Guidance Note

The Institution of
Engineering and Technology

0.06

Guidance Note 3
Inspection & Testing

Updated to BS7671:2018+A2.2O22
IET Wiring Regulations
 The Institution of
Engineering and Technology

0.06

Guidance Note 3
Inspection & Testing

Updated to BS 7671:2018+A2:2022
lETWiring Regulations
Published by the Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom

The Institution of Engineering and Technology is registered as a Charity in England & Wales (no. 211014) and
Scotland (no. SC038698).

| The Institution of Engineering a n d Technology is the institution formed by the joining

together o f the IEE(The Institution of Electrical Engineers) and the HE (The Institution
of Incorporated Engineers).

© 1992, 1995, 1997, 2002The Institution of Electrical Engineers

© 2008, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2022The Institution o f Engineering and Technology

First published 1992 (0 85296 537 0)

Reprinted (with amendments to Section 17) 1993
Second edition (incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS7671:1992) 1995 (0 8 5 2 9 6 867 1)
Third edition (incorporating Amendment No. 2 to BS7671:1992) 1997 (0 85296 956 2)
Fourth edition (incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS7671:2001) 2 0 0 2 ( 0 85296 991 0)
Reprinted (with new cover) 2003
Reprinted (incorporating Amendment No. 2 to BS 7671:2001) 2 0 0 4
Reprinted (with amendments to imprint page) 2006
Fifth edition (incorporating BS 7671 :2008) 2008 (978-0-86341-857-0)
Reprinted 2009, 2010
Sixth edition (incorporating Amendment No. 1 to BS 7671:2008) 2012 (978-1-84919-275-0)
Seventh edition (incorporating Amendment Nos. 2 and 3 to BS7671:2008) 2015 (978-1-84919-873-8)
Reprinted (with minor corrections) 2015
Eighth edition (incorporating BS 7671:2018) 2018 (978-1-78561-452-1)
Ninth edition (incorporating Amendment No. 2 to BS 7671:2018) 2 0 2 2 (978-1-83953-236-8)

This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights
reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or
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Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers at The Institution of
Engineering and Technology, Michael FaradayHouse, Six Hills Way, Stevenage, SGI 2AY, United Kingdom.

Copies of this publication m a y b e obtained from:

The Institution of Engineering and Technology
PO Box 96, Stevenage, S G I 2SD, UK
Tel: + 4 4 (0)1438 767328
Email: [email protected]
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While the author, publisher and contributors believe that the information a n d guidance given i n this work are
correct, all parties must rely upon their own skill and judgement when making use of them. The author, publisher
and contributors d o n o t assume any liability to anyone for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission
in the work, whether such a n error or omission is the result of negligence or any other cause. Where reference is
m a d e to legislation it is n o t to be considered as legal advice. Any and all such liability is disclaimed.
Permission to reproduce extracts from British Standards is granted by BSI. No other use of this material is
permitted. British Standards can be obtained i n PDF or hard copy formats from the BSI online shop:
https://shop.bsigroup.com/.

ISBN 978-1-83953-236-8 (paperback)

ISBN 978-1-83953-238-2 (vitalsource)

Typeset in the UK by The Institution o f Engineering a n d Technology, Stevenage

Printed i n the UK by Sterling Press Ltd, Kettering
Contents

Cooperating organizations 6
Acknowledgements 7
Preface 8
Introduction 11
Chapter 1 General requirements 13
1.1 Safety 13
1.2 Required competence 15
1.3 The client 16
1.3.1 Certificates and reports 16
1.3.2 Rented domestic and residential accommodation 16
1.3.3 The Construction (Design a n d Management) Regulations 2015 17
1.4 Additions and alterations 17
1.5 Departures and non-compliance 18
1.6 Record-keeping 18
1.7 Installations requiring specialist knowledge, training or experience 19

Chapter 2 Initial verification 21

2.1 Purpose o f initial verification 21
2.2 Certificates 22
2.3 Required information 23
2.4 Frequency of subsequent inspections 24
2.5 Initial inspection 25
2.5.1 General procedure 25
2.5.2 Comments o n individual items to b e inspected 25
2.5.3 Inspection checklist 46
2.6 Tests associated with initial verification 54
2.6.1 Test results 54
2.6.2 Electrical Installation Certificate (EIC) 55
2.6.3 Model forms 55
2.6.4 The sequence of tests 55
2.6.5 Continuity o f protective conductors, including main
and supplementary bonding 56
2.6.6 Continuity o f ring final circuit conductors 62
2.6.7 Insulation resistance 67
2.6.8 Confirming SELVor PELV circuits by insulation resistance testing 73
2.6.9 Testing of electrically separated circuits 74
2.6.10 Testing of functional extra-low voltage (FELV) circuits 75
2.6.11 Proving and testing o f non-conducting location
(insulation resistance/impedance of floors and walls) 76
2.6.12 Polarity testing 78
2.6.13 Earth electrode resistance testing 79

G u i d a n c e N o t e 3: I n s p e c t i o n & Testing 3
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2.6.14 Protection by automatic disconnection o f supply (ADS) 85
2.6.15 Earth fault loop impedance (EFLI) verification 85
2.6.16 Prospective fault current (Ipf) 88
2.6.17 Phase sequence testing 93
2.6.18 Operation a n d functional testing o f RCDs 95
2.6.19 Other functional testing 102
2.6.20 Verification o f voltage drop 102
2.6.21 Verification o f protection of low voltage (LV)
installations against temporary overvoltages
due to faults i n the high voltage (HV) or LV system 103
2.6.22 Verification o f protection against overvoltages of atmospheric
origin or due to switching 104
2.6.23 Verification of measures against electromagnetic
disturbances 105
2.6.24 Prosumer's electrical installations (PEIs) 106
Chapter 3 Periodic inspection and testing 109
3.1 Purpose of periodic inspection and testing 109
3.2 Necessity for periodic inspection and testing 109
3.3 Electricity at Work Regulations (EAWR) 110
3.3.1 The need for appropriate inspection and testing 110
3.3.2 Safety in inspection and testing 111
3.3.3 Diverted neutral currents 111
3.4 Design 111
3.5 Routine checks 112
3.6 Required information 113
3.7 Frequency of periodic inspections 114
3.8 Requirements for periodic inspection and testing 117
3.8.1 Process: prior to carrying out inspection a n d testing 117
3.8.2 General procedure 118
3.8.3 Setting inspection and testing samples 119
3.9 Periodic inspection 123
3.9.1 Example checklist of items that require inspection 123
3.10 Periodic testing 128
3.10.1 General 128
3.10.2 Tests to be made 128
3.10.3 Additional notes on periodic testing 130
3.11 Electrical Installation Condition Report (EICR) 133
3.12 Periodic inspection of installations constructed to an earlier edition
of BS 7671 or the IEE Wiring Regulations 135
Chapter 4 Test instruments and equipment 137
4.1 Instrument standard 137
4.2 Instrument accuracy 138
4.3 Low-resistance ohmmeters 139
4.4 Insulation resistance testers 140
4.5 EFLItesters 140
4.6 Earth electrode resistance testers 143
4.7 RCD testers 143
4.8 Phase rotation instruments 144
4.9 Thermographic equipment 144
Chapter 5 Forms 149
5.1 Initial verification (inspection and testing) forms 149
5.2 Minor works 150

4 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
5.3 Periodic inspection and testing 150
5.4 Examples of completed model forms for certification and reporting 151
Appendix A Maximum permissible measured earth fault loop
impedance (EFLI) 171
Al Tables 171
A2 Appendix 3 of BS 7671 176
A3 Methods of adjusting tabulated values of Zs 177
Appendix B Resistance of copper and aluminium conductors 181
Bl Standard overcurrent devices 183
B2 Steel wire armour (SWA), steel conduit a n d steel trunking 184
B3 Mineral-insulated copper-sheathed cable 184
Appendix C Use of a n earth leakage current clamp meter t o
provide an indication of the state of insulation 185
Appendix D Safety check for diverted neutral currents 187
DI Dangers associated with diverted neutral currents 187
D2 H o w to check for diverted neutral currents 187
Index 191

Guidance Note 3 : Inspection & Testing 5

© The Institution of Engineering a n d Technology
 Cooperating
organizations

The Institution o f E n g i n e e r i n g a n d Technology a c k n o w l e d g e s the invaluable contribution

m a d e by the following individuals in the preparation o f t h i s Guidance Note:

Institution of Engineering and Technology

H. R . Lovegrove IEng FIET

R. Wickens
M. Peace CEng M E T MCIBSE
Eur Ing L. Markwell MSc BSc(Hons) CEng M E T MCIBSE L C G I
R. Giddings Eng M E T ACIBSE
G. G u n d r y M E T

We would like to thank the following organizations for their continued support:

BEAMA Ltd
BCA
Certsure, t r a d i n g as NICEIC
City & Guilds
EAL
ECA
Electrical C o n t r a c t o r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n of S c o t l a n d (SELECT)
Electrical Safety First
Health a n d Safety Executive (HSE)
IHEEM
NAPIT

Revised, compiled and edited:

Eur Ing G. Kenyon BEng (Hons) CEng MIETTechlOSH

Guidance N o t e 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution o f Engineering a n d Technology
Acknowledgements

References to British Standards, CENELEC Harmonization Documents and International

Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards are made with the kind permission of the
British Standards Institution (BSI).

Complete copies can b e obtained by post from:

BSI Customer Services

389 Chiswick High Road
London, W4 4AL
Tel: + 4 4 0345 080 9 0 0 0
Email: [email protected]

BSI also maintains stocks of international and foreign standards, with many English
translations. Up-to-date information o n BSI Standards can b e obtained from the BSI
website: www.bsigroup.com

Illustrations of test instruments were provided by G Kenyon Technology Ltd.

Other illustrations, from different sources, are acknowledged within the text.

Cover design a n d illustration were created by Ken Dobson at Studio Stunt Double:
http://studiostuntdouble.com/.

It is strongly recommended that anyone involved in work o n or near electrical

installations possesses a copy of The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989. Guidance
o n Regulations (HSR25) published by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE).

Copies of Health and Safety Executive documents and approved codes o f practice
(ACOP) c a n be obtained from:

HSE Books
Customer Services
PO Box 2 9
Norwich, NR3 1GN
Tel: + 4 4 (0)333 202 5070
Email: [email protected]
Web: http://books.hse.gov.uk

G u i d a n c e N o t e 3: I n s p e c t i o n & Testing 7
© The Institution o f Engineering and Technology
 Preface

This Guidance Note is one of a number of publications prepared by the Institution

of Engineering and Technology (IET) t o explain a n d enlarge upon the requirements
in BS 7671:2018+A2:2022, Requirements for Electrical Installations, IET Wiring
Regulations. BS 7671 is a joint publication o f the British Standards Institution and the
Institution of Engineering and Technology. All references to B S 7 6 7 1 in the text o f this
Guidance Note are references t o the current 18th Edition o f the IET Wiring Regulations,
unless otherwise noted.

From herein, BS 7671 :2018+A2:2022 is referred to as BS7671. T h e year reference will

only b e included where there is a need to reference a requirement m a d e in an earlier
edition, such as BS 7671:2008.

Note that use of this Guidance Note does alone n o t provide compliance withBS7671.
Its content is intended to explain some of the requirements of BS 7671. Readers
should always consult BS 7671 to satisfy themselves of compliance and must rely
upon their o w n skill and judgement w h e n making use of the guidance provided within
this publication.

The scope generally follows that of BS7671; t h e relevant regulations and appendices
are noted in the margin. Due to the introduction in 2 0 1 6 of CENELEC Harmonized
Document (HD) 6 0 3 6 4 - 6 covering inspection and testing, the clause numbering in
B S 7 6 7 1 aligns with that in the HD. As a result, Chapters 61 to 6 3 are n o t used; the
text o f Part 6 of BS 7 6 7 1 starts at Chapter 6 4 . Apart f r o m the testing of insulation
resistance a n d residual current devices (RCDs), the requirements for inspection and
testing have not significantly changed f r o m BS 7671 :201 8.

Some Guidance Notes also contain material not currently included i n BS 7671, but
which was present in earlier editions of the Wiring Regulations. All o f the Guidance
Notes contain references to other relevant sources of information.

Electrical installations in the United Kingdom that comply w i t h BS 7671 are likely
to satisfy the relevant parts o f statutory regulations such as the Electricity at Work
Regulations 1989 (EAWR). However, this cannot be guaranteed. It is stressed that
it is essential to establish which statutory and other regulations apply and to install
accordingly. For example, a n installation in premises subject t o licensing may have
requirements different f r o m or additional to those of BS 7671, and these will take
precedence.

8 Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
BS 7671 applies to the design, erection a n d verification of electrical installations,
including additions and alterations to existing installations and to the inspection,
testing and reporting of existing installations. Existing installations that have been
installed in accordance with earlier editions of the Regulations may not comply with
the current edition in every respect, but this does n o t necessarily mean that they
are unsafe for continued use or that they require upgrading. The person or persons
carrying out the inspection and testing of such an installation must decide whether
the installation is safe and suitable for continued use. Inspection and testing can only
be conducted according to the requirements o f the current version of BS 7671. The
inspector must determine whether any shortcomings are classified as safety issues or
recommendations for improvement.

Other related electrical installations, such as emergency lighting, fire alarms and
information and communication technology (ICT) systems, have their own installation
requirement standards such as BS 5266, BS 5839 and BS 6701 respectively. These
may have installation, inspection, testing and certification requirements over and above
those required i n BS 7671. It is the responsibility of the duty holder to maintain all
their installations appropriately, and the extent of the inspection and testing, and the
standards to which it is conducted, should b e agreed before any work is undertaken.

The inspector is reminded that for a periodic inspection and test of a n existing
installation, their duty is to assess the suitability of the existing installation for continued
use, subject to any agreed limitations and exclusions. They must therefore make
sufficient inspection and tests to enable them to make that assessment. In addition, it
is the duty of the building or site dutyholder to maintain their installation so that it is
safe and to undertake such maintenance as is necessary to achieve this.

Users of this Guidance Note should assure themselves that they have complied with
any relevant legislation, including, where applicable, legislation that post-dates the
publication.

G u i d a n c e N o t e 3: I n s p e c t i o n & Testing 9
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 NOTES

10 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Introduction

This Guidance Note is concerned primarily with Part 6 of BS 7671 (Inspection and
testing) along with Appendix 6 (Model forms for certification and reporting).

Neither BS 7671 nor the Guidance Notes are design guides. It is essential to prepare
a full design and specification prior to commencement or alteration of an electrical
installation.

514.9 The design and specification should set out the requirements and provide sufficient
information to enable competent persons to carryout the installation and to commission
it. The specification must include a description of how the system is to operate and
all the design and operational parameters. It must provide for all the commissioning
procedures that will b e required a n d for the provision of adequate information to the
user. This will be by means of a n operational and maintenance (O&M) manual or
schedule, and 'as-built' drawings, if necessary.

It must be noted that it is a matter of contract as to which person or organization is

responsible for, i n turn, the design, specification, construction and verification of the
installation a n d any operational information.

The persons or organizations who m a y b e concerned i n the preparation of the works

include:

(a) the designer (see the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
(CDM) for information o n designers' duties);
(b) the installer (contractor or if there is m o r e than one, principal contractor and
contractors);
(c) the verifier;
(d) specialist commissioning engineers;
(e) the distributor of electricity (the distribution network operator (DNO));
(f) the installation owner and/or user (and, where applicable for CDM, the client.
Where there is a domestic client, the client's duties are undertaken by the
contractor or, if there is more than o n e contractor, the principal contractor);
(g) the architect (and, where CDM applies, the principal designer);
(h) the fire risk assessor;
(i) specialist manufacturers or suppliers;
( j ) area Building Control bodies;
( k ) any regulatory authority:
(l) any licensing authority;
(m) any specialist insurers; and
(n) the Health a n d Safety Executive (HSE).

Guidance Note 3 : Inspection & Testing 11

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 The revision o f the CDM Regulations has given guidance on the duties required of a
designer. Aswell ascarrying out the actual design layout and calculations and specifying
the materials and installation requirements:

"Designers are those, who as part of a business, prepare or modify designs for a
building, product or system relating to construction work.

When preparing or modifying designs, to eliminate, reduce or control foreseeable risks

that m a y arise during:

1 construction; and
2 the maintenance and use of a building once it is built.

Provide information to other members of the project team to help them fulfil their duties."

Details of each i t e m of equipment should b e obtained f r o m the manufacturer and/or

sect 51 supplier and compliance with appropriate standardsconfirmed.

Health and safety o f all installation a n d inspection a n d testing staff and any other
persons i n the premises is vital and a work plan including risk assessments a n d
method statements must b e agreed with all parties and put in place before any work
is undertaken.

The installation operational manual must include a description of how the system
as installed is to operate, maintenance provisions and all test and commissioning
records. The manual should also include manufacturers’ technical data for all items
of switchgear, luminaires, accessories, etc. and any special instructions that may b e
needed. The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Section 6 and the Construction
(Design and Management) Regulations 2015 are concerned with the provision
of information, and guidance o n the preparation of technical manuals is given i n
BS EN IEC/IEEE 82079-1 Preparation of information for use (instructions for use)
of products - Principles and general requirements and BS 4940 series Technical
information o n construction products and services. The size and complexity of the
installation will dictate the nature and extent of the manual.

With regard to the inspection a n d testing of an existing installation, it is necessary to

agree a detailed specification of the requirements of the client, including any limitations.

12 G u i d a n c e Note 3: I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering a n d Technology
General 1
requirements

1.1 Safety
Before any work can begin, a work programme should b e agreed with the client and a
health a n d safety plan, including risk assessments and method statements, agreed and
put in place. It m a y be that work has to be carried out when the premises is operating
and staff are present, and they must not b e exposed to any safety risks. Work areas
should b e fenced off w i t h temporary barriers a n d electrical equipment should not
be left unattended when open. There should be adequate workspace, access and
lighting appropriate to t h e work being carried out, and during electrical testing it is often
necessary to provide temporary task lighting as parts, or all, of the installation m a y
be isolated. Escape routes must be kept open at all times or temporary alternatives
arranged. Where supplies have to b e isolated, it is necessary that this is planned i n
advance with the premises management. Health and safety guidance (HSG) Electricity
a t work: Safe working practices (HSC85) recommends managers establish a system
of rules and procedures wherever electrical work is to b e carried out, or ensure that
contractors brought in to d o electrical work have appropriate rules and procedures.

Initial verification, and some maintenance activities, o f fixed electrical installations fall
within the scope of the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM).
For private domestic clients, the contractor, or, if there is m o r e than one, the principal
contractor, undertakes the client's duties.

Electrical inspection a n d testing inherently involves some degree of hazard. It is

therefore the inspector's d u t y to provide for their o w n safety, and that of others, in
the performance of the test procedures. The testing safety procedures detailed in the
Health and Safety Executive Guidance Note Electrical test equipment for use on low
voltage electrical systems (CS38) should be observed. Where testing does not require
the equipment or part of an installation to be live, it should be made dead and safely
isolated. Guidance on live and dead working can b e found i n the HSE publication The
Electricity at Work Regulations 1989. Guidance on Regulations (HSR25). Guidance
o n safe isolation procedures can be found i n Best Practice Guide No.2. Guidance o n
the management of electrical safety and safe isolation procedures for low voltage
installations, published by Electrical Safety First.

G u i d a n c e Note 3 : Inspection & Testing 13

© T h e Institution o f Engineering and Technology
 When using test instruments, safety can b e achieved by precautions such as:

(a) understanding the equipment to b e used, its rating and the characteristics of
the installation upon which it is proposed to use the equipment.
(b) checking that the instruments to be used conform to the appropriate
British Standard safety specifications. These are BS EN 61010 series Safety
requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control, and laboratory
use and BS 5458:1977 (IEC 141:1973) Specification for safety requirements for
indicating and recording electrical measuring instruments and their accessories.
BS 5 4 5 8 has n o w been withdrawn, but is the standard to which older
instruments should have been manufactured.
(c) checking any test equipment before use to see that it is complete and not damaged.
(d) checking that test leads, including any probes or clips used, are i n good order,
are clean and have no cracked or broken insulation. Where appropriate, the
guidance given i n GS38 should b e observed for test leads. This recommends
the use of adequately insulated test equipment, probes, connectors, a n d test
leads, suitable for the insulation overvoltage category in which tests are being
conducted (see Table 1.1). Suitable high breaking capacity (HBC) fuses o r other
means of limiting current, should be provided i n test leads o r test equipment.
Such measures help reduce the risks associated w i t h both accidental contact,
a n d arcing under fault conditions.

▼ Table 1.1 Explanation of installation overvoltage category (CAT) markings on test

equipment, leads, probes and other connecting equipment

Installation overvoltage Description of where test equipment with this

category marking marking can be used in an electrical installation
(see HSE Guidance Note GS38, and Annex K to
BSEN 61010-1:2010+A1:2019)
CATII Equipment intended to b e supplied from the building
wiring. This overvoltage category applies to both
plug-connected equipment and permanently
connected equipment.

CATIII As CATII, plus equipment intended to form part of the

building wiring installation. Such equipment includes
socket-outlets, distribution boards.

CATIV As CATIII, plus equipment installed at or near the origin

o f the electricity supply to a building, between the
building entrance and the primary distribution board
(consumer unit). Such equipment may include electricity
meters and primary overcurrent protective devices.

Note: The equivalent overvoltage category for a test arrangement is the lowest overvoltage
category of any equipment, including test instruments, leads, probes, connectors, and
similar, connected in the test arrangement.

Particular attention should b e paid to the safety aspects associated w i t h any tests
performed with instruments capable o f generating a test voltage greater t h a n 5 0 V AC
o r 120 V DC in dry conditions, or 2 5 V AC or 6 0 V DC i n wet or damp conditions, or
which use the supply voltage for the purposes of testing earth electrode, earth fault
loop impedance and operation of residual current device(s) (RCD). Note the warnings
given in Section 2.6.16 through to Section 2.6.19 of this Guidance Note.

14 G u i d a n c e N o t e 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing
© The Institution of Engineering a n d Technology
 Electric shock hazards can arise from, for example, capacitive loads, such as when
cables become charged in the process of an insulation resistance test, or voltages o n
t h e earthed metalwork whilst conducting a loop test or RCDtest. The test limits quoted
in these guidelines are intended to minimize the chances of receiving anelectric shock
during tests.

Under some conditions, such as when working at height, particular care needs to be
taken even with touch voltages below 5 0 V A C or 120 V DC. A spark, or contact with
touch current at the limit of perception, m a y cause an inspector or test equipment
operator to be startled and jump or physically jolt away f r o m the contact, resulting in
a fall or other serious incident. It is important to address such hazards when carrying
out risk assessments before work begins.

1.2 Required competence

641.6 Skilled persons carrying out the inspection and testing of any electrical installation
651.5 must as, appropriate to their function, have a sound knowledge and experience relevant
to the nature of the installation being inspected and tested, and of B S 7 6 7 1 and other
relevant technical standards. (Such persons are generally referred t o in this Guidance
Note as 'the inspector'; this may b e o n e or more persons, depending o n the work
being undertaken.)

Inspectors must also have the relevant education a n d experience to enable them to
perceive risks and avoid the dangers that electricity can create, and be fully versed
in the inspection and testing procedures. This can best be shown by the inspector
holding a recognized inspection and testing qualification, along with a current level 3
certificate in the requirements for electrical installations BS 7671.

Furthermore, the inspector must employ suitable test equipment during t h e inspection
and testing process, be familiar with its operation, and have sufficient inspection
experience in interpreting the results with regard to the requirements of BS 7671.

It is worth noting that the person responsible for inspection and testing may b e required to
formally demonstrate competence by means of registration/certif ication under a recognized
scheme or membership of a recognized trade body, or, for example, as a condition of
contract and/or as a requirement of the Local Authority Building Control (LABC).

It is the responsibility of the inspector, for either the initial or periodic inspection and
testing, as appropriate, to:

641.4 (a) prevent danger to any person or livestock and prevent property damage;
641.3 (b) compare the inspection and testing results with the design criteria (where
available), with BS 7 6 7 1 and/or with previous records, as appropriate;
(c) confirm compliance with the current edition of BS 7671, or any non-compliance
(non-conformity with BS 7671) that may give rise to danger;
(d) take a view on related issues that might constitute or give rise to danger of
the installation itself, or its interface with the premises, such as the condition of
connected electrical equipment, the condition of distributor's equipment, or the
condition of building fabric to which electrical equipment is secured, or through
which wiring systems pass (for example, fire stopping); and
(e) take a view and report o n the condition of the installation.

G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing 15

© The Institution of Engineering a n d Technology
 In the event of a dangerous situation being found, the inspector should recommend
the immediate isolation of the defective item of equipment. The person ordering t h e
work should b e informed, in writing, of this recommendation without delay.

1.3 The client

1.3.1 Certificates and reports
644.1 Following the initial verification of a new installation, or changes to an existing installation,
653.1 an Electrical Installation Certificate (EIC), together with a Schedule(s) of Inspections
and a Schedule(s)of Test Results, is required to b e given to the person ordering the
installation work.

Likewise, following the periodic inspection a n d testing of an existing installation,

a n Electrical Installation Condition Report (EICR), together w i t h Condition Report
Inspection Schedule, Schedule(s)of Circuit Details and Schedule(s) of Test Results, is
required to b e given to the person ordering the inspection.

Sometimes the person ordering the work is not the user of the installation. I n such
cases, it is necessary for the user (for example, the employer or householder) t o have
a copy of the certificate (together with the records o f inspections and test results).
It is recommended that those providing documentation to the person ordering the
work also recommend that a copy of the forms b e passed to the user, including any
purchaser o f a domestic property. For rented accommodation, this m a y b e required
by legislation (see Section 1.3.2).

Copies of any certificates o r reports along with their associated schedules should b e
kept in the operational a n d maintenance (O&M) documentation for t h e premises.

1.3.2 Rented domestic and residential accommodation

In England and Wales, Sub-Section (l)(b) of Section 11 of the Landlord and Tenant
Act 1985 (Repairing obligations in short leases) implies that a landlord "shall keep in
repair and proper working order the installations in the dwelling-house for the supply
of water, gas and electricity".

Asimilar requirement can b e found in Section 13 of Chapter 4 of the Housing (Scotland)

Act 2014, which states that the electrical installation must b e in a reasonable state
of repair, in order to comply with the Act. The legislation goes on to state that the
installation must b e maintained.

