional Centers ................................................................... 4-26
FINAL REPORT
Table 4.2-8 Employed Variables for Analysis of Centers ...................................................... 4-27

Table 4.2-9 Characteristics of Typical Five Types of Centers ................................................ 4-29
Table 4.2-10 Centers Classified into Five Typical Types ....................................................... 4-32
Table 4.2-11 Comparison of Alternative Scenarios................................................................ 4-51
Table 5.1-1 Traffic Survey Undertaken .................................................................................... 5-1
Table 5.1-2 Objectives of Traffic Survey and Method of Survey ............................................ 5-1
Table 5.1-3 Traffic Count Survey Methodology ...................................................................... 5-2
Table 5.1-4 Roadside OD Survey Methodology ...................................................................... 5-2
Table 5.1-5 Travel Speed Survey Methodology....................................................................... 5-4
Table 5.1-6 Travel Speed Routes ............................................................................................. 5-4
Table 5.1-7 Truck Survey Methodology at Port and Airport Methodology ............................. 5-7
Table 5.1-8 Location of Ports Covered by the Survey ............................................................. 5-7
Table 5.1-9 Location of Airports Covered by the Survey ........................................................ 5-9
Table 5.1-10 Ferry Passenger OD Survey Methodology ....................................................... 5-11
Table 5.1-11 Location of Selected Ferry Ports ....................................................................... 5-11
Table 5.1-12 Port and Airport Administrator Interview Survey Methodology ...................... 5-13
Table 5.1-13 Logistics Company Interview Survey Methodology ........................................ 5-13
Table 5.1-14 Number of Firms Covered by the Logistics Interview Survey per Area ........... 5-13
Table 5.1-15 Manufacturing Company Interview Survey Methodology ............................... 5-14
Table 5.1-16 Locations of Manufacturing Firms Covered by the Survey .............................. 5-14
Table 5.1-17 SEZ Administrator Interview Survey ................................................................ 5-14
Table 5.1-18 Locations of SEZ Covered by the Survey ......................................................... 5-15
Table 5.2-1 Number of Port in the Philippine ........................................................................ 5-37
Table 5.2-2 Cargo and Container Traffic Handled at Major Ports (2014-2018)................... 5-38
Table 5.2-3 Number of Airport in the Philippine ................................................................... 5-40
Table 5.2-4 Number of the Passenger Traffic at the Majorly Airport (2014-2018) ............... 5-40
Table 5.3-1 Target Industries ................................................................................................. 5-47
Table 5.3-2 Problems and Proposed Solutions by Trucking and Manufacturing Companies in
Cebu ......................................................................................................................................... 5-66
Table 5.3-3 Problems Encountered and Solutions Proposed by Trucking and Manufacturing
Companies in Davao ................................................................................................................ 5-67
Table 6.1-1 Pre-Condition of Traffic Demand Forecast ........................................................... 6-1
Table 6.2-1 Zoning System for Traffic Demand Forecast ........................................................ 6-3
Table 6.2-2 Road Network for Traffic Assignment .................................................................. 6-6
Table 6.3-1 Estimation result of Production Traffic Volume ................................................. 6-10
Table 6.4-1 Model building Result: Region Model ............................................................... 6-11
Table 6.4-2 Model building Result: Metro Manila Model ..................................................... 6-11
Table 6.4-3 Model building Result: Major City Model (Cebu, Davao, CDO)....................... 6-12
Table 6.5-1 Model building Result of Gravity Model ............................................................ 6-13
Table 6.6-1 Passenger Car Unit.............................................................................................. 6-15
Table 6.6-2 Value of Time ...................................................................................................... 6-15
Table 6.6-3 Link Specification: Free Flow Speed and Road Capacity .................................. 6-17
Table 6.6-4 Expressway Toll Fee ........................................................................................... 6-18
Table 6.6-5 Comparison of Evaluation Indicator ................................................................... 6-19
Table 6.6-6 Future Traffic Volume on Major Road Section ................................................... 6-19
Table 7.1-1 DPWH Strategic Policies and Programs ............................................................... 7-1
Table 7.1-2 Outline of DPWH Strategic Policies and Programs.............................................. 7-1
Table 7.1-3 Contents of Public Investment Program 2017-2022 ............................................. 7-3
Table 7.1-4 PIP Sub-Program Corresponding to the Strategic Policies ................................... 7-3
Table 7.1-5 PIP 2017-2022 (2019 May 16 base) On-going and Proposed Projects ................. 7-5
Table 7.1-6 Major Foreign-assisted Project in PIP 2016-2022 (more than 20 Billion Project)7-6
FINAL REPORT
Table 7.1-7 Proposed HSH Projects in Area within the 200 km Sphere Radius from Metro
Manila ........................................................................................................................................ 7-9
Table 7.1-8 Proposed HSH Projects in Metro Cebu................................................................. 7-9
Table 7.1-9 Proposed HSH in Davao - Gen. Santos Corridor ................................................ 7-10
Table 7.2-1 New Road Classification System and Lengths ................................................... 7-15
Table 7.2-2 Breakdown of the Total Length of Existing Expressways .................................. 7-16
Table 7.3-1 Major Road Projects in Luzon ............................................................................ 7-20
Table 7.3-2 Major Road Projects in Visayas .......................................................................... 7-23
Table 7.3-3 Major Road Projects in Mindanao ...................................................................... 7-24
Table 7.4-1 Projects for Airport Development in the Philippines (as of May 2021).............. 7-27
Table 7.4-2 Projects for Seaport Development in the Philippines (as of May 2019) ............. 7-31
Table 7.4-3 General Profile of Existing Major Railway Lines in Metro Manila ................... 7-33
Table 7.4-4 Projects for Railway Development in the Philippines (as of May 2019) ............ 7-35
Table 7.5-1 Summary of All PPP Projects ............................................................................. 7-39
Table 7.5-2 Private Sector Road Development Projects Based on PPP System .................... 7-39
Table 8.1-1 Length of National Roads, Bypass and Road Density by Region......................... 8-1
Table 8.1-2 Lengths of Existing and Under Construction Expressways .................................. 8-4
Table 8.3-1 Present Connection Ratio by Travel Time between Major Regional Centers ..... 8-15
Table 8.3-2 Access Time between Major Port and Existing Expressway in 2019 ................. 8-21
Table 8.3-3 Summary of Access Time to Major Port from Existing Expressway in 2019..... 8-21
Table 8.3-4 Access Time between Major Airports and Existing Expressway in 2019 .......... 8-23
Table 8.3-5 Summary of Access Time to Major Airport from Existing Expressway in 2019 8-23
Table 9.1-1 Requirement for the Creation of DEOs................................................................. 9-3
Table 9.1-2 Parameter for DEO Classification......................................................................... 9-3
Table 9.3-1 PPP Procedure for Solicited Proposal under DPWH ............................................ 9-9
Table 9.3-2 PPP Procedure for Unsolicited Proposal for Projects under DPWH................... 9-10
Table 9.4-1 Issues regarding PPP for Road Development ..................................................... 9-12
Table 10.1-1 Administrative Classification (Year 2018) ........................................................ 10-1
Table 10.1-2 Functional Classification of Roads ................................................................... 10-1
Table 10.1-3 National Road Length by Number of Traffic Lanes ......................................... 10-1
Table 10.1-4 Definition of High Standard Highway (HSH) .................................................. 10-3
Table 10.1-5 Proposed Basic Design Elements for HSHs (Flat Terrain) ............................... 10-7
Table 10.1-6 Proposed Basic Design Elements for HSHs (Mountainous Area) .................... 10-8
Table 11.4-1 Total Length of Overall HSH Network (km) .................................................... 11-6
Table 11.5-1 Capital Investment for Roads/Bridges vs. GDP (2016) in Other Countries.... 11-17
Table 11.5-2 Investment Framework for HSH 1 and 2 ........................................................ 11-18
Table 11.5-3 Total Project Cost of Overall HSH Projects (9,000km) .................................. 11-19
Table 11.5-4 Budget Allocation for the HSH Network in 2040 ........................................... 11-20
Table 11.5-5 Alternative-1 Nationwide HSH Class-1 Selection in 2040 ............................. 11-23
Table 11.5-6 Alternative-2 Region Base HSH Class-1 Selection in 2040 ........................... 11-23
Table 11.5-7 Evaluation of Alternatives ............................................................................... 11-24
Table 12.2-1 Multi-Criteria Analysis for Proposed Projects Subject to Feasibility Study (New
Road Opening) ......................................................................................................................... 12-3
Table 12.2-2 Proposed Multi-criteria Items and Points for HSH Class-1 .............................. 12-4
Table 12.2-3 Proposed Multi-criteria Items, Criteria and Points for HSH Class-1 ................ 12-5
Table 12.4-1 Project List for Economic Analysis .................................................................. 12-9
Table 12.4-2 Assumptions of Economic Evaluation ........................................................... 12-11
Table 12.4-3 Initial Costs of Economic Evaluation ............................................................. 12-11
Table 12.4-4 O&M Costs of Economic Evaluation ............................................................. 12-13
Table 12.4-5 Unit TTC in 2015 ............................................................................................ 12-14
Table 12.4-6 Unit TTC in 2019 ............................................................................................ 12-14
FINAL REPORT
Table 12.4-7 Unit VOC in 2015 ........................................................................................... 12-14

Table 12.4-8 Unit VOC in 2019 ........................................................................................... 12-15
Table 12.4-9 Economic Benefit of the Projects.................................................................... 12-15
Table 12.4-10 Indicators of Economic Evaluation ............................................................... 12-16
Table 12.4-11 Results of Economic Evaluation ..................................................................... 12-17
Table 12.5-1 Assumptions for Parameters for Financial Analysis ....................................... 12-19
Table 12.5-2 Estimated Revenue.......................................................................................... 12-19
Table 12.5-3 Indicator of Financial Analysis ....................................................................... 12-20
Table 12.6-1 Proposed HSH Class-1 Preliminary Design Road/Bridge Length .................. 12-23
Table 12.6-2 HSH Class-2 Proposed Road Design Length (km) ......................................... 12-25
Table 12.6-3 Proposed HSH Class-2 Preliminary Design Road/Bridge Length .................. 12-27
Table 12.7-1 List of Unit Cost for Project............................................................................ 12-30
Table 12.7-2 Base Unit Cost of Major Construction Items HSH Class-1 (R) and (U) Highway
................................................................................................................................................ 12-32
Table 12.7-3 Base Unit Cost of Major Construction Items HSH Class-2 Regional Standard
Highway ................................................................................................................................. 12-32
Table 12.7-4 Base Unit Cost of Major Construction Items HSH Class-2 Widening Section
and Detour Section ................................................................................................................. 12-32
Table 12.7-5 Base Unit Cost of Interchange and Junction ................................................... 12-32
Table 12.7-6 Unit Cost for ROW acquisition ....................................................................... 12-33
Table 12.7-7 Construction Cost and ROW Acquisition Cost for only HSH Class-1 ........... 12-37
Table 12.7-8 Construction Cost for HSH Class-2 ................................................................ 12-39
Table 12.8-1 Share of Traffic Volume between Primary National Road and Proposed HSH
Class-1 .................................................................................................................................... 12-43
Table 12.8-2 HSH Class-1 User Volume .............................................................................. 12-45
Table 12.9-1 Environmental and Social Impact Evaluation Process at M/P Stage .............. 12-55
Table 12.9-2 Conceivable Negative Impact and Evaluation Concept .................................. 12-56
Table 12.9-3 Environmental and Social Condition along Proposed HSH Network ............ 12-57
Table 12.9-4 Evaluation of Environmental and Social Impact due to HSH......................... 12-59
Table 12.10-1 Summary of Budget Allocation for HSH Class-1 Projects ........................... 12-60
Table 12.10-2 Result of Criteria Evaluation for HSH Class-1 Projects ............................... 12-61
Table 12.10-3 Proposed Implementation Schedule of HSH Class-1 Projects...................... 12-64
Table 12.10-4 Summary of Construction Cost for HSH Class-2 Projects ........................... 12-65
Table 12.10-5 Summary of Construction Length of HSH Class-2 Projects......................... 12-65
Table 12.11-1 Reduction of Total Travel Time by Vehicle in 2040...................................... 12-69
Table 12.11-2 Improvement of Travel Speed by Vehicle in 2040 ........................................ 12-70
Table 12.11-3 Increase of Accessible Population to Metropolitan Centers in 3 or 6 hours . 12-71
Table 12.11-4 Increase of Accessible Population to Regional Centers in 1.5 hour .............. 12-73
Table 12.11-5 Number of Accesible Regional Centers along HSH Class 1 ......................... 12-73
Table 12.11-6 CO2 Emission Factor .................................................................................... 12-74
Table 12.11-7 Summary of Reduction of CO2 Emission in 2040 ........................................ 12-74
Table 12.11-8 Reduction CO2 Emission in 2040 .................................................................. 12-75
Table 12.11-9 NOx Emission Factor .................................................................................... 12-76
Table 12.11-10 SPM Emission Factor.................................................................................. 12-76
Table 12.11-11 Reduction of NOx Emission in 2040 .......................................................... 12-77
Table 12.11-12 Summary of Reduction of SPM Pollution in 2040 ..................................... 12-77
Table 12.11-13 Benefit of Travel Time Cost Reduction in 2040 ......................................... 12-79
Table 12.11-14 Benefit of Vehicle Operating Cost Reduction in 2040 ................................ 12-80
Table 12.11-15 Vehicle User’s Cost Reduction by Implementation of HSH Master Plan ... 12-81
Table 12.11-16 EIRR and Cash Flow................................................................................... 12-82
Table 13.4-1 Overall HSH Length (km) ................................................................................ 13-4
FINAL REPORT
Table 13.4-2 Proposed Multi-Criteria Items and Points for Prioritizing HSH Class-1 .......... 13-8
Table 13.4-3 Proposed Multi-criteria Items, Criteria and Points for Prioritizing HSH Class-1
.................................................................................................................................................. 13-9
Table 13.4-4 Result of Criteria Evaluation for HSH Class-1 Projects ................................. 13-10
Table 13.5-1 Major River Basins in the Philippines............................................................ 13-15
Table 13.5-2 Summary of DO Results for the 19 Priority Rivers ....................................... 13-20
Table 13.5-3 Summary of BOD Results for the 19 Priority Rivers..................................... 13-20
Table 13.5-4 Definition of Protected Areas......................................................................... 13-21
Table 13.5-5 Summary of the Eight (8) Ramsar Sites.......................................................... 13-23
Table 13.5-6 Land Classification in the Philippines (2018) ................................................. 13-26
Table 13.5-7 Land Classification by Region (2018) ........................................................... 13-26
Table 13.5-8 IUCN Red List Category Summary Totals in the Philippines (version 2010.4) .....
................................................................................................................................................ 13-29
Table 13.5-9 Endemic and threatened endemic species in the Philippines (version 2010.4) .......
................................................................................................................................................ 13-29
Table 13.5-10 List of Threatened Philippine Fauna and their Categories ........................... 13-29
Table 13.5-11 Summary of Number of Threatened Philippine plants per Category ........... 13-29
Table 13.5-12 List of Migratory Species in the Philippine Range included in the CMS
Appendices (as of March 2011) ............................................................................................. 13-30
Table 13.5-13 Number of the Philippine Fauna and Flora under CITES Appendix I ......... 13-31
Table 13.5-14 Population and Population Density (2015) .................................................. 13-31
Table 13.5-15 Numbers of Registered Deaths by Causes ................................................... 13-33
Table 13.5-16 UNESCO World Heritage Sites ................................................................... 13-36
Table 13.5-17 Number of National Cultural Property by Region ....................................... 13-37
Table 13.6-1 Major Laws and Regulations for PEISS ......................................................... 13-43
Table 13.6-2 Summary List of ECP Types and ECA Categories......................................... 13-45
Table 13.6-3 Road and Bridge Project Threshold for Coverage Screening and Categorization
................................................................................................................................................ 13-46
Table 13.6-4 Major Laws and Regulations on Natural Environment .................................. 13-46
Table 13.6-5 DAO 2016-08 Water Body Classification and Usage of Freshwater .............. 13-47
Table 13.6-6 National Ambient Air Quality Guideline for Criteria Pollutants (DAO No. 81
Series of 2000) ....................................................................................................................... 13-48
Table 13.6-7 Environmental Quality Standards for Noise in General Areas (PD No. 984) . 13-49
Table 13.6-8 Classification of Hazardous Waste (DAO 2013-22) ....................................... 13-50
Table 13.6-9 Other Environmentally Relevant Regulations ................................................ 13-50
Table 13.6-10 Major Laws and Regulations for Land Acquisition and Resettlement.......... 13-51
Table 13.6-11 Other Relevant Laws and Regulations .......................................................... 13-53
Table 13.6-12 Gap Analysis between JICA Guidelines and Philippine Regulations .......... 13-53
Table 13.6-13 Gap Analysis between JICA Guidelines and the Philippine Regulations..... 13-56
Table 13.6-14 Gap Analysis between JICA Guidelines and Philippine Regulations ........... 13-62
Table 13.7-1 Major Roles and Responsibilities of Relevant Agencies ................................ 13-65
Table 13.7-2 Major Roles and Responsibilities of DPWH on Land Acquisition ................. 13-66
Table 13.7-3 Major Roles and Responsibilities of Relevant Agencies ................................ 13-67
Table 13.8-1 Comparison of With/Without the Project ........................................................ 13-68
Table 13.9-1 Preliminary Scoping Matrix ........................................................................... 13-69
Table 13.9-2 Framework of Entitlement Matrix .................................................................. 13-73
Table 13.9-3 Types of Land Titles........................................................................................ 13-76
Table 13.9-4 Survey Item and Method ................................................................................. 13-79
Table 13.10-1 Outline of Area-wise Attendance List of 1st SHM ...................................... 13-82
Table 13.10-2 Major Questions and Answers at the Open Forum of 1st SHM ................... 13-83
Table 13.10-3 Issues/Problems and Opinions/Advices for Formulation of HSH................ 13-84
FINAL REPORT
Table 13.10-4 List of Routes Proposed by Group Discussion for the HSH Road Network 13-89
Table 13.10-5 Outline of Area-wide Attendance List of 2nd SHM ..................................... 13-94
Table 13.10-6 Major Questions and Answers on M/P at the Open Forum of 2nd SHM ..... 13-94
Table 13.10-7 Issues/Problems and Opinions/Advices for Formulation of HSH-2 ............ 13-97
Table 13.10-8 Outline of 3rd SHM ................................................................................... 13-100
Table 13.10-9 Major / Common Opinions and Answers at the Open Forum of 3rd SHM 13-101
FINAL REPORT
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

AADT : Annual Average Daily Traffic
AASHTO : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ADB : Asian Development Bank
ADT : Average Daily Traffic
AFF : Agriculture, Forestry. and Fisheries
AGF : Artificial Ground Freezing
AGR : Average Growth Rate
AH 26 : Asian Highway 26
AHFF : Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry and Fishing
ARMM : Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
ASEAN : Association of Southeast Asian Nations
BARMM : Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
BBEX : Bataan-Bulacan Airport Expressway
B/C : Benefit/Cost
BCDA : Bases Conversion and Development Authority
BCEZ : Baguio City Economic Zone
BGTOM : Build-Gradual-Transfer-Operate and Maintain
Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines East ASEAN
BIMP-EAGA :
Growth Area
BLISTT : Baguio City-La Trinidad-Itogon-Sablan-Tuba-Tublay
BOT : Build-Operate-and-Transfer
BP : Base Port
BPO/KPO : Business/Knowledge Processing Outsourcing
BPR : Bureau of Public Roads (USA)
BQS : Bureau of Quality and Safety
BRT : Bus Rapid Transit
BSDS : Bridge Seismic Design Specifications
BTEX : Bulacan-Tarlac Airport Expressway
BTO : Build-Transfer-and-Operate
C3EX : C-3 Elevated Expressway
CAAP : Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines
CADC : Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim
CADT : Certificate of Ancestral Domain Title
CALABARZON : Cavite-Laguna-Batangas-Rizal-Quezon (Region IV-A)
CALAX : Cavite-Laguna Expressway
CAO : Contract-Add-and-Operate
CAPEX : Capital Expenditures
CAR : Cordillera Administrative Region
CAVITEX : Manila-Cavite Expressway
CBD : Central Business District
CBR : Cost-Benefit Ratio
CCLEX : Cebu-Cordova Link Expressway
CCPL : Central Cebu Protected Landscape
CCR : Cebu Circumferential Road
CCW : Centers, Corridors, and Wedges
CDO : Cagayan de Oro
CIAC : Clark International Airport Corporation
CK : Cotabato City-Kidapawan City
CLLEX : Central Luzon Link Expressway
FINAL REPORT
CMH : Central Mindanao Highway

CLUP : Comprehensive Land Use Plan
CNC : Certificate of Non-Coverage
CO2 : Carbon Dioxide
CP : Certificate of Precondition
CPA : Cebu Port Authority
CPI : Consumer Price Index
CRSDF : CARAGA Regional Spatial Development Framework
CS : Construction Stage
CTBEX : Cavite-Tagaytay-Batangas Expressway
CWG : Counterpart Working Group
DA : Department of Agriculture
DAO : DENR Administrative Order
DBM : Department of Budget and Management
DBTO : Design-Build-Transfer-Operate
DENR : Department of Environment and Natural Resources
DEO : District Engineering Office
DepEd : Department of Education
DF/R : Draft Final Report
DGCS : Design Guidelines, Criteria, and Standards
DIAA : Davao International Airport Authority
DIDP : Davao Integrated Development Program
DILG : Department of Interior and Local Government
DMM : Deep Mixing Method
DO : Department Order
DOF : Department of Finance
DOST : Department of Science and Technology
DOT : Develop-Operate-and-Transfer
DOTr : Department of Transportation
DPD : Development Planning Division
DPMEX : Del Pan-Pasig-Marikina Expressway
DPWH : Department of Public Works and Highways
Department of Public Works and Highways – Road and Bridge
DPWH-RBIA :
Information Application
DREAM : Disaster Risk and Exposure Assessment for Mitigation
DRR-CAA : Disaster Risk Reduction-Climate Change Adaptation
DRRM : Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
DRSDF : Davao Region Spatial Development Framework
DTI : Department of Trade and Industry
EAGA : East Asian Growth Area
ECA : Environmentally Critical Areas
ECC : Environmental Compliance Certificate
ECP : Environmentally Critical Project
EGWS : Electricity, Gas, and Water Supply
EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR : Economic Internal Rate of Return
EIS : Environmental Impact Statement
EMB : Environmental Management Bureau
EMoP : Environmental Monitoring Plan
EMP : Environmental Management Plan
ENPV : Economic Net Present Value
FINAL REPORT
EO : Executive Order
EPZ : Export Processing Zone
ESCAP : Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
ESSD : Environmental and Social Safeguards Division
FAME : Fishery, Agro-Forestry, Mineral and Ecotourism
FDI : Foreign Direct Investments
FI : Financial Intermediation
FIRR : Financial Internal Rate of Return
FGD : Focus Group Discussion
FPIC : Free Prior, and Informed Consent
FRIMP : Flood Risk Improvement and Management Plan
F/R : Final Report
F/S : Feasibility Study
Fs : Factor of Safety
G2G : Government-to-Government
G/A : Generation-Attraction
GAA : General Appropriations Act
GCR : Greater Capital Region
GDP : Gross Domestic Product
GFS : Government Financing Statistics
GIDA : Geographically Isolated and Disadvantaged Areas
GIS : Geographic Information System
GNI : Gross National Income
GOCC : Government-Owned and Controlled Corporation
GOJ : Government of Japan
GOP : Government of the Philippines
GPS : Global Positioning System
GRDP : Gross Regional Domestic Product
GRP : Government of the Republic of the Philippines
GRPI : Groundwater Resource Potential Index
GVA : Gross Value Added
GVW : Gross Vehicle Weight
HAM : Hybrid Annuity Model
HCM : Highway Capacity Manual
HSH : High Standard Highway
HSH Class-1(IU) : Inter-Urban Expressway
HSH Class -1(U) : Urban Expressway
HSH Class -2 : Regional High Standard Highway
HSH Phase 1 : Study of Master Plan on HSH Network Development Phase 1
HSH Phase 2 : Study of Master Plan on HSH Network Development Phase 2
HUC : Highly Urbanized City
HVDC : High Voltage, Direct Current
IBA : Important Bird Area
IC : Interchange
ICC : Investment Coordination Committee
IC/R : Inception Report
ICT : Information and Communications Technology
IE : Industrial Estates
IEC : Information, Education, and Communication
IEE : Initial Environmental Examination
IEM : Integrated Ecosystem Management
FINAL REPORT
IGS : Isulan-General Santos