The above Acts d o not directly specify periodic inspection a n d testing of a n electrical
installation. Periodic inspection a n d testing is a means of demonstrating compliance
with the Acts. The Scottish Government has published guidance o n meeting the
tolerable standard a n d repairing standard in Scotland, which can b e downloaded
from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/electrical-installations-and-appliances-private-
rented-properties/.

The Electrical Safety Standards i n the Private Rented Sector (England) Regulations
2 0 2 0 apply t o all n e w tenancies i n private rented properties in England f r o m 1 July
2020, a n d all existing tenancies f r o m 1 April 2021. This legislation requires an EICRto
b e prepared at an interval o f n o t m o r e than 5 years (or shorter period if the inspector
considers it necessary). The legislation also requires specific persons, such as tenants,
new tenants before they occupy the premises, or, o n written request, local authority

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 housing authority, to receive copies o f the EICR (or EIC if an EICR has not b e e n
conducted within 5 years of an EIC for the entire installation being issued). Inspection
and testing of rented properties is also required in Scotland. Whilst over a n d above
t h e requirements in legislation, landlords should b e aware that damage may occur to
parts o f the electrical installation, and, where practicable, can consider an electrical
inspection o n change of tenancy.

Any repairs m u s t b e carried out by an electrically skilled person or an electrically

competent person under their supervision. The landlord is responsible for confirming
the competency of any contractors carrying out such work. Advice for landlords on
the legislation, including guidance o n n o w to find a competent person t conduct
the test, can b e found o n the UK Government website a t the following address:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/electrical-safety-standards-in-the-
private-rented-sector-guidance-for-landlords-tenants-and-local-authorities/guide-for-
landlords-electrical-safety-standards-in-the-private-rented-sector.

1.3.3 The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015

The client a n d contractors have duties for health, safety a n d welfare according to t h e
CDM Regulations. F o r a private domestic client, the contractor (or, if more than o n e
contractor, the principal contractor) assumes the client's duties.

1.4 Additions and alterations

Every addition or alteration to an existing installation must comply with the current
644.1 edition of B S 7671 and must not impair the safety of the existing installation. The
641.3 relevant inspection and testing requirements of Chapter 64 also apply to additions and
alterations and, in particular, to the replacement o f a distribution board or consumer
unit. In order to verify that an addition o r alteration to an electrical installation complies
with BS 7671, the relevant parts of the existing installation must b e inspected and
tested to confirm the safety of the addition or alteration, including, for example, the:

(a) circuit ratings;

(b) circuit conductor sizes;
(c) means of earthing;
(d) protective conductor continuity; and
(e) earth fault loop impedance (EFLI).

644.1 .2 While there is no obligation to inspect and test any part of the existing installation that
does not affect and is not affected by the addition o r alteration, any defects with the
existing installation that are observed during the course of the works, that may give
rise to danger, b u t d o n o t affect the safety of the addition or alteration, are required to
be noted in the ’Comments on existing installation’ section of an EIC (single-signature
or multiple-signature) or o n Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificates (MElWCs).
If there is insufficient space to complete this information, a separate document could
b e used and referred to in the certificate.

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1

1.5 Departures and non-compliance

These terms are now frequently used in certificates and reports a n d are defined in
Part 2 of BS 7671.

"Departure. Deliberate decision not to comply fully w i t h the requirement of BS 7671,

for which the designer must declare that the resultant degree o f safety is not less than
that achievable by full compliance."

"Non-compliance. A non-conformity that may give rise to danger."

Note: A non-conformity is a failure to meet a requirement of a standard.

1.6 Record-keeping
132.13 It is a requirement that the appropriate documentation called for in Regulation 514.9,
514.9 Part 6 and (where applicable) Part 7 o f BS 7671 is provided for every electrical installation.

Chapter 6 5 Records of all checks, inspections and tests, including test results, should be kept
Appx6 - throughout the working life of an electrical installation. This will enable deterioration to
guidanceto recipents b e identified, a n d could also be used as a management tool to ensure that maintenance
checks are being carried o u t and to assess their effectiveness.

For non-domestic installations, Regulation 12 o f the Construction (Design and

Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM) requires a record known as 'the health and
safety file' to b e prepared, reviewed, updated and revised from t i m e to time to take
account of the work and any changes that have occurred. This file should contain any
information relating to the project that is likely to b e needed during any subsequent
construction work to provide for the health and safety of persons. The CDM Regulations
require that the health a n d safety file is passed o n t o the client o n completion of the
construction work to assist with ongoing management of the building.

The CDM Regulations also require that once the construction work has been completed,
the health and safety file remains available for inspection by any person who might need
it to comply with any relevant legal requirements. It also requires that the file is revised
and updated as often as may b e appropriate to incorporate any relevant new information.

EICs, MElWCs and EICRs (as appropriate) would constitute relevant information in
relation to this requirement.

For domestic installations, NHBC (National House-Building Council) guidance

recommends that all instructions for services are passed to t h e building owner.

In both domestic and non-domestic cases, there may also be insurance requirements
that imply or specify records.

The Electromagnetic Compatibility Regulations 2016 are statutory a n d require that

the client keep the information provided by the installer relating to compliance w i t h
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) criteria for the life of the installation.

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 1.7 Installations requiring specialist knowledge,
training or experience
This Guidance Note mainly covers the general requirements of BS7671. The following
publications provide further guidance o n types of installation, or special location, that
require additional information, experience, and/or training, for initial verification and
periodic inspection, testing and certification:

710 (a) Medical locations: refer to t h e IET Guide to Electrical Installations in Medical
710.64 Locations, IET Guidance Note 7 Special Locations along with relevant English,
Scottish and Welsh Health Technical Memoranda;
( b ) Solar photovoltaic (PV) installations: refer to the IET Code of Practice for
Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Installations;
722 (c) Electric vehicle charging equipment installations: refer to the IET Code of
Practice for Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Installation;
(d) Electrical energy storage systems: refer to the IET Code of Practice for Electrical
Energy Storage Systems;
(e) Fuel filling stations: refer to the AREA Guidance for Design, Construction,
Modification, Maintenance and Decommissioning of Filling Stations (also known
as the Blue Book), and the IET/APEA publication Electric Vehicle Charging
Installations at Filling Stations;
(f) Other locations with explosive atmospheres: see BS EN 60079;
(g) Temporary power systems within the scope of BS 7909: refer to the IET
Temporary Power Systems: A guide to the application of BS 7671 and BS 7909
for temporary events and the IET Practitioner's Guide to Temporary Power
Systems;
(h) Fire protection and fire stopping: refer to IET Guidance Note 4 Protection
Against Fire;
(i) Emergency lighting systems: refer to the Electrician's Guide to Emergency
Lighting Systems along with BS 5266-1; and
(j) Fire detection and fire alarm systems: refer to the Electrician's Guide to
Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems along with BS 5839-1:2017 and
BS 5839-6:20 19+AI:2020.

This list is n o t exhaustive. The above publications are not a substitute for suitable
experience and/or training in those types o f installation.

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 NOTES

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 Initial verification 2

2.1 Purpose of initial verification

Verification is defined in BS 7671 as: "All measures by means of which compliance
of the electrical installation with the relevant requirements of BS 7671 are checked,
comprising inspection, testing and certification."

Initial verification is carried out on a new installation before it is put into service. The
642.2 purpose is to confirm by way of inspection and testing, during construction and on

completion, that the installation complies with the design and construction aspects of
BS 7671, in so far as is reasonably practicable.

Appx 6, Intro (v) It is important to recognize the responsibilities o f the signatories for the design,
construction and verification. While the inspector is responsible for verifying aspects of
b o t h design a n d construction, they cannot, and are not m e a n t to, absolve responsibility
for their work elements from the designer and installer nor fix any problems they may find.

Example

Consider o n e aspect of the design: the inspector should check that the cable sizes, as
specified, have been correctly selected and installed. In order to do this, the design
criteria is required to be obtained, for example, a cable o r circuit schedule, and will
then carryout a visual inspection of the installed cable sizes for comparison. The m o s t
logical position to d o so will be at the distribution board housing the cables' protective
devices. It would b e unreasonable for the inspector to carry out design cable sizing
checks, as this is the responsibility of the designer.

At this point, it would also be unreasonable for the inspector to check that each cable
size at the distribution point is maintained throughout the cable's length (this is the
responsibility of the installer or constructor).

This example illustrates the principle a n d the responsibilities of the designer and
constructor of the installation. The inspector carries out checks, but only to confirm
the work of others.

42.3 The inspector must have adequate information o n the design details to check and
inspect against. BS 7671 provides a format list in Regulation 642.3 of items to be
checked, although this list is not exhaustive. These items are as follows:

(a) installed electrical equipment is of the correct t y p e and complies w i t h an

applicable British or Harmonized Standard, or a foreign national standard based
o n an International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standard;

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(b) the fixed installation is correctly selected and erected, taking into account
manufacturers’ instructions;
(c) the fixed installation is n o t visibly damaged or otherwise defective so as to
impair safety; and
(d) the installation is ready a n d safe to be used.

Sect 642 Inspections

Inspections are an important element of inspection a n d testing and are described in
Section 2.5 o f this Guidance Note.

Sect 643 Tests

The tests are described in Section 2.6 of this Guidance Note.

644.1 Results
The results of inspection and tests are to be recorded as appropriate. The HSE's
publication HSR25 recommends that records of all maintenance, including test results,
b e kept throughout the working life o f an installation (see guidance on the Electricity
at Work Regulations 1989 (EAWR), Regulation 4(2)). This can enable the condition of
equipment and the effectiveness of maintenance t o be monitored.

643.1 R e l e v a n t c r i t e r i a
The relevant criteria are, for the most part, the requirements of the Regulations for
the particular inspection or test. Most criteria are given i n Sections 2 and 3 of this
Guidance Note.

There will b e some instances where the designer has specified requirements that
are particular to the installation concerned. For example, the intended impedances
may be different from those in BS7671. I n this case, the inspector should either ask
for the design criteria or forward the test results to the designer for verification with
the intended design. In the absence of such data, t h e inspector should apply the
requirements set o u t in BS 7671 .

Verification
The responsibility for comparing inspection a n d test results w i t h relevant criteria, as
required by Regulation 641.3, lies with the party responsible for inspecting and testing
t h e installation. This party, which may be the person carrying out the inspection a n d
testing, should sign the ’Inspection and testing’ section of the Electrical Installation
Certificate (EIC) or the ’Declaration’ section of t h e Minor Electrical Installation Works
Certificate (MEIWC). If the person carrying o u t the inspection and testing is also
responsible for the ’Design’ and 'Construction' of the installation, the design and
construction sections of the EIC should be completed by the same person.

2.2 Certificates
Appx 6 Appendix 6 of B S 7671 contains model forms for the initial certification of a new
installation or for a n addition or alteration to a n existing installation, as follows:

(a) the multiple-signature EIC; o r

(b) the MEIWC.

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Examples of typical f o r m s a r e given in Section 5 of this Guidance Note.

Multiple-signature Electrical Installation C e r t i f i c a t e (EIC)

The multiple-signature certificate allows different persons to sign for design,
c o n s t r u c t i o n , inspection a n d testing, a n d a l l o w s two signatories for design where there
i s mutual responsibility. W h e r e designers a r e responsible for identifiably separate parts
o f a n installation, the use o f separate f o r m s would be appropriate. W h e r e the design,
c o n s t r u c t i o n , inspection a n d t e s t i n g are the responsibility of one p e r s o n a Certificate
with a single-signature d e c l a r a t i o n a s shown in item (v) of the Introduction to
Appendix 6 in B S 7 6 7 1 may be used in p l a c e of the multiple signatures section o f the
model form.

Minor Electrical I n s t a l l a t i o n Works C e r t i f i c a t e (MEIWC)

T h i s c e r t i f i c a t e i s to be used only f o r individual items of minor w o r k s that d o not
include the provision of a new circuit, such as a n a d d i t i o n a l socket-outlet or lighting
point t o a n existing circuit. For several items of minor works, a n E I C should b e used.

T h e c e r t i f i c a t e may a l s o be used f o r the replacement o f equipment such a s a c c e s s o r i e s

or luminaires, but not f o r the replacement of distribution boards, consumer units o r
similar items.

2.3 Required information

641.2 BS7671 requires that t h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n shall be m a d e available to the p e r s o n
o r p e r s o n s carrying o u t the inspection and testing:

Assessment o f general characteristics

311.1 ( a ) the maximum demand, expressed in amps, kW or kVA (after d i v e r s i t y i s taken
i n t o account);
312.1 ( b ) t h e number a n d t y p e of live conductors of the source(s) of energy and of the
circuits used in the i n s t a l l a t i o n ;
312.2 (c) the type of s y s t e m e a r t h i n g used by the i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d a n y facilities p r o v i d e d
by the distributor f o r the user;

( d ) t h e nominal voltage(s) a n d i t s characteristics, including harmonic distortion;

(e) the nature o f the c u r r e n t a n d supply frequency;
(f) the p r o s p e c t i v e short-circuit c u r r e n t at the origin of the installation;
(g) the e a r t h f a u l t l o o p impedance (EFLI) (Z e ) o f that p a r t of the system e x t e r n a l to
the installation; and
( h ) the type a n d r a t i n g o f the overcurrent protective device(s) (OCPDs) a c t i n g at the
origin of the installation.

Note: The statutory Electricity Supply, Quality a n d Continuity Regulations (ESQCR) require
that these characteristics should be available f r o m the distribution network operator
(DNO) for all sources of supply from the public supply network.

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 Diagrams, charts or tables
514.9.1 T h e Health a n d S a f e t y at Work etc. Act (HSWA) 1974 generally r e q u i r e s relevant
i n f o r m a t i o n to b e available a s a n a i d to s a f e use, inspection, testing a n d maintenance.
T h i s m a y i n c l u d e t h o s e i t e m s l i s t e d i n R e g u l a t i o n 514.9.1, a s f o l l o w s :

(a) the t y p e and c o m p o s i t i o n of e a c h circuit, including points of utilization, number

a n d size of c o n d u c t o r s a n d t y p e of wiring. This s h o u l d include the reference
m e t h o d s h o w n i n S e c t i o n 7 o f A p p e n d i x 4 of B S 7 6 7 1 ( M e t h o d s o f i n s t a l l a t i o n ) ;
(b) the method used for compliance with the requirements for basic and fault protection
and, where appropriate, the conditions required for automatic disconnection;
(c) t h e information necessary f o r t h e identification of each device p e r f o r m i n g t h e
f u n c t i o n s of protection, i s o l a t i o n a n d switching, a n d its location; a n d
(d) any circuit or equipment vulnerable to the electrical tests specified in Part 6 of B S 7671.

2.4 Frequency of subsequent inspections

Note: T h e term 'periodic inspection' implies the inclusion of any necessary tests.

The time intervals between the recommended dates of periodic inspections need consideration.

The p e r i o d t o t h e f i r s t p e r i o d i c i n s p e c t i o n a n d t e s t is r e q u i r e d t o b e c o n s i d e r e d a n d
r e c o m m e n d e d by t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n d e s i g n e r a n d o t h e r r e l e v a n t p a r t i e s , a s n o t e d i n
Regulations 301.1, a n d 341.1, as p a r t of the design.

T h e p e r i o d to e a c h subsequent periodic inspection s h o u l d t h e n b e considered a n d

r e c o m m e n d e d as p a r t of c a r r y i n g o u t a p e r i o d i c i n s p e c t i o n a n d test, by the p e r s o n
undertaking that p a r t i c u l a r inspection a n d test.

It h a s n e v e r b e e n c l a r i f i e d w h e t h e r t h e p r o p o s e d p e r i o d t o a s u b s e q u e n t p e r i o d i c
inspection s h o u l d b e m e a s u r e d f r o m the t i m e of t h e previous i n s p e c t i o n o r f r o m the
t i m e w h e n a n y i d e n t i f i e d r e p a i r s have b e e n c o m p l e t e d (they m a y never be!). The
i n s p e c t o r m u s t t a k e a v i e w o n t h i s ; it w o u l d p e r h a p s b e b e s t t o s e t it f r o m t h e t i m e
of the p r e v i o u s inspection, e s p e c i a l l y if there a r e significant r e p a i r s identified o r if t h e
i n s t a l l a t i o n i s p o o r l y maintained.

An inspector must a l s o use t h e i r e x p e r i e n c e a n d skill to i d e n t i f y a s u i t a b l e p e r i o d f o r a

s u b s e q u e n t periodic i n s p e c t i o n a n d they m u s t b e c l e a r about their reasoning. Industry
guidance i s available, but c a n o n l y b e general, a n d e a c h i n s t a l l a t i o n is d i f f e r e n t a n d
h a s d i f f e r e n t f a c t o r s a f f e c t i n g it. Too f r e q u e n t a n i n s p e c t i o n w i l l c a u s e u n n e c e s s a r y
costs, but t o o infrequent, especially if the installation is p o o r l y maintained, may
a l l o w significant possible dangers to develop, e s p e c i a l l y a s a n installation gets older.
Regulation 652.1 gives s o m e guidance, b u t t h e inspector m u s t m a k e a reasonable
a n d i n f o r m e d decision, a n d r e c o r d the r e a s o n s f o r t h a t d e c i s i o n o n the E I C o r E I C R , a s
they m a y need to j u s t i f y it. S o m e installations, such a s those subject to l o c a l a u t h o r i t y
licensing, a r e r e q u i r e d t o b e i n s p e c t e d a t set p e r i o d s .

Section 3.7 contains further guidance on the frequency of periodic inspection and testing.

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2.5 Initial inspection

2.5.1 General procedure

Inspection and, where required, testing should b e carried out and it is recommended
that a record of the results should b e retained throughout the different stages of erection
to enable the issue of relevant certification on completion of the verification process.

It should b e noted that Regulation 641.1 requires inspection and testing to b e carried out
during the erection stage of the installation. This is to allow the review and inspection
of work that may later b e covered and inaccessible; however, t h e inspector will require
necessary design information from the designer before any such inspections during
construction or installation.

A model Schedule of Inspections is shown in Section 5 of this Guidance Note.

2.5.2 Comments on individual items to be inspected

642.3 BS7671 provides a list of items considered as a minimum to be inspected, but t h e list
is not exhaustive. The inspector, where necessary, will inspect and compare the items
against data provided by the designer and installer and identify any non-compliances
or departures. However, it is not for the inspector to decide what installation items are
required o r necessary, or to identify any repairs or modifications. The list is as follows:

a
Sect526 Connection of conductors
Every connection between conductors and equipment/other conductors should
provide durable electrical continuity and adequate mechanical strength.

It is impractical for an inspector t o physically inspect all connections but they should
inspect a representative sample of connection types, especially larger connections,
such as o n switchgear and busbars. When checking connections, t h e correct torque
setting for screw or bolted terminals should b e used. (It is noted that in some cases,
such as high current busbar connections, specialist resistance tests may b e required
that are outside the scope of BS7671.)

There are four stranding classes of conductor described in B S E N 6 0 2 2 8 :

(a) Class 1, solid, conductors. These consist of only a single strand of conductor
forming the entire csa.
(b) Class 2, stranded, conductors. These consist of at least 6 strands, although
some applications in Part 7 of BS 7 6 7 1 specify a m i n i m u m of 7 strands are
used for stranding class 2 conductors.
(c) Class 5, finely stranded (flexible) conductors, These are m o r e finely stranded
than Class 2 stranded conductors, and are typically found in appliance cables,
or flexible installation cables.
(d) Class 6, extra-finely stranded (extra-flexible) conductors, being m o r e finely
stranded again.

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Some terminals are only suitable for certain conductor stranding classes, as described
in Table 2.1.

▼ Table 2.1 Suitability of terminals for certain conductor classes

Terminal or connection Remarks on suitability of terminal for certain

accessory marking conductors
no marking Suitable for any stranding class of conductor. Where
stranding class 2, 5 or 6 conductors are subject to frequent
disconnection and reconnection at screw or cage type
terminals, it is recommended that they are protected against
spreading or damage using crimp ferrules.
Similarly, stranding class 2, 5 or 6 conductors should ideally
have an appropriate crimp, such as a ring crimp, when
connecting at a stud type terminal.
Preparation of stranded conductors by soldering should only
be used under the conditions described in
Regulation 526.9.

r Rigid conductors only.

The terminal is only suitable for stranding class 1 and 2
conductors.
Some screwless terminals marked 'r' are not suitable for
conductors prepared with crimp ferrules, and manufacturer’s
instructions should be followed.
sol The terminal is only suitable for stranding class 1
conductors.
Some screwless terminals marked 'sol' are not suitable for
conductors prepared with crimp ferrules, and manufacturer's
instructions should be followed.
f The terminal is only suitable for stranding class 5 and 6
conductors. It is not possible to terminate stranding class 1 or
2 conductors in terminals marked f.

b Identification of cables and conductors

It should b e checked that each core or bare conductor is identified as necessary. The
single colour green must not b e used for the identification of live conductors in power
circuits, protective conductors, or functional earthing and bonding conductors.

The bi-colour combination green-and-yellow is only to b e used for protective

conductors. Other than protective earth and neutral (PEN) conductors, conductors that
are identified with green-and-yellow throughout their length, either as a single-core
cable, or as a core in a multicore cable, must not b e overmarked with another colour
or with alphanumeric symbols at terminations, except for the purposes of identifying
which circuit t h e cpc serves.

Again, it is impractical for a n inspector to physically inspect all identifications, but they
should inspect a representative sample of types, especially o n larger conductors, such
as to switchgear.

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▼ Table 2 . 2 Identification of conductors

Function Alphanumeric Colour

Protective conductor PE Green-and-yellow (GNYE)

Protective bonding conductors PB Green-and-yellow (GNYE)

Functional earthing conductor FE Pink (PK)

AC power circuit

Line of single-phase circuit L Brown (BN)

Neutral of single- or three-phase circuit N Blue (BU)

Line 1 of three-phase AC circuit LI Brown (BN)

Line 2 of three-phase AC circuit L2 Black (BK)

Line 3 of three-phase AC circuit L3 Grey (GY)

Two-wire unearthed DC power circuit

Positive of two-wire circuit L+ Red (RD)

Negative of two-wire circuit L- White (WH)

Two-wire earthed DC power circuit

Positive (of negative earthed) circuit L+ Red (RD)

Negative (of negative earthed) circuit M Blue (BU)

Positive (of positive earthed) circuit M Blue {BU)

Negative (of positive earthed) circuit L- White (WH)

Three-wire DC power circuit

Outer positive of two-wire circuit derived L+ Red (RD)

f r o m three-wire system

Outer negative of two-wire circuit derived L- White (WH)

from three-wire system

Positive of three-wire circuit L+ Red (RD)

Mid-wire of three-wire circuit M Blue (BU)

Negative of three-wire circuit L- White (WH)

Control circuits, ELVand

other applications

Line conductor L Black (BK), Brown (BN),

Red (RD), Orange (OG),
Yellow (YE), Green (GN),
Violet (VT), Grey (GY),
White (WH), Pink (PK) or
Turquoise (TQ)

Neutral or mid- wire® NorM Blue (BU)

Notes:
(1) Power circuits include lighting circuits.
(2) M identifies either t h e mid-wire of a three-wire D C circuit, o r t h e earthed conductor of a
t w o - w i r e earthed D C circuit.
(3) Only t h e m i d d l e wire of three-wire circuits m a y b e earthed.
(4) A n earthed PELV conductor is blue.

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c Routing of cables
522.8 Cables a n d their cable management systems should be designed a n d installed taking into
account the mechanical stresses that users of the installation will make upon the installation.

522.6.201 A key r e q u i r e m e n t t o note i s for c a b l e s i n s t a l l e d i n a w a l l o r p a r t i t i o n a t a d e p t h o f l e s s

522 6 . 2 0 3 t h a n 5 0 mm f r o m the s u r f a c e . If t h e c a b l e u s e d does not i n c o r p o r a t e a n e a r t h e d
m e t a l l i c covering; o r is not i n s t a l l e d i n a n e a r t h e d conduit, t r u n k i n g o r d u c t ; o r i s not
p r o v i d e d w i t h m e c h a n i c a l p r o t e c t i o n s u f f i c i e n t t o p r e v e n t d a m a g e b e i n g c a u s e d by
nails, screws or similar; o r i s not supplied via separated extra-low voltage (SELV) o r
protective e x t r a - l o w voltage (PELV), it w i l l b e n e c e s s a r y to provide additional protection
by m e a n s o f a r e s i d u a l c u r r e n t d e v i c e (RCD) h a v i n g a r a t e d r e s i d u a l o p e r a t i n g c u r r e n t
not e x c e e d i n g 3 0 m A . This is a requirement even where c a b l e s a r e r u n within the
prescribed c a b l e z o n e s d e s c r i b e d i n Regulation 522.6.202.

522.6.20 A n o t h e r r e q u i r e m e n t relates to c a b l e s i n s t a l l e d in a wall or partition, the construction

of which contains metallic component p a r t s such a s studs, f r a m e s o r skins. I r r e s p e c t i v e
o f t h e d e p t h a t w h i c h t h e c a b l e s h a v e b e e n installed, t h e y a r e r e q u i r e d t o b e p r o v i d e d
with additional protection by a n R C D having a rated residual o p e r a t i n g current not
exceeding 3 0 m A ; o r b e m e c h a n i c a l l y protected sufficient t o avoid damage t o them
d u r i n g construction of t h e wall o r partition a n d d u r i n g t h e installation of t h e cables; o r
comply with the requirements referred to in the previous paragraph.

C a b l e s s h o u l d b e r o u t e d i n p r e s c r i b e d z o n e s i n w a l l s (as s h o w n below), as identified

in Regulation 522.6.202 (especially in dwellings), to assist i n a v o i d i n g damage by
penetration by n a i l s a n d screws, etc. It should b e n o t e d that t h e requirements can also
a p p l y t o t h e o t h e r s i d e of t h e w a l l .

▼ Figure 2.1 T h e zones prescribed in Regulation 522.6.202 of B S 7671

S
3
3

150 m m
o
3
3
WHMM

Room 2

Room 1

Furthermore, w h e r e c a b l e s a r e i n s t a l l e d a t a depth of 5 0 mm o r l e s s f r o m the s u r f a c e

of t h e w a l l o r p a r t i t i o n , t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s p a r a g r a p h also apply.

It will be far t o o late at the end of the construction to view and assess a n y of these things,
so it is vital that the inspector continually i n s p e c t s the installation w o r k d u r i n g construction.