Davao City Infrastructure Development Plan and Capacity Building
IM4Davao :
Project
IMAG : Infrastructure Monitoring and Advisory Group
IMF : International Monetary Fund
IPA : Investment Promoting Agency
IPRA : Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act
IRR : Implementing Rules and Regulations
IT-BPO : Information Technology-Business Processing Outsourcing
IT/R : Interim Report
ITT : Intermodal Transport Terminal
JCC : Joint Coordination Committee
JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency
JPY : Japan Yen
JV : Joint Venture
KAPP : Kilos Abante Programs/Projects
KII : Key Informant Interview
KDZ : Key Development Zone
Land Acquisition, Resettlement, Rehabilitation and Indigenous
LARRIPP :
Peoples’ Policy
LCP : League of Cities of the Philippines
LFP : Locally Funded Project
LGU : Local Government Unit
LMAG : Lebak-Maasim-Alabel-Glan
LMP : League of Municipalities of the Philippines
LOS : Level of Service
LQ : Local Quotient
LRFD : Load and Resistance Factor Design
LRT : Light Rail Transit
LSDF : Luzon Spatial Development Framework
LTI : Laguna Technopark, Inc.
MBA : Maintenance by Administration
MBC : Maintenance by Contract
Manila Bay Integrated Flood Control Coastal Defense and
MBIFCCD :
Expressway Project
MC : Metropolitan Center
MCA : Multi-Criteria Analysis
MCDA : Metro Cebu Development Authority
MCDCB : Metro Cebu Development and Coordination Board
MCIAA : Mactan-Cebu International Airport Authority
MCT : Mindanao Container Terminal
MCTEX : Manila-Cavite Toll Expressway
MCWD : Metropolitan Cebu Water District
MCX : Muntinlupa-Cavite Expressway
MEPZ II : Mactan Export Processing Zone II
MGB : Mines and Geosciences Bureau
MICP : Manila International Container Port
MICT : Manila International Container Terminal
MIMAROPA : Mindoro-Marinduque-Romblon-Palawan (Region IV-B)
MinDA : Mindanao Development Authority
MHHW : Mean Higher High Water
FINAL REPORT
MLLW : Mean Lower Low Water

MMDA : Metro Manila Development Authority
MMIS : Modified Mercali Intensity Scale
MMSP : Metro Manila Subway Project
MMUTIS : Metro Manila Urban Transportation Integration Study
M/P : Master Plan
MQX : Manila-Quezon Expressway
MRT : Metro Rail Transit
MRTS : Metro Rail Transit System
MSDS : Materials Safety Data Sheet
MSEZ : Manufacturing Special Economic Zones
MSME : Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
MSS/DF : Mindanao Spatial Strategy/ Development Framework
MTEX : Manila-Taguig Expressway
MTL : Mean Tide Level
MUCEP : MMUTIS Update and Capacity Enhancement Project
MVUC : Motor Vehicle User’s Charge
NAAQGV : National Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values
NAIA : Ninoy Aquino International Airport
NAIAX : NAIA Expressway
NaLUA : National Land Use Act
NAMRIA : National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
NATM : New Austrian Tunneling Method
NCIP : National Commission on Indigenous People
NCR : National Capital Region
National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council, formerly
NDRRMC :
National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC)
NEAX : North East Airport Expressway
NEDA : National Economic and Development Authority
NEXCO : Nippon Expressway Company
NFA : National Food Authority
NGO : Non-Governmental Organization
NHAI : National Highway Authority of India
NLEE : North Luzon Expressway East
NLEX : North Luzon Expressway
NOA : Notice of Award
NPFP : National Physical Framework Plan
NPR : National Primary Road
NPV : Net Present Value
NRIMP-I : National Roads Improvement and Management Phase I
NRW : Non-Revenue Water
NSCR : North-South Commuter Railway Project
NSR : National Secondary Road
NSS : National Spatial Strategy
NTDP : National Tourism Development Plan
NTR : National Tertiary Road
O&M : Operation and Maintenance
OCD-NDCC : Office of Civil Defense – National Disaster Coordinating Committee
OCHA : Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
OD : Origin-Destination
ODA : Official Development Assistance
FINAL REPORT
OECD : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OGCC : Office of the Government Corporate Counsel
OGP : Other Government Port
OJT : On-the-Job Training
OS : Operation Stage
OSG : Office of the Solicitor General
OTP : Other Terminal Port
PA : Protected Area
PAD : Public Administration and Defense
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
PAGASA :
Administration
Paracelis, Alfonso Lista and Mayoyao in Ifugao and Natonin and
PALMANABA :
Barlig in Mountain Province
PAP : Programs, Activities and Projects
PAPs : Project Affected Persons
PBAC : Prequalification, Bids, and Awards Committee
PCB : Palawan Micro-continental Block
PCCP : Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
PCS : Pre-Construction Stage
PCU : Passenger Car Unit
PD : Presidential Decree
PD : Programming Division
PDD : Planning and Design Division
PDP : Philippine Development Plan
PDPFP : Provincial Development and Physical Framework Plan
Public Estates Authority, now Philippine Reclamation Authority
PEA :
(PRA)
PEGR : Philippines-Australia Partnership for Economic Governance Reform
PEIS : PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale
PEISS : Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System
PEZA : Philippine Economic Zone Authority
PHP : Philippine Peso
PFA : Priority Focus Areas
PFD : Policy Formulation Division
PFZ : Philippine Fault Zone
PG/R : Progress Report
PHIVOLCS : Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
PHP : Philippine Peso
PIP : Public Investment Plan
PIRR : Project Internal Rate of Return
PMB : Philippine Mobile Belt
PMC : Palawan-Mindoro Microcontinent
PMO : Project Management Office
Project Management Office for Build-Operate-Transfer, now Public-
PMO-BOT :
Private Partnership Service
PND : Police National Database
PNR : Philippine National Railways
PP : Private Port
PPA : Philippine Ports Authority
PPD : Project Preparation Division
PPE : Personal Protective Equipment
FINAL REPORT
PPMC : Poro Point Management Corporation

PPP : Public-Private Partnership
PPPC : Public-Private Partnership Center
PPPS : Public-Private Partnership Service
PREXC : Program Expenditure Classification
PS : Planning Service
PSA : Philippine Statistics Authority
PSCG : Pre-Stressed Concrete Girder
PVD : Pre-fabricated Vertical Drain
QOL : Quality of Life
RA : Republic Act
RAP : Resettlement Action Plan
RC : Regional Center
RC : Reinforced Concrete
RCDG : Reinforced Concrete Deck Girder
R&D : Research and Development
RDC : Regional Development Council
RDCOM : Regional Development Committee
RDP : Regional Development Plan
RERBA : Real Estate, Renting, and Business Activity
RIMSS : Road Information Management Support System
RO : Regional Office
ROLL IT : Roads Leveraging Linkages of Industry and Trade
RORO : Roll-on / Roll-off
ROW : Right-of-Way
ROWA : Right-of-Way Acquisition
RPFP : Regional Physical Framework Plan
RQD : Rock Quality Designation
RROW : Road Right-of-Way
RRTS : Roll-On-Roll-Off Terminal System
SABATABESA : Sabangan-Bauko-Tadian-Besao-Sagada
SAFDZ : Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zones
SBMA : Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority
SCADA : Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SCTEX : Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway
SD : Statistics Division
SEA : Strategic Environmental Assessment
Southeast Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in
SEARCA :
Agriculture
SEZ : Special Economic Zone
SHM : Stakeholder Meeting
SLEX : South Luzon Expressway
SMMSP : South Metro Manila Skyway Project
South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani, and General
SOCCSKSARGEN :
Santos City, or Region XII
SRC : Sub-Regional Center
SRNH : Strong Republic Nautical Highway
STAR : Southern Tagalog Arterial Road
STD : Sexually Transmitted Disease
STEP : Special Terms for Economic Partnership
STOA : Supplemental Toll Operation Agreement
FINAL REPORT
STRADA : System for Traffic Demand Analysis

SWP : Site Working Procedure
TDA : Tourism Development Areas
TDM : Traffic Demand Management
TDS : Total Dissolved Solids
TEC : Traffic Engineering Center
TED : Traffic Engineering Division
TEU : Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit
TEZ : Tourism Economic Zones
TOC : Toll Operations Certificate
TOD : Transit Oriented Development
TOR : Terms of Reference
TP : Terminal Port
TPLEX : Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway
TR-4 : Toll Road 4
TRAIN-2 : Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion
TRB : Toll Regulatory Board
TTC : Travel Time Cost
TSC : Transport, Storage, and Communication
TSP : Total Suspended Particles
TSS : Total Suspended Solids
TWG : Technical Working Group
UMRT : Urban Mass Rapid Transit
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the
UNESCAP :
Pacific
UPMO : Unified Project Management Office
UPMO-RMC1 : Unified Project Management Office – Roads Management Cluster 1
UPMO-RMC2 : Unified Project Management Office – Roads Management Cluster 2
USAID : United States Agency for International Development
USD : United States Dollar
VAT : Value Added Tax
VCR : Volume Capacity Ratio
VGF : Viability Gap Funding
VOC : Vehicle Operating Cost
VPA : Volunteer Probation Assistance
VSDF : Visayas Spatial Development Framework
WACC : Weighted Average Cost of Capital
WB : World Bank
WTP : Willingness-To-Pay
PART A
GENERAL
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Project for Masterplan on High Standard Highway Network Development (Phase 2)
Final Report
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Chronic traffic congestion in large cities and urbanized areas is a great problem in road traffic
in the Philippines. This problem is particularly serious in Metro Manila. The annual economic
loss caused by the traffic congestion in Metro Manila is estimated at USD 2.45 billion, which
is equivalent to approximately 4% of Metro Manila’s economic production. The
overconcentration of urban functions, insufficient public transport services, and lack of
highway networks are considered causes of the severe congestion.
The poor state of the transport networks between the centers of economic activities, including
Metro Manila and provincial cities, has been an obstacle to the economic development of rural
areas and a cause of the increasing disparity between urban and rural areas. In order to alleviate
the overconcentration in the urban areas and facilitate urban development in harmony with
rural areas, a strategic improvement of roads and transport networks in the urban areas and a
nationwide network of high standard highways, including expressways, should be planned and
developed in the Philippines.
With this background, JICA implemented a Development Study, “The Study of Master Plan on
High Standard Highway Network Development in the Republic of the Philippines (hereinafter
referred to as “HSH Phase 1”),” from April 2009 to May 2010.
In that Study, the JICA Team has established the functional classification and definition of high
standard highways, prepared a comprehensive master plan including the order of priority of the
planned projects, and recommended the improvement of the organizational structures.
The Study had three target areas: the areas within the 200-km radius from Metro Manila, Metro
Cebu and Metro Davao. Among the eight priority projects in the three areas recommended by
the JICA Team, the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) has implemented
five projects with ODA Loans from Japan and under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP)
scheme.
However, the HSH Phase 1 network development focused mainly on Metro Manila and its
suburbs, and the GRP has no nationwide HSH network development plan yet.
Knowing the importance of the improvement of access to rural areas as an important issue to
be addressed in the country, the GRP requested the Government of Japan (GOJ) to implement
“The Study of Master Plan on High Standard Highway Network Development in the Republic
of the Philippines (HSH Phase 2),” as a follow-through study of HSH Phase 1.
In response to the request, JICA decided to implement HSH Phase 2 and concluded the record
of discussion on the implementation of the project with the Department of Public Works and
Highways (DPWH) of the Philippines in September 2017.
1.2 Study Description
(1) Expected Goals to be attained after Implementation of the Proposed Plan
 To provide a higher quality of the HSH network for faster, safer, more comfortable, and more
reliable and environment-friendly means of road transport, which supports the national goals of
rapid, inclusive and sustained economic growth of the country.
(2) Outputs
 Defined and clarified overall HSH network focusing on nationwide highway network
 Formulation of the HSH Master Plan with implementation program of up to 2040
 Four (4) Pre-Feasibility Studies
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Final Report
1.3 Study Area

The Study Area covers the major transport corridors nationwide.
1.4 Scope of the Study

In order to achieve the above objectives, the Study covers the following:
(1) Definition of Overall HSH Network Focusing on Nationwide Highway Network

1) Presentation and Discussion of Inception Report
2) Review of the Current National Road and Highway Network and the National and Regional
Development Plans
3) Assessment of Regional Connectivity from Viewpoints of Location of Urban Centers and
Industry/Transportation/Tourism Hubs
4) Traffic Surveys
5) Formulation of Socio-Economic Framework
6) Traffic Demand Forecast
7) Definition of Hierarchy of HSH including National Roads and Highway
8) Definition of the Criteria for the HSH Network
9) Identification of Problems / Issues of HSH Network and Regional Connectivity
10) Identification of Environmental, Social and Cultural Critical Areas
11) Strategic Environmental Assessment
12) Formulation of HSH Network Development Strategy
13) Establishment of Overall HSH Network Plan
14) Preparation, Presentation and Discussion of Progress Report
(2) Formulation of Priority Projects and Pre-Feasibility Study

1) Identification of Criteria for Prioritization of Projects
2) Study of Project Cost, Economic and Financial Analysis, Engineering and Environmental
Aspects, and Related Matters at Primary and Corridor Levels
3) Formulation of Project Implementation Program in Short, Medium, and Long Terms
4) Study on Project Implementation Schemes and Financial Analysis
5) Selection of Projects for Pre-Feasibility Study
6) Preparation, Presentation and Discussion of Interim Report
7) Pre-Feasibility Study including Preliminary Environmental and Social Impact Study
8) Public Consultation for the Projects
9) Preparation, Presentation and Discussion of Draft Final Report
10) Presentation of Final Report
1.5 Schedule of the Study

The Study commenced in February 2019 and complete by the end of August 2021 as shown in
Table 1.5-1.
1-2
Table 1.5-1 Study Schedule and Progress of Work
2019 2020 2021
Work Item
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2
DEFINITION OF OVERALL HSH NETWORK FOCUSING ON
1
NATIONWIDE EXPRESSWAY NETWORK
1.1 Presentation and Discussion of Inception Report
Review of the Current National Road and Expressway Network and the
1.2
National and Regional Development Plans
Assessment of Regional Connectivity from Viewpoints of Location of
1.3
Urban Centers and Industry/Transportation/Tourism Hubs
1.4 Traffic Surveys
1.5 Formulation of Socio-economic Framework
1.6 Traffic Demand Forecast
Definition of Hierarchy of HSH including National Roads and

1.7
Expressways
1.8 Definition of the Criteria of HSH Network
Identification of Problems / Issues of HSH Network and Regional

1.9
Connectivity
1.1 Identification of Environmental, Social and Cultural Critical Areas
1.11 Strategic Environmental Assessment
1.12 Formulation of HSH Network Development Strategy
1.13 Establishment of Overall HSH Network Plan
1.14 Preparation, Presentation and Discussion of Progress Report
FORMULATION OF PRIORITY PROJECTS AND PRE-FEASIBILITY

2
STUDY
1-3
2.1 Identification of Criteria for Prioritization of Projects
Study of Project Cost, Economic and Financial Analysis, Engineering

2.2
and Environmental Aspects, and so on at Primary and Corridor Levels
Formulation of Project Implementation Program in Short, Medium, and
2.3
Long Terms
2.4 Study on Project Implementation Schemes and Financial Analysis
2.5 Selection of Pre-Feasibility Study(s)
2.6 Preparation, Presentation and Discussion of Interim Report
Pre-Feasibility Study including Preliminary Environmental and Social

2.7
Impact Study
2.8 Public Consultation for the Projects
2.9 Preparation, Presentation and Discussion of Draft Final Report
2.10 Preparation Final Report
Submission of Reports IC/R P/R F/R

IT/R DF/R
Legend： Progress of Works as of November 2020 Submission of IC/R：Inception Report, P/R：Progress Report, IT/R：Interim Report, DF/R：Draft Final Report, F/R：Final Report
Final Report
Final Report
Ch.3 Regional Development

Ch.5 Present Traffic Condition Ch.8 Identification of HSH Network Issues
Plan
・Traffic characteristics analysis ・Traffic Congested Condition ・Classification and distribution
・Inter-island traffic ・Connectivity of region and other transport mode of urban
・Logistics（Producing Area , ・Area depends on one arterial road only regional development plan
Consumption Area, Airport, ・Connectivity of Disaster Prone-area ・Tourism development plan
Port etc.) ・Agri-Development Plan
・Eco-Zone Development Plan
Ch.4.1 Future
Socio-Economic
Ch.10 Definition of HSH and Framework
HSH Corridors Criteria
Ch.6 Traffic
・Year2025
Demand Forecast ・HSH Class-1（Inter-Urban, Intra-Urban）・Year2030
・HSH Class-2 (Regional High Standard Highway ・Year2040
Ch.4.2 Regional
Ch.11 HSH Network Development Strategy Development Plan
Strategy
・Luzon
・Present HSH Network Layout
・Visayas
・Identified Development Issues
・Mindanao
・Policy and Strategy for Development of HSH
Ch.11.3 Proposed Overall HSH Network Plan

Ch.11.4(1) Possible
Investment
Traffic Assignment
Amount during
2021-2040
Ch.11.4 HSH Network Plan in 2040
・Selection from Overall HSH Network
Ch.11.4(4) Establishment of
HSH Network Plan in 2040
Traffic Assignment
Ch.12.1 Prioritization Criteria and Method

And Estimate Point of Prioritization Criteria Ch.13 Strategic
Environmental
・Contribution to Regional Economic Growth
Assessment
・Traffic Decongestion and Traffic Volume
・Economic Viability and Financial Viability
・Environmental and Social Impact etc.
Ch.12.2 Formulation of Project Implementation Program

– Short, Medium and Long Term
Ch.12.3 Evaluation of Master Plan
Ch.14 Selection of the Project for pre-F/S
Pre-Feasibility Study
Ch.15 Central Mindanao Highway(Cagayan de Oro-Malaybalay)

Ch.16 Cebu Circumferential Road
Ch.17 2nd San Juanico Bridge
Ch.18 Agusan Del Norte – Butuan City Logistical Highway
Figure 1.5-1 Project Procedure
1-4
Final Report
1.6 Organization to Carry Out the Study

The Study is carried out by the Study Team organized by JICA in close collaboration with
DPWH and other organizations concerned.
The Joint Coordination Committee (JCC) was organized by DPWH 1) to discuss and
approve the annual work plan of the Project, 2) to evaluate the achievement of the annual work
plan and overall progress of the Project, and 3) to review and exchange opinions on major
issues that arise during implementation of the Project.
The JCC is composed of the following departments and officials:
Chairperson (Project Director):
1) Mark A. VILLAR Secretary, DPWH
Vice Chairpersons (Project Managers):
2) Maria Catalina E. CABRAL, Ph. D., Undersecretary for Information
CESO I Management, Planning and PPP, DPWH
3) Emil K. SADAIN, CESO I Undersecretary for UPMO Operations and
Technical Services, DPWH
4) Rafael C. YABUT Undersecretary for Regional Operations in
Luzon except NCR and Region IV-B,
DPWH
5) Roberto R. BERNARDO Undersecretary for Regional Operations in
Visayas, NCR and Region IV-B, DPWH
6) Dimas S. SOGUILON Undersecretary for Regional Operations in
Mindanao, DPWH
Members:
Philippine side
7) Constante A. LLANES, JR., CESO III Director, Planning Service, DPWH
8) Benjamin A. BAUTISTA (OIC) Director, UPMO-RMC1, DPWH
(as of 26 April 2021)
(vice Virgilio C. CASTILLO, retired)
9) Alex G. BOTE Director, PPPS, DPWH
10) Aristarco M. DOROY Director, Bureau of Construction, DPWH
11) Samson L. HEBRA Director, Bureau of Design, DPWH
12) Director NEDA
13) Enrico C. FERRE OIC, Planning Service, DOTr
14) Director DENR
15) Jeffrey I. MANALO Director IV, Policy Formulation, Project
Evaluation and Monitoring Service
(PFPEMS), PPP Center
16) Ferdinand R. RONQUILLO Representative, OAGMP, MMDA
17) Director DILG
Japan side
18) Masahiro NAKATA Embassy of Japan
19) Kiyo KAWABUCHI Senior Representative, JICA Philippines
20) Kunihiro TAKAHASHI Highway Expert, JICA (DPWH)
21) Ryuichi UENO Team Leader, JICA Study team
Provisional Members:
Regional Directors of concerned Regional Offices, DPWH
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Final Report
The Technical Working Group (TWG) was established to assist the JCC and is composed of
the following concerned organizations and officials. The TWG is tasked to monitor and provide
technical advice to the Study Team through the progress of the Study.
Head (Project Manager):
1) Constante A. LLANES, JR., CESO III Director, Planning Service, DPWH
Vice-Head:
2) Alex G. BOTE Director, PPPS, DPWH
Members:
3) Maximo Ewald M. MONTAÑA, II Division Chief, PPD, Planning Service,
DPWH
4) Nenita R. JIMENEZ Division Chief, DPD, Planning Service,
DPWH
5) Rosemarie B. DEL ROSARIO Division Chief, ESSD, Planning Service,
DPWH
6) Edwin M. FORTES Division Chief, SD, Planning Service,
DPWH
7) Peter Paul R. CORTEZ Division Chief, PD, Planning Service,
(as of 2 February 2021) DPWH
(vice Milagros C. MANAYSAY)
8) Pelita V. GALVEZ OIC Division Chief, PDD, PPPS, DPWH
9) Carolyn A. LEYESA Division Chief, TED, BQS, DPWH
10) Antonio Erwin R. ARANAZ Division Chief, UPMO-RMC1, DPWH
11) Blesilda S. RAMOS OIC Division Chief, BD, BOD, DPWH
12) Godofredo E. CASTILLO OIC Division Chief, PCD, BOC, DPWH
13) Criselle S. SANTOS Representative, NEDA
14) Lemar L. JIMENEZ Sr. Transport Development Officer-RTPD,
DOTr
15) Regina Paula EUGENIO (permanent) SEMS, EIAMD, EMB, DENR
Joel POLINTAN (alternate) Engineer III, EIAMD, EMB, DENR
16) Nelson Angelo P. ROMERO Geologist II, LGD, MGB, DENR
17) Phebean Belle RAMOS-LACUNA Planning Officer V, Policy Formulation
Division (PFD), PPP Center
18) Francis SALAZAR Representative, TEC, MMDA
Provisional Members: Chiefs of Planning and Design Division,
DPWH Regional Offices concerned
19) Nonato M. PAYLADO Chief, PDD, DPWH VII
20) Agnes M. BARONDA Chief, PDD, DPWH VIII
21) Sabiniano D. CALIAO, JR. OIC Chief, PDD, DPWH X
22) Vincent Roderick O ACEBES OIC Chief, PDD, DPWH XIII
(as of 22 July 2021)
(vice Ruth D. CANTIVEROS,
reassigned)
Note: OIC = Officer-in-Charge
The Counterpart Working Group (CWG) was organized by DPWH to collaborate with the
Study Team in carrying out the Study. The members of the Counterpart Team were selected from
the DPWH. DPWH submitted the list of members as follows:
1) Maximo Ewald M. MONTAÑA, II Division Chief, PPD, Planning Service
2) Pelita V. GALVEZ OIC Division Chief, PDD, PPPS, DPWH
1-6
Final Report
3) Elmo F. ATILLANO Engineer IV, PPD-PS
4) Guilleane J. MEDINA Economist III, PPD-PS
5) Jay M. ATENTO Engineer III, DPD-PS
6) Yvette Kirsten R. RIVERA Economist III, PPD-PS
7) Maria Lourdes S. BUENO Engineer II, DPD-PS
8) Mery Liza L. VILLAR Engineer III, PDD-PPPS
9) Rochelle Anne G. VALENZUELA Engineer III, PPD-PS
10) Philip Z. LEGAZPI Engineer III, PPD-PS
11) Arie L. PEÑARANDA Engineer III, PPD-PS
12) Recy V. NOGUERAS Economist II, PPD-PS
13) Anna Maria S. TABERNA Economist III, PPD-PS
14) Perfecto M. MARCELO III Economist II, PPD-PS
15) Mark Elvin L. SISON Engineer III, PDD-PPPS
16) Mary Jane S. CASTILLO-DIAZ Planning Officer III, PPD-PS
17) Maria Victoria G. LOFAMIA Engineer III, ESSD-PS
18) Michiko Marie B. QUIACHON SEMS, ESSD-PS
19) Ranz Christial P. DAPAL Engineer II, PPD-PS
20) Maria Jacinta K. LAGONERA Planning Officer II, PPD-PS
21) Charisse D. PRESTO Cartographer V, SD-PS
22) Rachelle Marie G. RABINO-CORPUZ Engineer II, PPD-PS
The organization for executing the Study is shown in Figure 1.6-1.
GRP GOJ
Joint Coordination DPWH JICA