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Cables routed in buildings must b e fixed such that they cannot c o m e away from
their supports during fires and collapse to block escape routes or entangle firefighters
searching the building in smoke-filled conditions. Such entanglements have led to
fatalities in t h e past, which could have been avoided with s o m e forethought. Not all
escape routes in a building are defined and signed: in open-plan office areas, there
can b e several possible routes away f r o m a desk or meeting r o o m across an o p e n
office area to an escape stair (see BS 9999) and all such routes should b e kept clear
f r o m possible entanglement. An escape route is defined i n the Regulations as a "path
to follow for access t o a safe area in the event of an emergency". T h e requirement for
surface-run wiring systems n o t t o b e subject to premature collapse in the event of a
fire applies to all areas, and not just designated escape routes.

It is not difficult to look at a proposed installation and consider the possibilities of

cables coming away from their fixings: have only plastic ties been used, is cable tray
metal or plastic, is t h e tray upside d o w n and so on? If t h e cable supports are metal and
t h e cables are laid in or cleated t o t h e m with metal fixings, then the cable cannot go
anywhere. Even if a cable is fixed with plastic ties or clips and could drop, it may only
require an occasional metal or fire-resistant fixing to restrain it.

I n larger industrial or commercial installations, cable ladder or tray and other services
may b e suspended together f r o m concrete structural elements by steel wires or
'drop rods' screwed into the concrete. The inspector cannot physically assess the
suitability or the loading of such fixings, but may look at the design data provided to
see that what is installed is as the design.

Where cables run around or d o w n walls - for example, t o a socket-outlet - and

are contained in small-section plastic trunking, the cables should b e fixed inside the
trunking if it would b e possible for t h e trunking to deform in heat and the lid come off,
thus releasing the cables.

The inspector m u s t also assess any fire protection repairs and fire-stopping where
Appendix 13 cables have been installed through a fire-rated building structural element or wall. The
electrical installation designer should provide information in relation to fire safety with
regard to cable routes. Regulation 527.2.1 requires that openings remaining after t h e
passage of wiring systems are sealed according to the degree of fire-resistance
prescribed for the respective element of the building construction before penetration.
The seal is required to:

(a) resist the products of combustion to t h e same extent as the elements of

building construction which have been penetrated;
(b) provide the same degree of protection f r o m water penetration as that required
for the building construction element in which it has been installed;
(c) b e compatible with the material of the wiring system that it is in contact with;
(d) permit thermal movement of t h e wiring system without reducing t h e sealing
quality; and
(e) have adequate mechanical stability to withstand t h e stresses which may arise
through damage to the support of the wiring system due to fire.

527.2.3 Where wiring system containment (conduit, trunking, and busbar trunking systems)
Appendix 13 passes through a building element that has specific fire resisting properties and has an
internal cross-sectional area greater than 710 m m 2 for example, a round hole of around
3 0 m m diameter, it must b e internally sealed in accordance with Regulation 527.2.3.

Guidance Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing 29

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 422 T h e concept of a protected escape route h a s been introduced i n B S 7 6 7 1 :20 1 8+A2:2022 .
Appendix 13 A protected escape route is defined i n B S 7 6 7 1 a s follows:

Protected e s c a p e r o u t e . A r o u t e e n c l o s e d w i t h specified fire-resisting

construction designated f o r e s c a p e to a place of safety i n the event of a n
emergency.

Appendix 13 Guidance on escape routes a n d f i r e p r o t e c t i o n is provided i n Appendix 13 to B S 7671.

For safe escape, as w e l l as b e i n g enclosure i n fire a n d smoke-resisting construction,

protected e s c a p e routes need to b e ' f i r e sterile', i.e. not contain c o m b u s t i b l e material
t h a t c o u l d cause a hazard to escaping occupants. Wiring systems w i t h i n a protected
e s c a p e route s h o u l d b e l i m i t e d to t h a t f o r :

(a) l i g h t i n g ;
(b) emergency lighting;
(c) f i r e detection a n d alarm; a n d
(d) o t h e r e s s e n t i a l s a f e t y s y s t e m s f o r high hazard premises.

Cables installed i n f i r e resisting e n c l o s u r e s a r e deemed to b e outside protected escape

r o u t e s . Electrical accessories, i n c l u d i n g s o c k e t - o u t l e t s , a r e p e r m i t t e d i n p r o t e c t e d
e s c a p e routes, provided they d o not c o m p r o m i s e t h e s t r u c t u r e ' s f i r e resistance. S e e
S e c t i o n 527 of B S 7671.

422.2.1 Gables i n protected escape routes shall b e as s h o r t a s practicable. C a b l e s encroaching

o n e s c a p e routes shall not be i n s t a l l e d within a r m ' s reach unless they a r e provided with
a d e q u a t e p r o t e c t i o n against m e c h a n i c a l d a m a g e t h a t m i g h t o c c u r d u r i n g e v a c u a t i o n .

C a b l e c o n t a i n m e n t o r s u p p o r t systems in protected e s c a p e routes must b e classified

as n o n - f l a m e p r o p a g a t i n g , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e l e v a n t p r o d u c t s t a n d a r d :

(a) B S 6 1 3 8 6 f o r conduit systems;

(b) B S E N 5 0 0 8 5 f o r t r u n k i n g s y s t e m s ;
(c) B S E N 6 1 5 3 7 f o r c a b l e t r a y o r c a b l e l a d d e r systems; and
(d) B S E N 6 1 5 3 4 f o r p o w e r t r a c k systems.

132.7 d S e l e c t i o n of c o n d u c t o r s
Sect 523 T h e s p e c i f i c a t i o n of c a b l e s u s e d - B S t y p e a n d designation, t e m p e r a t u r e ratings,
selection for environmental conditions, c o n d u c t o r category a n d material, certification
to a n d c o m p l i a n c e with the r e q u i r e d C o n s t r u c t i o n P r o d u c t s Regulations, etc. - must
b e c h e c k e d , b a s e d o n the d a t a s u p p l i e d by t h e designer a n d installer.

422.2.1 Cables in protected e s c a p e r o u t e s must have a minimum 60 °/o light transmittance

when tested in accordance with B S E N 61034-2, a n d b e selected f r o m o n e of the following:

(a) c a b l e s m e e t i n g the requirements of Regulation 560.8.1 f o r wiring systems of

s a f e t y s e r v i c e s r e q u i r e d to o p e r a t e i n f i r e c o n d i t i o n s ;
(b) c a b l e s w i t h r e s i s t a n c e t o f l a m e p r o p a g a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r e l e v a n t p a r t s o f
B S E N 60332-3 series; o r
(c) cables i n p e r m i t t e d cable m a n a g e m e n t systems m e e t i n g BS EN 60332-1-2.

B S 8 5 1 9 requires cables for both primary a n d secondary supplies to safety services to

be f i r e - r e s i s t a n t a n d t o f o l l o w d i v e r s e r o u t e s t h r o u g h t h e building.

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Sect 523 The cross-sectional area (csa) of conductors should be assessed against the overcurrent
Sect 524 protective arrangement and the requirements for limitation of voltage drop, based
Sect 525 upon information provided by the installation designer (where available), such as a
cable schedule or schematic diagram.

Reference should be made, as appropriate, to Appendix 4 of BS7671.

132.14.1 e
Verification of polarity: single-pole device in a TN or TT system
530.3.2 must be checked that single-pole devices for protection or switching are installed in
line conductors only, and that Edison screw (ES) lampholders are correctly connected.

f Accessories and equipment

Correct connection (suitability, polarity, environmental factors, etc.) must be checked.

553.1.3 Table 55.1 of BS 7671 sets out the three different types of plug and socket-outlet
recognized, their ratings and their associated British Standards.

553.2.2 Particular attention should be made to the correct connection of cable couplers so that
pins of connectors (which would be accessible when the couplers are disconnected)
are connected to the load or downstream side of the connection. Couplers for cables
in which current may flow in either directions, such as some circuits in prosumer’s
electrical installations (PEIs), appropriate couplers having live parts protected to at least
IP2X on both parts of the coupler when disconnected should be used.

559.5.1.204 Bayonet lampholders B15 and B22 should comply with BS EN 61184 and have a
559.5.1.205 temperature rating T2, as described in that standard. With the exception of E14 and
E27 lampholders complying with BS EN 60238, ES lampholders used in TN and
TT systems should have the line of the supply connected to their centre contact, and
neutral connected to the outer contact. Lighting circuits incorporating B15, B22, E14,
E27 or E40 lampholders are only to b e used in a lighting circuit rated up to 16 A.

Sect 527 g Selection and erection to minimize the spread of fire

Fire barriers, suitable seals and/or protection againstthermal effects should be provided,
if necessary, to meet the requirements of BS7671. These are good examples of items
which can and should be inspected during the erection stage.

Each sealing arrangement built around services penetrations through a fire-rated

building element should be labelled by the specialist installer to state its fire rating and
inspected to verify that it conforms to the manufacturer's erection instructions and
required rating. It is essential, therefore, that inspection should be carried out at the
appropriate stage of the work, and that this is recorded at the time for incorporation in
the inspection and test documents.

A wiring system such as conduit, trunking or ducting that penetrates a building element
that has a specified fire rating is to be sealed both internally and externally to the
degree of fire resistance of the external element. Fire barrier requirements are detailed
in Regulations 527.2.2 and 527.2.3.

Products classified as 'non-flame propagating' in accordance with BS EN 61386-1 or

BS EN 50085 are liable to catch fire as a result of an applied flame, but in which the
flame does not propagate, and which extinguish themselves within a limited time after
the flame is removed. The test to classify products as 'non-flame propagating' is a
self-extinguishing test, not a fire resistance test. The product cannot be assumed to

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protect t h e cable inside it f r o m the effects of afire. The cable should h a v e its own fire/
s m o k e classification. B o t h metallic a n d non-metallic products c a n b e classed a s ' n o n
f l a m e propagating1. For f u r t h e r details see IET Guidance Note 4 Protection Against Fire.

chapter41 h Measures o f protection against electric shock

Tables 2.3 to 2.5 list the various measures of protection against electric shock given in
B S 7671. T h e measures are discussed in m o r e detail later in this section.

The tables divide up t h e measures into t h o s e that are generally permitted, those that
are for use o n l y where access is restricted to skilled o r instructed persons, a n d t h o s e
t h a t are f o r u s e only where the installation is controlled o r supervised by skilled or
instructed persons. The tables also list the provisions f o r basic protection a n d fault
p r o t e c t i o n t h a t m a k e up t h e protective measures.

Additional protection m a y also b e specified a s p a r t o f a protective m e a s u r e under

certain conditions o f external influence a n d in certain o f t h e special installations o r
locations. See later in this section.

▼ Table 2.3 Protective measures generally permitted

Protective measure Protective provisions

Basic protection by Fault protection by

411 Automatic disconnection of Basic insulation of live parts Protective earthing, protective
supply (ADS) and/or barriers or enclosures equipotential bonding and
automatic disconnection in
case of a fault

or Class II equipment

Double or reinforced Basic insulation Supplementary insulation

412
insulation
or reinforced insulation

Electrical separation for the Basic insulation of live parts Simple separation from other
413
supply of one item of and/or barriers or enclosures circuits and from Earth
current-using equipment

Extra-low voltage provided by Limitation of voltage, protective separation and basic

Sect 414
SELVor PELV insulation

V Table 2 . 4 Protective measures for use only where access is controlled or supervised
by skilled persons

Protective measure Protective provisions

Basic protection by Fault protection by

Obstacles Obstacles None

417.1
Placing out of reach Placing out of reach None
417.2

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▼ Table 2 . 5 Protective measures for use only where the installation is controlled or
under the supervision of skilled or instructed persons

Protective m e a s u r e Protective provisions

Basic p r o t e c t i o n by Fault p r o t e c t i o n b y

418.1 Non-conducting location Basic insulation of live parts No protective conductor,

and/or barriers or enclosures insulating floor and walls,
spacing/obstacles between
exposed-conductive-parts and
extraneous-co nducti ve-parts

Earth-free local equipotential Basic insulation of live parts Protective bonding, notices,
418.2
bonding and/or barriers or enclosures etc.

Electrical separation for the Basic insulation of live parts Simple separation from other
supply of more than one item and/or barriers or enclosures circuits and Earth, to non
of current-using equipment earthed protective bonding,
etc.

N o t e s : (1) Not recognized for general application.

(2) To be used only in special circumstances.

416 (i) Protective provision of basic protection by insulation of live

parts and/or barriers or enclosures

This p r o t e c t i v e p r o v i s i o n forms p a r t of a n u m b e r of d i f f e r e n t p r o t e c t i v e m e a s u r e s , a s
s h o w n i n t h e previous tables.

T h e inspection of this protective provision i s to check that insulation h a s not been

4]g damaged d u r i n g installation a n d t h a t b a r r i e r s a n d enclosures have b e e n selected and
i n s t a l l e d to p r o v i d e a t l e a s t a d e g r e e of p r o t e c t i o n o f I P X X B o r 1P2X a n d , f o r a h o r i z o n t a l
top s u r f a c e t h a t is r e a d i l y accessible, o f a t l e a s t IPXXD o r IP4X, a n d a r e n o t d a m a g e d
( i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e is o f c o u r s e a f u n d a m e n t a l test to b e carried o u t - see
Section 2 . 6 of this G u i d a n c e Note).

(ii) Protective measures generally permitted

Automatic disconnection of supply (ADS)

411.2 T h e provision f o r b a s i c protection in t h i s protective m e a s u r e is b a s i c insulation of l i v e

parts and/or barriers or enclosures, the inspection of which i s discussed earlier in this section.

T h e p r o v i s i o n f o r f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n is p r o t e c t i v e e a r t h i n g , p r o t e c t i v e b o n d i n g a n d
automatic d i s c o n n e c t i o n of s u p p l y i n c a s e of a fault. Although v e r i f i c a t i o n of EFLI f o r
each circuit provides evidence that d i s c o n n e c t i o n times a c c o r d i n g to Chapter 41 c a n
b e met, it i s a l s o important to inspect o r o t h e r w i s e verify t h e following items.

Presence of appropriate protective conductors:

(a) e a r t h i n g conductor.
(b) circuit protective conductors (cpcs).
(c) p r o t e c t i v e b o n d i n g c o n d u c t o r s .
(d) m a i n b o n d i n g c o n d u c t o r s . R e g u l a t i o n 411.3.1.2 m e t a l l i c p i p e s w i t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g
c o n n e c t e d to non-conductive service p i p e s entering t h e building n e e d n o t b e
connected to the protective equipotential bonding.
(e) s u p p l e m e n t a r y bonding conductors (where required).

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The type of system earthing arrangement m u s t b e stated by t h e designer, for example:

(a) TN-C-S;
(b) TN-S; or
(c) TT (earth electrode(s) used as the means of earthing for t h e installation).

The earthing arrangement should b e confirmed by the DNO, and not assumed by
visual inspection.

411.5 (TN) For installations that receive a low voltage (LV) supply f r o m the public distribution
411.5 (TT) network, the designer should also ascertain whether protective multiple earthing
(PME) conditions apply, as this affects the application of certain requirements of
BS 7671, such as t h e sizing of main protective bonding conductors, and earthing for
some of the special locations in Part 7 (for example, use of a PME earthing arrangement
is precluded for some special locations, such as caravan parks and marinas). Guidance
is available from the local DNO and in Energy Networks Association publication G12/4
Requirements for the Application of Protective Multiple Earthing to Low Voltage
Networks. PME conditions will normally apply in public LV supplies:

(a) with a TN-C-S earthing arrangement; and

(b) with a PNB earthing arrangement, where the neutral of supply is earthed at
some distance downstream of the LV transformer, rather than at the transformer
itself. PNB is used by DNOs where it is necessary t o separate HV and LV
earthing systems.

The EFLImust b e appropriate for the protective device, i.e. RCD or overcurrent device,
and within the values given in the relevant tables in Chapter 41 of BS 7671.

Double or reinforced insulation

412.1 For double insulation, basic protection is provided by basic insulation, and fault
protection is provided by supplementary insulation.

For reinforced insulation, both basic protection a n d fault protection are provided by
a single application of reinforced insulation between live parts and accessible parts.

Where double or reinforced insulation is to b e employed a s t h e sole protective measure,

it is important to confirm that t h e installation or circuit so protected will remain under
effective supervision so as to prevent any unauthorized change(s) being m a d e that
could impair the effectiveness of t h e measure.

Electrical separation for the supply of one item of current-using equipment

413.1.1 Electrical separation is a protective measure where basic protection is provided by

basic insulation of live parts and/or by barriers and enclosures, in accordance with
Section 416, and fault protection is provided by simple separation o f t h e separated
circuit f r o m other circuits and f r o m Earth.

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Extra-low voltage (ELV) provided b y S E L V o r P E L V

Sect 414 ForSELVand PELV, requirements include:

414.1.1 (a) the nominal voltage must not exceed 5 0 V AC or 120 V DC or the lower limits
414.1.2 specified for a special location according to Part 7 of BS 7 6 7 1 (see note to
Regulation 414.1.2);
a
414.3 (b) suitable source, for example, a safety isolating transformer to BS EN 61558-2-6
or BS EN 61558-2-8;
414.1.1 (c ) protective separation f r o m all non-SELVor PELV circuits;
d r
414.1. ;; ( ) f° SELV, basic insulation between the SELV system and Earth; and
e
414.4.4 ( ) SELV exposed-conductive-parts must have n o connection with Earth, exposed-
conductive-parts or protective conductors of other systems.

(iii) Protective measures for use only where access is controlled

or supervised by skilled persons

Obstacles

41 Protection by obstacles provides basic protection only, n o t fault protection. It protects

against unintentional contact with live parts.

Where this measure is used, the area must b e accessible only to skilled persons or to
instructed persons under their supervision.

The measure is not to b e used in some installations and locations of increased shock
risk. See Part 7 of BS7671.

Placing out of reach

417 Placing out of reach also provides basic protection only. The distances referred to in
Regulations 417.3.1 and 417.3.2 should b e increased where long or bulky conducting
objects are likely to b e handled in t h e vicinity, taking account of the dimensions of
those objects.

410.3.5 Bare live parts are only permitted in areas where access is controlled or supervised
by skilled persons. The dimensions of passageways should be checked against the
information given in Appendix 3 of t h e HSE's guidance o n HSR25 (see Section 729).

Sect 729 Section 7 2 9 (Operating and maintenance gangways) covers situations where open
switchgear or busbars are permitted and where access is restricted to skilled or
instructed persons. Inspection for verification in areas covered by Section 7 2 9 requires
careful checking, including the measurement of separation distances, for example,
those associated with 'arm's reach', as per Figure 417 of BS 7671; these must b e
confirmed with the installation isolated. However, it must be noted that the EAWRtake
precedence in all cases and their requirements for accessible live conductors must b e
followed in all cases.

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(iv) Protective measures for use only where the installation is

controlled or under the supervision of skilled or
instructed persons
Non-conducting location

Where this protective measure is employed, such as in a n electronic equipment test

area, it must be verified (amongst other things) that all installed electrical equipment
m e e t s the requirements of Section 416 with regard to provisions for basic protection.

418J.2 Further, t h e exposed-conductive-parts of t h e installation should b e so arranged that

it is not possible for persons to make simultaneous contact with either two exposed-
conductive-parts, or an exposed-conductive-part and any extraneous-conductive-part
under normal operating conditions, if these parts are liable to b e at different potentials
as a result of failure of the basic insulation of a live part.

The inspector should confirm the achievement of this and check that within t h e
location there are n o protective conductors (see also the specific test for this m e t h o d
in Section 2.6.12 of this Guidance Note).

418.2 Earth-free local equipotential bonding

The use of this protective measure is intended to prevent the appearance of a

dangerous touch voltage under fault conditions. In some cases, this protective measure
is combined with the protective measure of electrical separation.

Where protection by earth-free local equipotential bonding is employed, it must b e

verified (amongst other things) that all installed electrical equipment should meet t h e
requirements of Section 416 with regard to provisions for basic protection.

’ All simultaneously accessible exposed-conductive-parts and extraneous-conductive-

parts should b e interconnected by local protective bonding conductors.

418.2.3 Measures m u s t b e taken to ensure that the local protective bonding conductors are not
connected to Earth either directly or unintentionally via the exposed- and extraneous-
conductive-parts to which they are connected.

A warning notice complying with Regulation 514.13.2 m u s t b e fixed in a prominent

position adjacent to every point of access to the location concerned.

The inspection, supplemented with tests, should verify that n o item is earthed within
the area and that n o earthed services or conductors enter or traverse the area, including
t h e floor and ceiling. Inspection should confirm whether or n o t this has b e e n achieved.

Electrical separation for the supply to more than o n e item of current-using equipment

418.3 it is intended to supply more than one item of current-using equipment using
Sect 413 electrical separation, it will b e necessary to m e e t the requirements of Regulation 418.3.
This is in addition to meeting the requirements of Section 413, some of which are
referred to earlier in this section of this Guidance Note in relation to the use of electrical
separation for the supply of one item of current-using equipment.

418.3.3 The separated circuit should b e protected f r o m damage and insulation failure.

Any exposed-conductive-parts of t h e separated circuit should b e connected together by

insulated, non-earthed protective bonding conductors, which should n o t b e connected
to the protective conductor or exposed-conductive-parts of any other circuit or to any
extraneous-conductive-parts.

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418. Socket-outlets should have a protective conductor contact, which is connected to the
protective bonding system described above.

All flexible cables should contain a protective conductor for use as a protective bonding
conductor, except where such a cable supplies only items of equipment having double
or reinforced insulation.

If two faults affecting two exposed-conductive-parts occur, and where conductors

of different polarity feed these, a protective device should disconnect the supply in
accordance with t h e disconnection time given in Table 41 .1 .

418/ The product of t h e nominal voltage (volts) a n d length (metres) of the wiring system
should not exceed 100,000 Vm and the length of the wiring system (metres) should
n o t exceed 5 0 0 m.

(v) Additional protection

Additional protection by one o r more RCDs

415.1.1 It should b e confirmed that an RCD selected to provide additional protection has a
rated residual operating current not exceeding 3 0 m A and complies with the
relevant standards.

Generally, all socket-outlets up to and including 3 2 A rating should b e provided with

additional protection by a 3 0 m A RCD; however BS 7671 allows this to b e omitted for
some socket-outlets in certain locations such as non-domestic installations where a
written risk assessment shows that such additional protection is not required. It is not
for the inspector to consider or approve the risk assessment, but the inspector should
see the assessment to prove that it exists, so that the requirement of the regulation
is fulfilled. The assessment should also b e attached to the Electrical Installation or
MEIWC, for future reference.

415J.2 It should also b e confirmed that appropriate protective measures in accordance with
Sections 411 to 414 are in place, as an RCD m u s t not b e used as the sole means of
protection against electric shock.

Additional protection by supplementary protective equipotential bonding

415.2.1 Where supplementary bonding is provided, it should encompass all simultaneously

accessible exposed-conductive-parts of fixed equipment, extraneous-conductive-parts
and the protective conductors of all equipment in the location where this protective
measure is being applied.

415.2.2 The effectiveness of supplementary equipotential bonding, as provided, may b e verified

where the resistance between simultaneously accessible exposed-conductive-parts and
extraneous-conductive-parts fulfils whichever of the following conditions is applicable:

(a) for AC systems, R < 5 0 V/I a ; and

Note: In medical locations of Group 1 and Group 2, and in fuel filling stations installed in
accordance with APEAGuidance for Design, Construction, Modification, Maintenance
and Decommissioning of Filling Stations, the voltage is reduced from 50 V to 25 V.

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(b) for DC systems, R < 120 V/I a

where la is the operating current of the protective device in amps (for overcurrent
devices, this is the 5 s operating current, and for RCDs, | n).

5313 RCDs should be selected in accordance with Regulation 531.3. Selection of RCDs
should take into account the residual fault current operating characteristics of loads
with respect to DC components.

Type AC RCDs shall only be used for fixed equipment, where it is known that the
load current contains no DC components. This precludes the use of socket-outlets
incorporating Type AC RCD protection (SRCDs)to BS 7288.

Note: Type AC RCDs are not p e r m i t t e d i n medical locations.

The RCD residual current operating characteristic Type can be identified by the marking
provided by the manufacturer. See Figure 2.34.

▼ T a b l e 2 . 6 Types o f RCD currently recognized by B S 7 6 7 1

Description of RCD Abbreviation Residual current Standard

used in operating characteristic
BS 7671 type
(If not from BS 7671)

Type AC (Note 1)
B S E N 61008
Residual current Type A
circuit-breaker without RCCB
overcurrent protection Type F
BS EN 62423
Type B

Type AC (Note 1)
B S E N 61009
Residual current Type A
circuit-breaker with RCBO
overcurrent protection Type F
B S E N 62423
Type B

Socket-outlet SRCD Type A (Note 2) BS7288

incorporating RCD
protection

Fused connection unit Type AC (Notes 1,2)

incorporating RCD FCU RCD BS7288
Type A (Note 2)
protection

Type AC (Notes 1,3)

Circuit-breaker
incorporating residual CBR Type A (Note 3) BS EN 60947-2
current protection
Type B (Note 3)

Type AC (Notes 1,3)

Modular RCD MRCD Type A (Note 3) BS EN 60947-2

Type B (Note 3)

Notes:
1 O n l y t o b e used for fixed equipment, w h e r e it is k n o w n that t h e load current contains
n o DC components.
2 Additional protection only. Cannot b e used to m e e t disconnection times required by
Chapter 41 o f BS 7 6 7 1 for automatic disconnection of supply.
3 For operation b y skilled or instructed persons only.
4 RCCBs, RCBOs, CBRs a n d MRCDs are also available w i t h a time-delay option. These are
k n o w n as S-Type a n d identified with t h e relevant marking, see Figure 2.34.

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Sect 515 ' Prevention of m u t u a l detrimental influence

Regulations 132.11 and 515.1 require electrical equipment to b e so selected and
erected that there will b e no harmful influence (such as electromagnetic interference
(EMI) or heat) between t h e electrical installation and other electrical and non-electrical
installations. The inspector is advised to give careful thought to this while carrying o u t
t h e inspection.

132.5.1 This, however, does not include the detrimental influence of other systems onto
t h e electrical installation, such as water leaks or splashing, which are covered by the
requirements of Regulation 132.5.1.

Sect 537 j Isolating and switching devices

BS EN 60947-1 Low voltage switchgear and controlgear. General rules defines
standard utilization categories that allow for conditions of service use and t h e switching
duty to b e expected.

All switch utilization categories must b e appropriate for the nature of the load (see
Table 2.7). It would b e part of the design to specify the appropriate t y p e of device.