Committee
Technical Working
Group Counterpart Working Study Team
Group
Figure 1.6-1 Organizational Chart to Carry Out the Study

The Study Team is composed of the following:
1) Ryuichi UENO Team Leader/ Road Policy
2) Ryuichi OIKAWA Deputy Team Leader/Transport Plan
3) Mitsuo KIUCHI Road Development Plan
4) Hisako KOBAYASHI Regional Plan/Urban Plan
5) Kurato ENDO PPP Scheme
6) Akira MAGARIO Highway Design (1)
7) Alan Anthony L. ACACIO Highway Design (2)
8) Takeyuki TAKADA Bridge Design (1)
9) Norio KOYANAGI Bridge Design (2)
1-7
Final Report
10) Yui MIYAHARA Traffic Survey and Analysis (1)
11) Suguru IWAMA Traffic Survey and Analysis (2)
12) Risa KIKUCHI Economic Analysis
13) Hiroshi KANEKO Demand Forecast / Financial Analysis
14) Tomoaki TANABE Environmental and Social Considerations
15) Atsushi HARADA Cost Estimate
16) Nashreen G. SINARIMBO Logistic Plan
17) Kentaro SAWADA Tunnel Design
18) Naoya MIZUNO Geologic Analysis for Tunnel
1.7 Final Report Organization
Reports Prepared
The following reports were prepared in the course of the study and submitted to DPWH.
 Inception Report (May 2019)
 Progress Report (September 2019)
 Interim Report (March 2020)
 Draft Final Report (July 2021)
 Final Report (August 2021)
Organization of the Final Report
The Final Report is organized as follows;

 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
 MAIN TEXT
 APPENDIX
1-8
Final Report
1.8 Meetings
(1) Joint Coordination Committee (JCC)

Four (4) JCC Meetings were conducted during the entire study, as shown:
Date/Place Participants
1 May 21, 2019 - Office of the Secretary, 2ndFloor, DPWH Central 65
2 September 26, 2019 - Operations Room, 2nd Floor, DPWH Central 44
1-9
Final Report
nd
3 February 24, 2020 - Operations Room, 2 Floor, DPWH Central 44
4 July 6, 2021, Web Meeting connecting between Philippines and Japan 66
1-10
Final Report
(2) Technical Working Group (TWG)

Technical Working Group Meeting were conducted, the first meeting was with the JCC
Members being a meeting for Inception Report. Others are as shown:
1 May 21, 2019 - Office of the Secretary, 2ndFloor, DPWH Central 65
(This TWG was held in conjunction with the first JCC.)
2 August 9, 2019 - Conference Room, 3rd Floor, DPWH Central 33
3 September 20, 2019 - Training Room I, 5th Floor, DPWH Central Office 30
4 January 23, 2020 - Operations Room, 2nd Floor, DPWH Central Office 44
1-11
Final Report
5 February 7, 2020 - Operations Room, 2ndFloor, DPWH Central Office 28
6 September 16, 2020 - Zoom 41
7 June 15, 2020 - Zoom 47
1-12
Final Report
(3) Counterpart Meeting (C/P)

Counterpart Meetings were held as a technology transfer as well as knowledge sharing:
Topic Date Participants
1 Inception Report March 22, 2019 19
2 Outline of Traffic Survey April 1, 2019 21
3 Japan’s/Philippines’ Road Classification April 11, 2019 25
4 Logistics Japan’s Practices and Logistic Survey April 25, 2019 22
5 Preliminary Traffic Survey Result June 20, 2019 26
6 Precondition of Traffic Demand Forecast June 20, 2019 26
7 In conjunction with the 2nd TWG meeting
8 Traffic Demand Forecast September 17, 2019 18
9 Logistics in the Philippines November 15, 2019 24
10 Project Prioritization December 11, 2019 20
11 Pre-FS Projects and JICA STRADA Training July 20, 2020 24
Pre-FS Projects (Butuan and Cebu
12 July 30, 2020 26
Circumferential)
13 Clarification on Pre-FS Projects, etc. August 25, 2020 24
(4) Stakeholder Meeting (SHM)

Stakeholder Meetings were conducted twice for each of the following: Luzon (North and
South), Visayas, and Mindanao.
Topic Date Venue
1st Stakeholder Meeting - July 23, 2019 Best Western Hotel, Cebu City
1
Visayas
1st Stakeholder Meeting - July 25, 2019 Apo View Hotel, Davao City
2
Mindanao
1st Stakeholder Meeting – July 30, 2019 5th Floor, Multi-purpose Hall,
3
North Luzon DPWH Central, Manila City
1st Stakeholder Meeting – July 31, 2019
4
South Luzon
2nd Stakeholder Meeting – February 11, 2020 Bayleaf Hotel, Intramuros, Manila
5
South Luzon City
2nd Stakeholder Meeting – February 13, 2020 Savannah Hotel, Clark City
6
North Luzon
2nd Stakeholder Meeting - February 18, 2020 Best Western Hotel, Cebu City
7
Visayas
2nd Stakeholder Meeting - February 20, 2020 Pinnacle Hotel, Davao City
8
Mindanao
Stakeholder Meeting February 22, 25 and 26, Online Meeting via Zoom
9
2020
1-13
Final Report
(5) JICA STRADA Training

As part of the Technology Transfer of the project, and in response to the request of the DPWH
counterpart members, a JICA STRADA Training was conducted on February 2021 under
webinar. 31 participants from DPWH (Planning Service and PPP Service) attended webinar
meeting for four (4) days.
Topic Date Participants
1 Study of Traffic Assignment and Economic Analysis February 8, 2021 31
2 Traffic Assignment Methodology February 9, 2021 31
3 Economic Analysis Methodology February 10, 2021 31
4 Traffic Plan of Cebu Circumferential Road February 11, 2021 31
1-14
PART B
PRESENT AND FUTURE SOCIO-

ECONOMIC CONDUCTIONS
CHAPTER 2
GENERAL PROFILE OF THE

PHILIPPINES
Final Report
CHAPTER 2
GENERAL PROFILE OF THE PHILIPPINES
2.1 Physical Profile
Geology
The Philippines is an evolving archipelago in the Southeast Asia comprising 7,641 islands in
the total land area of 298,170 km2 – a tectonically active region with a center subject to the
large strike-slip Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ). It is divided into three island groups: Luzon,
Visayas, and Mindanao. There are two tectonostratigraphic terranes: (1) the Philippine Mobile
Belt (PMB) and (2) the Palawan Micro-continental Block (PCB) which is based on the
seismicity and volcanism as shown in Figure 2.1-1.
Note-1: Subduction zones are represented by lines with the direction of movement of the subducting plates denoted
by the pointed tip of the arrows. Smaller solid triangles represent volcanoes. Bathymetric contours are of
2000m interval. The entire map is bounded by 21°N (north), 7°N (south), 116°E (west), 131°E (east).
Source: Hall, 2001
Figure 2.1-1 Tectonic Map of the Philippines
2-1
Final Report
(1) Philippine Mobile Belt

The Philippine archipelago is geologically part of the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) located
between the Philippine Sea Plate, the South China Sea Basin of the Eurasian Plate, and the
Sunda Plate. The Philippine Trench (Mindanao Trench) is a submarine trench 1,320 kilometers
in length found directly east of the Philippine Mobile Belt at the rate of about 16 centimeters
per year. Its deepest point, the Galathea Depth, has a depth of 10,540 meters. The Philippine
Fault System consists of a series of seismic faults that produce several earthquakes per year,
most of which are not felt.
The Philippine Mobile Belt is a complex portion of the tectonic boundary between the Eurasian
Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. It includes two subduction zones, the Manila Trench to the
west and the Philippine Trench to the east, as well as the Philippine Fault System. Within the
Belt, a number of crustal blocks or microplates which have been sheared off the adjoining
major plates are undergoing massive deformation.
Most segments of the Philippines, including northern Luzon, are part of the Philippine Mobile
Belt, which is separate from the Philippine Sea Plate to the east, the Molucca Sea Collision
Zone to the south, Sunda Plate to the southwest, and the South China Sea Basin to the west and
the north-west. To the north it ends in eastern Taiwan, the zone of the active collision between
the North Luzon Trough portion of the Luzon Volcanic Arc and South China.
(2) Palawan – Mindoro Microcontinent

The core of the Palawan-Mindoro Microcontinent (PMC) is exposed on Palawan, while the
suture zone between PMC and the PMB bisects Mindoro, Panay Island, the Zamboanga
Peninsula as well as several small islands in the Central Philippines. Geologic units include
uplifted Jurassic and Miocene marine sediments, Tertiary volcanics, Cretaceous gretwacke-
shale with intercalated spilites, and metamorphosed basement units. Sedimentary rock in
northern Palawan consists of quartz-rich sandstones, pebble mudstones and mudstones. Its
metamorphic rocks consist of schists, phyllites, quartzites and slates with sedimentary
protoliths. Paleontological dating of sedimentary sequences on northern Palawan suggests Late
Cretaceous to Eocene age. Additionally, identification of olistostromes in far northern Palawan
are interpreted as remnants of an accretionary prism. Dating of chert, clastic, and limestone
sequences of these olistostromes show a Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age.
Southern Palawan is comprised of the Palawan Ophiolite Complex. Volcanic rocks in the
ophiolite are comprised primarily of boninites and harzburgites with overlying chert, clastics,
and carbonates. Formation is dated to Late Cretaceous to Eocene based on radiolarians
extracted from chert. The ophiolite is interpreted as a supra-subduction zone ophiolite that has
undergone a high degree of partial melting.
Mindoro is a small northwest-southeast trending island northeast of Palawan with two geologic
blocks separated by a central mountain range. The northeast block is composed of rocks derived
from the Philippine archipelago and the southwest block is interpreted to be largely composed
of the PMC. The juxtaposition of island-arc and continental rocks indicates that Mindoro
represents a suture between the PMB and the PMC.
(3) Geological Classification

There are four main types of lithologic units, namely: (1) metamorphic rocks, (2) ophiolites
and ophiolitic rocks, (3) magmatic rocks and active volcanic arcs, and (4) sedimentary basins.
Classification of the entire Philippines according to geological classifications are shown in
Figure 2.1-2.
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Final Report
1) Luzon
Luzon is traversed by the Central Cordillera and Northern Sierra Madre mountain ranges as
shown in Figure 2.1-2. Mountain ranges are composed of uplifted basalts and spilites and
Jurassic and Miocene marine sediments. Furthermore, Tertiary volcanics and metamorphosed
basement units are also present as sedimentary basins between uplifts make up the remainder
of Luzon.
2) Mindanao Island
Mindanao is the southernmost portion of the Philippines. Geologic units include uplifted
Jurassic and Miocene marine sediments, Tertiary volcanics, and metamorphosed basement
units and sedimentary basins between uplifts make up the remainder of Mindanao.
(4) Minerals
The Philippines is abundant in mineral sources which can be attributed to its strategic location
along the “Pacific Ring of Fire.” With this, the country is a substantial producer of copper, coal,
gold, nickel, chromite, iron, and other industrial materials.
2-3
Final Report
Source: PHILGIS
Figure 2.1-2 Geologic Map of the Philippines
2-4
Final Report
Potential Earthquake Generators

An earthquake is a weak (scarcely perceptible) to violent (completely devastating) shaking of
the ground produced by the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.
(1) Types of Earthquakes
There are two types of earthquake: the tectonic and the volcanic earthquakes. Tectonic
earthquakes are produced by sudden movements along faults and plates boundaries; while
volcanic earthquakes are earthquakes induced by rising lava or magma beneath active
volcanoes.
The Philippines, which is located in latitude 5° to 19°45’ North and longitude 116° to 128° East
- being in the “Pacific Ring of Fire”, has many potential earthquake generators that are
distributed all over the country. Generators of tectonic and volcanic earthquakes are shown in
Figure 2.1-3 and Figure 2.1-4, respectively. At present, PHIVOLCS has identified twenty-
four (24) active volcanoes which are potential earthquake generators.
(2) Ways to Measure the Strength of an Earthquake

There are two ways to measure the strength of an earthquake: magnitude and intensity.
Magnitude is proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus. It is represented
by Arabic numbers (e.g., 6.7, 8.9). On the other hand, intensity is the strength of an earthquake
as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality. It is a numerical rating based on the relative
effects to people, objects, environment and structures in the surroundings. In the Philippines,
the intensity of an earthquake is determined by the PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale
(PEIS).
(3) Recorded Earthquake Events (1907-2018)

Data gathered in May 2019 from PHIVOLCS about earthquake events show that there were
11,906 earthquake events with intensity of 4.0 and above, sorted from PHIVOLCS earthquake
catalogue, as shown in Figure 2.1-5.
(4) Earthquake-triggered Landslide

In 2004, PHIVOLCS has generated an Earthquake-triggered Landslide Susceptibility Map
based on Critical Acceleration Values and Earthquake Intensities as shown in Figure 2.1-6.
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Final Report
Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), March 2019
Figure 2.1-3 Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines
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Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), November 2016
Figure 2.1-4 Distribution of Active and Potentially Active Volcanoes in the Philippines
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Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), May 2019
Figure 2.1-5 Seismicity Map of the Philippines: Magnitude 4.0 and Above (1907-2018)
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Source: Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), 2004
Figure 2.1-6 Earthquake-triggered Landslide Susceptibility Map
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Climate
The climate in the Philippines is tropical and maritime, characterized by relatively high
temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall. The most important elements are
Temperature, Humidity, and Rainfall.
(1) Temperature
The mean annual temperature in the Philippines based on the average of all weather stations,
excluding Baguio City, is 26.6 °C. The coolest month is January with a mean temperature of
25.5 °C, while the warmest month is May with a mean temperature of 28.3 °C. Latitude is an
insignificant factor in the variation of temperature while altitude shows greater contrast in
temperature. That is why the mean annual temperature of Baguio City with an elevation of
1,500 meters is 18.3C – comparable with those in countries with temperate climate, making it
known as the Summer Capital of the Philippines.
The difference between the mean annual temperature of the northernmost station in Laoag and
that of the southernmost station in Zamboanga is insignificant. Thus, there is essentially no
difference in the mean annual temperature of places in Luzon, Visayas or Mindanao measured
at or near sea level.
(2) Humidity
Humidity refers to the moisture content of the atmosphere. The Philippines has a high relative
humidity due to high temperature and the surrounding bodies of water.
Based on the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration
(PAGASA), the average monthly relative humidity varies between 71% in March and 85% in
September. The combination of warm temperature and high relative and absolute humidity
gives rise to high sensible temperature throughout the Philippines. During March to May, the
temperature and humidity in the archipelago attain their maximum levels.
(3) Rainfall
The most important climatic event in the Philippines is rainfall. Rainfall distribution in the
archipelago varies from one region to another, depending upon the direction of the moisture-
bearing winds and the location of the mountain systems. The mean annual rainfall varies from
0.96 to 4.06 meters annually. Baguio City (Luzon), eastern Samar (Visayas), and eastern
Surigao (Mindanao) receive the greatest amount of rainfall, while the southern portion of
Cotabato (Mindanao) receives the least amount of rain. At General Santos City in Cotabato,
the average annual rainfall is only 0.98 meter.
Figure 2.1-7 and Figure 2.1-8 show the distribution of mean annual rainfall in millimeters and
the distribution of mean annual numbers of rainy days.
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Source: PAGASA Source: PAGASA

Figure 2.1-7 Distribution of Mean Annual Figure 2.1-8 Distribution of Mean Annual
Rainfall (mm) Number of Rainy Days
(4) Season
Based on the temperature and rainfall data, the climate in the archipelago can be divided into
two (2) seasons: (1) the rainy season – from June to December, and (2) the dry season – from
December to May. The dry season may be subdivided further into (a) the cool dry season –
from December to February; and (b) the hot dry season – from March to May.
There are four (4) types of climate are classified based on the distribution of rainfall as shown
in Figure 2.1-9.
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Type I Two pronounced

season:
Dry - November to
April
Wet - the rest of
the year, maximum
rain period is from
June to September.
Type II No dry season.

There is not a
single dry month.
Maximum rain
period - December
to February
Minimum monthly
rainfall - March to
May.
Type III No very
pronounced
maximum rain
period.
Dry season - either
during the period
from December to
February or from
March to May,
resembles Type I
as it has short dry
season.
Type IV Rainfall is evenly
distributed,
resembles Type II.
Source: PAGASA
Figure 2.1-9 Climate Map of the Philippines based on the
Modified Coronas Classification
(5) Typhoon
Typhoons have a great influence on the climate and weather conditions of the Philippines. A
great portion of the rainfall, humidity and cloudiness are due to the influence of typhoons. They
generally originate in the region of the Marianas and Caroline Islands in the Pacific Ocean
which have the same latitudinal location as Mindanao. Their movements generally follow a
northwesterly direction, sparing Mindanao from being directly hit by majority of the typhoons
that cross the country. This makes the southern Philippines highly desirable for agriculture and
industrial development.
In 2017, the United Nations Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) has
created a hazard map showing the historical strong earthquakes, as well as the destructive
typhoons, as in Figure 2.1-10.
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Source: OCHA, 2017
Figure 2.1-10 Philippine Hazard Map
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Flood Potential Area

In 2008, DPWH with JICA’s assistance undertook the “Study on the Nationwide Flood Risk
Assessment and the Flood Mitigation Plan (FRIMP). The Study has related the OCD-NDCC’s
(Office of the Civil Defense - National Disaster Coordinating Committee) flood susceptible
cities and municipalities with the river basins as shown in Figure 2.1-11, Figure 2.1-12, and
Figure 2.1-13, for Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao, respectively. Figure 2.1-14 also shows the
susceptible areas in Palawan.
Source: Study on the Nationwide Flood Risk Assessment and the Flood Mitigation Plan (FRIMP), 2008
Figure 2.1-11 Flood Susceptible Areas in Luzon
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Figure 2.1-12 Flood Susceptible Areas in Visayas
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Figure 2.1-13 Flood Susceptible Areas in Mindanao
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Figure 2.1-14 Flood Susceptible Areas in Palawan
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2.2 Socio-Economic Profile
Demographic Trend
The past demographic trend is shown in Table 2.2-1. The average annual population growth
rates between census years are shown in Figure 2.2-1, Figure 2.2-2 and Figure 2.2-3. The
shares of population and land area of the Study Area to the Philippines and population density
are graphically shown in Figure 2.2-4. Characteristics of the demographic trend of the Study
Area are as follows:
Philippines
- Population reached 101 million in 2015, which was 8.6 million (9%) higher than the
population in 2010 and 24.3 million (32%) higher than the population in 2000.
- Population density increased from 266 persons/sq. km. in 2010 to 290 persons/sq. km. in
2015.
- Population is still highly concentrated within the vicinity of Metro Manila. Region IV-A
recorded the highest population out of all the 17 administrative regions in 2015, followed
by the National Capital Region and Region III. The combined population of the three
regions account for 38.1% of the national population in 2015.
National Capital Region (NCR)
- Population reached 12.9 million in 2015 and shared 13% of the Philippine population.
- Population density is extremely high at 20,785 persons/sq.km.
- Population growth rate slightly dropped from 1.79% per year from 2000 to 2010 to 1.59%
per year from 2010 to 2015. The trend is expected to continue according to PSA projection
until the growth rate becomes 0% in 2040 to 2045. This suggests that the NCR may have
already reached its saturation point (as characterized by its very high population density)
and a part of the population tends to move to adjacent regions, such as Region III and
Region IV-A.
Luzon
- Population (including NCR) reached 57.5 million in 2015, which comprises 57% of the
Philippine population.
- Population density is 388 persons/sq.km, which is 34% higher than the national average.
- Population growth rate has slightly declined, from an annual rate of 2.03% from 2000 to
2010 to 1.79% from 2010 to 2015.
- Region IV-A (CALABARZON) and Region III (Central Luzon) recorded the highest
annual growth rates in the island group from 2010 to 2015 at 2.58% and 1.95%,
respectively. This may be due to the spill-over population moving from NCR.
Visayas
- Population in 2015 is 19.4 million and shared 19% of the Philippine population.
- Population density is 324 persons/sq.km., which is 12% higher than the national average,
but 16% lower than that of Luzon.
- The island group recorded a steady population growth rate, ranging from 1.41% to 1.49%
per year from 2000 to 2015. This value is expected to decline continuously starting from
2020, according to PSA projection.
- Region VII (Central Visayas) consistently recorded the highest annual growth rate in the
island group from 2000 to 2015. This is mainly due to the rapid growth in the highly
urbanized cities (HUCs) of Metro Cebu – Cebu City, Lapu-lapu City and Mandaue City.
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Cebu had the highest growth rate among all provinces in the entire island group from 2000
to 2015.
Mindanao
- Population in 2015 reached 24.1 million and shared 24% of the Philippine population.
- Population density is 174 persons/sq.km., which is 40% lower than the national average.
- The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) recorded the highest population
growth rate among all regions in the Philippines at 2.89% per year from 2010 to 2015.
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Table 2.2-1 Past Demographic Trend of the Philippines
Actual Population Land Area Density (persons/sq km) Past annual PGR
Region 2000 2010 2015 (sq. km) 2000 2010 2015 2000-2010 2010-2015
PHILIPPINES 76,485,088 92,335,113 100,979,303 347,682 220 266 290 1.90% 1.72%
LUZON 42,822,878 52,362,999 57,470,097 149,442 287 350 385 2.03% 1.79%
NCR National Capital Region 9,932,560 11,855,975 12,877,253 620 16,032 19,137 20,785 1.79% 1.59%
CAR Cordillera Administrative Region 1,365,412 1,616,867 1,722,006 19,818 69 82 87 1.70% 1.21%
Region I Ilocos Region 4,200,478 4,748,372 5,026,128 12,965 324 366 388 1.23% 1.09%
Region II Cagayan Valley 2,813,159 3,229,163 3,451,410 29,837 94 108 116 1.39% 1.28%
Region III Central Luzon 8,204,742 10,137,737 11,218,177 21,906 375 463 512 2.14% 1.95%
Region IV-A CALABARZON 9,320,629 12,609,803 14,414,774 16,576 562 761 870 3.07% 2.58%
Region IV-B MIMAROPA 2,299,229 2,744,671 2,963,360 29,606 78 93 100 1.79% 1.47%
Region V Bicol Region 4,686,669 5,420,411 5,796,989 18,114 259 299 320 1.47% 1.29%
2-20
VISAYAS 15,528,346 18,003,940 19,373,431 59,886 259 301 324 1.49% 1.41%
Region VI Western Visayas 6,211,038 7,102,438 7,536,383 20,778 299 342 363 1.35% 1.14%
Region VII Central Visayas 5,706,953 6,800,180 7,396,898 15,873 360 428 466 1.77% 1.62%
Region VIII Eastern Visayas 3,610,355 4,101,322 4,440,150 23,235 155 177 191 1.28% 1.52%
MINDANAO 18,133,864 21,968,174 24,135,775 138,354 131 159 174 1.94% 1.81%
Region IV Zamboanga Peninsula 2,831,412 3,407,353 3,629,783 16,680 165 198 211 1.87% 1.21%
Region X Northern Mindanao 3,505,708 4,297,323 4,689,302 20,459 171 210 229 2.06% 1.68%
Region XI Davao Region 3,676,163 4,468,563 4,893,318 20,433 180 219 239 1.97% 1.74%
Region XII SOCCSKSARGEN 3,222,169 4,109,571 4,545,276 22,610 135 170 188 2.46% 1.94%
Region XIII Caraga 2,095,367 2,429,224 2,596,709 36,651 57 66 71 1.49% 1.28%
Autonomous Region of Muslim
ARMM Mindanao 2,803,045 3,256,140 3,781,387 21,520 141 168 195 1.51% 2.89%
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3.50%
3.07%
3.00%
2.58%
2.50%
GROWTH RATE
2.14%
2.00%
1.95%
1.90%
1.79%
1.70% 1.72%
1.59%
1.50%
1.47% 1.47%
1.39% 1.29%
1.28%
1.23% 1.21%
National Capital Region 1.09%