GN2 Guidance Note 2 provides m o r e comprehensive guidance on this subject. It should b e

consulted and its contents taken into account.

▼ Table 2 . 7 Examples of utilization categories for alternating current installations

Utilization category
Frequent operation Infrequent Typical applications
operation
AC-20a AC-20b Connecting and disconnecting under
no-load conditions

AC-21a AC-21b Switching of resistive loads,

including moderate overloads

AC-22a AC-22b Switching o f mixed resistive and

inductive loads, including
moderate overloads

AC-23a AC-23b Switching of motor loads o r other

highly inductive loads

If switchgear to BS EN 60947-1 is suitable for isolation, it will b e marked with the

symbol for isolation (references IEC 60417-6169-1 and IEC 60617-07-01-03) shown
in Figure 2.2.

▼ Figure 2 . 2 Basic symbol for isolation function

This may b e endorsed with a symbol advising of function, for example, for a switch
disconnector providing isolation as illustrated in Figure 2.3.

▼ Figure 2 . 3 Symbol marked on a switch disconnector providing isolation

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Table 537.4 Guidance on the suitability or otherwise of protective, isolation and switching devices
t o be employed for one or more of the functions of isolation, emergency switching
and functional switching is given in Table 537.4 of B S 7 6 7 1 a n d in Guidance Note 2.

The inspector should carry o u t an isolation review to check that effective isolation
can b e achieved, b u t it is n o t the inspector's responsibility t o resolve any apparent
shortcomings or problems with the isolation and switching design. The review could
include, where appropriate, locking-off and inspection or testing to verify that the circuit
is dead and n o other source of supply is present. The designer should also identify
where it may b e necessary to isolate the neutral conductor.

Note (5) to Table 537.4 i n B S 7 6 7 1 points out that circuit-breakers and RCDsare n o t
intended for frequent load switching or functional switching unless they are approved
by the device manufacturer for this duty. The note gives further guidance relating to
this a n d the inspector is at liberty to make a comment o n this use if it is inappropriate.

543.3.3.101 BS 7671 does not allow a switching or isolating device to b e placed in the earth
or protective conductor, other than a plug and socket-outlet, except for the special
conditions outlined in Regulations 543.3.3.101.

k Presence of undervoltage protective devices

Suitable precautions should b e in place where a reduction in voltage, or loss and
subsequent restoration of voltage, could cause danger. Normally, such a requirement
concerns only motor circuits. If precautions are required, they will have been specified
by the designer; however, the devices used must b e confirmed as matching the
equipment specification and the relevant regulations in Section 445.

Chap 4: | Protective a n d monitoring devices

Some protective devices have user or on-site configurable settings. The inspector
needs to confirm that the installer has correctly set up such protective devices.

421.1.7 Arc fault detection devices (AFDDs) are designed to provide protection by monitoring
the change of current f l o w in a final circuit due to a possible cable conductor fault
that could cause an arc and possible fire. BS 7671 requires AFDDs t o b e provided for
single-phase AC circuits supplying socket-outlets with a rated current not exceeding
3 2 A in electrical installations for:

(a) Higher Risk Residential Buildings (HRRBs);

Note: HRRBs are assumed to b e residential buildings over 18 m i n height or in excess

of six storeys, whichever is met first. It is anticipated that i n m a n y areas higher risk
residential buildings will b e defined in legislation which can b e subject to change over
time, as well as in risk management procedures adopted by fire a n d rescue services.
Current legislation should be applied.

(b) Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs);

(c) Purpose-built student accommodation; and
(d) Care homes.

For other installations, BS 7 6 7 1 recommends their use for AC final circuits supplying
socket-outlets not exceeding 3 2 A, but it is for the designer to decide on their use in
other installations, a n d the inspector cannot comment if they are not installed.

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Some makes of AFDDs have a manual test button (like an RCD) a n d this should b e
pressed at commissioning and user advised to press at six monthly intervals to prove
operation. Other AFDDs have an automatic test facility which will trip t h e device in t h e
event of a malfunction, this will b e indicated on the device.

Sect 443 The guidance for the application of surge protective devices (SPDs) has been
revised in BS 7671:2018+A2:2022, providing for protection against switching surges
and surges of atmospheric origin (lightning strikes). Except for simple installations
for which t h e requirements of Sections 443 and 5 3 4 of BS 7 6 7 1 can b e followed,
surge protection, and where applicable lightning protection systems, will usually b e
designed and installed, by specialist suppliers i n accordance with the relevant parts of
BS EN 6 2 3 0 5 . In these cases, the inspector can only review what is installed against
the scheme documentation provided by the specialist suppliers, and review their test
and commissioning documentation.

Sect m Labelling of protective devices, switches and terminals

514 8 J Each protective device must b e arranged and identified so that the circuit protected
514.9.1 can b e easily identified; a diagram or chart indicating t h e function of each circuit and
size of conductors is required. The inspector will need this key document in order to
carry out much of their inspection and testing.

n Selection of equipment and protective measures appropriate to

external influences
Equipment must b e selected with regard to its suitability for the environment at its
specific location —ambient temperature, heat, water, foreign bodies, corrosion, impact,
vibration, flora, fauna, radiation, building use and structure. A careful inspection is
necessary to confirm the suitability of each item of equipment.

° Adequacy of accessto switchgear and equipment

Sect 513 Every piece of equipment that requires operation or attention by a person m u s t b e
so installed that adequate and safe means of access (related to the amount of its
use) and sufficient working space are afforded. The inspector should check that these
requirements are met.

P Warning and instruction notices

Warning and instruction notices, suitably located, are required to b e installed for:

(i) warning of voltage;

(ii) warning of live parts that are not capable of being isolated by a single device;
(iii) periodic inspection and testing;
(iv) periodic user testing of RCDs;
(v) periodic user testing of AFDDs;
(vi) earthing and bonding connections;
(vii) alternative supplies;
(viii) presence of SPDs;
(ix) high protective conductor current; and
(x) the presence of diagrams, instructions or similar information.

Instruction notices (iii), (iv), (v) and (viii) above need not b e applied for installations
in domestic (household) premises where t h e information is recorded as part of t h e
certification for initial verification, complete with the Guidance for Recipients as detailed
in Appendix 6 of BS7671.

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Appendix 11The minimum size requirements for text o n warning signs and instruction notices have
been revised in Amendment 2 : 2 0 2 2 t o BS 7671:2018, and reference is n o w made to
BS EN IEC/IEEE 82079-1 Preparation o f information for use (instructions for use) o f
products. Principles and general requirements. Warning notices and other safety signs
are additionally required to comply with BS ISO 3 8 6 4 series Graphical symbols. Safety
colours and safety signs and BS EN ISO 7010 Graphical symbols. Safety colours and
safety signs. Registered safety signs. These standards permit far more flexibility in text
sizes than t h e requirements of previous versions of BS7671. Guidance and examples
are provided in Appendix 11.

The warning and instruction notices in Section 514 of B S 7 6 7 1 are discussed below.

514.10.1(j) Voltage
► Warning notices are required where a nominal voltage exceeding 2 3 0 V to earth
exists within an item of equipment or enclosure and where the presence of such
a voltage would n o t normally b e expected. An example would b e the use of a
6 9 0 V three-phase AC power transformer used on an American air base located
in the UK. Examples are shown in Figure 2.4.
Note: In m o s t three-phase 2 3 0 / 4 0 0 V systems, t h e voltage t o Earth is 2 3 0 V. It is n o t
normally necessary in those installations to provide a voltage warning label for
t h e purposes of Regulation 514.10.1.

▼ Figure 2 . 4 Examples of t h e warning notice required b y Regulation 514.10.1

a. general use (font size 14 pt)

/X WARNING
/ 7 \ 400/690 V

b. use on surfaces less than 1 0 cm 2 (font size 7 pt)

A WARNING
/7\ 400/690 V

514.11.1(jj) Isolation
► Warning notices are required where live parts are not capable of being isolated
by a single device. The location of disconnectors should also b e indicated, except
where there is n o possibility of confusion.

(iii) Periodic inspection and testing

514.12.1► The wording of t h e required instruction notice is given in Regulation 514.12.1.
Examples are shown in Figure 2.5.

This notice is not required for installations i n domestic (household) premises

where the information is recorded as part of the certification for initial verification,
complete with the Guidance for Recipients as detailed in Appendix 6 of BS7671.

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▼ Figure 2 . 5 Examples of the instruction notice required by Regulation 514.12.1

a. general use (font size 14 pt)

IMPORTANT

This installation should be periodically inspected and tested

and a report on its condition obtained, as prescribed in BS 7671
Requirements for Electrical Installations.

Date of last inspection

Recommended date of next inspection

b. use on surfaces less than 10 cm2 (font size 7 pt)

IMPORTANT

This installation should be periodically inspected and tested

and a report In its condition obtained, as prescribed in BS 7671
Requirements for Electrical Installations.

_ . .. „ T S June 2022
Date of last inspection ................................

Recommended date of next inspection .777.77

(iv) RCDs
514.12.2 ► T h e w o r d i n g of t h e required instruction n o t i c e is given i n Regulation 514.12.2.
Examples are shown i n Figure 2.6.

This notice is not required f o r installations i n domestic (household) premises

w h e r e the i n f o r m a t i o n is r e c o r d e d as p a r t of t h e certification f o r initial verification,
c o m p l e t e w i t h t h e G u i d a n c e for Recipients as detailed i n Appendix 6 of B S 7 6 7 1 .

▼ Figure 2 . 6 Examples of the instruction notice required by Regulation 514.12.2

a. general use (font size 14 pt)

This installation, or part of it, is protected by a

device which automatically switches off the
supply if a fault develops. Test six-monthly by
pressing the relevant test button(s) which should
operate the device. Afterwards, manually switch
o n the device. If the device does not operate, or
indicates a fault, seek expert advice.

b. use on surfaces less than 10 cm 2 (font size 7 pt)

This installation, or part of it, is protected by a
device which automatically switches off the
supply if a fault develops. Test six-monthly by
pressing the relevant test button(s) which should
operate the device. Afterwards, manually switch
on the device. If the device does not operate, or
indicates a fault, seek expert advice.

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(v) AFDDs
► Where AFDDs are installed, those provided with a manual test button (as RCDs)
should b e tested every six months by pressing t h e button. An instruction notice t o
this effect should be provided. The text of the RCD notice in Regulation 514.12.2
can b e used (see examples in Figure 2.6). Some AFDDs are self-testing. AFDDs
may b e provided in a single package also containing overcurrent and/or residual
current protective devices.

This notice is not required for installations in domestic (household) premises

where the information is recorded as part of the certification for initial verification,
complete with t h e Guidance for Recipients as detailed in Appendix 6 of BS 7671.

(vi) Earthing and bonding connections

► The requirements for t h e warning notice and its wording are given in Regulation
514.13.1. Examples are shown i n Figure 2.7.

▼ Figure 2.7 Examples of the warning notice required by Regulation 514.13.1

Safety Electrical Safety Electrical

Connection - Connection -
”zz“ Do Not Remove Do Not Remove

BS 7671 permits the notice to b e provided by a clamp complying with BS 951

(Figure 2.8).

▼ Figure 2.8 Example of a warning notice provided on a BS951 clamp

Where protection by earth-free local equipotential bonding (Regulation 418.2.5

refers) or by electrical separation for the supply to more than one item of
equipment (Regulation 418.3 refers), warning notices with t h e wording given in
Regulation 514.13.2 are required. An example is provided in Figure 2.9.

▼ Figure 2.9 Example of the warning notice required by Regulation 514.13.2

The protective bonding conductors in

this location MUST NOT BE
CONNECTED TO EARTH.
Equipment having exposed-
conductive-parts connected to earth
must not be brought into this location

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(vii) Alternative supplies

► For installations with alternative or additional voltage sources, a 'multiple-supplies’
warning notice is required at mains positions, points of isolation, distribution
boards and at any remote metering. The wording of t h e notice is given in
Regulation 514.15.1. An example is shown in Figure 2.10.

▼ Figure 2.10 E x a m p l e of the warning notice r e q u i r e d by Regulation 5 1 4 . 1 5 . 1

WARNING Isolate all electrical supplies

Multiple
before carrying out work
Supplies
Isolate primary supply at

Isolate alternative sources at

Solar PV inverter (outside wall)

(viii) Presence of SPDs

514.16=1 ► Regulation 514.16.1 requires a label at or near a distribution board that contains,
or supplies circuits with, SPDs.lt is important to identify where SPDs are in the
installation, as they may b e damaged by insulation resistance tests, o r affect
insulation resistance test results.

This notice is not required for installations in domestic (household) premises

where t h e information is recorded as part of t h e certification for initial verification,
complete with the Guidance for Recipients as detailed in Appendix 6 of B S 7 6 7 1 .

The information may b e clearly marked o n SPDs installed at the distribution board
o r consumer unit. Some SPDs are supplied with a suitable label.

514.17 (jx ) High protective conductor current

543.7.1.205 ► A warning notice must b e provided at the relevant distribution board indicating
circuits that have a high protective conductor current, as required by Regulation
543.7.1.205.

▼ Figure 2.11 E x a m p l e of t h e warning notice r e q u i r e d by Regulations 5 1 4 . 1 7 a n d

543.7.1.205

A WARNING
/ 7 \ High protective
y
< ■ conductor currents
The following circuits may have high
protective conductor currents:

Ring final circuits

iLl and 2.L2.

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514.9.1 (x ) Presence of diagrams, instructions and similar information

► The presence of diagrams, charts or tables, or an equivalent f o r m of information
for t h e work being inspected, should b e verified. The form of information should
b e legible and durable, a n d should indicate all of the following:

(a) t h e t y p e and composition of each circuit (including t h e points of utilization

served, the number and size of conductors, a n d t h e t y p e of wiring);
(b) the m e t h o d used for compliance with Regulation 410.3.2 (that is, t h e
protective measures used for basic and fault protection);
(c) t h e information necessary for t h e identification of each device performing
t h e functions of protection, isolation and switching, and its location; and
(d) any circuit o r equipment that is vulnerable to the electrical tests as required
by Part 6.

For a simple installation, t h e foregoing information can b e given in t h e f o r m of

a schedule. An additional copy of t h e Schedule of Circuit Details provided within
or adjacent to each distribution board is likely to m e e t this requirement. In
domestic (household) premises or similar installations the schedule does not
have to b e fixed o n o r near the distribution board or consumer unit, provided that
the information is contained along with t h e certification for initial verification,
complete with Guidance for Recipients according to Appendix 6 of BS7671.

A complex installation would obviously require more comprehensive information,

in the f o r m of a record or of 'as-built' drawings and O & M documents.

Diagrams, charts, warning and information and instruction notices should comply
with the standards specified in Regulation 514.9.2.

Non-standard colours
Over time, there have been changes in the colours for identification of conductors
in BS 7671, and, before 1992, previous editions of the Wiring Regulations. In
BS 7671:2001(2004), awarning notice was introduced for installations using conductor
identification colours to different versions of BS7671. Regulation 514.14.1 was deleted
in BS 7671 :2018+A2:2022 and such a w a r n i n g notice will, in future, n o t b e necessary
t o comply with BS 7671 .

There is nothing to prevent the continued use of this type of warning notice.

q Erection methods
Chapter 5 2 contains detailed requirements on selection and erection. Fixings of
switchgear, cables, conduit, fittings, etc. must b e adequate for the environment and a
detailed visual inspection is required during the erection stages, as well as at completion.

Regulation 521.10.202 requires that cables are to b e supported so they will n o t collapse
and come away f r o m their fixings in the event of a fire and impede the escape of
persons f r o m buildings. This can usually b e achieved by installing a metal cable fixing
at reasonable intervals.

2.5.3 Inspection checklist

Listed below are requirements to b e checked w h e n carrying out an installation
inspection. The list is not exhaustive. The inspector can check against t h e design and
installation data provided by the designer and installer and report any non-compliances
noted, but cannot make any requirements.

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General
(a) Equipment complies with a product standard or equivalent (511.1).
(b) Equipment is installed using good workmanship (134.1.1).
(c) Equipment is accessible for operation, inspection and maintenance (513.1).
(d) Equipment is suitable for local atmosphere and ambient temperature (512.2).
For installations i n potentially explosive atmospheres, the requirements of
BS7671 are supplemented by the requirements or recommendations of other British
or Harmonized Standards or by those of the person ordering the work (110.1.3).
(e) Final circuits are separate, including t h e neutral conductors (314.4).
(f) Protective devices are identified to indicate the circuits they protect (514.8.1).
(g) Protective devices are adequate for their intended purpose, including AFDDs
and SPDs, where installed (Ch. 53).
(h) Disconnection times for protection against electric shock are likely to b e met by
installed protective devices (Ch. 41).
(i) All circuits are identified (514.1,514.8,514.9).
0) Main switch is provided (462.1.201).
(k) Supplies to any safety services are correctly installed, for example, fire alarms
to BS 5 8 3 9 and emergency lighting to BS 5 2 6 6 (Ch. 56). This does not
include any inspection of the safety systems, which should b e inspected and
maintained by specialists.
(l) Auxiliary circuits are installed (557).
(m) Means of isolation are labelled (514.1, 537.2.7).
(n) There is provision for disconnecting the neutral (Ch. 4 6 ; 537.2.8).
(o) Main switches t o single-phase installations, intended for use by an ordinary
person, for example, domestic, shops and office premises, are to b e double
pole (462.1.201).
(p) RCDs are provided where required (411.3.3, 411.3.4, 411.4, 411.5, 415.1,
422.3.9, 522.6.201, 522.6.202, 532.1, 701.411.3.3, 702.53, 702.55.1, 702.55.4,
703.411.3.3, 704.410.3.10, 704.411.3.2.1, 705.411.1, 705.422.7, 706.410.3.3,
708.415, 708.553.1.14, 709.531.2, 710.410.3, 710.411.4,710.531.3, 711.410.3.4,
711.411, 712.531.3.5.1, 714.411.3.4, 717.411.6.2, 717.413, 717.415.1, 721.415.1,
722.531.3, 740.410.3, 740.415.1, 753.411.3.2, 753.415.1).
(q) Selectivity between RCDs is considered to avoid danger (314.1,314.2, 531.3).
(r) Main earthing terminal (MET) is provided (542.4.1), is readily accessible and is
identified where separate from switchgear (514.13.1).
(s) There is provision for disconnecting t h e earthing conductor (542.4.2).
(t) Cables used comply with British or Harmonized Standards and with the
Construction Products Regulation (Appendix 4 of BS 7671).
(u) Earth tail pots are installed where required o n mineral-insulated cables (543.2.7).
(v) Non-conductive finishes o n enclosures are removed where necessary to ensure
good electrical connection and, if necessary, made good after connecting (526.1).
(w) There are adequately rated distribution boards. Distribution boards to t h e
relevant parts of BS EN 6 0 4 3 9 or BS EN 61439 may have a rated diversity
factor (RDF) stated by t h e manufacturer for the assembly, or a group of circuits.
For example, if an assembly has an RDF of 0.8, any combination of outgoing
circuits in the assembly can b e loaded to 8 0 7o of their rated current, provided
the total load o n the outgoing circuits does not exceed the rated current of the
assembly (642.2).
(x) Correct fuses or circuit-breakers are installed (Section 531, Section 533).
(y) All connections are secure (134.1).
(z) Protection is provided against voltage disturbances, including overvoltages,
where required (Ch. 44).

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(aa) Measures are taken against electromagnetic disturbances, where required

(Ch. 44).
(ab) Overcurrent protection is provided, where applicable (Ch. 43).
(ac) There is suitable proximity (separation or segregation) of circuits (528).
(ad) Label notice for first periodic inspection and test is provided (514.12.1).
(ae) Sealing of the wiring system, including fire barriers (527.2).
(af) Cables and wiring systems are installed and supported such that they will not
b e liable to premature collapse in the event of afire (521.10.202).
(ag) There is a suitable degree of protection (IP Code) appropriate to external
influences when installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions
(522.3.1, 559.3.1).

Switchgear
(a) Meets requirements of the relevant parts of BS EN 61008, BS EN 61009,
BS EN 60947-2, BS EN 60898, or BS EN 61439, where applicable, or equivalent
(Section 511).
(b) Is securely fixed (134.1.1) and suitably labelled (514.1).
(c) Switchgear assemblies, including consumer units, are complete with, or
additionally housed in, fire protecting enclosures (421.1.201).
(d) Non-conductive finishes o n switchgear are removed at protective conductor
connections and, if necessary, made good after connecting (526.1).
(e) Suitable cable glands and gland plates are used (526.1).
(f) Switchgear is correctly earthed (Ch. 54).
(g) Account has been taken of environmental conditions likely t o b e encountered,
i.e., switchgear is suitable for t h e foreseen environment (512.2).
(h) Switchgear is suitable as a means of isolation as design, where applicable
(Ch. 46, 537.2).
(i) Need for isolation, mechanical maintenance, emergency and functional
switching is m e t where required by design (Ch. 4 6 , 537).
(j) Firefighters’ switch is provided where required and labelled for identification and
operation (537.4).
(k) All connections are secure (526).
(l) Cables are correctly terminated a n d identified (514, 526).
(m) There are n o sharp edges o n cable entries, screw heads, etc., which could
cause damage to cables (134.1.1,522.8.11).
(n) There is adequate access, lighting a n d working space (132.12 and 513.1).

General wiring accessories

(a) Complies with appropriate standards, for example, BS 5 7 3 3 (general accessories)
or BS EN 6 0 6 7 0 - 2 2 (junction boxes) (511.1).
(b) Box or other enclosure is securely fixed (134.1.1).
(c) Metal box or other enclosure is earthed where required (Ch. 54).
(d) There are n o sharp edges o n cable entries, screw heads, etc. which could cause
damage to cables (134.1.1,522.8.11).
(e) Non-sheathed cables, and cores of cable f r o m which sheath has been removed,
are not exposed outside the enclosure (526.8).
(f) Conductors are correctly identified (514.3).
(g) Bare protective conductors having a csa of 6 m m 2 or less are to b e sleeved
green-and-yellow (514.4.2, 543.3.201).
(h) Terminals are tight a n d containing all strands of the conductors (526).
(i) Cable grip correctly used, or clips fitted to cables, prevent strain o n the
terminals (522.8.5, 526.6).
(j) The current rating is adequate (512.1.2).

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(k) Accessories installed in protected escape routes must n o t compromise t h e

structure’s fire resistance. The accessories should, where necessary, have any
fire resisting pads installed where these are recommended by t h e manufacturer
(Section 527, Appendix 13).

Notes:
1 Reference should a l s o be m a d e to B S 8 3 0 0 series a n d t h e recommendations contained
in t h e r e l e v a n t A p p r o v e d D o c u m e n t M of t h e B u i l d i n g R e g u l a t i o n s 2010 for England a n d
W a l e s a n d the Scottish Building Standards with regard to t h e h e i g h t s a t w h i c h socket-outlets,
switches a n d other controls s h o u l d b e installed, in o r d e r to afford c o m p l i a n c e with B u i l d i n g
R e g u l a t i o n s . See a l s o the I E T publication Electrician's Guide to the Building Regulations.
2 Guidance o n t h e s e l e c t i o n of protective, i s o l a t i o n a n d switching devices in p r o v i d e d in
T a b l e 537.4 o f B S 7 6 7 1 .

Lighting controls
(a) Lightswitches comply with BS 3 6 7 6 or BS EN 60669-1 (511.1).
(b) Lighting controls are selected for external influences (512.2).
(c) Single-pole switches are connected in line conductors only (132.14.1).
(d) Correct colour coding or marking of conductors is used (514.3).
(e) Exposed-conductive-parts, for example, metal switch plate or surface-mounted
metal back box, are connected to t h e relevant cpc (Ch. 54).
(f) The current rating, allowing for any capacitive or inductive effects as given in the
design cable ratings, is adequate (512.1.2).
(g) A device that simultaneously disconnects all line conductors is provided where
a group of luminaires is divided between three line conductors of a circuit with
only one c o m m o n neutral (559.5.5).
(h) Switch is labelled to indicate purpose, where this is not obvious (514.1.1).
(i) There are appropriate controls suitable for the luminaires (559.5.1.206).
( j ) Standard wall accessory/switches are installed beyond zone 2 in a location
containing a bath or shower (701.512.3).

Lighting points
(a) Lights connected via a recognized accessory (559.5.1), batten lampholders or
pendant sets are in compliance with BS EN 6 0 5 9 8 .
(b) Ceiling rose complies with BS 67 (559.5.1).
(c) Luminaire supporting couplers comply with BS 6972 or BS 7001 (559.5.1).
(d) Installation couplers comply with BS EN 61535 (559.5.1).
(e) A recognized connecting device is used for luminaires that d o n o t provide a
device for connection of t h e supply (559.5.4).
(f) Track systems comply with BS EN 60570 (559.3.4 and 715.521.1).
(g) Systems for ELV lighting comply w i t h BS EN 60598-2-23 (715.521.1).
(h) Bare conductors of ELV lighting installations comply with all requirements of
Regulation 715.521.106 (715.521.1).
(i) There is not m o r e than one flex, unless designed for multiple pendants
(559.5.1.202).
( j ) Flex support devices are used and are suitable for the mass suspended (559.5.2).
(k) Switch-lines are identified (514.3.2 and Appendix 7 of BS 7671). For two-core
switch wires, blue conductors are overmarked with b r o w n or L a t terminations;
for three-, four- or five-core cables, all non-brown line conductors of switch
and intermediate strappers are overmarked at terminations w i t h b r o w n or L.
(l) Penetrations in fire-rated ceiling are m a d e good. Suitable fire-rated luminaires
used where t h e luminaire traverses fire rated ceilings (527.2.1). Recessed
downlighters should b e checked for thermal damage.

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(m) Ceiling roses and similar not used for circuits have a supply exceeding 2 5 0 V
(559.5.1.201).
(n) Protection f r o m ultraviolet (UV) radiation (if any) is provided to external wiring
within or passing through a luminaire (559.5.6).