1.00% CAR
Region I
Region II
Region III
Region IV-A
Region IV-B
Region V
Philippines
0.50%
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
YEAR
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2018
Figure 2.2-1 Past Population Growth Rate: Luzon
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2.00%
1.90%
1.80%
1.77%
1.72%
1.62%
GROWTH RATE
1.60%
1.52%
1.40%
1.35%
1.28%
1.20%
Region VI 1.14%
Region VII
1.00% Region VIII
Philippines
0.80%
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
YEAR
Figure 2.2-2 Past Population Growth Rate: Visayas
3.50%
3.00%
2.89%
2.50% 2.46%
GROWTH RATE
2.06%
2.00% 1.97%
1.90% 1.94%
1.87% 1.74%
1.72%
1.68%
1.50% 1.51%
1.49%
Region IX 1.28%
Region X 1.21%
Region XI
1.00%
Region XII
Region XIII
ARMM
Philippines
0.50%
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
YEAR
Figure 2.2-3 Past Population Growth Rate: Mindanao
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Philippines: 100,979,303
NCR
13%
Mindanao Region III
24% 11%
Luzon
Region IV-A
57%
14%
Visayas
19% Others
19%
Population Share, 2015
Philippines: 347,682 sq. km.
Mindanao
24%
Luzon
Visayas 57%
19%
Land Area Share, 2015
250.00
207.85
200.00
Density (persons/ha.)
150.00
100.00
50.00
2.94 3.88 3.24 1.78
0.00
Philippines NCR Luzon Visayas Mindanao
Population Density, 2015
Figure 2.2-4 Shares of Population, Land Area and Population Density: 2015
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Economic Trend
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total economic activity of a country. It refers
to the monetary value of all finished goods and services produced within a nation’s borders in
a specific time period. The Philippine GDP trend for the past 10 years is shown in Figure 2.2-5.
- The Philippines recorded a high and steady economic growth from 2013 to 2018, ranging
from 6.1% to 7.1% per year.
- The country’s economy grew at a rate of 6.2% in 2018, slower than the 6.7% growth
recorded in the previous year.
10,000 10.00%
9,000 9.00%
GDP AT CONSTANT 2000 PRICES
8,000 8.00%
7,000 7.00%
(IN BILLION PESOS)
GROWTH RATE
6,000 6.00%
5,000 5.00%
4,000 4.00%
3,000 3.00%
2,000 2.00%
1,000 1.00%
- 0.00%
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
YEAR

Figure 2.2-5 Philippine GDP and GDP Growth Rate for the Past 10 years
The Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) is the sum of the gross value added (GVA) of
all producer units in a region. The GDP shares of the three major island groups are shown in
Figure 2.2-6.
- Luzon had the largest share among the three major island groups in 2018, comprising 73%
of the Philippine GDP.
- NCR continued to have the greatest contribution to the country’s GDP at 36.0%.
- The majority of the country’s economic activities took place inside the Mega Manila Area.
After NCR, Region IV-A (CALABARZON) and Region III (Central Luzon) comprised
the largest shares of the Philippine GDP at 17% and 10%, respectively. Overall, the three
regions alone accounted for 63% of the country’s economic output.
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NCR
36%
Mindanao
14.5%
Luzon
73% Region III
10%
Visayas
12.5% Region IV-A
17%
Others
10%

Figure 2.2-6 GDP Share of the Major Island Groups: 2018
The GRDP includes regional estimates on the three major economic sectors, including their
subsectors. The components of the GRDP are shown in Table 2.2-2.
Table 2.2-2 Components of the GRDP
Sector Sub-sector
Primary Agriculture
Hunting
Forestry
Fishing
Secondary Mining and Quarrying
Manufacturing
Construction
Electricity, Gas and Water Supply (EGWS)
Tertiary Transport, Storage and Communication (TSC)
Trade and Repair of Motor Vehicles, Motorcycles, Personal and
Household Goods
Financial Intermediation (FI)
Real Estate, Renting and Business Activity (RERBA)
Public Administration and Defense; Compulsory Social Security
(PAD)
Other Services (OS)
The values of the GDP and GRDP of the regions in the country are shown in Table 2.2-3. The
industrial structure of the country is shown in Table 2.2-4. GRDP growth rates per region are
shown in Figure 2.2-7, Figure 2.2-8 and Figure 2.2-9.
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Table 2.2-3 GDP and GRDP at Constant 2000 Prices: 2012 - 2017
GRDP (IN BILLION PESOS) AT CONSTANT 2000 PRICES REGIONAL SHARE (%) GROWTH RATE (%)
REGION 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012-2013 2013-2014 2014-2015 2015-2016 2016-2017
PHILIPPINES 6,305.2 6,750.6 7,165.5 7,600.2 8,122.7 8,665.7 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 7.1% 6.1% 6.1% 6.9% 6.7%
NCR NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION 2,250.0 2,455.2 2,597.1 2,770.6 2,976.2 3,158.1 35.7% 36.4% 36.2% 36.5% 36.6% 36.4% 9.1% 5.8% 6.7% 7.4% 6.1%
CAR CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE
REGION 118.2 124.6 128.7 133.8 136.9 153.4 1.9% 1.8% 1.8% 1.8% 1.7% 1.8% 5.4% 3.3% 4.0% 2.3% 12.1%
I ILOCOS REGION 197.6 211.4 225.0 237.2 257.3 272.3 3.1% 3.1% 3.1% 3.1% 3.2% 3.1% 7.0% 6.4% 5.4% 8.5% 5.8%
II CAGAYAN VALLEY 113.1 120.5 129.1 134.4 139.5 149.6 1.8% 1.8% 1.8% 1.8% 1.7% 1.7% 6.6% 7.2% 4.1% 3.8% 7.2%
III CENTRAL LUZON 586.2 612.3 668.9 706.3 773.1 844.7 9.3% 9.1% 9.3% 9.3% 9.5% 9.7% 4.5% 9.2% 5.6% 9.5% 9.3%
IV-A CALABARZON 1,097.8 1,170.6 1,230.4 1,302.3 1,364.7 1,456.1 17.4% 17.3% 17.2% 17.1% 16.8% 16.8% 6.6% 5.1% 5.8% 4.8% 6.7%
IV-B MIMAROPA 109.3 110.7 119.9 122.3 125.4 133.2 1.7% 1.6% 1.7% 1.6% 1.5% 1.5% 1.3% 8.3% 2.0% 2.6% 6.2%
2-26
V BICOL REGION 126.5 136.9 142.8 155.4 164.1 172.4 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% 8.2% 4.3% 8.9% 5.5% 5.1%
LUZON SUBTOTAL 4,598.7 4,942.1 5,241.8 5,562.4 5,937.3 6,339.7 72.9% 73.2% 73.2% 73.2% 73.1% 73.2% 7.5% 6.1% 6.1% 6.7% 6.8%
VI WESTERN VISAYAS 258.2 267.0 280.9 305.5 323.5 350.8 4.1% 4.0% 3.9% 4.0% 4.0% 4.0% 3.4% 5.2% 8.8% 5.9% 8.4%
VII CENTRAL VISAYAS 397.9 427.3 460.3 482.9 524.6 551.2 6.3% 6.3% 6.4% 6.4% 6.5% 6.4% 7.4% 7.7% 4.9% 8.6% 5.1%
VIII EASTERN VISAYAS 143.4 150.1 146.5 153.2 171.6 174.7 2.3% 2.2% 2.0% 2.0% 2.1% 2.0% 4.6% -2.4% 4.6% 12.0% 1.8%
VISAYAS SUBTOTAL 799.5 844.3 887.6 941.6 1,019.7 1,076.7 12.7% 12.5% 12.4% 12.4% 12.6% 12.4% 5.6% 5.1% 6.1% 8.3% 5.6%
IX ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA 131.7 137.2 146.3 157.6 164.9 168.7 2.1% 2.0% 2.0% 2.1% 2.0% 1.9% 4.2% 6.6% 7.7% 4.6% 2.3%
X NORTHERN MINDANAO 237.7 250.5 268.4 283.8 305.0 323.0 3.8% 3.7% 3.7% 3.7% 3.8% 3.7% 5.4% 7.1% 5.7% 7.5% 5.9%
XI DAVAO REGION 241.2 257.4 281.3 304.4 333.4 369.8 3.8% 3.8% 3.9% 4.0% 4.1% 4.3% 6.7% 9.3% 8.2% 9.5% 10.9%
XII SOCCSKSARGEN 170.9 185.3 196.8 203.2 213.2 230.6 2.7% 2.7% 2.7% 2.7% 2.6% 2.7% 8.4% 6.2% 3.3% 4.9% 8.2%
XIII CARAGA 78.1 84.5 92.4 96.6 98.5 102.7 1.2% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.2% 1.2% 8.2% 9.4% 4.5% 2.0% 4.3%
ARMM AUTONOMOUS REGION IN
MUSLIM MINDANAO 47.5 49.3 50.8 50.6 50.8 54.5 0.8% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6% 0.6% 3.8% 3.0% -0.4% 0.4% 7.3%
MINDANAO SUBTOTAL 907.0 964.2 1,036.1 1,096.2 1,165.7 1,249.3 14.4% 14.3% 14.5% 14.4% 14.4% 14.4% 6.3% 7.4% 5.8% 6.3% 7.2%
Table 2.2-4 GDP and GRDP per Economic Sector: 2012 - 2017
GDP/GRDP (IN BILLION PESOS) AT CONSTANT 2000 PRICES
PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY
REGION 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Philippines 699.0 707.0 718.8 719.7 710.9 739.0 2031.4 2219.1 2391.3 2545.4 2750.0 2947.1 3574.8 3824.6 4055.4 4335.0 4661.8 4979.6
NCR National Capital Region 5.0 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.3 395.5 472.3 487.9 521.4 548.3 559.3 1849.5 1978.1 2104.2 2244.0 2422.7 2593.4
CAR Cordillera Administrative Region 13.1 13.2 13.2 12.7 12.1 12.7 61.1 63.7 65.3 67.6 67.4 80.0 44.0 47.7 50.1 53.6 57.4 60.7
High Standard Highway Network Development Masterplan (Phase2)

I Ilocos Region 49.8 50.8 53.2 52.5 51.6 52.8 49.2 54.4 58.0 62.8 73.4 78.2 98.6 106.1 113.8 121.8 132.3 141.2
II Cagayan Valley 46.4 46.8 49.1 48.9 47.5 50.4 12.4 15.3 16.7 17.9 20.0 22.8 54.2 58.4 63.3 67.6 72.1 76.4
III Central Luzon 102.6 108.2 114.7 115.3 116.1 120.6 246.9 249.3 289.0 309.3 358.2 407.8 236.7 254.9 265.3 281.7 298.9 316.3
IV-A CALABARZON 68.7 71.2 70.3 72.1 74.6 74.1 675.2 717.6 764.0 807.5 836.7 901.4 353.9 381.8 396.1 422.6 453.4 480.5
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IV-B MIMAROPA 27.3 26.5 27.1 27.8 25.9 26.7 37.8 36.8 43.1 41.0 41.8 43.8 44.2 47.4 49.7 53.4 57.7 62.7
V Bicol Region 32.0 33.4 33.8 33.0 33.0 33.8 24.1 26.8 28.2 35.2 37.9 39.2 70.3 76.7 80.8 87.2 93.3 99.3
VI Western Visayas 65.1 62.8 61.4 61.0 59.9 65.2 45.9 50.3 57.1 70.4 77.9 84.7 147.2 153.9 162.4 174.1 185.8 200.9
VII Central Visayas 28.5 28.4 27.9 28.5 28.4 30.4 146.9 160.9 179.2 179.1 204.3 210.4 222.6 238.0 253.3 275.3 291.9 310.4
VIII Eastern Visayas 32.2 30.1 26.3 25.4 26.0 26.0 54.7 62.5 60.4 63.4 75.8 74.5 56.5 57.4 59.7 64.4 69.9 74.2
IX Zamboanga Peninsula 29.3 29.6 30.4 31.0 29.5 29.4 45.7 47.9 52.9 59.6 64.3 63.8 56.7 59.7 63.0 67.0 71.0 75.5
X Northern Mindanao 58.9 60.8 62.8 65.2 66.8 69.9 79.8 85.3 92.6 97.1 106.7 112.9 99.0 104.4 113.0 121.5 131.5 140.2
XI Davao Region 43.2 39.7 40.7 41.3 40.7 41.4 70.6 81.9 93.4 104.8 121.6 144.8 127.4 135.8 147.3 158.4 171.1 183.6
XII SOCCSKSARGEN 50.9 52.7 55.1 53.9 48.8 53.1 56.5 63.1 67.6 69.3 78.3 84.9 63.5 69.5 74.1 80.0 86.1 92.6
XIII Caraga 16.6 17.8 18.1 16.5 16.2 16.4 26.5 28.4 32.6 36.0 34.6 35.3 35.1 38.3 41.8 44.1 47.6 51.1
Autonomous Region in Muslim
ARMM Mindanao 29.4 30.1 29.9 29.4 28.6 30.8 2.6 2.5 3.4 2.8 2.9 3.2 15.5 16.6 17.5 18.3 19.3 20.5
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13.00%
12.08%
NCR CAR
Region I Region II
Region III Region IV-A
Region IV-B Region V
11.00% Philippines
9.25% 9.45%
9.12%
9.26% 8.91%
8.89%
9.00%
8.47%
8.35% 8.57%
8.19%
7.42% 7.34%
7.17% 7.19%
7.06% 7.29%
6.88% 7.11%
7.00% 6.97% 6.68% 6.69%
6.44% 6.52%
6.63% 6.68%
GROWTH RATE
6.56% 6.07%
6.22% 6.24%
6.15% 6.11%
5.78% 5.85%
5.59% 5.54% 5.82%
5.40% 5.11% 5.42%
5.00% 4.79% 5.05%
4.45% 4.82%
4.32% 4.13%
4.01%
3.80%
3.33%
3.00% 3.26%
2.60%
2.26%
1.96%
1.00% 1.29%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
-1.00%
YEAR
Figure 2.2-7 GDP and GRDP Growth Rate of Regions in Luzon
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Final Report
15.00%
12.00%
10.00% 8.78% 8.64% 8.43%

7.37% 7.73% 7.64%
7.06% 6.07% 6.24%

6.88% 6.68%
6.15% 6.11%
GROWTH RATE
5.00% 4.64% 4.91% 5.07%

5.90% 5.89%
5.19%
4.61%
3.41% 1.78%
0.00%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
-2.40% Region VI
-5.00% Region VII
Region VIII
Philippines
-10.00%
YEAR

Figure 2.2-8 GDP and GRDP Growth Rate of Regions in Visayas
12.00%
Region IX Region X
Region XI Region XII 10.92%
Region XIII ARMM
Philippines
10.00% 9.40% 9.52%
9.31%
8.45%
8.20% 8.17% 8.60%
8.00% 8.16% 7.47%
7.74% 7.23%
7.06% 7.14% 7.31% 7.04%
6.90%
6.72% 6.64% 6.68%
6.07% 6.88%
6.19% 6.26%
GROWTH RATE
6.00% 5.42% 5.92%

6.15% 5.72% 6.24%
4.92%
4.58% 4.25%
4.51%
4.00% 4.16%
3.85%
3.26% 3.20%
2.97%
2.33%
2.00% 1.99%
0.43%
0.00%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
-0.41%
-2.00%
YEAR

Figure 2.2-9 GDP and GRDP Growth Rate of Regions in Mindanao
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10.00%
9.24%
8.04%
7.76%
8.00% 7.54% 7.17%
7.06% 6.89% 6.77%
6.99% 6.82%
6.15% 6.70%
6.45% 6.88%
6.00% 6.68%
6.03% 6.07% 6.24%
Growth rate
4.00% 3.95%
1.67%
2.00%
1.14%
0.13% 0.89%
0.00%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
-1.22%
-2.00%
Year
Primary Secondary Tertiary Total
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority

Figure 2.2-10 Sectoral GDP and GRDP Growth Rate
Philippines
 All seventeen (17) regions recorded positive values of economic growth rate from 2017 to 2018.
- Eight (8) regions experienced accelerated growth in 2018 – Bicol Region (8.9%),
MIMAROPA (8.6%), Central Visayas (7.6%), CALABARZON (7.3%), Northern
Mindanao (7.0%), Ilocos Region (6.5%), Zamboanga Peninsula (6.3%) and Eastern
Visayas (5.9%).
- The nine (9) other regions still experienced economic growth, but at a slower pace than
the previous year – Davao Region (8.6%), CAR (7.3%), ARMM (7.2%), Central Luzon
(7.1%), SOCCSKSARGEN (6.9%), Western Visayas (6.1%), NCR (4.8%), Cagayan
Valley (3.3%) and Caraga (3.2%).
 Growth is mainly driven by the tertiary (6.8%) and secondary (6.7%) sectors, as shown in
Figure 2.2-10. The major industries which contributed to the growth include Public
Administration and Defense (15.2%) and Construction (14.9%).
 The shares of the three sectors to the country’s GDP are as follows:
- Primary – 8.1%
- Secondary – 34.1%
- Tertiary – 57.8%
National Capital Region (NCR)
 NCR continued to have the greatest contribution to the country’s GDP at 36%. Similarly, NCR
contributed 1.8 percentage points out of the 6.2% Philippine GDP growth rate in 2018, the
greatest among all regions in the country.
 NCR posted a 4.8% economic growth rate in 2018, lower than the 6.1% growth recorded in
2017.
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 The shares of the three sectors to NCR’s GRDP are as follows:
- Primary – 0.2%
- Secondary – 17.0%
- Tertiary – 82.8%
 The main drivers for the economic development of NCR in 2018 were Construction (16.9%)
and Public Administration and Defense (16.1%) subsectors.
Luzon
 Luzon (including NCR) had the largest share among the three major island groups in 2018,
comprising 73% of the Philippine GDP.
 Six out of the eight regions in Luzon recorded growth rates above the national average in 2018.
Caraga (3.2%), NCR (4.8%) and Cagayan Valley (3.3%) posted the slowest economic growth
among all regions in the country.
 Bicol Region’s economy accelerated by 8.9% in 2018, surpassing all other regions in the
country in terms of economic growth. Its growth is mainly attributed to the development of the
Construction (21.7%) and Public Administration and Defense (14.0%) subsectors.
 CALABARZON and MIMAROPA posted record growth rates in 2018. CALABARZON’s
7.3% growth was its fastest in six years, while MIMAROPA’s 8.6% growth was the region’s
fastest since 2010.
 CAR continued to record high economic growth in 2018, after having the fastest growth among
all regions in the previous year. In 2017, the region posted a record growth rate of 12.1%, much
faster than the 2.3% growth recorded in 2016.
 Central Luzon’s GRDP growth rate was consistently high and above the national level from
2010 to 2018, except only for two years (2013 and 2015). The rapid economic growth of the
region is expected, given the development of business, tourism and trade hubs in Subic and
Clark.
Visayas
 Visayas comprised just 12.5% of the Philippine GDP in 2018, the smallest share among the
country’s three major islands.
 Of all the regions in Visayas, only Central Visayas posted an economic growth rate above the
national level in 2018 at 7.6%. The faster growth was attributed to the expansion of the
secondary sector, with Manufacturing and Construction sub-sectors growing at rates of 8.3%
and 14.2%, respectively.
 From 2010 to 2016, Central Visayas consistently recorded growth levels above the national
average, except for one year (2015). Lying at the center of the archipelago, the region’s
economic growth is consistently boosted by the rising number of local and foreign tourist
arrivals, particularly in Cebu. Apart from white sand beaches and heritage sites, Cebu has three
highly urbanized cities and is home to 80% of the domestic shipping operators in the country.
 The economy of Eastern Visayas recovered in 2018 with a growth of 5.9%, after slowing down
at a rate of 1.8% in 2017. Its growth was boosted by the recovery of the Construction (17.4%)
subsector, which was also essential in the region’s highest-ever recorded growth of 12.4% in
2016.
Mindanao
 Mindanao accounted for 14.5% of the country’s GDP in 2018.
 Davao Region was the second fastest growing economy in 2017 and 2018 and its growth was
consistently above the national average from 2011 to 2018, except only for one year (2013). Its
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regional center, Davao City, serves as the primary hub for trade, commerce and industry in
Mindanao.
 Brunei Indonesia Malaysia Philippines - East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP-EAGA), was
launched in Davao City in 1994 as a regional economic foundation in Southeast Asia. According
to a study conducted by BIMP-EAGA in 2012, Davao was the only Philippine city to be featured
in the top 100 fastest-growing urban areas in the world, with a projected annual growth rate of
2.5% over a 15-year period.
 After being named Mindanao’s slowest economy from 2011 to 2016, ARMM experienced an
economic surge in 2017 and 2018 with growth rates of 7.3% and 7.2%, respectively. In 2018,
the region recorded the fastest growth in the primary sector at 5.8%, with the Fishing subsector
accelerating to 7.3% from 4.5% growth in the previous year.
Per Capita GDP and GRDP

The real and nominal per capita GDP/GRDP trends from 2013 to 2018 are shown in Table
2.2-5 and Table 2.2-6, respectively. The comparison between 2017 and 2018 per capita GRDP
index is shown in Figure 2.2-11.
Per capita GDP/GRDP characteristics of the Study Area are as follows:
- The average real per capita GDP of the country increased by 4.6%, from PhP 82,593 in
2017 to PhP 86,370 in 2018.
- NCR recorded the highest real per capita GRDP among all regions in the country in 2018
at PhP 253,893. NCR’s average economic output per person is nearly three times the
national average.
- Other than NCR, only CALABARZON and CAR posted real per capita GRDP higher than
the national average at PhP 104,708 and PhP 87,722, respectively.
- Bicol Region recorded the highest increase in per capita GRDP from 2017 to 2018 at 6.8%,
followed by Davao Region and MIMAROPA at 6.6% and 6.4%, respectively.
- Davao Region had the highest medium-term (2013-2018) increase in terms of average real
per capita GRDP at 7.1%. ARMM had the lowest average real per capita GRDP increase
from 2013 to 2018 at 0.37%.
300.0
2017 2018
250.0
200.0
INDEX
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
REGIONS
Figure 2.2-11 Per Capita GRDP Index with Reference to the National Average: 2017
and 2018 (at Constant 2000 Prices)
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Table 2.2-5 Per Capita GDP and GRDP at Constant 2000 Prices: 2013-2018
Growth
Per Capita GRDP at Constant 2000 Prices (PHP) Rate
Region
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013-2018
PHILIPPINES 68,746 71,741 74,833 78,682 82,593 86,370 4.67%
NATIONAL CAPITAL
NCR 195,013 202,904 218,987 232,739 244,589 253,893 5.42%
REGION
CORDILLERA
CAR ADMINISTRATIVE 72,773 73,971 75,048 75,401 83,153 87,722 3.81%
REGION
I ILOCOS REGION 42,646 44,894 46,180 49,474 51,703 54,434 5.00%
II CAGAYAN VALLEY 35,571 37,645 38,436 39,344 41,571 42,387 3.57%
III CENTRAL LUZON 56,557 60,670 63,641 68,634 73,863 78,016 6.64%
IV-A CALABARZON 84,657 86,644 92,184 94,811 99,346 104,708 4.34%
IV-B MIMAROPA 38,141 40,706 39,575 39,837 41,069 43,715 2.77%
V BICOL REGION 24,014 24,719 25,770 26,686 27,487 29,369 4.11%
VI WESTERN VISAYAS 35,883 37,289 39,653 41,420 44,368 46,440 5.29%
VII CENTRAL VISAYAS 59,200 62,743 64,846 69,322 71,743 76,024 5.13%
VIII EASTERN VISAYAS 35,002 33,771 33,771 37,144 37,121 38,598 1.97%
ZAMBOANGA
IX 38,001 39,887 41,873 43,043 43,326 45,265 3.56%
PENINSULA
X NORTHERN MINDANAO 54,721 57,609 60,290 63,771 66,408 70,000 5.05%
XI DAVAO REGION 54,196 58,256 61,335 65,913 71,621 76,378 7.10%
XII SOCCSKSARGEN 41,835 43,493 44,178 45,459 48,277 50,644 3.90%
XIII CARAGA 33,051 35,672 35,553 35,679 36,235 36,651 2.09%
AUTONOMOUS REGION
ARMM 14,388 14,613 13,646 13,366 14,012 14,657 0.37%
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
Table 2.2-6 Per Capita GDP and GRDP at Current Prices: 2013-2018
Growth
Per Capita GRDP at Current Prices (PHP)
Region Rate
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2013-2018
PHILIPPINES 117,503 126,493 131,171 140,255 150,661 163,475 6.83%
NATIONAL CAPITAL
NCR 341,130 364,900 398,650 432,155 465,850 500,947 7.99%
REGION
CORDILLERA
CAR ADMINISTRATIVE 127,240 132,893 131,530 133,791 147,634 161,888 4.93%
REGION
I ILOCOS REGION 72,294 78,490 79,653 86,608 92,629 102,819 7.30%
II CAGAYAN VALLEY 62,134 69,730 67,707 70,880 78,020 83,158 6.00%
III CENTRAL LUZON 93,986 104,495 106,975 115,769 127,609 139,833 8.27%
IV-A CALABARZON 135,461 141,843 145,786 148,873 158,029 172,310 4.93%
66,30
IV-B 65,262 72,741 66,793 73,520 83,614 5.08%
MIMAROPA 9
V BICOL REGION 42,795 45,848 46,876 49,859 52,920 58,600 6.49%
VI WESTERN VISAYAS 61,811 66,713 71,356 76,324 83,215 92,043 8.29%
VII CENTRAL VISAYAS 102,219 112,110 116,448 127,494 134,385 148,067 7.69%
VIII EASTERN VISAYAS 58,361 59,643 59,930 67,475 68,218 73,996 4.86%
ZAMBOANGA
IX 65,186 70,031 73,634 77,045 80,274 86,368 5.79%
PENINSULA
X NORTHERN MINDANAO 95,365 104,204 109,981 120,623 128,802 140,224 8.02%
XI DAVAO REGION 96,806 107,404 113,881 126,772 141,166 155,657 9.96%
XII SOCCSKSARGEN 72,368 77,594 77,396 82,397 89,228 97,034 6.04%
XIII CARAGA 52,287 59,427 58,541 60,447 63,823 67,228 5.16%
AUTONOMOUS REGION
ARMM 28,967 30,163 26,862 27,691 30,610 32,220 2.15%
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
2-33
CHAPTER 3
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN

AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN
OF MEGA CITY AREAS
Final Report
CHAPTER 3
REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
PLAN OF MEGA CITY AREAS
National and Regional Development Plan
National Development Plan
(1) Long-term Vision 2040
The 25-year long-term vision, AmBisyon Natin 2040, was released by the Duterte
Administration in 2016, taking a participatory approach involving a large number of citizens
in focus group discussions and the national survey initiated by the previous Administration.
The vision and major goals are stated as follows:
Long-term Vision for the Nation:
By 2040, the Philippines shall be a prosperous, predominantly middle-class society where no
one is poor. Our peoples will enjoy long and healthy lives, are smart and innovative, and will
live in a high-trust society.
Major Goals:
By 2040, the Philippines will be a predominantly middle-class society. Poverty and hunger will
have been eradicated. There will be sufficient good quality local jobs available.
The vision aims at building a middle-class society together eradicating poverty. In order to
achieve this vision of middle-class life, namely “a strongly rooted, comfortable, and secure life
(Matatag, Maginhawa at Panatag),” a family needs to earn a monthly family income of at least
PHP120,000 in 2015 price for a household of four persons living in National Capital Region
(NCR).1 In other words, the per capita income should grow more than three-fold by 2040 and
the Philippines will join the high-income country group by reaching the per capita GDP of
nearly USD 10,000.2
To realize the vision, the Government of the Philippines (GOP) has identified four specific
objectives and nine priority sectors, as follows:
Four Objectives:
(a) Investment in human capital so that Filipinos are equipped to learn and adapt to new
technology and the changing profile of society;
(b) Investment in high-quality infrastructure to make the cost of moving people, goods, and
services competitive
(c) Sound urban development that takes advantage of scale and agglomeration economies to
make the cities more competitive and livable; and
(d) Adequate and inclusive finance to enable households to build up savings and to provide
capital for MSMEs and households considering the desire of many to run their own
businesses.
Nine Priority Sectors:
- Housing and urban development
- Manufacturing (food processing, housing-related goods and services, transport)
- Connectivity (roads, ports, airports, bridges, communication)
- Education services
- Financial services
- Health services
- Tourism-related services
- Agricultural development
- Countryside development
1
NEDA. PDP 2017-2022
2
World Bank. 2018. Growth and Productivity in the Philippines: Winning the Future.
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(2) The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022
1) Overall Objectives, Targets and Strategic Framework
Guided by the 25-year long-term vision, AmBisyon Natin 2040 and the current
Administration’s 0-10 Point Socioeconomic Agenda, the Philippine Development Plan (PDP)
2017-2022 was formulated “to lay down the foundation for a more inclusive growth, a high
trust society, and a globally-competitive economy.” The targets by 2022 are set in the PDP, as
shown below:
Targets:
- The Philippines will be an upper middle-income country by 2022.
- Growth will be more inclusive as manifested by a lower poverty incidence in the rural
areas, from 30% in 2015 to 20% in 2022.
- The Philippines will have a high level of human development by 2022.
- The unemployment rate will decline from the current 5.5% to 3-5% in 2022.
- There will be greater trust in government and in society.
- Individuals and communities will be more resilient.
- Filipinos will have a greater drive for innovation.
The strategies categorized by three objectives of “enhancing the social fabric,” “inequality-
reducing transformation”, and “increasing growth” are proposed with cross-cutting strategies
for national security, infrastructure development, socioeconomic resiliency, and ecological
integrity. For infrastructure development, which produces the foundation of sustainable
development, infrastructure investment of minimum 5% of GDP is set as a target of the “golden
age of infrastructure.”3
Source: NEDA. PDP 2017-2022. P.49

Figure 3.1-1 PDP 2017-2022 Overall Strategic Framework
3
PDP 2017-2022. Page 52.
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Final Report
2) National Spatial Strategy (NSS)
The PDP 2017-2022 also revealed a National Spatial Strategy (NSS) with the principles of the
strategy, based on the understanding of the importance of urban centers as “engines of
economic growth and venues of growth and poverty reduction, and infrastructure to provide
efficient connective networks of sustainable urban and rural communities.”4
The objectives of the NSS include to decongest NCR and encourage growth of urban centers
across the nation and to form a linked urban cluster for mitigation of spatial and socioeconomic
disparity, by taking advantage of agglomeration. Three strategies, “concentration (regional
agglomeration),” “connectivity,” and “reduction of vulnerability,” are adapted to materialize
the stated objectives in spatial development. Under the “concentration” strategy, a network of
settlement or hierarchy consisting of (1) metropolitan centers, (2) regional centers, and (3) sub-
regional centers is proposed. The settlement network is discussed in the following Chapter. To
make cities growth centers, adequate infrastructure, affordable housing, and service systems
should also be provided.
Principles of National Spatial Strategy:
- Integration of leading and lagging areas and urban-rural linkages through transportation
networks
- Improvement of access to social services
- Identification of locations of major infrastructure to maximize their benefits
- Improvement of local, national, and international connectivity
- Promotion of sustainable development and resiliency
Three Strategies of Concentration, Connectivity, and Reduction of Vulnerability:
(a) Concentration (Regional Agglomeration):
- to build on the efficiencies and maximize the benefits of scale and agglomeration
economies
(b) Connectivity:
- to connect the settlements to form an efficient network.
➢ to equalize opportunities across space
➢ to address socio-economic inequalities by linking lagging regions with leading

ones
(c) Reduction of Vulnerability:
- to make vulnerability reduction an integral part of development
➢ to reduce the risks on the communities exposed to the threats of climate change
impact and disasters.
4
NEDA. PDP 2017-2022. Pp 36.
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Final Report
Regional Development Plan 2017-2022
(1) CAR: Cordillera Regional Development Plan 2017-2022
1) Development Framework
Adopting the PDP’s overall strategic framework, the CAR RDP sets the development vision,
with six goals of “social and human development,” “sustained economic growth,”
“environmental quality and sustainable use of resources,” “cultural integrity and cultural
identity,” “regional integration,” and “regional autonomy.”
CAR Development Vision:
We, the people of the Cordillera, proud of our culture and heritage rooted in spirituality
shall have a truly autonomous region of a united, enlightened and empowered citizenry
who shall pursue sustainable development where responsibilities and benefits are shared
by all.
The macroeconomic targets are presented in Table 3.1-1. The Gross Regional Domestic
Product (GRDP) will grow between Php177.168 and194.901 billion in 2022, by an average
annual growth rate of 4.2-5.8%. In CAR, agriculture sector is important for poverty reduction
since the sector absorbs a half of the labor force and the poverty incidence is the highest among
the farmers. The sector aims to increase the production of palay, corn, vegetables, etc. increase
value-added through agro-processing industry, to promote agri-business. The industry and
services sectors are expected to grow rapidly. The CAR’s contribution of the manufacturing
sector is the second largest after CALABARZON. The service sector will continue to expand
with the growth of Information Technology-Business Processing Outsourcing (IT-BPO),
especially in Baguio City. As a result, the unemployment and poverty incidence will decline to
4% and 15.9% respectively.
Table 3.1-1 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of CAR 2017-2022
Actual Forecast
Indicator
2015 2017 2022
GRDP 3.7 4.0 - 5.0 5.3 - 6.3
GRDP and GVA AHFF (4.1) 1.0 - 2.0 3.0 - 4.0
Annual Growth
Rate Industry 3.2 3.0 - 4.0 4.5 - 5.5
Services 6.5 6.0 - 7.0 6.5 - 7.5
Unemployment Rate (%) 4.8 4.6 4.0
Employment
Underemployment Rate (%) 20.8 24.0 19.0
Poverty Incidence Rate (Population) (%) 19.7 19.0 15.9
Source: NEDA. Cordillera Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.
2) Regional Spatial Strategy

Following the NSS and the Luzon Spatial Development Framework (LSDF) 2014-2045, a
spatial strategy of “North and South Clusters Plus” is proposed, which includes two
components:
(i) the establishment of two primary or regional growth centers located in the southern and
northern portions of the region
 BLISTT (Baguio City-La Trinidad-Itogon-Sablan-Tuba-Tublay) in the southern
growth node as a center of industry tourism gateway, health, and education
 Eastern Kalinga (Tabuk-Pinukpuk-Rizal) as the northern growth node for agro-
industry, tourism, and trade and commercial sector.
(ii) designation of secondary and tertiary growth centers dispersed across the region
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Final Report
The connectivity strategy primarily aims at enhancing connectivity between the region and
other regions by air or land, and then at improving the linkage among the regional and
provincial growth centers. For reduction of vulnerability, areas at risk from disasters from rain-
induced landslides and flooding should receive focus. The development areas are identified as
follows:
(a) Metro Bangued (Bangued, La Paz, Pidigan, Peñarubia and Tayum): primary service
center for Abra
(b) Buguias-Mankayan area: agriculture trading and commercial center
(c) Paco Valley: agri-industrial area
(d) PALMANABA (Paracelis, Alfonso Lista and Mayoyao in Ifugao and Natonin and Barlig
in Mountain Province): agri-industrial processing and ecotourism sites
(e) SABATABESA (Sabangan-Bauko-Tadian-Besao-Sagada): watershed protection,
ecotourism, agro-processing, hydropower supply, education and trading, forest
production, cattle production, and fruits, vegetables and coffee production
Source: Cordillera Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 36.

Figure 3.1-2 Regional Hierarchy of Settlements
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Final Report
(2) Region I: Ilocos Regional Development Plan 2017-2022
The Ilocos Regional Development Plan has identified the mid-term and long-term visions for
the region, with the visions for the economic development, social development, infrastructure,
and environment and natural resources sectors stated below. The region aims to focus on
development of agribusiness and tourism by 2022 and to diversify the economic sectors in the
long-run by 2040.
Mid-term Vision 2017-2022:
“By 2022, Region 1 shall be the agri-business, and tourism hub in Northern Philippines with
equitable economic opportunities for its globally competitive, happy, resilient and culturally
diverse peoples.”
Long-term Vision from 2035-2040:
“By 2040, Region 1 shall be the agri-business, industrial, trade, services and tourism hub in
Northern Philippines with equitable economic opportunities for its globally competitive, happy,
resilient and culturally diverse peoples.”
Economic Development Sector:
“A robust and resilient agri-business and tourism hub in Northern Philippines supported by
ecologically sound and socially just economy.”
Social Development Sector:
“A better quality of life through expanded and accessible opportunities on globally competitive
education and skills, decent and stable employment, health and social protection services, for
a sustained human development resilient to natural calamities”
Infrastructure Sector:
“Adequate, reliable and sustainable infrastructure support for agriculture, commercial,
industrial, tourism, Information Communication and Technology (ICT), and human resource
development provided in accordance with appropriate design standards, plans and
specifications
Environment and Natural Resources Sector:
“A region with sustained environment and natural resources protective and disaster resilient
communities by 2022”
The macroeconomic targets are presented in Table 3.1-2.
Table 3.1-2 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Ilocos 2017-2022
Actual Forecast
Indicator
2015 2022
GRDP 5.0 7.2 - 8.0
GRDP and GVA AHFF (1.3) 5.0
Annual Growth Rate
(%) Industry 7.5 7.6 - 8.4
Services 6.8 7.8 - 8.6
Poverty Incidence Rate (Population) (%) 13.1 8.0
Source: NEDA. Ilocos Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.
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The regional spatial strategy is proposed under three key strategies of Concentration,
Connectivity, and Vulnerability Reduction. The four-tiered settlement system for the
concentration strategy and the proposed network for connectivity strategy are adapted as shown
in Figure 3.1-3 and Figure 3.1-4 respectively.
Source: Ilocos Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Source: Ilocos Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.
Page 22. Page 214.
Figure 3.1-3 Network of Settlements in Figure 3.1-4 Proposed Connectivity Network
Ilocos Region in Ilocos Region
(3) Region II: Cagayan Valley Regional Development Plan 2017-2022

The vision of Cagayan Valley toward 2022 is to be a “‘Prime Water Resource, Agro-Industrial
Hub, and Emerging Tourism Destination’ in the country”. The macroscopic targets are set as
in Table 3.1-3.
Table 3.1-3 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Cagayan Valley 2017-2022
Actual Forecast
Indicator
2015 2022
GRDP 3.7 6.5 - 7.5
GRDP and GVA AHFF (0.4) 4.5 - 5.5
Annual Growth Rate
(%) Industry 5.8 7.7 - 8.7
Services 6.3 7.5 - 8.5
Unemployment Rate (%) 3.7 1-3
Employment
Underemployment (%) 11.1 9 - 11
Poverty Incidence Rate (Population) (%) 15.8 8.2
Source: NEDA. Cagayan Valley Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.
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Final Report
The Cagayan Valley Region takes “MIDRIB Peripheral Growth Optimization Strategy” as its
spatial strategy. The growth centers and connectivity projects are proposed in Figure 3.1-5 and
Figure 3.1-6. As part of the concentration strategy, vertical expansion of built-up areas,
protection of production and protected areas, and optimal land utilization, are adapted. The
connectivity strategy focuses on the formulation of an efficient network of urban centers,
distribution of relatively equal opportunities to the region, rural-urban linkages, reduction of
socio-economic disparity, and supporting development of urban centers as the leading growth
centers. Specific strategies are identified for connectivity strategy, including polycentric
development, collaboration with surrounding regions for infrastructure development for public
transport networks, cooperation for corridor development through collaborative investment in
infrastructure, and construction of tourist routes. The strategy of reduction of vulnerability will
focus on addressing geological and hydro-meteoroidal hazard risks found in the region. On
average three strong typhoons that come to the region every two years significantly affect weak
farmers.
Source: Cagayan Valley Regional Development Plan 2017- Source: Cagayan Valley Regional Development Plan 2017-
2022. Page 31. 2022. Page 37.
Figure 3.1-5 Growth Centers and Figure 3.1-6 Proposed Land Connectivity
Linkages in Cagayan Valley Projects in Cagayan Valley
(4) Region III: Central Luzon Regional Development Plan 2017-2022

The vision for the development of Central Luzon Region is “to have globally competitive
human resources, a highly productive and profitable agricultural sector, seamless and
integrated physical access and, a transshipment and logistics hub in the Asia-Pacific Region.”
The selected macroeconomic targets are presented in Table 3.1-4.
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Final Report
Table 3.1-4 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Central Luzon 2017-2022
Actual Targets
Indicator
2015 2017 2022
GRDP 5.6 5.9 - 6.9 6.3 - 7.3
GRDP and
GVA Annual AHFF 0.6 3.0 - 4.0 5.0 - 6.0
Growth Rate Industry 7.1 7.2 - 8.2 7.2 - 8.2
(%) Services 6.2 5.7 - 6.7 5.7 - 6.8
GRDP per capita (PhP) 63,455 68,327 91,020
Employment Unemployment Rate (%) 6.6 6.3 4.9
Poverty Incidence Rate (Population) (%) 11.2 10.6 8.5
Source: NEDA. Central Luzon Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.

The Central Luzon RDP identified development issues and challenges, including:
- Urban/settlement expansion and food security
- Efficient land use of urban areas
- Land use conflict between urban land use and agricultural and protected areas and
vulnerability.
A five-tiered hierarchy of settlements guided by the W-growth corridor spatial strategy is
proposed for Central Luzon as shown in Figure 3.1-7, with connectivity frameworks of Figure
3.1-8 and Figure 3.1-9. The development of major urban centers in Central Luzon is expected
to contribute to one of the objectives of the NSS, decongestion of Metro Manila, and also to
enhance the linkage with the urban centers in northern Luzon, such as Metro Laoag in Ilocos
and Metro Tuguegarao in Cagayan Valley. Figure 3.1-10 suggests a concept of networks of
settlements and land use. Reduction of vulnerability strategy for Central Luzon is proposed,
with the principles of safety first, priority given to production areas over urban expansion, and
ensuring alternative routes, among others.
Source: Central Luzon Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 29
Figure 3.1-7 Five-tiered Hierarchy of Settlements of Central Luzon
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Final Report
Source: Central Luzon RDP 2017-2022. Page 32. Source: Central Luzon RDP 2017-2022. Page 34
Figure 3.1-8 The Twin-Spine Connectivity Figure 3.1-9 North-South Backbone/ East-
Framework Showing Linkages between West Lateral/ Strategic Road Development
Urban Centers Framework
Source: Central Luzon Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 234

Figure 3.1-10 Integrated Access, Circulation, & Land Use Planning Framework
for Provinces, Cities, and Municipalities
3-10
Final Report
(5) Region IV-A: CALABARZON Regional Development Plan 2017-2022
The vision for CALABARZON, as shown in the Regional Physical Framework Plan 2017-
2046, is to be “a region of vibrant economic diversity and vitality with progressive, well-
planned town clusters inhabited by God-loving people enjoying globally competitive, balanced
and resilient ecosystems.” The selected macroeconomic targets are presented in Table 3.1-5.
Table 3.1-5 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of CALABARZON 2017-2022
Actual Targets
Indicator
2015 2017 2022
GRDP and GRDP 5.8 5.2 - 6.8 6.0 - 7.3
GVA Annual AHFF 2.6 2.0 - 3 .5 2.8 - 4.5
Growth Rate Industry 5.7 5.0 - 7.0 6.0 - 7.2
(%) Services 6.7 6.0 - 7.6 6.5 - 8.0
Unemployment Rate
Employment 8 7-9 7-9
(%)
Underemployment Rate
18.2 17.5 15
(%)
Poverty Incidence Rate Reduced
9.1 8.4 4.0
(Population) (%)
Source: NEDA. CALABARZON Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.

A regional development strategy for CALABARZON is formulated, taking the Centers,
Corridors and Wedges (CCW) approach in which centers are major urban areas where active
economic and business activities are observed; there exist corridors along major roads; and
wedges are a group of settlements or residential areas with relatively rural characteristics where
agriculture is the dominant sector. A five-tiered settlement network, Quadrant and Cluster
Framework, and Proposed CALABARZON West-East Connection are presented in Figure
3.1-11, Figure 3.1-12, and Figure 3.1-13, respectively.
Source: CALABARZON Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 25

Figure 3.1-11 Proposed Hierarchy of Settlements
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Final Report

Figure 3.1-12 CALABARZON Quadrant and Cluster Framework Concepts

Figure 3.1-13 Proposed CALABARZON West-East Connection
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Final Report
(6) Region IV-B: MIMAROPA Regional Development Plan 2017-2022
The MIMAROPA region envisions to become “the destination of investment, livelihood,
residence, employment, adventure, rest, recreation and retirement” under the vision statement
of “MIMAROPA: The destination of choice.” The goal in RDP is “to lay the foundation for
inclusive growth and a high trust society through a two-pronged approach of balanced growth
opportunities and benefits and enhancing the social fabric.” To achieve the vision and goal, the
broad strategies identified are: “balance growth and development opportunities across
provinces, economic sectors and people groups”; and “enhance the social fabric.”5 The key
development issues of the region include: low level of GRDP, high poverty incidence
especially among farmers, and dependency of the regional economy on the mining sector. The
macroeconomic targets for MIMAROPA RDP are presented in Table 3.1-6.
Table 3.1-6 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of MIMAROPA 2017-2022
Actual Forecast
Indicator
2015 2022
GRDP 1.5 6.2 - 7.2
GRDP and GVA Annual AHFF 2.8% 2.0 - 3.0
Growth Rate (%) Industry - -
Services - -
Poverty Incidence Rate (Population) (%) 24.4 13.0 (2021)
Source: NEDA. MIMAROPA Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.

The RPD identifies a regional spatial strategy for MIMAROPA, with the role of provinces and
their new emerging industries. In addition to the proposed settlement hierarchy under the
concentration strategy, the role of Calapan City is emphasized as important as a regional
government center where all government regional offices are supposed to be established. The
connectivity strategy intends to build efficient multimodal transport of air, sea and land for
reduction of transport cost and for increased access, by improving inter island connectivity and
inter-regional integration. Such strategy is expected to contribute to industry development of
tourism especially and eventually lead to the expansion of the regional economy. Regarding
the reduction of vulnerability strategy, high landslide risks, caused by rainfall, deforestation
and other human activities, and earthquake are found in Marinduque and Romblon; flooding
risk exists in Oriental Mindoro. A list of geographically isolated and disadvantaged areas
(GIDAs) susceptible to disaster, identified by the RDC is provided in the plan. Figure 3.1-14
shows settlement centers in the region, and Figure 3.1-15 and Figure 3.1-16 present inter-
region and intermodal connectivity.
5
The MIMAROPA Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 6-8.
3-13
Final Report
3-14
Source: MIMAROPA Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 35 Source: MIMAROPA Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 229
Figure 3.1-14 Proposed Growth Center in MIMAROPA Figure 3.1-15 Inter-Region Sea Routes
Final Report
Source: MIMAROPA Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 38

Figure 3.1-16 Intermodal Transport Map in MIMAROPA
(7) Region V: Bicol Regional Development Plan 2017-2022
To achieve “a strongly rooted, comfortable, and secure life (Matatag, Maginhawa at Panatag),”
the long-term vision of AmBisyon Natin 2040, the Bicol Regional Development Plan aims to
achieve the reduction of poverty incidence among the population to 26.0%, and
underemployment rate to no more than 20.0%. In the process, the Bicol Region determines to
solve the development challenges to:
(a) reduce the cost of doing business to promote more investments in quality infrastructure,
manufacturing, and tourism that will generate high paying and sustainable jobs for
Bicolanos;
(b) attain high and sustainable economic growth;
(c) improve access to education, health, decent housing, and other social services;
(d) develop more resilient communities; and
(e) produce more competitive local government units (LGUs) and productive business
sector.6
The RDP also identifies the roles of the Bicol Region in the country:
- As a geothermal energy supplier
- As a producer of agricultural commodities
- As an ecotourism destination
- As Luzon’s gateway to the Visayas and Mindanao
- As an international gateway7
6
Bicol Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 6.
7
Bicol Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 12.
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Final Report
A regional spatial strategy for Bicol Region was formulated in the framework of LSDF and the
NSS. Figure 3.1-17, Figure 3.1-18 and Figure 3.1-19 present a four-tiered settlement
hierarchy, road network, and multi-hazard map, respectively.
Source: Bicol RSDF in Bicol RDP 2017-2022. Page 40 Source: Bicol RSDF in Bicol RDP 2017-2022. Page 43
Figure 3.1-17 Hierarchy of Settlements Figure 3.1-18 Road Network Map of the
Map of the Bicol Region Bicol Region
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Final Report
Source: Bicol RSDF in Bicol Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 40

Figure 3.1-19 Built-up cum Multi Hazard Map, Bicol Region
(8) Region VI: Western Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022

The long-term vision for the Western Visayas Region is to be “a progressive region where
people are prosperous, secure, healthy, happy and conscientious stewards of culture, heritage
and natural resources.”8 While, the goal of the RDP 2017-2022 is to realize a “society that is
PROGRESSIVE, where people are SECURE, HEALTHY, AND HAPPY. This will be
manifested by an EMPOWERED PEOPLE and a PROGRESSIVE ECONOMY.” 9 The
selected macroeconomic targets are presented in Table 3.1-7. The strategies to achieve the
targets focus on creating strong connection between the AFF sector and industry and service
sectors, for example, linkage between tourism, a leading industry in the region, and agriculture
which offers jobs to nearly 40% of labor force.
8
Western Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 6.
9
Ditto. Page 53.
3-17
Final Report
Table 3.1-7 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Western Visayas 2017-2022

Actual Targets
Indicator
2016 2022
GRDP 6.1 9.8 - 11
GRDP and GVA AHFF (1.9) 1.0 - 1.5
Annual Growth Rate
(%) Industry 11.5 16.3 - 18.5
Services 6.7 7.9 - 8.2
22.1 18.8
(Population) (%)
Source: NEDA. Western Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.

A regional spatial strategy is proposed for Western Visayas, with the hierarchy of settlements
presented in Figure 3.1-20 and identified locations with development potentials in agri-
business, manufacturing, information and communications technology, tourism, and others.
For example, the locations with high potential in development of the IT-BPO sector entail
Iloilo, Bacolod, Roxas, and Kalibo. Figure 3.1-22 shows areas for agro-industry and fishery.
The connectivity strategy aims at improved mobility among settlements, production and
tourism areas. Due to the characteristics of the region consisting of islands, improvement of
port and airport including construction of new ports is expected. For reduction of vulnerability,
hydro-meteorological and geologic and volcanic hazards are analyzed to identify highly
susceptible areas to the disasters. In addition, climate change impact and adaptive capacity of
sectors are also examined.
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Final Report
Source: VSDF 2015-2045, DRR CCA-Enhanced PDPFPs Sources: Western Visayas Regional Development Plan
in Western Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022
2017-2022
Figure 3.1-20 Hierarchy of Settlements Figure 3.1-21 Major Transportation Facilities
Source: Western Visayas Regional Development Plan Source: Western Visayas Regional Development Plan
2017-2022 2017-2022
Figure 3.1-22 Agro-Industrial and Fisheries Figure 3.1-23 Hydro-meteorological

Areas for Development Hazards
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Final Report
(9) Region VII: Central Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022
In pursuit of the long-term vision of AmBisyon Natin 2040, the Central Visayas Regional
Development Plan 2017-2022 aspires to a) increase public trust in government; b) reduce
inequality in access to development opportunities; and c) attain high and sustainable economic
growth, for more inclusive growth10
The strategies for industry and services include: to expand economic opportunities by
developing value chain and building linkages among agriculture, industry, and service sectors,
promoting inclusive tourism development, and increasing FDIs among others. The plan
identified inadequate infrastructure including transportation, communication and IT, and
power supply, as one of constraints in enhancing competitiveness of the region. To address this
development challenge, strategies for transportation aim to build a transport network for better
access to markets, production areas, and industry locations, to make better intra- and inter
island transport linkages, and to reduce traffic congestion in urban centers, among others.
Table 3.1-8 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Central Visayas 2017-2022
Actual Targets
Indicator
2017 2022
GRDP and GRDP 6.4 - 6.9 8.3 - 8.8
GVA Annual AHFF 1.8 - 2.2 2.8 - 2.9
Growth Rate Industry 7.9 - 8.4 10.0 - 10.5
(%) Services 5.9 - 6.4 7.5 - 8.0
Unemployment Rate (%) 4.5 - 4.8 3.0 - 3.3
26.1 21.7
(Population) (%)
Source: NEDA. Central Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.

Spatial development in Central Visayas intends to achieve the goals of “the rational distribution
of population, settlements, and economic activities; the economic integration of the provincial
economies; the equitable access of economic opportunities and resources, and; the protection
of the environment and reduction of vulnerability to hazards and climate change.” 11 Figure
3.1-24 and Figure 3.1-25 present the settlement system; Figure 3.1-26 and Figure 3.1-27 show
networks for connectivity. The strategy of vulnerability reduction seeks to protect conservation
areas, specify high risk areas of disaster and the vulnerable population, apply mitigation
measures, and create redundancy in transport network and infrastructure, etc.
10
The Central Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 135.
11
Ditto. Page 26.
3-20
Final Report
Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial
Framework 2016-2045 in Central Visayas RDP Development Framework 2016-2045 in
2017-2022. Page 27. Central Visayas RDP 2017-2022. Page 31.
Figure 3.1-24 Central Visayas Network of Figure 3.1-25 Connectivity of Urban Centers/
Urban Centers and Functions Settlements
Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development Source: Central Visayas Regional Spatial Development
Framework 2016-2045 in Central Visayas RDP Framework 2016-2045 in Central Visayas RDP
2017-2022. Page 195. 2017-2022. Page 196.
Figure 3.1-26 Road Transport Network, Figure 3.1-27 Nautical Highway and Major
Central Visayas Projects, Central Visayas
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Final Report
(10) Region VIII: Eastern Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022
The long-term vision of Eastern Visayas in 2040 is to be “a resilient and prosperous region
where people enjoy equitable socioeconomic opportunities for and benefits of sustainable
human development.” The Eastern Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022 also holds
up the two goals of “robust and sustained economic growth” and “reduced poverty and
inequality in all dimensions.” To achieve the goals and long-term vision, agriculture and fishery,
manufacturing, and tourism are identified as the priority sectors that are expected to lead the
regional economic growth by aiming to achieve: 1) resilient, high-earning and sustainable
agriculture and fisheries sector, 2) expanded and diversified manufacturing subsector, and 3)
vibrant tourism subsector.12 The macroeconomic targets are summarized in Table 3.1-9.
The RDP identifies issues to be solved for enhancement of economic competitiveness, namely,
weak and volatile economic expansion, insufficient decent jobs, high ratio of poverty disparity
and income inequality, and less developed economic sectors such as tourism and industry. In
addition, lack of infrastructure facilities is identified as an issue in industry sector development.
To address the issues and achieve the goals, the RDP proposes development of quality
infrastructure, and improvement of connectivity, as well as industry cluster development
including economic zones.
Table 3.1-9 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Eastern Visayas 2017-2022
Actual Targets
Indicator
Base Year Value 2017 2022
GRDP 2015 3.90 5.2 - 5.7 6.8 - 7.0
GRDP and GVA AHFF 2015 3.5 2.5 - 3.4 4.4 - 5.0
Annual Growth
Industry 2015 4,4 5.0 - 5.5 6.6 - 6.7
Rate (%)
Services 2015 6.8 6.5 - 6.9 7.8 - 8.0
Unemployment Rate (%) 2013 25.5 21.4 17.45
Poverty Incidence Rate (Population) (%) 2015 38.7 32.68 22.26
Source: NEDA. Eastern Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.

The regional concentration strategy, expressed by settlement hierarchy and connectivity
networks in Eastern Visayas, is presented in Figure 3.1-28 and Figure 3.1-29. A hazard map
for vulnerability re-education is presented in Figure 3.1-30.
The Integrated Ecosystem Management (IEM) derived from the ridge-to-reef approach is
utilized for the overarching strategy for spatial development in Eastern Visayas. By taking the
three island groups of Leyte, Samar, and Biliran as a planning unit, five IEM zones are defined
to identify appropriate actions, viz., 1) Zone A - Conservation, Protection, and Heritage Areas;
2) Zone B – Production Areas; 3) Zone C – Built-up Areas; 4) Zone D –Hazard-prone Areas;
and 5) Zone E – Tourism Development Areas (TDAs).
12
The Eastern Visayas Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 34.
3-22
3-23
Source: Eastern Visayas RDP 2017-2022. Page 22. Source: Eastern Visayas RDP 2017-2022. Page 23.
Source: Eastern Visayas RDP 2017-2022. Page 29.
Figure 3.1-28 Connectivity of Settlements Figure 3.1-29 Connectivity to Other Regions Figure 3.1-30 Hazard Prone Area
Final Report
Final Report
(11) Region IX: Zamboanga Peninsula Regional Development Plan 2017-2022

The mid-term vision for Zamboanga Peninsula is to be “the Center of Sustainable Agri-fishery
Industries of the Philippines.” 13 To achieve inclusive economic development and
internationally thriving agri-fishery industries, the following six issues should be resolved:
(a) To keep a high growth rate of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), despite the low
growth rate of productivity of the agri-fisheries industry and the region’s weak industry
and services;
(b) To quicken reduction of poverty incidence
(c) To provide quality basic social services in pace with the population growth
(d) To develop and upgrade infrastructure
(e) To address environmental degradation
(f) To maintain sustainable peace and order
The macroeconomic targets are summarized in Table 3.1-10. Key issues in economic
developments include low productivity, lack of Infrastructure and connectivity including
logistics facilities, undeveloped tourism sector, among others. To attain the stated objectives
and vision, strategies for better productivity, development of industry clusters using SEZs and
cooperatives, and infrastructure development area adopted, by taking advantage of
opportunities found in the region, such as rich natural resources and BIMP-EAGA arrangement.
Table 3.1-10 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Zamboanga Peninsula 2017-2022

Average Targets
Indicator
2011-2015 2017-2022
Population Growth (%) 1.21 1.1 - 1.2
GRDP 6.2 7.2 - 8.3
GRDP and
GVA Annual AHFF (0.56) 2.0 - 2.9
Growth Rate Industry 11.1 13.3 - 15.2
(%) Services 6.56 6.2 - 6.7
Unemployment Rate (%) 3.5 2.0 - 3.0
Underemployment Rate (%) 22.0 18.0 - 21.0
Poverty Incidence Rate (Population) 33.9*
30.0 - 32.0
(%)
Source: NEDA. Zamboanga Peninsula Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. *
Poverty Incidence: 2015 Data
2) Regional Spatial Strategy 2016-2045

Adapting the Concentric Y-Strategy shown in Figure 3.1-31, the spatial development strategy
is formulated to “(a) build efficient, productive and green urban areas for inclusive
development; (b) improve connectivity within and beyond the borders of Zamboanga
Peninsula; (c) reduce vulnerability of communities from risks due to natural hazards; (d) reduce
poverty; and (e) ensure peace, security and safety.”14 Figure 3.1-33 and Figure 3.1-34 present
the settlement network and transport network, respectively. In the proposed settlement
hierarchy, Zamboanga City is categorized into a regional center; however, it should be
reminded that the city will obtain metropolitan status by 2045, exceeding the population of 1
million.
13
Zamboanga Peninsula Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 6.
14
Zamboanga Peninsula RDP 2017-2022 Page 23.
3-24
Final Report
Source: Zamboanga Peninsula RDP 2017-2022 Page 24.

Figure 3.1-31 Concentric Y Strategy
For the connectivity strategy, inter-modal transport connecting major urban centers in
Mindanao and other regions, and in neighboring countries should be established. In relation to
the vulnerability reduction strategy, the conflict between urbanization and protection should be
addressed as well.
Source: Zamboanga Peninsula RDP 2017-2022 Page 24.

Figure 3.1-32 Intermodal Connectivity Map
3-25
Final Report
3-26
Source: Zamboanga Peninsula RDP 2017-2022 Page 29. Source: Zamboanga Peninsula RDP 2017-2022. Page Source: Zamboanga Peninsula RDP 2017-2022. Page 12.
172.
Figure 3.1-33 Regional Spatial Strategy 2045 Figure 3.1-34 Transport Network Map Figure 3.1-35 Flood Susceptibility Map
Final Report
(12) Region X: Northern Mindanao Regional Development Plan 2017-2022

Anchoring to the long-term vision of AmBisyon Natin 2040, Northern Mindanao Region
envisages to be “the gateway and leading industrial core and trade center in Southern
Philippines, with dynamic men and women enjoying equal opportunities in sustainability,
harnessing its agricultural and natural resources in building a decent, harmonies and safe
environment.”15 This vision expresses the desire for the region to become a transshipment hub
and industrial center as well as a major provider of high-value agricultural and fishery products.
The development plan framework is presented in Figure 3.1-36. The priority focus areas
(PFAs) with advantages are identified, including high value agricultural crops; livestock,
poultry and fishery, fresh and processed foods; metal and engineering; tourism; and other
emerging sectors. The macroeconomic targets are presented in Table 3.1-11.
The identified development issues include: low productivity, insufficient enterprises,
formulation of value chain and industry cluster, market linkage, and Metropolitan Food
Cluster/ agri-based product cluster approach, in the AFF sector; high cost of doing business,
limited access to production networks, insufficient infrastructure, and market access among
others, in the industry and service sectors; and poor connectivity in rural, production and left-
behind area, traffic congestion, vulnerability to hazards, and improvement of airport capacity
and port facilities in the transportation sector.
Source: Northern Mindanao RDP 2017-2022 Page 46.
Figure 3.1-36 Northern Mindanao Development Plan Framework
15
Northern Mindanao RDP 2017-2022 Page 45.
3-27
Final Report
Table 3.1-11 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Northern Mindanao 2017-2022
Baseline Average Targets
Indicator
Year Value 2017 2022
GRDP and GRDP 2010-2015 6.3 5.1 - 6.7 6.1 - 8.2
GVA AHFF 2010-2015 3.7 4.0 - 5.5 4.5 - 7.0
Annual
Growth Rate Industry 2010-2015 7.6 6.0 - 7.5 6.0 - 8.0
(%) Services 2010-2015 6.9 5.0 - 6.7 7.0 - 9.0
Underemployment Rate (%) 2015 24.9 24 <20
Poverty Incidence among 25 - 27
2015 30.3 22 - 24
Families (%) (2019)
Source: NEDA. Northern Mindanao Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.

The Regional Spatial Strategy for Northern Mindanao is expressed in the Climate and Disaster
Risk-Sensitive Regional Physical Framework Plan 2013-2040. Guided by the vision, the RPFP
has proposed the physical framework, hierarchy of settlements, infrastructure framework, and
vulnerability reeducation strategies, as shown from Figure 3.1-37 to Figure 3.1-40.
Source: NEDA. Northern Mindanao Regional Development

Plan 2017-2022. Page 39
Plan 2017-2022. Page 22.
Figure 3.1-37 Physical Framework 2040 Figure 3.1-38 Hierarchy of Settlements
3-28
Final Report
Source: NEDA. Northern Mindanao Regional

Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 376.
Plan 2017-2022. Page 24.
Figure 3.1-39 Infrastructure Framework Map Figure 3.1-40 Potential Geohazard Types and
Distribution
(13) Region XI: Davao Regional Development Plan 2017-2022

Adapting the objectives and strategies for the long-term vision, AmBisyon Natin 2040, and PDP
2017-2022, the Davao Region pursues to build “the foundation for inclusive growth, a high-
trust and resilient society, and a globally competitive knowledge economy.” The plan aims to
achieve the macroeconomic targets presented in Table 3.1-12.
The development issues and challenges identified for each sector entail: AFF Sector:
inadequate logistics and infrastructure support for the agriculture, inadequate delivery of
services, inadequate capacity to cope with climate change risks, unsustainable fishery,
contamination of river water for irrigation, issues on land use and tenure, and inadequate market
linkages; industry and service sectors: lack or readiness to participate in the ASEAN economic
integration, standards issue, high vulnerability to external market shock, slow infrastructure
and logistics / supply chain development, weak R & D and technology adoption, human
resource development, etc.; and in infrastructure: limited internal mobility connectivity of rural
production areas and the market, and limited domestic and international connectivity. The
strategies are identified to address those issues, such as pursuit of agro-industrial development
(manufacturing development by industry cluster), massive investment in logistics and
infrastructure, reduction of the cost of doing business, etc. for industry and service sector and
for infrastructure sector, enhancement of internal circulation mobility and external linkage.
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Final Report
Table 3.1-12 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of Davao 2017-2022
Indicator
Year Value 2022
GRDP 2015 7.9 10.5 - 11.5
GRDP and GVA Annual AHFF 2015 1.4 1.5.5 - 2.5
Growth Rate (%) Industry 2015 11.6 14.0 - 15.0
Services 2015 7.4 9.2 - 10.2
Underemployment Rate (%) 2015 16.1 13.0
Poverty Incidence among Families (%) 2015 16.6 13.6
Source: NEDA. Davao Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.

The spatial strategy for Davao Region is formulated by the Davao Region Spatial Development
Framework (DRSDF) 2015-2045, guided by the Mindanao Spatial Strategy/Development
Framework (MSS/DF) 2015–2045 and the NSS. As components of the spatial strategy, overall
strategy of C. O. R. E. Growth Triangles anchoring in agri-industry centers along the Davao
Gulf and settlement hierarchy are presented in Figure 3.1-41 and Figure 3.1-42, respectively.
High risks of hydro-meteorological and geologic hazard, including flooding, rain-induced
landslides and active fault lines, are found in the Davao Region (see Figure 3.1-43).
Source: Davao RDP 2017-2022. Page 34. Source: Davao RDP 2017-2022. Page 30.
Figure 3.1-41 Overall Spatial Strategy Figure 3.1-42 Existing Network of Growth
Centers
3-30
Final Report
Source: Davao RDP 2017-2022. Page 27.

Figure 3.1-43 Multi-hazards Map
(14) Region XII: SOCCSKSARGEN Regional Development Plan 2017-2022

The SOCCSKSARGEN Regional Development Plan 2017-2022 intends to archive the
development goal, which is “to reduce poverty and to share equitably the gains of economic
growth with the most disadvantaged sector.” 16 The strategies to attain goals are:
(a) To transform agriculture into a competitive agribusiness industry;
(b) To ensure that all school-age population are given equal opportunities to basic, higher and
technical-vocational education;
(c) To improve existing dilapidated hospital buildings, upgrading facilities and equipment,
and engaging more health workers;
(d) To build resiliency of communities and reducing vulnerabilities of individuals and
families;
(e) To accelerate build-up of resilient infrastructure facilities integrating DRR-CCA
measures;
(f) To improve public financial management;
(g) To institutionalize the Restorative Justice Program, enhancing the three-pronged
harmonized rehabilitation program and the Volunteer Probation Assistance (VPA)
Program;
(h) To sustain and support the peace initiatives of the government; and
16
The SOCCSKSARGEN Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 6.
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Final Report
(i) To harmonize land uses from ridge-to-reef by integrating forest land use plans, watershed
management plans, protected areas management plans, and other related forestry plans
into the LGUs’ CLUP and diversifying livelihood sources of upland farmers through
multi-story agroforestry and partnership with private investors and forest products
processors17
Table 3.1-13 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of SOCCSKSARGEN 2017-2022

Indicator
Year Value 2022
GRDP and GRDP 2016 5.4 - 6.0 8.9 - 9.4
GVA AHFF 2016 9.5 4.5 - 5.0
Annual
Industry 2016 13.5 10 - 10.5
Growth Rate
(%) Services 2016 7.4 10 - 10.5
Source: NEDA. SOCCSKSARGEN Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.
The development issues and strategies in each sector are summarized as follows. In the AFF
sector where more than half of the region’s labor forces are engaged, low productivity and
production is pointed out as issues. In the industry sector, development issues include: no value
added to agricultural product due to lack of the linkage of agriculture and industry,
standardization, lack of financial capital for MSMEs, insufficient processing facilities, less
diversified export products, lack of competitive products, cost for the certification of organic
agriculture products, and lack of champion for industry clusters. Development issues in the
service sector entail the need for competitive sector, economic zone development for
employment generation, and less developed tourism sector. In the transport infrastructure
sector, inefficient transport system including road and sea and airport facilities is identified as
the essential issue.
To realize the vision of “an agri-industrial hub and ecotourism center in southern Philippines,” the
objectives of the spatial strategy are promotion of foundation of SEZs and also Tri-Corridor
Development. The three corridors are the following:
- Cotabato City-Kidapawan City (CK) Agri-Industrial and Eco-Tourism Corridor
- Isulan-General Santos (IGS) Agri-Industrial and Eco-Tourism Corridor
- Lebak-Maasim-Alabel-Glan (LMAG) Coastal Development Zone
17
Ditto. Page 6-7.
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Source: NEDA. SOCCSKSARGEN Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 20.
Figure 3.1-44 The Regional Spatial Development Strategy 2015-2045
Source: NEDA. SOCCSKSARGEN Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 157.
Figure 3.1-45 Kilos Abante Programs/Projects (KAPP), Roads
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(15) Region XIII: Caraga Regional Development Plan 2017-2022
As its long-term vision, “with the blessings of the Almighty, Caraga Region is (to be)
sustainably developed culturally responsive, and globally competitive, where everyone
equitably enjoys the fruits of peace and prosperity” by 2040. For the planning period from 2017
to 2022 of the Caraga Regional Development Plan, the Region is envisaged to be the “Fishery,
Agro-Forestry, Mineral and Ecotourism (FAME) Center of the Country.”18
The development issues identified include: low performance of the AFF sector and decline of
performance of mining and quarrying sector, and high unemployment and poverty incidence.
The AFF sector adopts strategies to increase productivity, to solve land use conflict, to protect
prime farms, to provide access to financial products, to expand access to markets, and to reduce
vulnerability. In the industry and service sector, the strategies are formulated, with the intention
to diversify the industry and service by value-adding activities and mainstream ecotourism, to
reduce the negative impact of mining, to increase access to economic opportunities, and to
reduce vulnerability to disasters. The strategies for infrastructure, especially transportation, aim
to create more linkages of road and sea, to enhance sea networks and to promote strategic inter-
island bridge, to improve connectivity to tourism sites, ports, production and conflict areas, and
to relocate Butuan City Airport and upgrade it to an international airport.
In the Caraga Regional Spatial Development Framework (CRSDF) 2015-2045, a polycentric
network of spatial structure was proposed, to achieve the goal of becoming the Fishery,
Agroforestry, Mineral, and Ecotourism (FAME). The CRSDF also identified key development
zones (KDZ) of food production, fishery development, forest planation, mineral development
and ecotourism development. The polycentric structure, hierarchy of settlements, and major
existing airports and seaports are presented in Figure 3.1-46, Figure 3.1-47, and Figure 3.1-48,
respectively. Figure 3.1-49 provides a multi-hazard map for the strategy of vulnerability
reduction.
18
Caraga Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 9 and 10.
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3-35
Source: Caraga RDP 2017-2022. Page 27 Source: Caraga RDP 2017-2022. Page 36. Source: Caraga RDP 2017-2022. Page 41.
.
Figure 3.1-46 Polycentric Spatial Development Figure 3.1-47 Projected Hierarchy of Figure 3.1-48 Major Airport and Sea ports
Framework & Key Development Zones in Settlements in 2040
Final Report
Caraga Region
Final Report
Source: Caraga RDP 2017-2022. Page 43.