Socket-outlets
(a) Socket-outlets comply with BS 5 4 6 , BS 1363-2 or BS EN 6 0 3 0 9 - 2 (553.1.3)
and are shuttered for household a n d similar installations (553.1.201).
(b) Where used for electric vehicle charging, socket-outlets complying with
BS 1363-2 are of a type approved by the socket-outlet manufacturer for such
use (722.55.101.0.201.1).
(c) Mounting height above t h e floor or working surface suitable (553.1.6) (Also
complies with Part M of the Building Regulations and the Scottish equivalent,
where relevant - see Note above).
(d) Polarity is correct (643.6).
(e) If in a location containing a bath or shower, socket-outlets are installed at least
3 m horizontally f r o m t h e bath or shower, w i t h t h e exception of a shaver supply
unit or SELV (701.512.3).
(f) Socket-outlets are suitably protected against external influences where installed
near sinks and cookers. It is recommended that socket-outlets should b e
installed at least 3 0 0 m m horizontally from t h e edges of a sink or washbasin
(excluding drainer) and at least 1 0 0 m m horizontally f r o m the edge of a h o b or
freestanding cooker (see IET Guidance Note 1: Selection and Erection).
(g) Socket-outlets are suitably protected against t h e expected external influences
where mounted in a floor (512.2).
(h) Socket-outlets are not used to supply a water heater having uninsulated
elements (543.3.1).
(i) Where metal conduit (including the accessory box) or earthed cable sheath
or similar is used as a protective conductor, there is presence of an earth tail
between t h e accessory box and the socket-outlet terminal (543.2.7).
(j) Additional requirement is provided by a 3 0 m A RCD or a risk assessment is
provided for specific non-domestic socket-outlets (411.3.3).
(k) Socket-outlets with integral universal serial bus (USB) charging provision, or
other electronic devices such as powerline or wireless local area networking
functionality, comply with BS 1363-2:2016 or BS 1363-2:2016+AI:2018.

Junction boxes, joint box and terminations

(a) All cable joints and terminations are installed so that they are accessible for
future inspection (except for soldered, encapsulated, etc. joints or marked
maintenance-free accessory. Some connecting devices must b e contained
in an enclosure meeting t h e manufacturer's requirements to b e classed as
maintenance free (526.3).
(b) Enclosures of terminals provide suitable protection against mechanical damage
(526.7).

Fused connection unit

(a) The rating and fuse are correct (533.1).
(b) The fused connection unit complies with BS 1363-4 (Table 537.4, 559.5.1 vii).

Cooker control unit

(a) The cooker control unit is sited to o n e side and is l o w enough for accessibility
and to prevent flexes trailing across radiant plates (522.2.1).
(b) The cable t o the cooker is fixed to prevent strain on connections (522.8.5).

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Conduit systems
General
(a) Conduit systems are securely fixed, box lids in place and are adequately
protected against mechanical damage (522.8).
(b) Draw points are accessible (522.8.6).
(c) The recommended quantity of cables for easy draw is not exceeded during
installation, to avoid causing insulation damage. Adequate boxes are suitably
spaced. This item should b e inspected during the erection stage, as t h e care
and workmanship of the installer can b e verified (522.8.1 and see Appendix E
of t h e IET On-Site Guide’).
(d) Solid elbows and tees are used only as appropriate (522.8.1).
(e) Unused entries are blanked off where necessary (416.2 and 522).
(f) Conduit system components comply with a relevant British Standard, depending
o n performance requirements (511.1).
(g) Conduit systems are provided with drainage holes and gaskets as necessary
(522.3.2).
(h) The radius of bends is such that cables are n o t damaged (522.8.3).
(i) Conduit systems installed in protected escape routes are classed as non-flame
propagating according to BS EN 6 1 3 8 6 (422.2.1).

Rigid m e t a l c o n d u i t
(a) Rigid metal conduit complies with BS EN 61386-21 (521.6).
(b) Rigid metal conduit is connected to the MET (411.4.2, 411.5.1).
(c) Line, neutral and any additional protective conductors are contained in the
same conduit (521.5.1).
(d) Conduit is suitable for wet, damp or corrosive situations (522.3, 522.5).
(e) Conduit is fixed appropriately (522.8 and see Appendix G of Guidance Note 1).
(f) Unpainted ends and scratches, etc. are protected by painting (134.1.1, 522.5).
(g) Ends of conduit are reamed and bushed, where relevant (134.1.1, 522.8).

Rigid n o n - m e t a l l i c c o n d u i t
(a) Rigid non-metallic conduit complies with BS 4607, BS EN 60423 o r the
BS EN 61386 series (521.6).
(b) Ambient and working temperatures are within permitted limits (522.1, 522.2).
(c) Provision is m a d e t o allow for expansion and contraction (522.15.1).
(d) Boxes and fixings are suitable for the mass of luminaire suspended at the
expected temperature (559.5.2).
(e) Conduit is of the 'non-flame propagating' type (521.6).

Flexible m e t a l c o n d u i t
(a) Flexible metal conduit complies with the BS EN 61386 series (521.6).
(b) A separate protective conductor is provided (543.2.3).
(c) Fixed metal conduit is adequately supported and terminated (522.8).
(d) Line, neutral and any additional protective conductors are contained in the
same conduit (521.5.1).

Trunking
General
(a) Trunking complies with B S 4 6 7 8 or BS EN 50085-1 (521.6).
(b) Trunking is securely fixed and adequately protected against mechanical damage
(522.8).
(c) Trunking is selected, erected and routed to avoid ingress of water and solid
objects (522.3).

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(d) Proximity to non-electrical services, i.e. sources of heat, smoke, etc. cannot
cause damage (528.3).
(e) Internal fire sealing is provided where necessary (requires inspection during the
erection stage) (527.2.2).
(f) Holes surrounding the trunking are m a d e good (527.2.1).
(g) Band I circuits are partitioned f r o m Band II circuits or insulated for the highest
voltage present (528.1).
(h) Circuits are partitioned f r o m Band I circuits or wired in mineral-insulated
metal-sheathed cables (528.1).
(i) Cables are supported for vertical runs (522.8.5).
( j ) Trunking systems used in protected escape routes are classed as non-flame
propagating according to BS EN 5 0 0 8 5 (422.2.1).

Metal trunking
(a) Line, neutral and any additional protective conductors are contained in the
same trunking (521.5.1).
(b) Metal trunking is protected against d a m p or corrosion (522.3, 522.5).
(c) Metal trunking is earthed (411.4.2,411.5.1).
(d) Joints are mechanically sound and of adequate continuity (543.2.5).

Rigid non-metallic trunking

(a) Ambient and working temperatures are within permitted limits (522.1, 522.2).
(b) Provision is m a d e to allow for expansion and contraction (522.15.1).
(c) Trunking is of the non-flame propagating type (521.6).
(d) Cables are secured where necessary to prevent premature collapse in the event
of afire (521.10.202).

Busbartrunking and powertrack systems

(a) Busbar trunking system complies with BS EN 60439-2 or BS EN 61439-6 or
another appropriate standard; the powertrack system complies with B S E N 61534
series or another appropriate standard (521.4).
(b) Systems are securely fixed and adequately protected against mechanical
damage (522.8).
(c) Joints are mechanically sound and of adequate continuity (543.2.5).

Insulated cables
Non-flexible cables
(a) Non-flexible cables are of the correct t y p e and comply with the relevant
Construction Products Regulation design requirements (521).
(b) The current rating is correct (523 a n d Appendix 4).
(c) Non-flexible cables are protected against mechanical damage and abrasion (522.8).
(d) Non-flexible cables are suitable for high or low ambient temperature, as
necessary (522.1).
(e) Non-sheathed cables are protected by enclosure in conduit, duct or trunking
2
(except for protective conductors of 4 mm and larger) (521.10 a n d 543.1).
(f) Sheathed cables concealed in a wall at a depth of less than 5 0 m m f r o m the
surface and n o t forming part of a SELVor PELV circuit:
(1) are routed in prescribed zones, with additional protection provided by an
RCD having a rated residual operating current, l£ n , not exceeding 3 0 m A ; or
(si) are provided with mechanical protection complying with (522.6.204).
(g) Cables concealed in a partition containing metallic structural parts:
(i) are provided with additional protection by an RCD having a lAn not
exceeding 3 0 m A ;

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(ii) are provided with adequate mechanical protection to suit both the
installation of t h e cable and its normal use; or
(Hi) comply with the requirements set out in Regulation 522.6.203 (522.6.202).
(h) Cables exposed to direct sunlight are of a suitable t y p e or are suitably shielded
(522.11).
(i) Non-flexible cables are not run in lift or hoist shaft unless they are part of the
lift installation a n d of the permitted type (528.3.5).
( j ) Cables in protected escape routes should b e of t h e permitted types with regard
to fire and smoke performance (422.2.1).
(k) Cables buried in the ground are correctly selected and installed for use (522.8.10).
(l) Cables installed overhead are correctly selected and installed for such use (522.8.4).
(m) The internal radius of every bend in a wiring system should be such that it is not so
tight that the cable and/or its conductors suffer damage and such that terminations
are not in any way stressed (522.8.3 and Appendix G of Guidance Note 1).
(n) Non-flexible cables are correctly supported and secured where necessary to
prevent premature collapse in t h e event of a fire (521.10.202, 522.8.4, 522.8.5).
(o) Non-flexible cables are n o t exposed to water, etc. unless they are suitable for
such exposure (522.3).
(p) Metal sheaths and armour are earthed (411.3.1.1).
(q) Conductors are identified at terminations (514.3).
(r) Joints and connections are electrically and mechanically sound and adequately
insulated (526.1, 526.2).
(s) All wires are securely contained in terminals, etc. without strain (522.8.5, 526).
(t) Terminals are enclosed (526).
(u) Glands are correctly selected and fitted with shrouds and supplementary earth
tags as necessary (526.1).
(v) Joints and connections are mechanically sound and accessible for inspection,
testing and maintenance purposes, except as permitted otherwise (526.1, 526.3).

Flexible cables
(a) Flexible cables are of the correct type and comply with the relevant design
requirements of t h e Construction Products Regulation (521.9.1).
(b) Current rating is correct (523 and Appendix 4).
(c) Cables are protected where exposed t o mechanical damage (522.6, 522.8).
(d) Cables are suitably sheathed where exposed to contact with water (522.3) or
corrosive substances (522.5).
(e) Cables are protected where used for final connections to fixed apparatus, etc. (526.8).
(f) Cables are selected for resistance to damage by external heat sources (522.2).
(g) There is segregation of Band I and Band II circuits (528; see also BS 6701 and
B S E N 50174 series).
(h) There is segregation of fire alarm and emergency lighting circuits (528; see also
BS 5839, BS 5266).
(i) Cores are correctly identified (514.3).
(j) Connections have durable electrical continuity, adequate mechanical strength
and are made using appropriate means (526.1, 526.2).
(k) Where used as fixed wiring, the relevant requirements are m e t and cables are
secured where necessary to prevent premature collapse in the event of a fire
(521.9.1, 521.10.202).
(l) Final connections to current-using equipment are properly secured and arranged
to prevent strain o n connections (526.6).
(m) Mass is supported by cable so as not to impair safety of the installation (559.5.2).

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Protective c o n d u c t o r s
(a) Cables incorporating protective conductors comply with the relevant British or
Harmonized Standard (511.1).
(b) Joints in metal conduit, ducting or trunking comply with Regulations for
preservation of continuity (543.3).
(c) Flexible or pliable conductive conduit is supplemented by a protective conductor
except where only SELV systems are enclosed by the conduit (543.2.3).
(d) Protective conductors have a suitable m i n i m u m csa (543.1).
(e) Protective conductors with a csa of 6 mm 2 o r less are protected by insulation or
equivalent, unless they are part of a multicore cable, o r f o r m part of a conductive
containment system or enclosure used as a protective conductor (543.3.201).
(f) A cpc at the termination of sheathed cables is protected by sleeving (543.3.201).
(g) A bare cpc is protected against mechanical damage a n d corrosion (543.3.1).
(h) Insulation, sleeving and terminations are identified by t h e bi-colour combination
green-and-yellow (514.4.2).
(i) Joints are electrically and mechanically sound (526.1).
( j ) Separate cpcs of not less than 4 m m 2 if not protected against mechanical
damage and is not an integral part of a cable, n o t formed by conduit, ducting or
trunking, nor contained in an enclosure formed by a wiring system (543.1.1).
(k) Main and supplementary protective bonding conductors are of the correct size (544).
(l) Cables are secured where necessary to prevent premature collapse in the event
of a fire (521.10.202)

Enclosures
General
(a) There is a suitable degree of protection (IP Code in BS EN 6 0 5 2 9 ) appropriate
to external influences w h e n installed, taking account of the manufacturer's
instructions (416.2, 512.2, 522, Part 7).

2.6 Tests associated with initial verification

The test methods described in this section are recommended to b e used as part of
initial and periodic verification. This does n o t rule out the use of other test methods,
provided they give valid results.

Note: In medical locations of group 1 and 2, the measurement and recording of

supplementary bonding conductor resistance values is required. Where medical
IT systems are installed, measurement of capacitive leakage currents are required.
Further information is available in IET Guidance Note 7 Special Locations.

2.6.1 Test results

The test results must b e recorded o n the Schedule(s) of Test Results and compared
with relevant criteria. For example, in order to verify disconnection times, the relevant
criteria would b e design EFLIvalues provided by t h e designer.

A model Schedule of Test Results is shown in Section 5.

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2.6.2 Electrical Installation Certificate (EIC)

Regulation 644.1 of BS 7 6 7 1 requires that u p o n completion of the verification of a
new, modified or extended installation, an EIC based on the model given in Appendix 6
of BS7671 is provided to the person that ordered the work. Chapter 6 4 requires that:

644.3 (a) the EIC is accompanied by a Schedule of Inspections, Circuit Details and Test
Results. These schedules shall b e based o n the models given in Appendix 6 of
BS 7671;
644.3 (b) the Schedule of Test Results shall include test results for the work done;
644.,: (c) the EIC is signed or otherwise authenticated by a skilled person responsible for
each facet of design, construction and inspection and test and competent to
verify that the requirements of B S 7 6 7 1 have been met; and
644.1. (d) any defects or omissions revealed by the inspector are required to b e made
good by the installer, and, as necessary, inspected and tested again, before the
EIC is issued; it is not the responsibility of the person or organization carrying
out t h e inspection and testing to make good defects or omissions.

Where the installation work does not extend to the installation of a n e w circuit, a
MEIWC may b e used instead of the full EIC. This simplifies the documentation for small
works; in addition, the required installation inspection and testing and tests are limited
to the circuit being extended or modified, as detailed in Part 4 of the certificate. See
Section 5 for further details and guidance o n the completion of this certificate.

NOTE: The model the model forms in Appendix6 of BS7671 can be amended to suit the
installation, provided that the minimum information required is included.

2.6.3 Model forms

Typical forms for use when carrying out inspection and testing are included in
Section 5 of this Guidance Note.

643.1 2.6.4 T h e sequence of tests

Tests associated with initial verification should b e carried out in the following sequence,
where relevant and practical:

(a) continuity of protective conductors, including main a n d supplementary bonding

(see Section 2.6.5) (Regulation 643.2.1);
(b) continuity of ring final circuit conductors (see Section 2.6.6) (Regulation 643.2.1);
(c) insulation resistance (see Section 2.6.7) (Regulation 643.3);
(d) protection by SELV.PELVor by electrical separation (see Sections 2.6.8 and 2.6.9)
(Regulations 643.4, 643.4.1, 643.4.2);
(e) insulation resistance of non-conducting floors and walls (see Section 2.6.11)
(Regulation 643.5);
(f) polarity (Section 2.6.12) (Regulation 643.6);
(g) protection by ADS (Section 2.6.15) (Regulations 643.7, 643.7.1,643.7.2, 643.7.3);
(h) earth electrode resistance (Section 2.6.13) (Regulation 643.7.2);
(i) EFLI (Section 2.6.15) (Regulation 643.7.3);
( j ) prospective fault current (Section 2.6.16) (Regulation 643.7.3.201);
(k) additional protection (Section 2.6.18) (Regulation 643.8);
(l) check of phase sequence (Section 2.6.17) (Regulation 643.9);
(m) functional testing (Sections 2.6.18 a n d 2.6.19) (Regulation 643.10); a n d
(n) verification of voltage drop (Section 2.6.20) (Regulation 643.11).

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▼ Figure 2.12 Sequence of tests for initial verification

Regulation Section in this

Test description Safety considerations
Group Guidance Note

643.2

643.2
Continuity of protective conductors, including main
earthing conductor, and main and supplementary
protective bonding conductors

Continuity of ring final circuit conductors

2.6.5

2.6.6
0®
Regulation 643.1 requires
the tests in Regulations
643.2 to 643.6 inclusive
tests to be conducted
643.3 Insulation resistance 2.6.7 (where relevant for the
particular installation) in
the order shown, prior to
2.6.8 the installation being
643.4 Protection by SELV, PELV or electrical separation
2.8.9 energized.

It is strongly recommended
Insulation resistance of non-conducting floors and to address any
643.5 2.6.11
walls (rarely required) unsatisfactory conditions
discovered during a test,
before proceeding with any
643.6 Polarity 2.6.12 subsequent tests.

Protection by automatic disconnection of supply. 2.6.14

Test as relevant:
643.7 • Earth electrode resistance' 2.6.13
• Earth fault loop impedance 2.6.15
• Operation of RCDs 2.6.18
* Where present,
Regulation 643.1 requires
Prospective fault current 2.6.16 earth electrode resistance
to be measured prior to
energization.
Additional protection. A test is required to verify the
operation of RCDs used for additional protection These tests may involve
parts of the installation
being energized,
643.9 Check of phase sequence 2.6.17 depending on the test
method adopted.

2.6.18
643.10 Functional testing
2.6.19

643. 1 1 Verification of voltage drop 2.6.20

643.2 2.6.5 Continuity of protective conductors, including main and

supplementary bonding
Regulation 411.3.1.1 requires installations that provide protection against electric shock
using ADS to have a cpc run to and terminated at each point in t h e wiring and at
each accessory. An exception to this is m a d e for a lampholder having n o exposed-
conductive-parts and suspended f r o m such a point.

Regulation 643.2.1 requires that a continuity check b e carried out o n all protective
conductors. This includes the earthing conductor, the protective conductors of all
circuits, all main protective bonding conductors and, where applicable, all supplementary
bonding conductors.

Regulation 643.2.1 also requires that a continuity check b e carried out o n each
conductor of every ring final circuit, including the line, neutral and protective conductors.

There are two widely used test methods that have evolved for checking protective
conductor continuity. Test method 1 uses the circuit cable shorted o u t and test
method 2 uses a supplementary length of test cable (this method being popularly
known as t h e 'wandering lead' method).

56 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
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Instrument: use a low-resistance ohmmeter for these tests (see Section 4.3).

The relevant conductors, mentioned above, should b e tested to verify that they are
electrically sound and correctly connected.

Test method 1, detailed in this item, as well as checking the continuity of the protective
conductor, measures (R 1 + R2) which, when added to the external impedance (Z e),
enables the EFLI(Z S) to b e checked against the design (see Sections 2.6.14 and 2.6.15).
(R 1 + R2) is the sum of the resistances of the line conductor, Ri, and the cpc, R2 .

Test readings may b e affected by parallel paths through exposed-conductive-parts

and/or extraneous-conductive-parts.

Parallel earth paths and effects on test readings

Inspectors should always b e aware of t h e possible existence of parallel earth return

paths. These may take t h e f o r m of metallic cable management products, extraneous-
conductive-parts or, indeed, other metallic parts. Examples include installations
incorporating steel conduit, steel trunking, mineral-insulated copper-clad cable (MICC),
steel wire armoured (SWA) or other metal-sheathed cables, equipment and accessory
boxes fitted to metal stud walls or to the building fabric, and luminaires fitted in grid
ceilings. Such parallel paths exist in domestic, commercial and industrial installations.

The effect of parallel earth return paths is that the measured value of protective
conductor continuity, R2) tends towards zero. It is often impractical and, in some cases,
impossible to carry out testing with some or all of the parallel paths disconnected and
the inspector must b e aware of this.

Test m e t h o d 1 (for circuits)

Make a temporary shorting link of cable and connect the line conductor to the protective
conductor at the distribution board or consumer unit. Then test between line and earth
terminals at each outlet i n the circuit, as shown in Figure 2.13. The resistance of the
test leads should either b e measured and deducted f r o m t h e readings obtained, or
auto-nulled by the test instrument, which most m o d e r n instruments are able to do.

Where the installation has all-insulated wiring (see notes o n parallel earth paths and
effects o n test results above) and the cable accessories are not in contact with earth,
then this test measures(Ri + R2), i.e. the resistance of the line conductor, R i plus the
resistance of t h e protective conductor, R2 , for that circuit which, if added to the EFLI
at the distribution board, can b e taken as t h e circuit's EFLI.lt is important to record
t h e value of (R 1 + R2) obtained at the circuit's extremity, namely the furthest circuit
distance f r o m t h e distribution board.

Guidance N o t e 3 : Inspection & Testing 57

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
2

▼ Figure 2.13 Connections for testing continuity of protective conductors: test method 1

OoUT*
Temporary
link

■; ©

ir
*®1
; voiw
Phw

Main switch off, secured by safety locking device.

All fuses removed, circuit breakers off.
Zero instrument across test link.
Note: remember to remove temporary link after test.

Many electronic or electromagnetic control devices present an open-circuit when the

l o w voltage AC power is removed. Examples may include, but are n o t limited to, the
following types of product:

(a) contactors;
(b) motion and day/night controls;
(c) energy control timers;
(d) lighting dimmers;
(e) remote or smart technology switches; and
(f) building management system controllers.

Figure 2.14 shows a n alternative approach to test method 1 , that can b e used to test
protective conductors downstream of a control device which is open-circuit when low
voltage AC power is removed. This test approach simply measures (R n + R2) instead
o f ( R 1 + R2).

▼ Figure 2.14 Alternative approach for testing continuity of protective conductors: test
method 1, for circuit conductors downstream of electronic control devices

Electronic
control device,
for example a
dimmer

Temporary link

•© ■© >©
AUTO|
VO»W
PhiM

Main switch off, secured by safety locking device.

All fuses removed, circuit breakers off.
Zero instrument across test link.
Note: remember to remove temporary link after test.

G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

58
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 2

Expected results for test method 1

The results should f i r s t a n d f o r e m o s t indicate n o discontinuity i n the protective
conductors. For insulated wiring systems i n s t a l l e d i n conditions where a c c e s s o r y boxes
a n d similar a r e not c o n n e c t e d to the f a b r i c of the building or other elements that
m a y b e earthed, t h e n a s s t a t e d earlier, the readings m e a s u r e d will b e the sum of
t h e l i n e a n d p r o t e c t i v e c o n d u c t o r resistances ( R 1 + R2) . T h i s t e s t c a n d e t e c t p o o r
c o n t i n u i t y a t j u n c t i o n s a n d c o n n e c t i o n s as, f o r a n e w i n s t a l l a t i o n w i t h n e w accessories,
t h e contribution of resistance of healthy c o n n e c t i o n s to t h e m e a s u r e d resistance is
negligible a n d c a n be ignored. Thus, by employing t h e resistance data f o r copper
conductors given in A p p e n d i x B of this Guidance Note, expected v a l u e s for healthy
circuits c a n b e approximated, a n d c o m p a r e d with the test readings obtained.

2
As a n e x a m p l e , a radial c i r c u i t of length a b o u t 5 5 m w i t h 2.5 mm line a n d 1.5 m m 2
p r o t e c t i v e c o n d u c t o r s s h o u l d h a v e a n ( R 1 + R2) r e s i s t a n c e as f o l l o w s :

Length o f circuit is 5 5 m

2
Resistance p e r metre of the line a n d protective conductors i n a 2.5 mm /1.5 mm2
c a b l e is 19.51 mQ/m (at 20 °C) f r o m Table B l

T h e o r e t i c a l minimum DC r e s i s t a n c e = (55 x 19.51 )/l, 000 = 1.07 Q

W h e n v e r i f y i n g a circuit, t h e i n s p e c t o r s h o u l d t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h a t a h i g h e r v a l u e
m i g h t b e m e a s u r e d , as t h e r e will b e s o m e resistance at t h e terminations, a n d t h e r e
m a y b e a c o n t a c t r e s i s t a n c e f o r c o n n e c t i o n of p r o b e s a n d clips, t h a t c a n i n c r e a s e with
c o r r o s i o n on o l d e r terminals. Switches, fuses, a n d other t y p e s of protective device,
might a l s o contribute to a higher reading.

Test method 2 (for circuits)

Instrument: u s e a l o w - r e s i s t a n c e o h m m e t e r f o r t h i s t e s t (see S e c t i o n 4.3).

O n e l e a d of t h e t e s t i n s t r u m e n t is c o n n e c t e d t o t h e e a r t h t e r m i n a l a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n
b o a r d v i a a length of test c a b l e or ' w a n d e r i n g lead'. The other test lead is used to
make contact with the protective conductor at various p o i n t s o n the circuit under test,
f o r example, a t luminaires, switches, f u s e d connection units, etc. a s shown in Figure
2.15. T h e resistance of the wandering l e a d a n d t h e test l e a d s a r e either measured a n d
d e d u c t e d f r o m t h e r e a d i n g s obtained, or a u t o - n u l l e d by the test instrument, which
m o s t m o d e r n i n s t r u m e n t s a r e a b l e t o do.

This test m e a s u r e s the resistance of the cpc, R 2 , w h i c h should b e recorded o n the Schedule
of Test Results (see notes on parallel earth paths and effects o n test readings above).

G u i d a n c e Note 3: I n s p e c t i o n & Testing 59

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
2

▼ Figure 2 . 1 5 Connections for testing continuity of protective conductors: test m e t h o d 2

wander-lead

Main switch off, secured by safety locking device.

All fuses removed, circuit breakers off.
Zero instrument through wander-lead.

Expected results for test method 2

The results should f i r s t a n d f o r e m o s t indicate n o discontinuity in the protective
c o n d u c t o r s . For insulated w i r i n g systems i n s t a l l e d in c o n d i t i o n s w h e r e a c c e s s o r y boxes
a n d s i m i l a r a r e not c o n n e c t e d t o t h e f a b r i c o f t h e b u i l d i n g o r o t h e r e l e m e n t s t h a t
m a y b e e a r t h e d , the measurement w i l l equate to the protective conductor resistance,
R 2 . T h i s test c a n d e t e c t p o o r c o n t i n u i t y at j u n c t i o n s a n d c o n n e c t i o n s as, f o r a n e w
installation w i t h n e w accessories, t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f r e s i s t a n c e o f h e a l t h y c o n n e c t i o n s
i s negligible a n d c a n b e ignored. Thus, by employing the resistance data f o r c o p p e r
c o n d u c t o r s given in A p p e n d i x B of this G u i d a n c e Note, e x p e c t e d values for healthy
cable a n d connections c a n b e checked.