Figure 3.1-49 Multi-Hazard Map
(16) ARMM Regional Development Plan 2017-2022

Guided by the long-term vision of the nation, the long-term vision of ARMM Region is that:
“by 2040, the peoples in the Bangsamoro are self-governing with a predominantly middle-class
society living in safe communities, having a dynamic economy including a Halal ecosystem,
enjoying inclusive peace and diverse cultures, who shall enhance sustainable development
ensuring that responsibilities and benefits are shared by all.”19
The priority for the planning period of 2017-2022 is peace and governance which create the
foundation for development. The six development goals for ARMM from 2017 to 2022 are:
(a) Open, transparent, accountable and inclusive governance practiced and sustained in
ARMM;
(b) Access of ARMM communities to basic services for human capital development
improved;
(c) Environment for more secured community in ARMM improved and sustained;
(d) Investments, employment and income in ARMM increased;
(e) Infrastructure development for socio-economic growth in the region accelerated; and
(f) Integrity of ecosystems, adaptions to climate change, and disaster resilience of
communities in ARMM enhanced.
19
ARMM Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 6.
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For poverty reduction, a long-term strategy and short-term strategies are identified. The long-
term poverty strategy aims to develop agri-processing industry by connecting the AHFF sector
with industry. As a consequence, farmers will seek jobs in the industry sector. The short-term
strategy takes a community-driven and development model, to secure the four basic needs,
namely, food, water, light, and shelter.
Table 3.1-14 Selected Macroeconomic Targets of ARMM 2017-2022
Targets
Indicator
2017 2022
GRDP and GRDP 3.0 - 3.51 5.25 - 5.68
GVA AHFF 1.38 - 1.59 2.44 - 2.65
Annual
Industry 11.45 - 14.23 25.34 - 28.11
Growth Rate
(%) Services 4.53 - 4.96 6.68 - 7.11
Poverty Incidence (5) 45.20 33.20
Source: NEDA. ARMM Regional Development Plan 2017-2022.
The AHFF sector in ARMM contributes nearly 60% of the regional output and offers jobs to
more than half of the labor force. The AHFF sector can significantly benefit from the BIMP-
EAGA by exporting Halal foods; however, the sector does not grow so easily because of low
production, lack of technical support, lack of access to capital, insufficient infrastructure, high
cost of inputs, low capacity, insufficient support to the halal food industry, and absence of
climate change adaption plan, among others. These development challenges should be
addressed by taking strategies for product increase (development of agri-processing centers,
development of alternative markets, enhancement of cooperatives, Freeport management,
involvement in BIMP-EAGA, etc.), availability of nutrition foods, securing of land tenure, and
climate change adoption. The strategies proposed for industry and service sectors include:
value-addition to agri-fishery products with halal standard compliance, creation of business-
friendly environment, opportunities in tourism and halal services, introduction of Islamic
finance and other financial institutions, investments in ecozones and maximization of BIMP-
EAGA opportunities, and others.
Anchoring in the NSS, the regional spatial strategy is formulated for acceleration of regional
development. For the concentration strategy, the hierarchy of settlements and the air and sea
transport network for connectivity are presented in Figure 3.1-50, Figure 3.1-52 and Figure
3.1-53, respectively. Figure 3.1-51 provides the location of ecozones which need to be
connected by land or other means of transport.
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Source: NEDA. ARMM Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 25.

Figure 3.1-50 Hierarchy of Settlement in ARMM
Source: NEDA. ARMM Regional Development Plan 2017-2022. Page 57

Figure 3.1-51 Actual and Proposed ARMM Ecozones
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Source: NEDA. ARMM RDP 2017-2022. Page 30. Source: NEDA. ARMM RDP 2017-2022. Page 32.
Figure 3.1-52 Air Connectivity Figure 3.1-53 Sea Connectivity
National and Regional Physical Development Framework

National Physical Development Framework
(1) The Draft National Physical Framework Plan 2016 – 2045
The National Physical Framework Plan (NPFP) is a 30-year plan to direct the physical
development of the nation. The first NPFP was formulated for the plan term of 1993-2022,
succeeded by the National Framework for Physical Planning 2001-2030. This Section reviews
the next NPFP under preparation, the draft National Physical Framework Plan 2016-2045.
The NPFP 2016-2045 aims to achieve the following g goal and objectives:
Goal: Bring about efficient settlement, production and service delivery systems and
sustainable use of land and other physical resource, while attaining inclusive growth,
through physical and economic integration.
Objectives:
➢ Guide the location of investments
➢ Improve the flow of people, goods and services
➢ Protect and conserve the environment
➢ Reduce disaster risk and vulnerability to natural hazards
The NSS is adopted as the main principle for balanced growth, which intends to nurture growth
of urban centers across the nation for decongestion of the NCR or Metro Manila, taking
advantage of the importance of urban areas in economic growth and poverty reduction.
Recognizing the issues of conflict in land use between urbanization and production/ protection
purpose, needs for urban management and efficient land use, importance of connectivity in
competitiveness and development of urban centers, and the nation’s high susceptibility to
disaster and climate change, the NPFP endorses the three broad strategies of the NSS,
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“concentration,” “connectivity” and “vulnerability reduction” as its main strategy for the
coming thirty years. (See Figure 3.2-1).
The settlement hierarchy consisting of “metropolitan centers,” “regional centers,” and “sub-
regional centers” is proposed in accordance with the criteria of population, function, and others.
Characteristics of settlement centers and metropolitan centers are described in
Table 3.2-1.
National Spatial Strategy (NSS)
Concentration: Vulnerability Reduction:

“build on the efficiencies and Connectivity:
“make vulnerability reduction an
maximize the benefits of scale and “form an efficient network”
integral part of development”
agglomeration economies.”
 Optimize benefits from  Improve linkages among  Protect environmentally-

agglomeration settlements and key production constrained or hazard-prone
 Increase viability of wider areas areas
variety & higher levels of  Direct growth in areas with  Control settlements in hazard-
services in areas with bigger greatest economic potentials prone areas
markets through efficient transportation  Ensure safety of the population
 Reduce encroachment into networks
agricultural land & other  Ensure access to areas affected
 Increase access to jobs and by hazard events
environmentally sensitive or
services by people in smaller
protected areas
settlements
Source: NEDA. 2016. Draft National Physical Development Framework Plan 2016-2045
Figure 3.2-1 National Spatial Strategies
Table 3.2-1 Settlement Center Hierarchy and Characteristics

Settlement
Characteristics
Centers
Metropolitan  Serve as the economic and administrative centers
Centers  Primary international gateways
(4)  Have distinct functions in
✓ innovation and advanced services
✓ culture and tourism
✓ education and research
✓ transportation and trade
✓ manufacturing and technology development
Regional  Serve as regional markets and service centers to provinces
Centers ✓ Regional Administrative Center
(37) ✓ International Gateway
✓ Tourism Hub
 Direct linkages to Metro Manila and/or the metropolitan center in the Island Group
(Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao)
Sub-Regional  Form the market catchments of regional centers.
Centers  Connect to and serve as service centers of smaller provincial and local centers.
(116) ✓ Tourism Center/ Hub
✓ Agri-Industrial Center/ Hub
✓ Industrial Center / Hub
✓ Higher Education / Learning Center
Source: NEDA. 2016. Draft National Physical Development Framework Plan 2016-2045
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Source: Three Major Metropolitan Centers: Luzon RDCOM and NEDA. LSDF 2015-2045. Page 44.
Proposed Network of Settlements: NEDA. 2016. Draft National Physical Development Framework Plan 2016-2045
Figure 3.2-2 Three Major Metropolitan Centers and Proposed Network of Settlements
Regional Physical Development Framework

(1) Luzon Spatial Development Framework (LSDF) 2015-2045
Due to its geographical advantage and proximity to Metro Manila, Luzon is endowed with well-
educated human resources, fertile land and natural resources. However, the high development
potential and vibrant economic activities results in issues of rapid suburbanization and sprawl
in surrounding areas of Metro Manila, encroachment of production land, inefficient land use
marked by relatively low density of urban areas, competition for land, and increasing disaster
risk caused by development of land with high disaster risk.
Anchoring in the NSS, the Luzon Spatial Development Framework (LSDF) 2015-2045 was
formulated to address these issues and proposed the three strategies of concentration,
connectivity, and vulnerability reduction with priority projects and programs.
1) Concentration Strategy
A concentration strategy is proposed to realize the following objectives:
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 Increased innovation, creativity and economic activities and, in particular, greater
opportunities for employment and poverty reduction;
 Availability of a larger variety and higher levels of services; and,
 Reduced encroachment into agricultural land and other environmentally-sensitive,
constrained, or protected areas (compared to low density sprawl).20
The proposed hierarchy of settlement with five-tiered network and priority projects for
concentration strategy are presented in Figure 3.2-3 and Figure 3.2-7.
2) Connectivity Strategy
To improve the communication network, transportation (land, air, and sea) system, and
economic infrastructure, the connectivity strategy is determined, with the following specific
objectives:
 Increase access and to improve the efficiency of markets;
 Manage growth and the development of settlements according to specific urban and
regional plans; and,
 Reduce vulnerability during emergency situations by increasing the redundancy of
transportation routes, communication and other infrastructure facilities.21
The networks of transportation in Luzon are formulated, based on the twin-spine spatial
structure presented in Figure 3.2-4 and existing infrastructure and development plans. (See
Figure 3.2-5 and Figure 3.2-6). The priority projects for connectivity are shown in Figure
3.2-8.
20
Luzon Spatial Development Framework (LSDF) 2015-2045. Page 55.
21
Ditto. Page 61.
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Final Report
Source: Luzon Regional Development Committee (RDCOM) and NEDA. Luzon Spatial Development Framework Plan
(LSDF) 2015-2045. Page 46.
Figure 3.2-3 Proposed Hierarchy/ Network of Settlements in Luzon
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Source: Luzon RDCOM and NEDA. LSDF 2015-2045. Page 62.
Figure 3.2-4 Twin-Spine Spatial Structure in Metro Manila and Surrounding Regions
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Source: Luzon RDCOM and NEDA. LSDF 2015-2045. Page 67. Source: Luzon RDCOM and NEDA. LSDF 2015-2045.Page 65.
Final Report
Figure 3.2-5 Seaport and Airport Systems in Luzon Figure 3.2-6 North-South Backbone/East-West Lateral/ Strategic
Road Development Framework in Luzon
Final Report
3-46
Source: Luzon RDCOM and NEDA. LSDF 2015-2045. Page 100. Source: Luzon RDCOM and NEDA. LSDF 2015-2045. Page 99.
Figure 3.2-7 Priority Core Projects for Concentration Figure 3.2-8 Priority Core Projects for Connectivity
Strategy in Luzon Strategy in Luzon
Final Report
3) Vulnerability Reduction Strategy
The vulnerability reduction strategy is guided by the following principles:
 No compromise on safety
 Priority of production land use over urbanization land use
 Integration of eco-tourism, agri-forestry, and urban amenities
 Application of redundancy strategy by providing alternative routes
 Comprehensive approach including land use, infrastructure plans, education and
awareness, and other DRRM measures.
The priority projects for vulnerability reduction strategy in Luzon are presented in Figure 3.2-9.
Source: Luzon RDCOM and NEDA. LSDF 2015-2045. Page 101.
Figure 3.2-9 Priority Core Project for Vulnerability Reduction Strategy in Luzon
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(2) Visayas Spatial Development Framework (VSDF) 2015-2045
Though the growth of the Visayas economy has been sluggish compared with Luzon and
Mindanao, there exist a number of advantages found in the Visayas, such as its central location
in the country, land suitable for agricultural development in Western and Eastern Samar,
marine and fishery resources, the existence of strong manufacturing and IT-BPO business
industry, well-known international tourist spots and various tourism and attractions rooted in
natural, cultural, and historic resources, etc.
Meanwhile, development issues that the Visayas is facing, include: constraints in mobility used
by its archipelagic characteristics, vulnerability to disaster, scarcity and inefficient use of water,
land and natural resources, persistent poverty and increasing informal settlers in urban areas,
slow growth of the economic sector, and low productivity of agriculture, among others.
To address the development challenges and build desirable spatial structure, the future vision
of the Visayas is: “a competitive, world-class economy, where its people - proud of their history,
culture and heritage - live in progressive, peaceful, sustainable, and resilient communities.”
The objectives and strategies for concentration, connectivity, and vulnerability reduction are
formulated as shown in Figure 3.2-10.
The proposed settlement hierarchy and the locations with development potential in industry,
tourism and agri-business in the Visayas are presented in Figure 3.2-11, Figure 3.2-13, Figure
3.2-14 and Figure 3.2-15. Related to the connectivity strategy, Figure 3.2-12 shows the
existing road networks, and Figure 3.2-16 and Figure 3.2-17 present the existing and new port
and airport projects, respectively. The strategy of vulnerability reduction aims to identify high
risk areas, and to reduce the vulnerability by enhancing spatial planning and introducing
disaster risk mitigation measures, and to protect production land.
In the VSDF, an investment program, consisting of core activities and complementary
programs and projects, is developed for the 30-year plan period from 2015 to 2045 under the
three main strategies. Total PHP4.5 trillion programs, activities, and projects (PAPs) are
identified for implementation. Among them, 81% or PHP P3.6 trillion is selected for the short-
term PAPs from 2016 to 2025; 14% or PHP628 billion PAPs are for 2025-2034; and 5% or
PHP238 billion PAPs are identified for 2035-2045.
The PAPs for connectivity account for 87 % of the investment or PHP 3.9 trillion, followed by
9.4 % or PHP 426.5 billion PAPs for vulnerability reduction and 3.6 % or PHP 162 billion for
concentration.
The major core PAPs are:
 Concentration: development of agribusiness areas, economic zones, IT parks and tourism
estates.
 Connectivity: upgrading/widening of major roads/ bridges and ports along the western
and central spines of the nautical highway including RP-Japan Maharlika highway,
railways, container ports, including construction of mega bridges of Panay (Iloilo) -
Guimaras - Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental (Sibulan and Amlan) - Cebu, Cebu-
Bohol-Leyte, Babatngon-Sta. Rita (Samar -Leyte), and the 3rd Mactan Bridge.
 Vulnerability reduction: Construction of evacuation centers and disaster logistics
networks, environmental management and pollution control programs
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Source: NEDA. VSDF 2015-2045. Page 28.

Figure 3.2-10 Development Framework for the Visayas
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Figure 3.2-11 Network of Settlements in the Visayas

Figure 3.2-12 Existing Road Network in the Visayas
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Source: NEDA. VSDF 2015-2045. Page 32. Source: NEDA. VSDF 2015-2045. Page 44.
Figure 3.2-13 Industrial Ecozone Development in the Visayas Figure 3.2-14 Tourism Development Areas in the Visayas
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Figure 3.2-15 Proposed Agri-business Development Areas in the Visayas
Final Report
Source: NEDA. VSDF 2015-2045. Page 48. Source: NEDA. VSDF 2015-2045. Page 49.
Figure 3.2-16 Existing and New Port Projects in the Visayas Figure 3.2-17 Existing and New Airport Projects in the Visayas
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Figure 3.2-18 Slope Map of the Visayas
Final Report
(3) Mindanao Spatial Strategy/ Development Framework (MSS/DF) 2015-2045

The Mindanao Spatial Strategy/Development Framework (MSS/DF) 2015-2045 is formulated
to guide development in Mindanao focusing on spatial dimensions in the next 30 years, under
the framework of the National Physical Framework Plan (NPFP) and the National Spatial
Strategy (NSS). Among the three primary strategies of concentration, connectivity and
vulnerability reduction, concentration strategy or settlement hierarchy and distribution is
considered as the main concern for Mindanao.
1) Development Challenges
Development challenges under the three concerns are summarized as follows: concentration:
uncontrolled conversion of agricultural land to urban and other uses, low productivity, needs
for better basic public services to meet increasing demand caused by population growth,
insufficient mass-transport systems in urban areas and traffic congestion, inadequate waste
management, and health and environment risks; connectivity: insufficient infrastructure
especially intra- and inter- Mindanao transport networks and lack of redundancy in transport
networks; vulnerability reduction: expansion of settlements and encroachment in protected and
hazard-prone areas and the existence of settlements and production areas with high disaster
risk; and cross-cutting issues: widespread high poverty incidence, lack of power supply, and
remaining risk of conflict.22
2) Vision, Goals and Objectives
Mindanao envisions “a peaceful, safe, resilient, and socially-inclusive Mindanao of diverse
cultures harmoniously enjoying a sustainable and competitive agri-industrial and resource-
based economy” by 2045. For the sake of realization of the vision leading to the goals of
poverty reduction and job creation, the development outcomes are determined as:
 Productivity and growth of the agriculture, industry and services sectors improved and
sustained;
 Access to adequate and quality basic social and infrastructure facilities and services
ensured;
 Connectivity among production areas, markets and settlements enhanced;
 Disaster and climate change resiliency of communities increased;
 Integrity of the environment ensured; and
 Gains of the various peace efforts sustained
Spatial Strategy:
The spatial strategy for Mindanao suggests a multi-polar spatial structure, with a settlement
hierarchy forming around the four major centers of Metro Davao, Cagayan de Oro, General
Santos, and Zamboanga. The MSS/DF 2015-2045 projects that all of the three current regional
centers gain the metropolitan status by 2045, though only Cagayan de Oro is expected to be
upgraded to metropolitan center status in the NPFP. The urban hierarchy in Mindanao shall be
led by Metro Davao which shall keep playing a role as the primary center in Mindanao in terms
of administration, finance and commerce, followed by the other three centers that will function
as leading growth centers for commerce and trade, industrial development, connectivity, and
urbanization. In addition to the aforementioned four centers, there are 8 regional centers, 27
sub-regional centers, and 67 provincial centers. Besides, there are agri-industrial corridors or
Key Development Zones (KDZs) where development potentials in mineral, timber, agri-fishery
and marine resources, tourism circuits, and special economic zones are found, in addition to
services, watersheds and power. (See Figure 3.2-19 and Figure 3.2-20).
22
MSS/DF 2015-2045. Page 43-47.
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3) Strategic Policy Options and Priority Projects for Strategies of Concentration,
Connectivity and Vulnerability Reduction
Under the strategy of concentration in Mindanao, Figure 3.2-20 shows the settlement network;
Figure 3.2-21 presents intermodal connectivity; and Figure 3.2-22 and Figure 3.2-23 indicate
the areas with high risk of flood and landslide, respectively. The policy options for three
strategies identified are summarized in
Table 3.2-2 and PAPs for the first decade from 2015 to 2025 are summarized in Table 3.2-3.
Source: NEDA. MSS/DF 2015-2045. Page 51.

Figure 3.2-19 Over-all Spatial Strategy in Mindanao: Network of Growth Centers and
Key Development Zones
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Figure 3.2-20 Over-all Spatial Strategy in Mindanao: Network of Growth Centers

Figure 3.2-21 Inter-modal Connectivity Map for Mindanao
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Source: NEDA. MSS/DF 2015-2045. Page 32. Source: NEDA. MSS/DF 2015-2045. Page 34.
Figure 3.2-22 Flood-Prone Area Map for Figure 3.2-23 Landslide-Prone Area Map for
Mindanao Mindanao
Table 3.2-2 Strategic Policy Options for Three Strategies in Mindanao

Concentration Vulnerability Reduction
1. Promote redevelopment of built-up areas to improve 1. Manage economic centers to lead
efficiency of basic services: population to safer and peaceful areas;
2. Undertake strategic densification of priority areas; 2. Adopt sustainable environmental
adoption of baseline and minimum density guidelines management practices that reduce
3. Manage urban growth and delineate urban development disasters risks including the espousal of
boundaries: appropriate disaster management
interventions such as:
4. Develop economic drivers as Key Development Zones
supported by: 3. Sustain environmental protection and
conservation through strict enforcement
5. Establish MRT in the long term for metropolitan centers;
of environmental laws;
6. Promote efficient and effective urban management
4. Adopt uniform/complementing guidelines
(common landfill, traffic, pollution, etc.)
in mainstreaming DRR-CCA in local
7. Adopt a selective policy for extractive industries in the plans
KDZs (e.g., timber, minerals) in deference to local
5. Relocate hazard-exposed settlements to
sentiment:
safe areas. For settlements that cannot be
8. Include ecology, health and retirement havens among relocated ensure that mitigation measures
areas for tourism development; are instituted;
9. As KDZs for services, promote the development of 6. Institutionalize ecosystem and ridge to
Mindanao centers for education, health, retirement and reef approaches in natural resources
financial services; management;
10. Determine priority areas for short-to-medium term 7. Adopt redundancy of access to prevent
regional and interregional infrastructure investment; isolation of the areas during disasters;
11. Redirect regional capital investment programs to 8. Establish strategic and safe evacuation
addressing short-term and regional strategic priority areas; centers in the region;
12. Update CLUPs and enforce zoning ordinances; 9. Establish intra/inter-regional and
13. Conserve productive agriculture lands and encourage Mindanao-wide support mechanism
utilization of unproductive marginal lands for settlements; during and after calamities
14. Review areas identified as SAFDZs towards more efficient
and effective use of scant resources;
15. Encourage/promote land banking for socialized housing;
facilitate sustainable housing environments
16. Promote value adding technologies and practices to
improve productivity;
17. Accelerate irrigation development;
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18. Promote private sector participation in the provision of
basic services;
19. Establish intra/inter-regional complementation and support
mechanism on key production activities and services.
Connectivity Cross-Cutting
1. Develop the Mindanao Railway in the long term; 1. Engender popular and multi-sectoral
2. Support an efficient movement system: support for the Bangsamoro Framework
Agreement; and
3. Ensure strong and viable transport nodes (transport nodal
hierarchy; transport nodal profiles and boundaries; and 2. Expand the scope and intensify the
transport development and management guidelines): delivery of peace and development
outreach programs
4. Adopt disaster resilient and green technologies in
infrastructure development;
5. Provide major infrastructure support facilities to and from
settlement zones, production areas and marketing centers
especially in hazard exposed areas to ensure redundancy of
access.
Source: NEDA. MSS/DF 2015-2045. Page 65-68.
Table 3.2-3 Programs, Activities and Projects in Mindanao for 2015-2025