2
As a n e x a m p l e , a radial circuit of length a b o u t 5 5 m with a 2 . 5 mm copper protective
c o n d u c t o r s h o u l d h a v e a n R2 r e s i s t a n c e a s f o l l o w s :

Length of c i r c u i t i s 5 5 m

2
Resistance of a 2.5 mm conductor is 7.41 m Q / m (at 20 °C) f r o m Table B l

T h e o r e t i c a l m i n i m u m D C r e s i s t a n c e = (55 x 7.41)71,000 = 0.41 Q

W h e n v e r i f y i n g this circuit, the inspector s h o u l d b e looking f o r a reading somewhere

i n t h e o r d e r of, say, 0.4 Q to 0.5 Q . If t h e circuit h a s several outlets, m e a n i n g that the
protective conductor is broken and connected i n screw terminals a t each accessory, then a
slightly higher value may be measured, a s there will be some resistance at the terminations.

Testing bonding conductors and earthing conductors

To c o n f i r m the continuity of t h e s e protective conductors, test method 2 is u s e d . In
m e d i c a l l o c a t i o n s o f G r o u p 1 a n d 2 it is n e c e s s a r y t o m e a s u r e a n d r e c o r d the v a l u e s
of t h e s u p p l e m e n t a r y b o n d i n g c o n d u c t o r s . A c c o u n t s h o u l d b e t a k e n of t h e p o s s i b i l i t y
of test readings being a f f e c t e d by parallel paths, as m e n t i o n e d earlier in this section.
For t h i s r e a s o n , it m a y b e n e c e s s a r y t o carry o u t t h e test w i t h the p r o t e c t i v e c o n d u c t o r
d i s c o n n e c t e d a t o n e end, w h e r e p r a c t i c a b l e .

G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

60
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This method can also be used to confirm a bonding connection between extraneous-
conductive-parts where it is not possible to see a bonding connection, for example,
where bonding d a m p s have been ’built in'. The test would b e d o n e by connecting
the leads of the test instrument between any t w o points, such as metallic pipes, and
looking for a suitably l o w reading taking into account the length of the protective
bonding conductor(s). Keep in mind, however, that 15 m of single-core 6.0 m m 2 or
2
2 5 m of single-core 10.0 m m conductor has a resistance of approximately 0.05 Q .
With such low resistances being measured, t h e resolution of the test instrument may
not permit an accurate reading to b e obtained (see Section 4.3) and therefore where
t h e expected resistance is less than 0.1 Q including contact resistances, a value n o t
exceeding 0.1 Q should b e used as a guideline acceptable reading. It should b e noted
that this is not the R2 resistance measured f r o m the MET to the bonding clamp or
adjacent pipework.

To verify that there is a low resistance connection to the actual extraneous-conductive-

part itself, t h e measured resistance to the terminal of a bonding clamp can be compared
with t h e measured resistance to the extraneous-conductive-part itself some distance
f r o m the clamp. An example of this method is shown in Figure 2.16.

Where metallic enclosures have b e e n used as t h e protective conductors, for example,

conduit, trunking, SWA, etc., the following procedure should b e employed:

(a) inspect t h e enclosure along its length for soundness of construction; and
(b) perform the standard continuity test using the appropriate test m e t h o d
described above.

Instrument’, use a low-resistance ohmmeter for this test (see Section 4.3).

▼ Figure 2 . 1 6 Example o f testing t h e effectiveness of a b o n d i n g clamp

Main switch off, secured by safety locking device.

All fuses removed, circuit breakers off.
Zero instrument through wander-lead.

©■©©©©©© ©©©©©

_N® N®] n@|' N®r n@;

First, test at the main
protective bonding
conductor termination <@ '© <© p© I’© ' © ; ' © ’ © ’ ©

wander-lead

Then, test at exposed-conductive-part

approximately 0.5 m to 1 m from the
bonding clamp. The measurements should
□.□So
be roughly the same if there is a good
connection between clamp and extraneous-
conductive-part.

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 61

© The Institution of Engineeringand Technology
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Expected test results

The results should first and foremost indicate no discontinuity in the protective
conductors. For lengths of conductor, use Appendix B of this Guidance Note for
resistance data. For joints across bonds by earth clamps and similar, the readings
should approach 0.05 Q , taking into account t h e resolution of the instrument, its
accuracy at low values and contact resistance.

2.6.6 Continuity of ring final circuit conductors

A three-step test is required to verify t h e continuity of t h e line, neutral and protective
conductors a n d the correct wiring of every ring final circuit. The test results show if t h e
ring has b e e n interconnected to create an apparently continuous ring circuit, which is
i n fact broken or connected as a ’figure of eight' configuration.

Instrument', use a low-resistance ohmmeter for this test (see Section 4.3).

Step 1
The line, neutral and protective conductors are visually identified at the distribution
board or consumer unit and t h e end-to-end resistance of each is measured separately
(see Figure 2.17).

▼ Figure 2.17 Connections for ring final circuit continuity testing: step 1

a. measure r-i b. measure rn c. measure r2

|e

These resistances are referred t o as n, rn and r 2, respectively. A reading that indicates

a n o p e n circuit, or resistance higher than the continuity measurement range, shows
there is likely to b e a damaged conductor, or an issue with the integrity of connections
or terminations, along t h e ring conductors under test. The resistance values obtained
should b e of t h e same order if the conductors are of the same length, csa and material.
If t h e protective conductor has a reduced csa, the resistance r 2 of the protective
conductor loop will b e proportionally higher than that of the line or neutral loop.
Because the resistance of a cable is inversely proportional to t h e area, w e can calculate
h o w m u c h w e have t o multiply t h e measured value of r i by to obtain the expected
value of r2 using the following formula:

i
csa
__ csa cpc _ line
csacpc x r 2
r x
2- — ~
csa
line

62 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
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For example, for 2.5 m m 2 /1.5 m m 2 cable:

r x r = 1
2=T3 2 -6 7 x r 2

If the resistance readings are not as expected, this could mean the following:

(a) readings lower than the expected resistance would suggest that the ring is
incorrectly configured, possibly wired in a 'figure of eight’ connection; this may
be further confirmed by the step 2 test below; or
(b) readings higher t h a n the expected resistance would suggest an issue with
the integrity of one or more conductor terminations.

The 'expected resistance' is that found from the tabulated DC resistance for the
conductor csa per metre, multiplied by the installed length and corrected for ambient
temperature. A small allowance should be made for instrument errors. Table B i gives
values of DC resistance for conductors.

Step 2
The open ends of the line and neutral conductors are then connected together so that
the outgoing line conductor is connected to the returning neutral conductor, and vice
versa (see Figure 2.18).

▼ Figure 2.18 Connections for ring final circuit continuity testing: step 2

neutral

fl
I

connector blocks

The resistance between line and neutral conductors is measured at each socket-outlet.
The readings at each of the socket-outlets connected to the ring should be substantially
the same and the value will be approximately one-quarter of the resistance of the line
plus the neutral loop resistances, i.e. (ri + rn)/4 (see mathematical explanation in
Figure 2.19). Any socket-outlets wired as spurs will indicate a higher resistance value,
due to the resistance of the spur conductors.

Note: Where single-core cables are used, care should be taken to verify that the line and
neutral conductors of opposite ends of the ring circuit are connected together. An
error in this respect will b e apparent from the readings taken at the socket-outlets,
progressively increasing in value as readings are taken towards the midpoint of the
ring, then decreasing again towards the other end of the ring. Where such behaviour
in readings is between particular points part way round the ring, this may indicate an
interconnection within the ring.

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 63

© The Institution of Engineeringand Technology
 ▼ Figure 2.19 Mathematical explanation for step 2 (live conductors having the same csa)

Figures 2.19a to e explain t h e expected results for a correctly wired ring circuit.

a Origin
Testpoint Afor
mathmatical explanation

Open loop resistance = 0.6 O

Figure a above is an example of a correctly wired ring, with the open loop resistances
of t h e line and neutral conductors f r o m step 1 , each being 0.6 O . A test point about a
third distance round t h e ring is used to illustrate t h e maths, as explained below.

b Origin

0.2 0

t
Test point A

0.4Q

Figures b and c show the resistances of each leg of the ring as a test is applied at this
point as per step 2 (line-neutral).

c Test
Ni 0.2(1 E° i n t A

T? 0 2(1 /

N z 0.4(1

L 2 0.4(1

□.3Qq

G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

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The equivalent connects are then represented in Figure d.

0.2 fl F
Test cross-connections
point A at consumer unit
n2
0.4 fl F

The equivalent circuit diagram and resultant resistance are shown in Figure e .

0.2 0 0.4 0 0.6 0

0.4 0 0.2 0 0.6 0

In summary, the open loop resistances are 0.6 0 for both line and neutral, giving an
C i + rn) value of (0.6 + 0.6), or 1 . 2 0 .

From Figure e above, it can b e seen that a correctly connected ring will give a step 2
reading of a quarter of the (rj + rn) value, or:

£ £
Rste P 2 tes t = 4 . i n t h i s case = 0 . 3 fl

Step 3
The open ends of the line conductor and cpc are then cross-connected (see Figure 2.20).

▼ Figure 2.20 Connections for ring final circuit continuity testing: step 3

connector blocks

The resistance between line and cpc is measured at each socket-outlet. The readings
obtained at each of the socket-outlets wired in the form of a ring will depend o n
whether the cpc is the same csa and material as t h e line conductors:

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 65

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
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(a) Where the cpc is the same copper-equivalent csa as the line conductors, the
readings will b e substantially the same and t h e value will b e approximately
one-quarter of the resistance of the line plus cpc loop resistances, i.e.
(r] + rn)/4 (the explanation for this being similar to that for step 2).
(b) Where the cpc has a different csa f r o m the line conductors, for example where
flat twin-and-earth cable is used, the resistance will increase as t h e tests move
around t h e ring f r o m t h e origin of t h e circuit, to a maximum of approximately
C i + r 2 )/4 at the mid-point of the ring, and decrease as the test point moves
back towards the origin of the circuit. The maximum a n d minimum values
expected during the test are shown in Table 2.8 (see IET Electrical Installation
Design Guide for a comprehensive mathematical explanation).

A higher resistance value will b e recorded at any socket-outlets or other accessories

wired as spurs.

The highest value recorded represents the maximum (R] + R£) of the circuit and is
recorded o n the Schedule of Test Results. The value can b e used to determine the
EFLI (Z s) of the circuit to verify t h e provisions for automatic disconnection of supply
(see Section 2.6.14).

411.3.2.5 The inspector is again reminded to take note of t h e effects of possible parallel return
4193 paths o n these continuity tests, as described in Section 2.6.5 o f this Guidance Note.
In addition, where supplementary protective equipotential bonding is used in
accordance with Regulations 411.3.2.4 and 419.3, this may also affect the readings for
step 3. Examples of circuits which may b e affected in this way include distribution circuits
and final circuits supplying central heating systems, electric showers, or water heaters.

▼ T a b l e 2.8 Variation in reading during tests around t h e ring in Step 3 where line and cpc
have different csa

a General case

csa of line Lowest reading Highest reading Percentage difference

conductor and (notes 3 and 4) (notes 4, 5 and 6) between lowest and
cpc highest reading

2.5 m m 2 live 6 7 o o f highest reading

conductors, O.S4X
1.5 m m 2 cpc
(note 1 )

4.0 mm 2 live 20 7 o o f highest reading

conductors, 0.80 x'-
1.5 mm 2 cpc
(note 1) (r i + r

2.5 m m 2 live 4 18 7 o o f highest reading

conductors, 0.82 x -
1.0 mm 2 cpc
(note 2)

Other (£1Z£2 I 2
combinations ri+r z Ri+rJ
x 100 % of highest reading

66 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

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b By length of 3 0 A or 3 2 A ring final circuits u p to the maximum lengths shown i n
Table7.1(i) of the lETOn-Site Guide, with automatic disconnection provided by RCD

Total ring 2.5 mm 2 live conductors, 4.0 mm 2 live conductor,

length (m) 1.5 mm 2 cpc 1.5 mm 2 cpc

Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum

reading (Notes reading (Notes reading (Notes reading (Notes
3, 4 and 6) 4, 5 and 6) 1, 4 and 6) 4, 5 and 6)

10 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04

20 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.08

30 0.14 0.15 0.10 0.13

40 0.18 0.20 0.13 0.17

50 0.23 0.24 0.17 0.21

60 0.28 0.29 0.20 0.25

70 0.32 0.34 0.23 0.29

80 0.37 0.39 0.27 0.33

90 0.41 0.44 0.30 0.38

100 0.46 0.49 0.33 0.42

106 0.49 0.52 0.35 0.44

110 0.37 0.46

120 0.40 0.50

130 0.43 0.54

140 Not oossiblo fnoto 81 0.47 0.58

150 0.50 0.63

160 0.53 0.67

170 0.57 0.71

171 0.57 0.71

Notes:
1 UK cable type 6242Y to BS 6 0 0 4 or type 6242B to BS 721 1 :2012+AI:2020.
2 Flat twin and earth cables manufactured between approximately 1969 and 1981.
3 The lowest reading should occur at the origin of the circuit.
4 Ignoring measurement error.
5 The highest reading should occur at the midpoint of the ring, although there may not b e
a socket-outlet or other accessory installed at that point, at which a measurement can
b e made.
6 Ignoring spurs from the ring.
7 See IET Electrical Installation Design Cuide for an explanation of the data provided in
this table.
8 Exceeds maximum length of circuit due to excessive voltage drop.

643.3 2.6.7 Insulation resistance

Insulation resistance testing is a fundamental test for inspectors. Often, o n larger
construction sites, cables will b e insulation resistance tested during various stages of
installation, to prove the integrity of installed cables. It is always preferred to re-test
cables and equipment for insulation resistance as part of initial verification, as well
as during construction. BS 7671:2018+A2:2022 permits t h e test voltage applied t o
circuits following connection of equipment to b e reduced to 2 5 0 V DC, provided that
cables were tested at 5 0 0 V DC prior to connection.

G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing 67

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643.3 BS 7 6 7 1 requires that insulation resistance is measured between all of the live
conductors and between the live conductors and the protective conductor, with the
protective conductor connected t o t h e earthing arrangement. During t h e test between
live conductors and the protective conductor, the live conductors may b e connected
together. Taking cables as an example, historically, it was acceptable to test a cable
between the various cores, and test to earth (which was actually only the cpc, such as
a single-core conductor, o r the armouring or sheath of the cable); sometimes, these
cables were terminated without further testing. This is n o longer acceptable: it is n o w
essential to test to t h e protective conductor (such as armouring) with this connected
- via a fly-lead if necessary - to the installation earthing arrangement. This is shown
in Figure 2.23. It is a good idea to test all cables, including those tested during the
construction stage, using this method.

The purpose of the insulation resistance test is t o verify that the insulation of conductors
is not damaged and that live conductors or protective conductors are not short-circuited.

As a reminder, prior to carrying out t h e test, t h e inspector should check that:

(a) t h e protective conductor of t h e i t e m (switchgear or cable, etc.) is connected to

t h e MET, which must b e connected to the means of earthing.
(b) pilot or indicator lamps, and capacitors, are disconnected f r o m circuits, to avoid
an inaccurate test value being obtained (see Note below).
(c) voltage-sensitive electronic equipment, such as dimmer switches, touch switches,
delay timers, power controllers, electronic starters for fluorescent lamps, emergency
lighting, RCDs and similar equipment is disconnected, so that it is not subjected
to the test voltage. The functional earthing leads of residual current circuit-breakers
(with overcurrent protection) (RCBOs) should also be disconnected, to prevent a
low insulation resistance reading or damage to an RCBO.
(d) the incoming neutral has been disconnected/isolated, where necessary, so that
there is n o connection to Earth.

Notes:
1 Great care should b e taken w h e n removing neutral conductors or neutral links
o n installations: the m o m e n t the neutral is removed, it may become live, if
there is a 'borrowed neutral' o n t h e installation. Insulated tools should b e used
for this task.
2 (b) and (c) are necessary because, as testing occurs between all conductors,
anything connected and in circuit will b e subjected to t h e test voltage.

Instrument: use an insulation resistance tester (see Section 4.4).

Table 64 Insulation resistance tests should be carried out using the appropriate DC test voltage
specified in Table 6 4 of BS 7671. The installation will b e d e e m e d to conform with
t h e Regulations in this respect if the main switchboard and each distribution circuit
tested separately, with all its final circuits connected b u t with current-using equipment
disconnected, has an insulation resistance not less than that specified in Table 64,
reproduced here as Table 2.9.

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68
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▼ T a b l e 2 . 9 M i n i m u m values of insulation resistance

Circuit nominal voltage Test voltage DC Minimum

(V) insulation resistance
(MQ)

SELVand PELV 250 0.5

Up to a n d including 500 V,with t h e exception 500 1.0

of SELVand PELV, but including FELV

Above 5 0 0 V 1000 1.0

Simple installations that contain no distribution circuits should preferably b e tested as

a whole (see example in Figure 2.21).

The tests should b e carried out with the main switch off, all fuses in place, switches
and circuit-breakers closed (i.e., in their O N positions), lamps removed, and fluorescent
and other discharge luminaires and other equipment disconnected. Where the removal
of lamps and/or the disconnection of current-using equipment is impracticable, the
local switches controlling such lamps and/or equipment should b e open. An insulation
resistance test of line and neutral (L&N) connected together to Earth (E) will ensure
that all t h e circuit conductors are tested. Where there are special lighting controls,
such as contactor switching, all the circuit wiring, including such switch-lines, must b e
included in the testing.

Complex installations, or other installations where the overall installation presents a l o w

value, may n e e d to b e subdivided into their component parts to perform insulation
resistance tests.

Although an insulation resistance value as low as 1 M Q would comply with the

requirements of the Regulations, a new installation should not yield a test result this
low. In n e w installations, a value below 20 M Q should b e investigated.

Example (i): insulation resistance test of a whole consumer unit

▼ Figure 2.21 Example of a n insulation resistance test of a whole consumer unit

□
Test w i t h 2-way switches in
all combinations.

Main switch off, secured by safety >5 5 Emo

locking device.
All fuses inserted, circuit breakers on.
Loadsdisconnected.
General lighting service (GLS)lamps Means o f earthing and
removed. Switches "on". main bonding connected.

Guidance N o t e 3: Inspection & Testing 69

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Figure 2.21 shows an example of testing a whole consumer unit (i.e., an installation)
in one test (only the L-N test is shown). The tests required are a test between the
live conductors (L-N) and tests between t h e live conductors and earth (L-Eand N-E).

For circuits containing two-way switches or two-way and intermediate switches, the
switches must b e operated one at a time and the circuits subjected to additional
insulation resistance test in these configurations.

For circuits and/or equipment that is vulnerable t o the test voltage, the line and neutral
conductors can b e linked/connected together and a test made between t h e linked
conductors and protective Earth (as in L&N-E). It is essential that the incoming earth
connection is connected to the MET of the installation (and that this is connected to
t h e means of earthing) for these tests.

Example (ii): insulation resistance test of a final circuit

Figure 2.22 shows a n example of testing a single final circuit at a consumer unit (only
the L-N test is shown). The tests required are a test between the live conductors (L-N)
and tests between t h e live conductors and earth (L-Eand N-E).

For circuits containing two-way switches o r two-way and intermediate switches, t h e

switches must be operated one at a t i m e and the circuits subjected to additional
insulation resistance test in these configurations.

For circuits and/or equipment vulnerable to the test voltage, the line and neutral
conductors can b e linked/connected together and a test made between t h e linked
conductors and protective Earth (as in L&N - E). It is essential that t h e incoming earth
connection is connected to the MET of the installation (and that this is connected to
the means of earthing) for these tests.

▼ Figure 2 . 2 2 Example of insulation resistance test of a final circuit

?© =© -©

Test w i t h 2-way and

intermediate switches i n all
combinations.
SHI,
L

M a i n switch off, secured by safety

>EIEIEImq |0
locking device.
All fuses inserted, circuit breakers on.
Loads disconnected.
General lighting service (GLS) lamps Means of earthing and
removed. Switches "on". main bonding connected.

Notes:
1 T h e test should b e initially carried o u t o n t h e complete installation, b u t could b e carried
out on completion of wiring at 500 V DC, before the installation of accessories, then retested
at 2 5 0 V DC on completion to verify cables have not been damaged during the work.
2 Bonding a n d earthing connections are i n place.

70 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

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Circuits with equipment that might influence the result of, or be damaged
during, an insulation resistance test
643.3.3 Some electronic equipment may be susceptible to damage by insulation resistance
tests, for example where electronic components that are not intended to withstand
voltages of 5 0 0 V DC.

Other equipment may influence the measurement being made. For example,
equipment may have:

(a) electronic components o r transformers connected between line and neutral,

which present a relatively low resistance;
(b) electronic control devices that use multipole relays or contactors disconnecting
all live conductors (including neutral), which return to the o p e n state w h e n
power is removed, such as when the circuit is made dead prior to test; and/or
(c) certain protective devices, such as RCCBs, RCBOs and AFDDs, as well as
surge protection devices and similar electronic components that present a low
resistance during an insulation resistance test.

Regulation 643.3.3 of BS7671 requires that circuits with this type of equipment have
an insulation resistance test in two stages:

(i) When the circuit cables are first installed, an insulation resistance test is
carried out between line conductors, and between line conductors a n d the
protective conductor, with t h e protective conductor connected to the
earthing arrangement. Individual sections of a circuit may b e joined via
temporary connectors in place of vulnerable equipment, to test multiple
cable segments together in this way.
(ii) Following connection of equipment that might b e damaged by, o r influence,
the test, a test at 2 5 0 V D C is to b e applied between live conductors and
t h e protective conductor connected to t h e earthina arrangement. The
insulation resistance shall have a value of at least 1 M Q .

Example of the test prior to connection for insulation resistance of a

three-phase 4-core power cable
The cable is tested as per Table 2.10.

▼ T a b l e 2 . 1 0 Insulation resistance test o n 4-core p o w e r cable

Test 1 L I to L2

Test 2 L I to L3 The lowest value of these tests is recorded as

'between live conductors'

Test 3 L2 to L3

Test 4 L I + L 2 + L3 (connected
together) to N

Test5 LI+L2+L3+N The lowest value of these tests is recorded as

(connected together) to E 'between live conductors a n d earth1

Notes:
1 It is essential for test 5 that t h e protective conductor of t h e cable is connected to t h e
installation's earthing arrangement.
2 Tests 4 a n d 5 can b e done individually, for test 4, each of LI, L 2 and L3 first to N a n d
for test 4, each o f L I , L2, L3 a n d N to E.

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For experienced inspectors and testers, Table 2.11 shows h o w it is possible to reduce
t h e number of steps for insulation resistance to four. However, should any test yield
a reading lower than that referred to in Table 2.9, it will b e necessary to follow the
sequence stated in Table 2.10 to identify which conductors are affected.

▼ Table 2.11 Four-step insulation resistance test o n 4-core p o w e r cable

Test 1 L I to L2 L I to L2

Test 2 LI+L2toL3 L I and L2 linked together to L3

Test 3 L I + L2 + L 3 t o N All line conductors linked together to neutral

Test 4 L I + L2 + L3 + N to E All live conductors linked together to Earth

▼ Figure 2.23 Insulation testing of a 4-core p o w e r cable prior to termination (showing the
neutral to earth test)

SWA cable

Connection for
test purposes

AUTO M

Voitef
Phase

Connected
to MET

The insulation resistance readings obtained should b e not less than the minimum
values referred to in Table 2.8.

Example of an insulation resistance test on a circuit with equipment that

might be damaged during test
643.3.3 Figure 2.24 illustrates the test carried out following connection of equipment that might
be susceptible to damage during a n insulation resistance test. Prior to connection of
the equipment, all cables of the circuit should b e tested at 5 0 0 V DC, as described
previously. Following connection of the sensitive equipment, provided that wiring has
been previously tested at 5 0 0 V DC:

(a) insulation resistance tests on a circuit are carried out at 2 5 0 V DC;

(b) the test voltage is recorded o n t h e schedule of test results; and
(c) the test is carried out between live conductors and cpc, with live conductors
connected together.

In simple installations, such as dwellings, in which m o s t circuits contain sensitive

equipment, o r equipment that might affect the test, provided all cables in the
installation have been tested in accordance with Table 6 4 of BS 7671 (Table 2.8) prior
to connection, this test could b e carried o u t for t h e whole installation.

72 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

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▼ Figure 2.24 Insulation resistance test of a complete circuit with sensitive equipment
following connection of cables

.* > * ♦ « * *> * * ♦ * *

lili
'O

SMART-touch LED dimmers

t h a t might be damaged during
insulation resistance test

Main switch off, secured by safety locking a

device.
General lighting service (GLS) Lamps
>E3E3E3mq 2 Votts/
Removed. Switches "on".
When originally installed, cables of circuit
tested prior to connection in accordance
Means o f earthing and
with Table 64 of BS 7671.
main bonding connected.

643.3 2.6.8 Confirming SELVor PELV circuits by insulation resistance

testing
In order to establish which insulation resistance tests are required for verifying a SELV
or PELV system, t h e requirements of Section 414 of BS7671 must first b e understood.

There are situations where the provision of insulation of SELVor PELV circuits for basic
protection is generally not required by BS7671, i.e. forthe following voltages:

414.4.5 (a) up to 12 V AC or 3 0 V DC in wet areas; and

(b) up to 2 5 V AC or 60 V D C in dry areas.

Par However, for locations containing a bath or shower, or i n swimming pools, saunas and
some other special locations, basic protection by insulation is required for SELVand
PELV at all voltages.

It is often, therefore, easier to carry out insulation resistance tests o n these circuits as
a matter of course.

Where SELVor PELV is used as a protective measure, a n d insulation resistance testing

is required, Tables 2.12 and 2.13 set out the requirements.

Instrument: use an insulation resistance tester for these tests (see Section 4.4).

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 73

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▼ T a b l e 2 . 1 2 SELVinsulation resistance tests

643.3.2

Test type Description Test voltage Minimum

DC(V) acceptable
resistance
(MQ)
Basic insulation Between live conductors a n d all other 250 0.5
circuits, including other SELVand PELVand
l o w voltage (LV) circuits

Live to Earth Between all SELV live parts a n d Earth 250 0.5

Note: In situations w h e r e t h e SELV conductors are separated by insulation only covering

conductors of b o t h voltage bands, such as within a multicore cable with LV circuits,
t h e n t h e test voltage shall b e increased to 5 0 0 V D C a n d t h e insulation resistance
shall b e n o t less t h a n 1 M Q .

▼ Table 2.13 PELVinsulation resistance tests

643.4.2

Test type Description Test voltage Minimum

DC (V) acceptable
resistance
(MQ)
Basic insulation Between live conductors a n d all other 250 0.5
circuits, including other SELVand PELVand
LV circuits

Note: In situations w h e r e t h e PELV conductors are separated by insulation only covering

conductors o f b o t h voltage bands, such as within a multicore cable w i t h LV circuits,
t h e n t h e test voltage shall b e increased t o 5 0 0 V DC a n d t h e insulation resistance
shall b e n o t less t h a n 1 M Q .

643.4.3 2.6.9 Testing of electrically separated circuits

The source of supply should b e inspected to confirm compliance with the Regulations.
In addition, should any doubt exist, the voltage should b e measured to verify that it
does not exceed 5 0 0 V.

Insulation tests are then made as detailed in Table 2.14.

Instrument: use an insulation resistance tester for these tests (see Section 4.4).

▼ Table 2 . 1 4 Tests m a d e t o verify electrical separation

Test type Description Test voltage Minimum

DC(V) acceptable
resistance
(MQ)

Basic separation Between t h e electrically separated live 500 1.0

conductors a n d t h e transformer
secondary live conductors

Basic insulation of the Between t h e electrically separated live 500 1.0

separated conductors conductors a n d their corresponding
exposed-conductive-parts

Basic insulation of any Between any exposed-conductive-parts 500 1.0

exposed- conductive- associated with t h e electrically
parts associated with separated circuits and any protective
separated conductors conductor, other exposed-conductive-
parts or Earth

G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

74
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 Additional inspections and tests for separated circuit supplying m o r e than
one item of current-using equipment:
418.3.4 (a ) Apply a continuity test between all exposed-conductive-parts of the separated
circuit to ensure that they are b o n d e d together. Carry o u t a 5 0 0 V DC insulation
resistance test between the non-earthed protective bonding conductor and:
(i) the protective conductors and/or exposed-conductive-parts of other circuits;and
(ii) extraneous-conductive-parts.
The insulation resistance should b e not less than 1.0 M Q . Instruments: use a
low-resistance ohmmeter and an insulation resistance tester for these tests. See
Section 4.
(b) All socket-outlets m u s t b e inspected t o ensure that the protective conductor
contact is connected to t h e non-earthed protective bonding system.
(c) All flexible cables other than those supplying Class II equipment must b e
inspected to ensure that they contain a protective conductor for use as an
unearthed protective bonding conductor.
418.3.7 (d ) Operation of the protective device must b e verified by measurement of the
fault loop impedances (i.e. between live conductors) to t h e various items of
connected equipment. These values should then b e compared with the
maximum Z s value required by Regulation 411.4.5, with reference to the t y p e
and rating of the protective device for the separated circuit. For 2 3 0 V systems,
Tables 41.2 and 41.3 of Chapter 41 of BS 7671 may b e used for the maximum
Z s values for fuses and circuit-breakers, respectively. Although these tables
pertain to t h e line/protective conductor loop path, and the measured values are
between live conductors, they give a reasonable approximation t o the values
required to achieve the required disconnection time of Table 41.1.

2.6.10 Testing of functional extra-low voltage (FELV) circuits

411J A FELV system is an extra-low voltage system meeting the requirements of Regulation
Group 411.7 (Functional extra-low voltage (FELV)). The system does not m e e t all the
requirements of Section 414 of BS 7671 relating to SELVor PELV.and its use is
permitted only where SELVor PELVare not necessary.

Regulation 643.3.2 requires that FELV circuits shall meet t h e test requirements for
LV circuits (such as 'mains voltage' circuits). This includes t h e testing of:

$45 (a) continuity of protective conductors (see Section 2.6.5);

(b) insulation resistance (see Section 2.6.7); the test voltage being 5 0 0 V DC and
t h e minimum insulation resistance being 1 M Q and
c
643.6 ( ) polarity (see Section 2.6.12).

It should also b e checked by inspection that:

41L7.2 (a ) the
exposed-conductive-parts of t h e FELV system are connected to the
protective conductor of the primary circuit of the source, provided that the
primary circuit is subject to protection by ADS in accordance with Regulations
411.3 to 6;
b the
411.7 ( ) source of t h e FELV system is one that meets t h e requirements of
Regulation 411.7.4; and
(c) plugs, socket-outlets, luminaire supporting couplers (LSCs), devices for
connecting luminaires (DCLs) and cable couplers in a FELV system are required
to have a protective conductor contact (connected to the protective conductor)
and not b e dimensionally compatible with those used for any other systems in
use at the same premises.

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134.5 A D S f o r protection against electric shock is not r e q u i r e d i n a FELV system, but may b e
r e q u i r e d f o r o t h e r r e a s o n s , s u c h a s p r o t e c t i o n against t h e r m a l e f f e c t s .

418.1.2 2.6.11 Proving and testing o f non-conducting location (insulation

643.5 resistance/impedance o f floors and walls)
I n t h e rare c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h e r e f a u l t p r o t e c t i o n i s p r o v i d e d by a n o n - c o n d u c t i n g
location (which should be remembered as a measure of protection not recognized for
general application), the following should be verified, prior to carrying out insulation testing:

( a ) e x p o s e d - c o n d u c t i v e - p a r t s should b e inspected to c o n f i r m that under ordinary

c i r c u m s t a n c e s n o - o n e c a n c o m e into s i m u l t a n e o u s c o n t a c t w i t h :

(i) two e x p o s e d - c o n d u c t i v e - p a r t s ; o r
(ii) a n exposed-conductive-part a n d a n y extraneous-conductive-part
if t h e s e p a r t s are liable to b e at different potentials t h r o u g h failure of t h e basic
insulation of a live p a r t ;
(b) i n a non-conducting location, t h e r e m u s t b e n o protective conductors; a n d
(c) a n y socket-outlets i n s t a l l e d in the l o c a t i o n m u s t not incorporate a n earthing
contact.

Note: In B S 7671:2018+A2:2022, Appendix 1 3 provides guidance on escape routes a n d

fire protection. There is n o longer guidance in BS7671 for measurement of insulation
resistance/impedance of floors a n d walls to earth o r the protective conductor system.

Following t h e s e checks, t h e insulation resistance b e t w e e n t h e insulating floors a n d

643.3 w a l l s to t h e installation MET (via a l o c a l e a r t h terminal of the general installation)
s h o u l d b e m e a s u r e d . It i s r e q u i r e d t h a t a t l e a s t t h r e e m e a s u r e m e n t s a r e made. One
m e a s u r e m e n t m u s t b e m a d e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 m f r o m a n y accessible e x t r a n e o u s -
conductive-part, f o r e x a m p l e , metal pipe, i n the l o c a t i o n . The other measurements
s h o u l d b e m a d e a t d i s t a n c e s f u r t h e r a w a y . M e t h o d s of m e a s u r i n g t h e i n s u l a t i o n
resistance/impedance of f l o o r s a n d w a l l s a r e d e s c r i b e d below.

Testmethod
The insulation resistance test may b e m a d e u s i n g a n i n s u l a t i o n resistance tester (see
S e c t i o n 4.4). T h e t e s t is m a d e b e t w e e n t e s t e l e c t r o d e 1 o r t e s t e l e c t r o d e 2 ( s e e
Figures 2 . 2 5 a n d 2.26) a n d the m a i n protective conductor of t h e installation.

Measuring insulation resistance of floors and walls

A magneto-ohmmeter o r battery-powered insulation r e s i s t a n c e tester providing
a n o - l o a d v o l t a g e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 0 V (or 1 , 0 0 0 V if t h e rated voltage of t h e
i n s t a l l a t i o n exceeds 5 0 0 V) is u s e d a s a D C source.

The r e s i s t a n c e is m e a s u r e d between t h e test electrode a n d t h e m a i n protective

c o n d u c t o r of t h e installation.

The test e l e c t r o d e s may b e either of the f o l l o w i n g types. I n c a s e of dispute, the use

o f t e s t e l e c t r o d e 1 i s t h e reference method.

It i s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e test i s m a d e b e f o r e the application of the s u r f a c e treatment

(varnishes, p a i n t s a n d similar p r o d u c t s ) .

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Test electrode 1
The test electrode shown in Figure 2.25 comprises a metallic tripod, of which the
parts resting o n the floor f o r m the points of a n equilateral triangle. Each supporting
part is provided with a flexible base, ensuring, w h e n loaded, close contact with the
surface being tested over an area of approximately 9 0 0 m m 2 and having a combined
resistance of less than 5,000 Q between the terminal and the conductive rubber pads.

Before measurements are made, the surface being tested is cleaned with a cleaning
liquid. While measurements of t h e floors and walls are being made, a force of
approximately 7 5 0 N (75 kg in weight) for floors or 2 5 0 N for walls is applied t o the
tripod.

▼ Figure 2 . 2 5 Test electrode 1

039
021

10
180 15
5 mm — ♦ 23
aluminium plate

view from above profile view 033

section of a contact stud in

a conductive rubber

Dimensions in millimetres

terminal
contact stud in
conductive rubber
view from below

Test electrode 2
The test electrode shown in Figure 2.26 comprises a square metallic plate with sides
that measure 2 5 0 m m and a square of dampened, water-absorbent paper, o r cloth,
f r o m which surplus water has been removed, with sides that measure approximately
270 mm. The paper or cloth, as applicable, is placed between the metal plate and the
surface being tested. During measurement, a force of approximately 7 5 0 N (75 k g in
weight) for floors or 2 5 0 N for walls is applied to the plate.

Guidance Note 3 : Inspection & Testing 77

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▼ Figure 2.26 Test electrode 2

750 N
wooden plate

metal plate
L

damp cloth

floor covering

subfloor
PE

Expected results
The floors and walls are considered to b e non-conducting where t h e measured
resistances are at least 5 0 kQ (where the system voltage to Earth does n o t
exceed 500 V).

645.5 A further test is specified in BS 7671 for extraneous-conductive-parts that are within
the location, b u t to which insulation has been applied during construction. I n these
cases, a 'flash' insulation tester is required, which, after t h e standard 5 0 0 V insulation
test, applies a 2 kV AC root mean square (rms) test and measures the leakage current
(which should not exceed 1 mA).

643.6 2.6.12 Polarity testing

The polarity of all circuits must b e verified before connection t o the supply, with either
an ohmmeter or the continuity range of an insulation and continuity tester. A typical
test o n a lighting circuit is shown in Figure 2.27.

Alternatively, polarity can b e verified by visually checking core colours at terminations,

thus verifying t h e installer's connections. Whatever m e t h o d is used, polarity checks are
required at all points o n a circuit to ensure that conductors have not been crossed at
intermediate connection points such as junction boxes.

Instrument', use a low-resistance ohmmeter for these tests (see Section 4.3).

A test for polarity is necessary to ensure that all fuses and single-pole control and
protective devices are connected in t h e line conductor. The centre contact of
screw-type lampholders must b e connected to the line conductor (except EI4 and E27
t o BS EN 60238), so this needs to be verified, as does the correct connection of all
non-reversible plugs and socket-outlets. It is important to remove all other lamps o n
t h e circuit, as these may provide a conductive path between line and neutral which
would t h e n permit an incorrectly connected lampholder to indicate continuity.

Note: The continuity test (see Section 2.6.5) and ring final circuit continuity test
(see Section 2.6.6) help to confirm polarity.

78 Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing

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F i g u r e 2 . 2 7 P o l a r i t y test o n a l i g h t i n g c i r c u i t

//
I ‘i S
T/
/
[O]

/
Temporary shorting link
/
/ .
I /
Polarity test is carried out at single
pole switching devices, and screw
type lampholders (except E14and E27
t o BSEN60328).
AUTO |

REMEMBER TO REMOVE THE TEMPORARY SHORTING LINK WHEN TESTING

IS COMPLETE.

2.6.13 Earth electrode resistance testing

T h r e e m e t h o d s of measuring t h e resistance of a n earth electrode are described i n this
s e c t i o n . Test m e t h o d E l u s e s a d e d i c a t e d e a r t h e l e c t r o d e t e s t e r (fall o f p o t e n t i a l ,
t h r e e - o r f o u r - t e r m i n a l type); test m e t h o d E2 uses a dedicated earth electrode tester
(stakeless o r p r o b e type); a n d test m e t h o d E 3 u s e s a n EFLI tester.

Test m e t h o d E l : measurement using a dedicated earth electrode tester

(fall of potential, three- or four-terminal type)
For safety reasons, it i s essential t o ensure that the i n s t a l l a t i o n i s securely isolated f r o m
t h e supply. It i s a l s o n e c e s s a r y to d i s c o n n e c t t h e e a r t h i n g c o n d u c t o r f r o m the e a r t h
electrode/MET. Caution: If this i s the only e a r t h electrode, this m a y leave the
installation unprotected against e a r t h faults, so complete isolation of the
installation must b e m a d e . This d i s c o n n e c t i o n w i l l e n s u r e t h a t t h e test c u r r e n t
p a s s e s only through t h e e a r t h e l e c t r o d e a n d not t h r o u g h any parallel paths. The
installation m u s t remain isolated f r o m the supply until all testing h a s been completed
and t h e e a r t h e l e c t r o d e connection reinstated.

Ideally, the test should be carried out when the ground conditions are least favourable, such
as when the soil i s frozen or very dry. Refer to Annex C of I E C 60364-6 for further guidance.

The t e s t requires t h e use of two t e m p o r a r y test spikes (electrodes), a n d is c a r r i e d o u t

i n t h e f o l l o w i n g manner.

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C o n n e c t i o n to t h e earth e l e c t r o d e is made using terminals C l a n d P I of a four-terminal

e a r t h tester. To e x c l u d e the r e s i s t a n c e of t h e test l e a d s f r o m t h e resistance reading,
individual leads s h o u l d b e t a k e n f r o m t h e s e terminals a n d c o n n e c t e d separately to
t h e electrode. Where t h e test lead resistance i s insignificant, t h e two terminals may
be linked together at the test instrument a n d connection m a d e with a single test lead,
w i t h t h e s a m e b e i n g t r u e if u s i n g a t h r e e - t e r m i n a l tester. C o n n e c t i o n t o t h e t e m p o r a r y
spikes is m a d e as s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2.28.

▼ Figure 2 . 2 8 Typical earth electrode test using a three- o r four-terminal tester

VoKW
Pha»e
Temporary test

Electrode ' ' Test spike Test spike

under test (voltage, (current,
(note 1 ) note 2) note 3)

3 m 3m

15 - 2 5 m 15 - 2 5 m

Notes:
1 Connect to terminals Cl and P I of four-terminal tester, or terminal X of a three-terminal tester.
2 Connect to terminal P2 of a four-terminal tester, o r terminal P of a three-terminal tester.
3 Connect to terminal C 2 of a four-terminal tester, or C of a three-terminal tester.
4 Voltage test spike is moved in t h e directions shown.

The d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e test spikes is i m p o r t a n t . If t h e y a r e t o o c l o s e together, their

r e s i s t a n c e areas w i l l o v e r l a p . I n general, r e l i a b l e r e s u l t s m a y b e e x p e c t e d i f t h e d i s t a n c e
between t h e e l e c t r o d e under test a n d the current spike, C2, i s at least ten times the
maximum dimension of t h e e l e c t r o d e system, f o r example, 3 0 m for a 3 m long r o d
electrode.

Three readings a r e taken:

(a) firstly, w i t h t h e p o t e n t i a l spike, T2, inserted m i d w a y b e t w e e n t h e electrode

under test a n d t h e current spike, T l ;
(b) secondly, with T 2 moved to a position 1 0 7o of t h e o v e r a l l electrode-to-current
s p i k e d i s t a n c e b a c k t o w a r d s t h e e l e c t r o d e u n d e r test; a n d
(c) last, w i t h T 2 m o v e d t o a p o s i t i o n 1 0 7o o f t h e overall d i s t a n c e t o w a r d s t h e
c u r r e n t spike, f r o m its initial position between t h e e l e c t r o d e u n d e r test a n d T I .

By c o m p a r i n g t h e t h r e e r e a d i n g s , a p e r c e n t a g e d e v i a t i o n c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d . T h i s i s
calculated by taking the average of the three readings, finding the maximum deviation of
the readings from this average in ohms, and expressing this a s a percentage of the average.

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The accuracy of t h e measurement using this technique is typically 1.2 times t h e

percentage deviation of t h e readings. It is difficultto achieve an accuracy of measurement
better than 2 °/o,and inadvisable to accept readings that differ by m o r e than 5 7o. In
this event, to improve the accuracy of the measurement, t h e test must b e repeated
with a larger separation between the electrode under test and the current spike.

The test instrument output may b e AC o r reversed DC to overcome electrolytic effects.

Because these instruments employ phase-sensitive detectors, the errors associated
with stray currents are eliminated.

The instrument should b e capable of checking that the resistance of the temporary
spikes used fortesting iswithinthe accuracy limits stated in t h e instrument specification.
This may b e achieved by an indicator provided on the instrument, or t h e instrument
should have a sufficiently high upper range to enable a discrete test to b e performed
o n the spikes.

Where the resistance of the temporary spikes is t o o high, measures to reduce the
resistance will b e necessary, such as driving the spikes deeper into the ground or
watering with brine t o improve t h e contact resistance. Umno c i r c u m s t a n c e s should
the latter technique b e used to temporarily reduce the resistance of t h e
e a r t h electrode under test.

ON COMPLETION OF THE TEST, ENSURE THAT THE EARTHING CONDUCTOR

IS RECONNECTED, BEFORE THE INSTALLATION IS ENERGIZED (OR
RE-ENERGIZED).

Test method E2: Measurement using a dedicated stakeless or clamp

based earth electrode tester
643.7.2 A number of types of earth electrode resistance tester are available that utilize clamps
542.1 and can carry o u t measurements without the earth electrode under test having t o b e
disconnected from the installation. The use of two such types is described here.

I n s t r u m e n t using o n e test c o i l

The instrument described here uses a m e t h o d of measurement similar to the fall o f

potential m e t h o d (test method E l , described earlier), in that it uses two temporary test
spikes (electrodes), as shown in Figure 2.29. These are placed in the ground, away
f r o m t h e earth electrode under test, in similar fashion to that described for t h e fall in
potential method.

Guidance N o t e 3 : Inspection & Testing 81

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▼ Figure 2.29 Instrument using one test coil

To main earthing terminal

of installation
Current clamp
containing test coil

AUTO fi |o
vottu
Phase
Temporary test

Electrode Test spike

under test (voltage) | , (current)

15 - 2 5 m 15 - 2 5 m

The clamp containing the test coil is placed around the earth electrode under test,
o r around the conductor connected to that electrode. This eliminates the effects of
parallel resistances, so that only the resistance earth electrode under test is measured.

The resulting level of accuracy is similar to that given by the fall of potential method.

Instrument using two test coils

The instrument described here relies for its operation o n there effectively being a
number of earth electrodes within t h e installation, and not just the electrode under
test. The electrodes other than the one under test might not b e actual earth electrodes;
they might b e extraneous-conductive-parts buried in the ground o r in concrete buried
in the ground, such as metallic services pipes or buried structural metalwork or, in TN
systems, the means of earthing of the supply if this is connected during t h e test.

The instrument uses two coils placed a small distance apart around the earthing
conductor of t h e installation, as shown i n Figure 2.30, by means of clamps forming
part of t h e instrument. In practice, t h e coils may b e combined into a single clamp. O n e
coil induces a known voltage in a loop circuit containing t h e earth electrode under test,
the general mass of Earth and other connections with earth within the installation. The
second coil measures the test current.

82 Guidance N o t e 3: Inspection & Testing

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▼ Figure 2.30 Instrument using two test coils

Installation main
earthing terminal
;
@ @ @ ® ® ® '
@® ® ® ® ® ® ®
Constant

voltage

10

\
Induced
current
measurement
,clamp

Electrode under
test (having
resistance to
Earth RE )

The instrument carries out a calculation using the formula below. This produces a
resistance reading intended to represent the resistance of the earth electrode under test.

Rreading = + J.+ _L+ _L+>>-+ J.

Rj Rj Rn

where:

reading is the resistance reading given by the test instrument

Re is the actual resistance of the earth electrode under test
Rb R 2 etc. are the resistances of the other 'earth electrodes'

The accuracy of the test reading ( R rea ding) depends on t h e existence of multiple parallel
paths for t h e returning test current to t h e instrument, such that t h e effective parallel
resistance of these paths is low enough to b e neglected.

For example, if there were four other 'earth electrodes', effectively connected i n parallel,
each having a resistance of, say, 4 0 Q, their combined resistance would b e 10 Q . If the
resistance of the earth electrode under test was 100 Q, the total resistance, Rrea ding.
measured by t h e test instrument would be 100 Q +10 Q=110 Q . Consequently, the
measured value ( Rrea ding) would b e 1 1 o 7o of the actual value (RE), an error of 10 °/o.

However, if there was only one earth electrode other than the o n e under test, the error
in the measurement could b e significantly greater, as t h e effective path would t h e n b e
through t w o electrodes effectively connected in series. Using the same values as in
the previous example, this would m e a n that the resistance, Rrea din g , measured by the
test instrument would be 100 Q + 4 0 Q =140 Q . Consequently, Rrea ding would then
b e 140 7 o o f the actual value (R E), an error of + 4 0 7o.

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Usually, a n e a r t h e l e c t r o d e test is c a r r i e d o u t to e n s u r e t h a t the earth electrode

r e s i s t a n c e R e i s less t h a n a s p e c i f i e d v a l u e . Since Reading > R e , using method E 2 may
b e m o r e appropriate i n installations w h e r e t h e c o m b i n e d resistance of o t h e r e a r t h
e l e c t r o d e s , o r the e f f e c t i v e e a r t h e l e c t r o d e f o r m e d by e x t r a n e o u s - c o n d u c t i v e - p a r t s ,
a n d the electrode under test, i s l e s s t h a n the limit r e q u i r e d f o r R e . The test method
i s u s e f u l a t p r o p e r t i e s w h e r e g r o u n d is not available t o i n s e r t m e a s u r e m e n t e a r t h
electrodes T 1 a n d T2 for test m e t h o d E l , for example, d u e to extensive p a v e d o r
t a r m a c s u r f a c e s , a n d the use of test method E3 is not d e s i r a b l e due to safety concerns.

Testmethod E3: Measurement using an earth fault loop impedance (EFLI)tester

An e a r t h e l e c t r o d e may b e tested using a n EFLI tester. However, it is recognized that
the results m a y not b e a s accurate a s using a dedicated e a r t h e l e c t r o d e tester.

F O R SAFETY REASONS, T H E INSTALLATION M U S T B E ISOLATED FROM T H E SUPPLY

B E F O R E DISCONNECTING T H E EARTHING CONDUCTOR. T h e EFLItester i s c o n n e c t e d
b e t w e e n the line c o n d u c t o r a t t h e source of the installation a n d the e a r t h e l e c t r o d e via
t h e e a r t h i n g c o n d u c t o r , a n d a test p e r f o r m e d . T h e i m p e d a n c e r e a d i n g t a k e n i s t r e a t e d
a s t h e electrode resistance.

ON COMPLETION OF THE TEST, ENSURE THAT THE EARTHING CONDUCTOR

IS RECONNECTED BEFORE THE SUPPLY IS ENERGIZED (OR RE-ENERGIZED).

Results of earth electrode testing

For TN-S systems s u p p l i e d by a d i s t r i b u t i o n n e t w o r k operator, o r a distribution

t r a n s f o r m e r o r generator having its own earth e l e c t r o d e a c c o r d i n g to BS7430, electrode
r e s i s t a n c e v a l u e s m a y n o t h a v e b e e n s p e c i f i e d , a s t h e r e is a s e p a r a t e m e t a l l i c e a r t h
conductor a n d electrodes often simply provide a local reference earth.

For installations that c o n t a i n generators, including static c o n v e r t e r s (inverters) that

o p e r a t e i n d e p e n d e n t l y , o r a s a s w i t c h e d a l t e r n a t i v e to t h e p u b l i c supply, t h e earth
e l e c t r o d e s h o u l d c o m p l y w i t h the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of B S 7430, o r the IET Code of
Practice for Electrical Energy Storage Systems a s appropriate.

For T T s y s t e m s , i n t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e d e s i g n e r ' s s p e c i f i c a t i o n , B S 7 6 7 1 m a x i m u m
values where R C D s a r e used for automatic disconnection of supply are addressed i n
Regulation 411.5.3.

4T1.5.3 R e g u l a t i o n 411.5.3 requires:

(a) t h e disconnection time shall be that required by Regulation 411.3.2.2,

R e g u l a t i o n 4 1 1 . 3 . 2 . 3 o r 411.3.2.4; and
(b) R a x lAn < 50 V

where:

Ra is the sum of the resistances of the e a r t h electrode a n d the protective

c o n d u c t o r ( s ) c o n n e c t i n g it to the e x p o s e d - c o n d u c t i v e - p a r t s ( i n Q ) .
iAn is t h e rated r e s i d u a l o p e r a t i n g current of the R C D (in a m p s ) .

For a nominal voltage, U o , of 2 3 0 V , Table 2.15 gives m a x i m u m values of Z s f o r

n o n - d e l a y e d RCDs, w h i c h m a y b e s u b s t i t u t e d f o r R A i n e q u a t i o n (b) a b o v e .

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▼ Table 2.1 5 Maximum values of EFLI (Z s) for non-delayed RCDs to BS EN 61 008-1 and
BS EN 61009-1 for U o of 2 3 0 V

RCD rated residual operating Maximum value of EFLI, Zs (Q)

current, l/\n (mA)

Where a time-delayed RCD is used t o provide fault protection, t h e maximum value

of EFLI, including t h e earth electrode resistance, must b e such that the requirements
of 411.3 and 411.5 are met. This is likely to require a lower figure than given above.

The table indicates that the use of a suitably rated RCD will theoretically allow m u c h
higher values of R A, and therefore of Z s, than could b e expected by using the circuit
overcurrent devices for fault protection.

Note: It is advised, however, in Note 2 of Table 41.5, that earth electrode resistance values
above 2 0 0 Q may not b e stable, as soil conditions change due to factors such as soil
drying and freezing.

643.7 2.6.14 Protection by automatic disconnection of supply (ADS)

The effectiveness of measures for fault protection by ADS can b e verified for installations
within a TN system by:

(a) measurement of EFLI (as described in 2.6.15);

(b) confirmation by visual inspection that overcurrent devices have suitable
short-time or instantaneous tripping setting for circuit-breakers, or current rating
(l n) and t y p e for fuses; and
(c) where RCDs are employed to meet disconnection times for ADS, testing to
confirm that the disconnection times of Chapter 41 of BS 7671 can b e m e t by
verifying EFLI, and testing operation of RCDs (see Sections 2.6.15 and 2.6.18).