Concentration Connectivity
1. Development of Key Development Zones 1. Widening/Improvement/rehabilitation of arterial
a. Agri-Fishery and Marine Resources and secondary national roads and bridges
b. Tourism Circuits 2. Establishment of railways and mass rapid
c. Industrial Centers and Ecozones transportation system
d. Services a. Expressway
e. Power b. Railway
f. Minerals c. Mass Rapid Transport System (Digos-Davao
2. Development of built-up areas to improve City-Tagum City)
efficiency of basic services 3. Modernization/upgrading of airports and seaports
a. Upgrading of services in growth centers to to meet international standards
international standards a. Airports
b. Provision of quality basic services in rural b. Seaports
centers according to standards 4. Construction/upgrading of provincial/local roads
3. Effective and efficient transportation system in leading to growth centers
growth centers 5. Establishment/enhancement of air and sea routes
a. Improvement of internal road systems in major with other growth centers in the country, the
growth centers ASEAN region and the rest of the world.
b. Establishment of metro rail transits in Davao Vulnerability Reduction
City and Cagayan do Oro City 1. Management of forests, protected areas, wildlife
c. Establishment of Davao bus rapid transit and coastal zones
system/urban transport system 2. Construction/rehabilitation of flood control
d. Samal-Sasa Gateway Project projects
e. Davao Gulf Integrated Port Complex 3. Development/establishment of early warning and
f. Rehabilitation of the Davao International Airport flood forecasting system
4. Efficient and effective urban management 4. Enhancement of the capacities of LGUs to cope
(common landfill, traffic, pollution, etc.) with climate change
a. Implementation of environmental 5. Comprehensive and simultaneous formulation of
management/urban renewal programs of DRR/CCA-enhanced land use planning and zoning
air/water quality impact assessments in cities and municipalities in Mindanao
5. Updating of the maps of Mindanao Regions 6. Watersheds Targets:
a. Cadastral survey for ARMM and Mindanao 1-10 years Attainment of 40% forest cover
b. Topographic mapping using 1:20,000 scale for 11-20 years Attainment of 50% forest cover
ARMM and Mindanao 21-30 years Attainment of 60% forest cover
7. Integrated management of the river basins
Source: NEDA. MSS/DF 2015-2045. Page 68-75.
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Urban Development Plan of Mega City Area
Metro Manila Urban Development Plan
Metro Manila, located in the southwestern part of the Luzon island, is the largest urban
agglomeration, officially called the National Capital Region (NCR), with a population of 12.9
million in an area of 6.2 hundred km2. It is composed of the City of Manila, sixteen (16) cities
(Quezon, Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa,
Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela City) and one (1)
municipality of Pateros. It is the administrative, economic and cultural center of the Philippines.
The GRDP of the Metro Manila accounts for about 36.0% of the total GDP in 2018 and the
population of the NCR accounts for about 12.8% of the national population in 2015. Over the
recent decades, though Metro Manila has continued to experience fast population and economic
growth, its annual population growth rates have started slowing down from 1.78% for the
period of 200012010 and 1.58% for the period of 2010-2015. During 2010 to 2030, the
population is projected to increase by about 1.3 times, and the GRDP to increase by 2.8 times,
according to the JICA Study titled “Roadmap for Transport Infrastructure Development for
Metro Manila and Its Surrounding Areas (Region III and Region IV-A)” (currently referred to
as the “Metro Manila Dream Plan”) implemented during 2013 to 2014 in cooperation with the
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). This Dream Plan targeted the NCR
and the adjoining provinces of Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, and Cavite (referred to as the Greater
Capital Region in the Plan) with an area of 15.1 thousand km2, which now forms one
consolidated conurbation. It predicted that the population of the Greater Capital Region will
increase from 23.0 million in 2010 to 29. 3 million in 2030 (with an increase from 11.9 million
to 13.9 million for Metro Manila). It is thus assumed that the travel demand will be 1.13 times
for Metro Manila and 1.33 times for the 4 adjoining provinces when compared to the 2012
level.
The Greater Capital Region is predicted to continue to grow as the economic powerhouse of
the Philippines. It has a large share of economic zones in the nation. As of 2012, there are 125
IT centers/parks, 46 manufacturing special economic zones (MSEZs), two medical tourism
centers/parks, and 6 tourism economic zones (TEZs). About 94% of IT centers/parks reside in
the NCR, 65% of MSEZs are located in Region IV-A. Most economic zones, except IT
centers/parks, concentrate in CALABARZON, particularly in the areas of Cavite and Laguna.
The biggest SEZs are Subic Freeport and Clark Special Economic Zone, both of which are
located in Region III.
The Dream Plan set the vision consisting of the following three pillars: 1) Gate to wellspring
of hope, 2) Place for livable communities, and 3) Space for dynamic business centers. From
the perspective of a regional development policy, the Plan suggested the necessity for balanced
development among agriculture, manufacturing and services, prevention of urban sprawl,
development of regional growth centers, strengthening of connectivity, and improvement of
public transport services and logistics. It emphasizes the importance of forming a polycentric
spatial structure within the Greater Capital Region that is currently monocentric with the
predominance of Metro Manila. For this polycentric formation, the Plan suggested the
necessity to promote the development of urban centers and the formation of urban clusters in a
hierarchical and coordinated, manner. From the viewpoint of a spatial development strategy,
the Plan suggested the formation of five urban clusters, two of which are anchored in the north
(Clark-Subic-Tarlac) and in the south (Batangas-Lipa-Lucena), and the strengthening of
connectivity among these clusters by the development of north-south transport corridors (see
Figure 3.3-1 and Figure 3.3-2). Here it was noted that the Clark Green City will serve as a
core for the development of a regional cluster in the Central and Northern Luzon. The urban
centers pointed out by the Dream Plan are as follows: Metro Tarlac (Tarlac), Metro Cabanatuan
(Nueva Ecija), Metro Clark (Pampanga), Metro Olongapo (Pampanga), San Miguel-San
Ildefonso-Bulacan, Malolos-Meycauayan (Bulacan), San Jose Del Monte (Rizal), Antipolo-
Cainta (Rizal), Calamba-San Pedro (Laguna), Metro Batangas/Lipa (Batangas) and Metro
Lucena (Quezon). Importantly, the Dream Plan pointed out that the Government of Philippines
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has been underinvesting in infrastructure development (below 2% of the GDP) and needs to
increase infrastructure investment to as much as 5% of the GDP.
Source: JICA Study Team. Roadmap for Transport Infrastructure Development for Metro Manila and Its Surrounding
Areas (Region III and Region IV-A)
Figure 3.3-1 Integrated Spatial Development Concept for Greater Capital Region
The Dream Plan proposed five main components of transport intervention, as follows:
a) At-grade Roads: missing links on C3, C5, bridges and others; 137 km of new roads;
flyovers; sidewalks and pedestrian facilities.
b) Expressways: intercity expressway of 426 km and urban expressway network of 78 km.
c) Urban/Suburban Rail: 6 main lines of 246 km; 5 secondary lines of 72 km; and mutual
integration for accessibility improvement.
d) Bus/jeepneys: modernized fleet and operation; rationalized route structure; and improved
terminals and interchange facilities.
e) Traffic Management: intelligent transportation systems for different modes of transport,
traffic signals, traffic safety, and traffic environment and education.
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3-60
Source: JICA Study Team. Roadmap for Transport Infrastructure Development for Metro Manila and Its Surrounding Areas (Region III and Region IV-A)
Figure 3.3-2 Proposed Spatial Structure and Transport Network for Greater Capital Region
Final Report
In this vein, the Government of Japan and the Government of the Philippines (GOP) made the
agreement of “Cooperation Roadmap for Quality Infrastructure Development In the Transport
Sector in Metropolitan Manila Area” to develop sufficient and effective transportation
networks by 2030. In this agreement, both governments decided to continue their cooperation
for four (4) ongoing projects, and to further discuss about supporting eight (8) projects with
use of Japanese Official Development Assistance, as shown in Table 3.3-1. Note that the 8
projects above are subject to change depending on the priorities of the GOP.
Table 3.3-1 Listed Cooperation Projects between Japan and Philippines

On-going Four (4) Projects
1. Arterial Road Bypass Project, Phase 2
2. Capacity Enhancement of Mass Transit Systems in Metro Manila Project (LRT 1 Extension
and LRT 2 East Extension)
3. Metro Manila Interchanges Construction Project, Phase VI
4. Central Luzon Link Expressway (CLLEX), Phase 1
Eight (8) Projects to be Discussed
1. North South Commuter Railway Project, Phase I
2. Metro Manila CBD Transit System Project
3. Expert on Railway Planning, Operation and Management
4. Mega Manila Subway Study
5. C3 Missing Link
6. New Manila International Airport Study
7. (Expert) Integrated Transport Implementation and Management
8. The Project for Capacity Development on Transportation Planning and Database Management
in the Republic of the Philippines
Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan. Cooperation Roadmap for Quality Infrastructure Development In the
Transport Sector in Metropolitan Manila Area. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000083660.pdf.
The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) is the agency established in 1975
to be responsible for the delivery of public services in Metro Manila. The governing board of
the MMDA is the Metro Manila Council consisting of the constituent cities and municipality
mentioned above. MMDA possesses legal and institutional powers related to the preparation
of medium- and long-term development plans, the development, evaluation and packaging of
projects, investment programming and coordination, and the monitoring of plans, program and
project implementation. It prepared “The Metro Manila Greenprint 2030: Building a Vision”
to set up a strategic framework for the future Metro Manila in cooperation with the Australian
Aid, the Work Bank and the Cities Alliance. Its vision statement is “Metro Manila for all;
Green, connected, resilient; offering talent and opportunity; Processing knowledge and
delivering services at home and abroad”. To achieve this vision, there are two pillars, namely:
1) Fostering a Metropolis of Opportunity, and 2) Building a Green Connected, and Resilient
Metropolis for All. The first pillar consists of 1) Leveraging Opportunities in Information
Technology and Business Processing Outsourcing, 2) Unleashing Metro Manila’s Tourism
Potential and Attracting Newly Rich Neighbors, 3) Reclaiming High-Value Services and
Promoting High-Potential Economic Clusters; and the second pillar consists of 4) Connecting
Metro Manila, 5) Making Metro Manila Inclusive, and 6) Developing a Resilient Metropolis.
From the perspective of spatial development, this vision stresses the necessity of forming a
polycentric urban structure and strengthening transport networks to connect urban centers, as
similarly observed in the Dream Plan.
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Metro Cebu Urban Development Plan
Metro Cebu is located in the central eastern part of Central Visayas in the Philippines. It is the
second largest urban agglomeration in the nation, accommodating a population of about 2.9
million as of 2015 in an area of about 1.0 thousand km2. Metro Cebu consists of Cebu City, six
(6) surrounding cities (Carcar, Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, Naga, and Talisay City) and six
(6) municipalities (Compostela, Consolacion, Cordova, Liloan, Minglanilla, and San Fernando
Municipality). Yet, within the Metro Cebu, about 70% of the population resides in large four
(4) cities (namely Cebu, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue and Talisay City) covering about 38% in area,
as of 2015. In recent decades, Metro Cebu has continued to experience fast population and
economic growth along with rapid urbanization. During 2010 to 2050, the population is
projected to increase from about 2.5 million (through 2.9 million in 2015) to 5.0 million, and
employment from about 1.0 million to 2.0 million, according to the JICA Study titled
“Roadmap Study for Sustainable Urban Development in Metro Cebu” implemented during
2013 to 2015 in cooperation with the Metro Cebu Development and Coordination Board
(MCDCB). This study noted that per capita GRDP will grow to be more than USD20,000,
which is comparable to the current condition of the Republic of Korea.
Prior to the Roadmap Study above, the Mega Cebu Vision 2050 was formulated in 2013 as the
first official document for metropolitan visions through cooperation among the Metro Cebu
stakeholders, the JICA and Yokohama City. It set the following four (4) strategic pillars: 1)
Competitiveness, 2) Mobility, 3) Livability and 4) Metropolitan Management, which were
further linked with 15 development directions.
Source: Mega Cebu. http://www.megacebu.org/about.

Figure 3.3-3 Metro Cebu Spatial Plan and Major Roadmap Projects
In this vein, the Roadmap Study proposed an overall roadmap consisting of seven (7) sub-road
maps that are interlinked with the aforementioned 4 strategic pillars of the Mega Cebu Vision,
as shown in Figure 3.3-3. The sub-roadmaps are as follows: 1) Metropolitan Competitiveness
Enhancement, 2) Urban Structure and Land Use, 3) Highway Network and Public Transport,
4) Water Supply, Storm Water and Wastewater Management, 5) Solid Waste Management, 6)
Smart South Road Property (SRP) Development, and 7) Metropolitan Governance. This study
further identified ten (10) flagship projects to be implemented by 2020 (see Table 3.3-2) and
fourteen (14) anchor programs to be done until 2050.
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Table 3.3-2 Ten (10) Flagship Projects
Project Titles
1. Master Plan Study and Feasibility Study (FS) on Mass Transit Network Development
(MRT/LRT/BRT) in Metro Cebu
2. Update of the Cebu Province Development Master Plan
3. Construction of the Mactan North Dual mode Bridge
4. Construction of Mananga II Dam
5. Construction and Networking of Septage Plants
6. FS on Area Traffic Control in Metro Cebu
7. A Comprehensive Solid Waste Management Master Plan for Metro Cebu
8. FS on Sea Gateway Port Construction (Committed by DOTC)
9. A Comprehensive Study for a Metro Cebu Integrated Flood and Drainage System Master Plan
(Committed by DPWH)
10. Establishment of Technical Research Unit to MCDCB and Its Capacity Development
Source: JICA Study. The Roadmaps Study for Sustainable Urban Development in Metro Cebu.
For metropolitan competitiveness enhancement, the Roadmap Study suggested that economic
diversification is crucial through strategic developments of industry and urban service sectors
with the attraction of foreign direct investments and the promotion of local investments, aiming
to create new jobs of 317,000 in the secondary sector and 641,000 in the tertiary sector. The
priority sectors of economic development are as follows: 1) high value-added manufacturing
industries (export/domestic), 2) IT/business/knowledge processing outsourcing (BPO/KPO),
3) tourism industry, and 4) new technology-driven industries. Given this sector prioritization,
the following three aspects, namely, human resource development/education, establishment of
Investment Promoting Agency (IPA) and industrial park development (1,500 hectares in total),
have been stressed. Given these metropolitan visions, the Roadmap Study prepared a spatial
plan for the Metro Cebu with several spatial concepts including the establishment of an urban
cluster system with the division of Metro Cebu into six (6) urban function clusters, designation
of urban limits, and development of the Green Loop connecting several centers located in the
central part of the Metro Cebu (see Figure 3.3-3 and Figure 3.3-4). This spatial plan is
backboned by railway and road networks to be developed, as witnessed in the first flagship
project above of “Master Plan Study and Feasibility Study (FS) on Mass Transit Network
Development (MRT/LRT/BRT) in Metro Cebu”.
Urban Limits
Urban Cluster System

Green Loop
Source: JICA Study Team. The Roadmaps Study for Sustainable Urban Development in Metro Cebu.
Figure 3.3-4 Proposed Concepts for Urban Structure, Metro Cebu
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Final Report
Source: JICA Study Team. The Roadmaps Study for Sustainable Urban Development in Metro Cebu.
Figure 3.3-5 Metro Cebu Spatial Plan and Major Roadmap Projects
Given the suggestion of the Roadmap Study, from 2017 to 2019 a subsequent JICA Study titled
“The Project on Master Plan Study and Institutional Development on Urban Transport System
in Metro Cebu” was implemented. This Transport Study stressed the importance of urban
transport system to “ensure mobility and accessibility” across the whole Metro Cebu, which
needs to be achieved with a view to the following aspects: roads and bridges, Urban Mass
Rapid Transit (UMRT), road-based public transport, and traffic management. It further
identified the following five priority projects: 1) Mandaue-Lapu Lapu Link Road Bridge and
Mandaue Coastal Road, 2) Metro Cebu Circumferential Road (Phase1: Segment 1), 3) UMRT
Central Line (Phase1: Central Section), 4) UMRT Coastal Line (Phase 1), and 5) Metro Cebu
Area Traffic Control (ATC) System, as depicted in Figure 3.3-6. The future road network was
proposed in line with the currently proposed HSH network.
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Final Report
Source: JICA Study Team. The Project on Master Plan Study and Institutional Development on
Urban Transport System in Metro Cebu
Figure 3.3-6 Metro Cebu Future Urban Road Network (Left) and UMRT Network (Right)
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Final Report
From the perspective of metropolitan management, the MCDCB established in 2011 as the
successor of the Metropolitan Cebu Development Council is the key entity to actualize the
suggestions of both the Roadmap Study and the Transport Study. It is an integrated entity
consisting of local governments units (LGUs), offices of the national government, NPOs/civil
society and private enterprises. The MCDCB as a whole has been working to achieve its future
vision of “a vibrant, equitable, sustainable and competitive environment that embraces Cebu’s
creativity and its cultural, historical and natural resources with strong citizen participation and
responsive governance”. The LGUs and other constituent entities are encouraged to collaborate
and coordinate policies, plans, programs and projects in ten (10) areas of cooperation, including
integrated development, urban and land use planning and zoning. However, unlike the
Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA), the MCDCB’s activities have still
been limited mainly at the phase of policy- and plan-making due to the lack of legal and
institutional powers. Hence, the Province of Cebu is now proposing the establishment of the
Metropolitan Cebu Development Authority (MCDA), which is currently being discussed with
the national government.
Metro Davao Urban Development Plan
Metro Davao, located in the southeastern part of the Mindanao island, is an agglomeration of
Local Government Units (LGUs), which consists of Davao City, four (4) cities of Digos (in
Davao del Sur), Tagum, Panabo, and the Island Garden City of Samal (in Davao del Norte),
and two (2) municipalities of Carmen (in Davao del Norte) and Santa Cruz (in Davao del Sur).
It is the third largest urban agglomeration in the nation, accommodating a population of about
2.5 million as of 2015 in an area of about 4.0 thousand km2. Metro Davao has enjoyed economic
growth, especially led by the construction sector, recording the second fastest GRDP growth
rate of 8.6% among the designated regions in 2018, following the highest GRDP growth rate
of 8.9% for Region V (Bicol Region). Overall, Davao City covers a large part of urbanized
areas within Metro Davao, accommodating a population of 1.6 million in an area of 2.4
thousand km2.
Considering the necessity to realize the “Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) 2013-2022”
formulated by the City Government of Davao, the JICA Study titled “Davao City Infrastructure
Development Plan and Capacity Building Project” (nicknamed “IM4Davao (Infrastructure
Modernization for Davao)”) was implemented during 2017 to 2018 in cooperation with the
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) and the City Government of Davao.
The objectives of the IM4Davao Project were two-fold, namely: i) to develop an urban
infrastructure development plan for Davao City with a priority project list, and ii) to support
the planning and implementation of infrastructure development through capacity enhancement
of the NEDA and the City Government of Davao. As for a socioeconomic framework, this
IM4Davao Project followed the framework set in the “Regional Physical Framework Plan
2015–2045” formulated by the NEDA; it is predicted that the population will grow to reach
over 3.2 million in 2045.
The IM4Davao Project proposed the following 4D strategies, namely: 1) Dynamic
Development (robust city center with a polycentric urban structure, provision of high standard
infrastructure), 2) Distinguishable Development (unique agro-industry and advanced urban
services, resilient urban management and livable urban environment), 3) Diversified
Development (preservation of tribal/traditional culture and lands, promotion of highlands to
islands tourism, and 4) Decentralized Development (LGU capacity building and stakeholders’
involvement, bankable city administration) (see Figure 3.3-7). For the acceleration of
economic growth and job creation, priority industrial sectors were set as follows: 1) agriculture
and agro-industry, 2) information and communication technology (ICT), 3) tourism, 4)
industries to promote a low carbon society, and 5) industries to facilitate transport mobility and
logistics. Under the 4D strategies above, The IM4Davao Project prepared an urban
infrastructure development plan covering 7 sectors, namely: 1) roads and road traffic
management, 2) public transport, 3) gateways, 4) water supply, 5) wastewater management, 6)
solid waste, and 7) industrial development support. Given the spatial development plan
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Final Report
formulated by the City Government of Davao as shown in Figure 3.3-8, the land use plan cum
the infrastructure development plan for Davao City 2045 was prepared as drawn in Figure
3.3-9. The future transport and road networks were thus proposed as illustrated in Figure
3.3-10.
The IM4Davao Project prepared a long list of projects consisting of 75 projects with a total
cost of PHP 295 billion, which are recommended to be implemented under the short-term
(2018-2022), medium-term (2023-2030) and long-term (2031-2045). Among these projects, it
set priority projects, which included the following: 1) Extension of Davao City Diversion Road,
2) Davao Riverside Boulevard, 3) Davao City Mass Transit Main Line, 4) Sewerage System
(Phase 1), 5) Davao City Waste Eco Park, 6) Traffic Management Improvement and Control
Center, 7) SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System) and NRW (Non-
revenue Water) Reduction Program, and 8) Tourism Corridor Development Featuring Davao
History and Agriculture.
Source: IM4Davao Team. Davao City Infrastructure Development Plan and Capacity Building Project (IM4Davao Project)
Figure 3.3-7 4D Development Strategies for Davao City 2045
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Source: City Government of Davao

Figure 3.3-8 Davao City Spatial Development Strategy
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Final Report
Source: IM4Davao Team. Davao City Infrastructure Development Plan and Capacity Building Project.
Figure 3.3-9 Land Use Plan cum Infrastructure Development Plan for Davao City 2045
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Final Report
3-70
Source: IM4Davao Team. Davao City Infrastructure Development Plan and Capacity Building Project.
Figure 3.3-10 Transport Network Plan (Left) and Road Network Plan (Right) for Davao City 2045
Final Report
Given the predominance of Davao City in Metro Davao, its metropolitan development will be
led by the proposed plans and projects by the IM4Davao Project. From an administrative
perspective, there exists the Davao Integrated Development Program Board (DIDP) that serves
as a council coordinating development strategies among the LGUs. It was in 1994 initiated by
the Local Chief Executives of the following: the provinces of Davao Oriental, Davao Del Norte,
Compostela Valley and Davao del Sur and the cities of Davao, Tagum, Panabo, Digos, Island
Garden City of Samal and Mati. Based on the DIDP Master Plan, the DIDP has launched
collaborative programs and projects such as the Integrated Food Security Program, the Local
Governance and Rural Empowerment Project for Davao Region, and projects related to
geographic information system and geo-resistivity survey.
Metro Cagayan de Oro Urban Development Plan
Metro Cagayan de Oro is composed of fifteen (15) local government units (LGUs), including
two cities of Cagagayan de Oro and El Salvador, and thirteen (13) municipalities of Alubijid,
Baungon, Claveria, Gitagum, Jasaan, Laguindingan, Libona, Malitbog, Manolo Fortich, Opol,
Sumilao, Tagoloan, and Talakag. It has the fourth largest metropolitan area of 488.9 km 2 with
a population of 1.38 million in 2015. Currently, a “Master Plan for the Sustainable
Infrastructure Development of Metropolitan Cagayan de Oro” is under preparation by the
National Economic and Development Authority Region 10.
National Tourism Development Plan

The National Tourism Development Plan (NTDP) 2016-2022 sets the guiding vision as follows,
based on the progress made by the NTDP 2011-2016:
“Develop a globally competitive, environmentally sustainable and
socially responsible tourism industry that promotes inclusive growth
through employment generation and equitable distribution of income
thereby contributing to building a foundation for a high-trust society.”
This vision is in line with the Tourism Act of 2009 (RA 9593) which positions the tourism as
an integral part of the national economy as well as the ASEAN Community’s initiatives on
tourism promotion aiming for improvement of the competitiveness and sustainability and
inclusiveness of ASEAN tourism.
The NTDP 2011-2016 adopted the tourism cluster approach which connects Tourism
Development Areas (TDAs), natural and cultural tourism sites, and urban service centers by
transport networks with a primary gateway (see Figure 3.4-1). In total, 78 TDAs and 20
thematic clusters were identified for synchronization of tourism development programs across
the nation as shown in Figure 3.4-2. The NTDP 2016-2022 proposed further action programs
for the cluster development, based on the evaluation of the development progress.
Source: NTDP 2016-2022, p. 54

Figure 3.4-1 Tourism Cluster Concept
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Final Report
Source: NTDP 2016-2022, p. 17

Figure 3.4-2 Tourism Cluster Destinations and Primary Airport Gateways
Under the stated vision of NTDP 2016-2022, two objectives of “Improving competitiveness
and enhancing growth” and “Pursuing sustainability and inclusive growth” are adopted with
12 strategic action programs as presented in Figure 3.4-3.
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Final Report
Source: NTDP 2016-2022, p. 55

Figure 3.4-3 NTDP 2016-2022 General Framework
3-73

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Republic of the Philippines

Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

PROJECT FOR MASTERPLAN ON

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Nippon Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd. JR

Metropolitan Expressway Company Limited 21-044

PROJECT FOR MASTERPLAN ON

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

Central Bank of the Philippine

MAIN TEXT <Volume-1>

PART-B PRESENT AND FUTURE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

CHAPTER 4 FUTURE SOCIO-ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK ......................................... 4-1

PART-C PRESENT AND FUTURE TRAFFIC DEMAND

Outline ............................................................................................................. 6-14

PART-D ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT ROADS

DPWH and TRB ................................................................................................ 9-4

PART-E FORMULATION OF HSH DEVELOPMENT MASTERPLAN

Assumptions for Parameters for Financial Analysis ...................................... 12-18

Standard ......................................................................................................... 13-43

MAIN TEXT <Volume-2>

PART-G HSH DEVELOPMENT SCHEME

APPENDIX 5 PRESENT TRAFFIC CONDITION

Figure 3.2-14 Tourism Development Areas in the Visayas .................................................... 3-51

Figure 4.2-15 Alternative B: Twin-Spine Development Scenario in Greater Capital Region4-46

Figure 13.4-2 Overall HSH Network ..................................................................................... 13-5

Table 4.2-8 Employed Variables for Analysis of Centers ...................................................... 4-27

Table 12.4-7 Unit VOC in 2015 ........................................................................................... 12-14

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CMH : Central Mindanao Highway

IGS : Isulan-General Santos

MLLW : Mean Lower Low Water

OECD : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

PPMC : Poro Point Management Corporation

STRADA : System for Traffic Demand Analysis

1.3 Study Area

1.4 Scope of the Study

(1) Definition of Overall HSH Network Focusing on Nationwide Highway Network

(2) Formulation of Priority Projects and Pre-Feasibility Study

1.5 Schedule of the Study

1.1 Presentation and Discussion of Inception Report

1.4 Traffic Surveys

1.5 Formulation of Socio-economic Framework

1.6 Traffic Demand Forecast

Definition of Hierarchy of HSH including National Roads and

1.8 Definition of the Criteria of HSH Network

Identification of Problems / Issues of HSH Network and Regional

1.1 Identification of Environmental, Social and Cultural Critical Areas

1.11 Strategic Environmental Assessment

1.12 Formulation of HSH Network Development Strategy

1.13 Establishment of Overall HSH Network Plan

1.14 Preparation, Presentation and Discussion of Progress Report

FORMULATION OF PRIORITY PROJECTS AND PRE-FEASIBILITY

Study of Project Cost, Economic and Financial Analysis, Engineering

2.4 Study on Project Implementation Schemes and Financial Analysis

2.5 Selection of Pre-Feasibility Study(s)

2.6 Preparation, Presentation and Discussion of Interim Report

Pre-Feasibility Study including Preliminary Environmental and Social

2.8 Public Consultation for the Projects

2.9 Preparation, Presentation and Discussion of Draft Final Report

2.10 Preparation Final Report