For installations within a TT system, effectiveness can be verified by:

(a) measurement of the resistance of the earthing arrangement of the

exposed-conductive-parts of the equipment for the circuit in question;
(b) confirmation by visual inspection that overcurrent devices have suitable
short-time or instantaneous tripping setting for circuit-breakers, or current rating
(l n) and type for fuses; and
(c) where RCDs are employed, testing to confirm that the disconnection times of
Chapter 41 of BS 7671 can b e met by verifying EFLI, and testing operation of
RCDs (see Sections 2.6.15 and 2.6.18).

643. Where RCDs are required for additional protection, this is verified by testing the
operation of RCDs (see Section 2.6.18).

643.7.3 2.6.15 Earth fault loop impedance (EFLI) verification

Where limitation of EFLIis part of a protective measure, it is fundamental that t h e initial
verification process includes verification of EFLIs.

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The earth fault current loop comprises the following elements, starting at the point of
fault o n t h e L-Efault loop:

(a) the cpc;

(b) the MET and earthing conductor;
(c) for TN systems, t h e metallic return path or, in t h e case of TT and IT systems,
t h e earth return path;
(d) t h e path through the earthed neutral point of the transformer;
(e) the transformer winding (or the equivalent in another source of energy); and
(f) the line conductor f r o m the ’source’ to t h e point of fault.

There are two methods used for verifying total EFLIfor a circuit:

1 measurement of total EFLI(Zs) using an EFLItester, where it is safe to d o so; or

2 measurement of (R] + R 2) during continuity testing of a circuit (see Sections
2.6.5 and 2.6.6) and addition to the measured EFLI external to that circuit (Z e).

The latter is preferred w h e n determining Z s for final circuits and distribution circuits.

Measurement o f total E F L I ( Z using a n E F L I t e s t e r

Measurement of Z s is made o n a live installation and, for safety and practical reasons,
neither the connection with Earth nor bonding conductors are disconnected. Where
measurements are made close to a transformer, an instrument with suitable resolution
is required.

Instrument: use an EFLItester for this test (see Section 4.5).

Note: An EFLItester may not produce an accurate reading in installations with grid-connected
or island-mode (grid-forming) inverters (see Section 2.6.24).

M e a s u r e m e n t o f (R! + R2) d u r i n g continuity testing of a c i r c u i t a n d addition

t o t h e EFLI e x t e r n a l t o t h a t c i r c u i t (Z e)
This procedure is described in Section 2.6.5 and, for ring circuits, Section 2.6.6. The
(Ri -I- R 2) value recorded for a particular circuit is added to the EFLI at the origin of
that circuit.

F o r a consumer unit at t h e origin of an installation, this is as follows:

Zs = Ze + (Ri + R2)

where:

Zs is the total EFLI in Q

Ze is the external EFLI'external' to the installation
(R 1 + R2 ) is the measured resistance of t h e line conductor and cpc, measured
during the continuity test method 1 or step 3 of the ring circuit
continuity test.

For consumer units or distribution boards not at the origin, confusion can arise over the
term 'external EFLI'(Z e) and some prefer to write or note t h e EFLI at the distribution
board as Zdb- As this value is not external to the installation, the formula is modified to:

Zs = Zdb + (Ri + R2)

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Circuit-breakers a n d residual current devices (RCDs)

The test (measuring) current of EFLI testers may trip some types of 6 A Type B
circuit-breakers and any RCD protecting t h e circuit. This will prevent a measurement
being taken and may result in a n unwanted disconnection of supply to the circuit
under test.

Instrument manufacturers can supply l o o p testers that are less liable to trip RCDs by
either limiting t h e test current (to less than 15 mA) or by DC biasing (this technique
saturates the core of the RCD prior to applying the test).

M e a s u r e m e n t o f external EFLI (Z e)
The externa
542 4 2 l EFLI, Z e , is measured using an EFLItester at the origin of the installation.
The impedance measurement is made between t h e line conductor of the supply and
the means of earthing with t h e main switch open or with all t h e circuits
isolated. The means of earthing must b e disconnected f r o m t h e installation MET for
t h e duration of t h e test, to remove parallel paths. Care should b e taken to avoid any
shock hazard to the testing personnel and other persons on the site, both whilst
establishing contact and whilst performing t h e test. It is strongly recommended to
check for diverted neutral currents where there is a TN-C or TN-C-S earthing
arrangement, or where PME conditions apply (see Appendix E).

ENSURE THAT THE EARTH CONNECTION H A S BEEN RECONNECTED BEFORE

THE INSTALLATION IS ENERGIZED (OR RE-ENERGIZED).

See Figure 2.31 for test method connections.

Instrument: use a n EFLItester for this test (see Section 4.5).

▼ Figure 2 .31 Example of a test for Ze at the origin of a small installation

| pate I I
[oonia i&h i<wh|

■O
0101

gBfflBBfla

Main switch off,

secured by safety
locking device.

Test between i n c o m i n g l i n e
conductor a n d t h e m e a n s o f
earthing, which s h o u l d be
disconnected from t h e rest
100 A of t h e installation, a n d f r o m
extraneous-conductive-
parts, s o t h e r e a r e n o
parallel p a t h s .

As previously mentioned, the measured Ze can be used to add to circuit (Rj + R2) values.

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Determining external EFLI(Ze) by enquiry

The external EFLI,Ze, can b e determined by enquiry with the electricity distributor.
However, if this is relied upon, a test must b e made to verify that t h e D N O earthing is
effective. A test lamp may b e used to check that current is able t o pass between line
and the means of earthing. Alternatively, an EFLItester can b e used to verify that the
value of Ze is consistent with that quoted by the distributor o r measured previously.

Verification of EFLItest results

643 J K i s important to recognize that BS 7671 requires the inspector not only to test the
installation, but also to compare the results with relevant design criteria (or with criteria
within BS7671). This may seem obvious, b u t it is not u n c o m m o n for some inspectors
to pass test information back to their office without making the necessary comparisons,
possibly assuming that t h e office or someone else will check t h e results. The office
might then assume that t h e inspector has checked t h e results against criteria, whereas
in fact, no-one has. It is important to remember that the person w h o signed the
certificate is responsible. Employees should follow their employer's procedures in
respect of methods for determination of prospective fault current.

Values of Zs should b e compared with o n e of the following:

(a) for standard thermoplastic (polyvinylchloride - PVC) circuits, the values i n

Appendix A of this Guidance Note.
Table 4 1 2 (b ) EFLI figures provided by the designer. See also Appendix A, which provides
information o n how to correct measured results for ambient temperature, as
Table 4L4 this m a y not have been done by the designer (the inspector will need to clarify
this point).
(c) tabulated values in BS 7671, corrected for temperature. See Appendix A, which
provides information o n how to correct measured results for ambient temperature.
(d) using a factor of 0.8 (see Appendix A2).

Appendix A provides a formula for making temperature adjustments, together with a

worked example.

643.7.3.201 2.6.16 Prospective fault current (l pf )

Regulation 643.7.3.201 introduces the requirements of Regulation 434.1 into t h e
testing section, with the designer required to determine t h e prospective fault current
under both short-circuit and earth fault conditions a t every relevant point o f t h e
installation. This may b e done by calculation, b e ascertained by enquiry or b e
measured directly using an instrument (inspection). The expression 'every relevant
point’ means every point where a protective device is required to operate under fault
conditions, and includes the origin of the installation. Appendix 14 provides s o m e
further guidance on these requirements.

The inspector must have knowledge of the design in this respect as, for example, if t h e
switchgear at the origin of a n installation is suitably rated for prospective fault current,
a n d switchgear of similar short-circuit rating is used downstream of that point, then
n o further checks will b e necessary. This is because the magnitude of the prospective
fault current decreases with increasing distance downstream of the origin, assuming
there is not another source of supply, such as a generator, connected to t h e installation
at a point other than the main supply terminals of the installation. Any fault current
contribution f r o m a generator must b e included if the generator can operate in parallel
with the supply. If a generator or other source can supply the installation in place of

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t h e normal supply, then generally fault currents will b e significantly lower and t h e
protection may take longer to clear a fault, making it possible that t h e l 2 t contribution
could cause thermal damage t o some cables or equipment.

Regulation 434.5.1 requires that, except where back-up protection is provided by

another device in accordance with the second paragraph of that regulation, the breaking
capacity rating of each protective device shall be not less than the prospective fault
current at its point of installation. The t e r m 'prospective fault current' includes t h e
prospective short-circuit current and the prospective earth fault current. The maximum
prospective fault current at the point of installation of a protective device is the greater
of these t w o prospective fault currents at that point, which should b e determined and
compared with the breaking capacity of the device.

W i t h t h e p o w e r on, the m a x i m u m v a l u e of t h e prospective short-circuit current

can b e obtained by direct connection of t h e instrument between live conductors at
the protective device at t h e origin or other relevant location within t h e installation. Both
two-lead and three-lead instruments capable of determining prospective fault current
are available; it is important that any instrument used is set to the correct range and
connected i n accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions for its use. Failure to do
so could b e dangerous, could result in damage to t h e instrument and might result in
misleading readings being obtained.

Instrument: use the prospective fault current range of a suitable EFLItester for this test
(see Section 4.5, final paragraph).

With some instruments, the voltage between line conductors cannot b e measured
directly. Where this is t h e case, it can b e assumed that for three-phase supplies,
the maximum balanced prospective short-circuit level will be, as a rule of thumb,
approximately twice the single-phase value. This figure errs o n the side of safety.

Where a n instrument is rated for the higher voltage, a more accurate prospective fault
current measurement, for a three-phase installation, can b e obtained by measuring the
line-to-line fault current and dividing the measured result by 0.87.

Prospective earth fault current may b e obtained with the same instrument. Again, care
must b e taken to ensure that t h e instrument is set correctly and connected as per the
manufacturer's instructions for use.

Appendix 14 of BS 7671 provides a reminder of the hazards involved in taking

measurements directly from live parts. Guidance in HSE publication HSR25 should
b e followed.

It is recommended t h a t alternative m e a n s a r e u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e prospective

fault current w h e r e possible.

Where a measurement of prospective fault current is necessary, it should always b e

made downstream of a protective device rated for t h e anticipated prospective fault
current. Fused test leads alone are not considered suitable for this purpose, and, in t h e
absence of a suitable protective device, a temporary one should b e fitted.

Note: A prospective fault current tester may not produce an accurate reading in installations
with grid-connected or island-mode (grid-forming) inverters (see Section 2.6.24).

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The values obtained should b e compared with t h e breaking capacity of t h e appropriate

protective device. The breaking capacity of t h e protective device should b e greater
than the highest value of prospective fault current obtained using the instrument.

Whichever is the greater of the prospective short-circuit current and the prospective
earth fault current obtained should be recorded o n the EIC,EICRand the Schedule of
Test Results, as appropriate.

If t h e measured value of prospective fault current appears to exceed t h e fault current

rating for t h e equipment or protective device, further consideration m u s t b e given to
the current-limiting effect of any upstream protective devices and the ability for the
source of supply to deliver the indicated prospective fault current. The maximum value
of prospective fault current for an installation will be with t h e installation unloaded and
t h e conductors at ambient temperature.

F o r a three-phase system, the prospective three-phase short-circuit current will always

b e larger than the single-phase line-to-neutral or earth fault currents.

Note on the accuracy of EFLIand prospective fault current testers (see also
Sections 2.6.24 and 4.5)

EFLI testers become less accurate at low value impedance readings, such as w h e n
measuring close to a transformer or other low impedance source. It should b e
noted that the standard instrument used for determining prospective fault current is
effectively an EFLI instrument.

While earth fault loop testers should have a resolution of at least 0.01 Q, this should
not b e confused with accuracy.

A displayed test result of less than about 0.1 Q, or about 1.0 Q,when o n the lower
current range (such as 15 mA), could b e prone to significant errors. Such errors can
significantly affect the calculation o f prospective fault current.

Should more accurate measurements b e needed o n large installations with very low
impedance supplies, specialist high-current four-wire EFLI testers are available.

Note: An EFLI and prospective fault current tester may not produce a n accurate reading
in installations with grid-connected or island-mode (grid -forming) inverters
(Section 2.6.24).

Rated short-circuit breaking capacities of protective devices

The rated short-circuit capacities of fuses, circuit-breakers to BS EN 6 0 8 9 8 and
B S 3 8 7 1 (now withdrawn) and RCBOsto B S E N 61009 are shown in Table 2.16. Note
that B S 3 8 7 1 identified the short-circuit capacity of circuit-breakers with an 'M1 rating.

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▼ T a b l e 2 . 1 6 Rated short-circuit capacities of protective devices

Device type Device Rated short-circuit

designation capacity (kA)

Semi-enclosed fuse to BS 3 0 3 6 with category S1A 1

of duty

S2A 2

S4A 4

General-purpose fuse to BS 88-2

System E (bolted) type 80 kA at 400 V

System G (clip in) type 50 kA at 230 V o r

8 0 kA a t 400 V

Domestic fuse to BS 88-3 ____________________________________________________

Circuit-breakers to ■cn les

1
B S E N 6 0 8 9 8 and RCBOsto B S E N 61009* 1.5 (1-5)

3.0 (3-0)

6 (6-0)
10 (7-5)

15 (7.5)

20 (10.0)

25 (12.5)

BS 1361 fuses (BS 1361 has been withdrawn, but these

fuses will still be found in existing installations)
Domestic fuse to BS 1361

Circuit-breakers to BS 3871 (replaced by BS EN 60898)

Two short-circuit capacity ratings are defined in BS EN 6 0 8 9 8 and BS EN 61009:

l c n : the rated short-circuit capacity (marked o n t h e device); and
l c s : the service short-circuit capacity.

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The difference between the two short-circuit ratings described above is the condition
of the circuit-breaker after manufacturer's testing.

I c n is the maximum fault current that the device can interrupt safely, although its
characteristics may have been altered and i t may n o longer b e usable.

Ics is the maximum fault current that the device can interrupt safely without
loss of performance.

The l c n value (for example, 6,000) is marked o n the device in a rectangle. For
t h e majority of applications, t h e prospective fault current at t h e terminals of t h e
circuit-breaker should not exceed this value.

For domestic installations, t h e prospective fault current is unlikely to exceed 6 kA, up to

which value l c n will equal l cs - (For domestic installations, the D N O may specify a higher
fault current value - perhaps up t o 16 kA - but this level is rapidly reduced through
the impedance of t h e supply cables.)

For switchgear, the relevant fault current (short-circuit) rating of t h e switchgear

(or assembly) should b e equal t o or exceed the maximum prospective fault current
at the point of connection to the system. For non-domestic installations o n the public
supply network, this information will have to b e obtained f r o m t h e local DNO.

The terminology to define the short-circuit rating of an assembly is given in the

BS EN 61439 series of standards as follows:

(a) rated short-time withstand current l cw ;

(b) rated peak withstand current Ipij and
(c) rated conditional short-circuit current l cc .

Further details are provided in Guidance Note 2.

Fault currents up to 16 kA
Except in London and some other major city centres, the maximum fault current for
2 3 0 V single-phase supplies up to 1 0 0 A is unlikely to exceed 16 kA. Appendix 14 of
BS7671 advises that it is often not necessary to measure o r calculate the prospective
fault current at the origin of individual dwellings or similar premises i n which the
distributor has declared the prospective fault current to b e 16 kA:

In dwellings (household) or similar premises, where a consumer unit to BS EN 61439-3

is used and the maximum prospective fault current declared by the distributor is
16 kA, it is n o t necessary t o measure or calculate prospective fault current at the origin
of the supply.

The term 'distribution board for operation by ordinary persons' used in BS EN 61439-3
applies to a wider range of products than a domestic consumer unit. The 16 kA
conditional rating applies only to consumer units as defined in B S 7 6 7 1 as follows:

Consumer unit (may also b e k n o w n as a consumer control unit or electricity control

unit). A particular type of distribution board intended for operation by ordinary persons,
comprising a type-tested co-ordinated assembly for t h e control and distribution of
electrical energy, incorporating manual means of double-pole isolation on the incoming
circuits) and an assembly of one or more protective devices, signalling and other
devices proven during the type-test of t h e assembly as suitable for such use.

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536.4.201 The short-circuit capacity of OCPDs individually having a short-circuit capacity rated less
than 16 kA, but incorporated within consumer units, may b e taken to b e 16 kA where:

(a) the installation has a supply provided in accordance with the ESQCR, with a
nominal voltage of up to 2 5 0 V A C ;
(b) the service cutout is a fuse rated 100 A or less complying with either BS 1361
(Type II) o r BS 88-3;
(c) t h e consumer unit complies with either:
(i) BS EN 61439-3 (including t h e 16 kA conditional short-circuit test described
in Annex ZB of t h e standard), incorporating only components and protective
devices specified by t h e manufacturer; or
(ii) (for initial verification of additions a n d alterations to existing installations
with older consumer units) either:
• BS 5486-13:1979 with label 'CM16';
• BS 5486-13:1989; or
• BS EN 60439-3 (including the 16 kA conditional short-circuit test
described in Annex ZA of the standard), incorporating only components
and protective devices specified by the manufacturer (see Regulations
432.1 and 530.3.4 of BS 7671:2008).

Recording the prospective fault current

Both t h e E l C a n d the EICR contain a section headed 'Nature of Supply Parameters',
which requires the prospective fault current at the origin to b e recorded. The value to
b e recorded is the greater of either the short-circuit current (between live conductors)
o r the earth fault current (between line conductors) and the MET). If it is considered
necessary to record values at other relevant points, this can b e done o n the Schedule
of Test Results. Where the protective devices used at t h e origin have the necessary
rated breaking capacity, a n d devices with similar breaking capacity are used throughout
t h e installation, it can b e assumed that the Regulations are satisfied in this respect
for all distribution boards (provided there is n o t another source of supply, such as a
generator, connected to the installation at a point other than the main supply terminals
of t h e installation)(see also Section 2.6.24).

2.6.17 Phase sequence testing

643.9 Regulation 643.9 requires verification that the phase sequence is maintained for
multiphase circuits within an installation. In practice, this will b e achieved by checking
polarity a n d connections throughout the installation. While the regulation requires phase
sequence to b e maintained throughout the installation, this should not b e confused
with phase rotation. Phase rotation is a description of which way a correctly-wired
three-phase induction motor will run. If t h e timing of t h e sine waves o n LI, L 2 and L3
are such that LI precedes L2, which precedes L3, then t h e motor will run clockwise.
If t h e timing of t h e sine waves is changed by swapping any two wires, as shown in
Figure 2.32, then the motor will run anticlockwise. To ensure correct operation of
three-phase loads, for example three-phase laundry equipment, it is recommended to
test phase rotation at t h e point closest to the load, before the load is energized.

Phase sequence may b e confirmed, with the installation/circuits isolated, using

continuity testing as for continuity of conductors. This may b e carried out using the
same method as Rj + R2 testing.

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▼ Figure 2.32 All possibilities of swapping any two wires

Original 1-2-3
phase rotation (wires 1 and 2 swapped) End result
phase rotation = 2-1-3
2

3 ----------------------------------------------------- 3

(wires 2 and 3 swapped)

phase rotation = 1-3-2
1 ----------------------------------------------------- 1

3 2

(wires 1 and 3 swapped)

phase rotation = 3-2-1

2 2

Optionally, a n d o c c a s i o n a l l y , t h e i n s p e c t o r may w i s h to c h e c k p h a s e s e q u e n c e b y u s i n g

a p h a s e rotation tester, of e i t h e r :

(a) a rotating disc t y p e ; o r

(b) a n indicator l a m p type.

I n s t r u m e n t s c o n t a i n i n g b o t h of t h e a b o v e f o r m s o f i n d i c a t i o n a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e .

V a r i o u s types of i n d i c a t i o n exist, i n c l u d i n g a rotating disc, a n e l e c t r o n i c liquid crystal

display (LCD) equivalent a n d other m e a n s of indication. Generally, coloured o r labelled

leads are connected to the i n s t a l l a t i o n and, if t h e p h a s e sequence/rotation i s correct,

t h e i n d i c a t i o n c o n f i r m s this.

In the c a s e of a rotating d i s c type instrument, the d i s c will rotate either clockwise o r anticlockwise.

S o m e approved voltage t e s t e r s h a v e a p h a s e r o t a t i o n f a c i l i t y b u i l t i n to t h e m . These

offer a n increase i n safety over standard three-wire p h a s e rotation testers, as they

d o not r e q u i r e t h e i n s p e c t o r to a t t a c h t h e wires to t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n , n e e d i n g o n l y two

p h a s e s to be probed with the hand-held probes.

With the indicator l a m p type, either the L1/L2/L3 (formerly R/Y/B) lamp or the
L1/L3/L2 (formerly R/B/Y) l a m p will be illuminated.

Both types of phase sequence i n d i c a t o r c a n a l s o b e u s e d to verify p h a s e s e q u e n c e /

d i r e c t i o n of rotation a t t h e s u p p l y t e r m i n a l s to motors a n d to confirm the correct

l a b e l l i n g / i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of p l a i n c o n d u c t o r s .

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▼ Figure 2.33 Examples of phase sequence indication from phase rotation instruments

Indication for Indication for

Indication type clockwise phase anticlockwise p h a s e
rotation sequence rotation sequence

Alphanumeric
For example multifunction
tester, phase sequence
meter

Graphical symbols
For example multifunction
tester, phase sequence
meter

Illuminated L E D
For example approved
two-pole voltage tester

2.6.18 Operation and functional testing of RCDs

The operating times of RCDs are required to b e tested i n t h e following circumstances:

643.7.1 (a) where they are relied o n for disconnection for compliance with Chapter 41 of
BS7671; and
643.8 (b) where they are installed as additional protection, as specified in Chapter 41 of
BS 7671.

Where RCDs are installed with circuit-breakers and the circuit has the characteristics to
satisfy Chapter 41 of BS 7671 without the RCD,then testing of the RCDisnot essential
unless it is specified for additional protection.

Operation of R C D s
411.4.5 Before using a test instrument, the RCDtest button should b e pressed. This provides
4H.5.3 basic information that the RCD is functioning, and will help avoid danger that may
occur during test if the RCD did not respond.

BS EN 61557-6 requires the test current for a tripping test to b e applied at the
zero-crossing point of the AC wave. Therefore, for each of the tests, readings should b e
taken with the test waveform starting on both positive and negative half-cycles usually
identified '0°' and '180°’ o n test instruments, and the longer operating t i m e recorded
for t h e l x l An Type AC test.

Prior to these R C D tests, it i s essential, for safety reasons, that the EFLI i s
tested to check the r e q u i r e m e n t s h a v e been met.

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Instrument: u s e a n RCD tester f o r t h e s e tests, (see Section 4.7). W h e r e t h e RCD

tester is capable of testing RCDs w i t h different residual current operating characteristics
(Type AC, Type A, Type F o r Type B), it s h o u l d b e configured f o r t h e correct setting f o r
t h e test b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n as indicated i n Table 2.17. RCDs are m a r k e d w i t h s y m b o l s t o
indicate their residual current operating characteristic as s h o w n i n Figure 2 . 3 4 .

▼ Table 2.17 Tests for RCDs

a Recommended tests

RCD Instrument Applied Maximum expected tripping time (ms)

Types RCD Type residual
RCDs to harmonized RCDs to BS 4293 or
setting current
standards (note 2) BS 7288:1990 (note 3)
(note 1)
Non-delay S-delay Non-delay Time-delay
All Type AC toxlAn RCD should not trip RCD should not trip

All Type AC IxlAn 300 500 200 {(0.5 to 1.0)

(note 4) x time
deiay}+200

b Examples of optional RCD tests for fault-finding and similar purposes (see notes 5 and 6)

RCD Type Instrument Applied residual Maximum expected tripping

RCD Type current time (ms)
setting
Non-delay S-delay or
(note 1)
time-delay

All RCDs with Type AC 5 x I a h o r 2 5 0 mA 40 150

residual current (note 7)
rating 3 0 mA
or less

All RCDs with Type AC 5xlAn 40 150

residual current
rating exceeding
3 0 mA

Type A, F o r Type A RCD should not trip

V2x( /2xlAn)
B RCDs to a (carry out pulsed DC
harmonized Type AC
l x 0 / 2 x l A n ) pulsed DC 300 500
standard tests first)
(note 2) 5 x ( 2 x lz\ n ) pulsed DC 40 150

Type B RCDs to Type B 2 x l / \ n smooth DC 300 500

a harmonized (carry out
standard Type AC and
(note 2) Type A tests
first)

Notes:
1 Where applicable, Instruments without an 'RCD Type' setting can only b e used to carry
out Type AC tests.
2 Harmonized standards for the purposes of Table 2.17a are considered to be
BS EN 61008, BS EN 61009, BS EN 60947-2 and BS 7288:2016. (BS 7288:2016 is the
UK implementation of HD 6 2 6 4 0 Residual current devices with or without overcurrent
protection for socket-outlets for household and similar uses').
3 RCDs to BS 4293 and editions of BS 7 2 8 8 earlier than BS 7288:2016 should b e tested
as Type AC only. Tests for other Types are not applicable for RCDs to these standards.

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4 This test is required by Regulation 643.7 of BS 7671 (where the RCD is used for
automatic disconnection of supply) or Regulation 643.8 of BS 7671 (where the RCD
is used for additional protection). RCD to BS 4293 or BS 7288:1990 should meet the
operating times of the appropriate product standard, where these are shorter than those
specified in BS 7671 :201 8+A2:2022, because a longer operating time than that in the
relevant product standard may indicate that the RCD is n o longer operating correctly.
The longest tripping time for each of the two tests (0° and 180°) is recorded in
column 2 8 of the Schedule of Test Results (see example in Figure 5.6).
5 Optional tests are intended for fault-finding and similar purposes only. The performance
requirements of the optional tests are to be met by product manufacturers and are not
BS 7671 requirements. Not all test instruments can perform all of the tests listed here
(see note 1).
6 Since RCDs are only rated for a finite number of operations, carrying out frequent
optional tests can shorten the product's life. For example, in carrying out all of the
above tests, including optional tests, for a 30 mA Type B RCD, would require the RCD to
trip 12 times.
7 For RCDs to harmonized standards (see note 2), with residual operating current l An 30 mA,
the manufacturer may select a current for the Type AC 40 m s tripping test of 2 5 0 mA
instead of 5 x l An . Where this is declared by t h e manufacturer, failing to trip within 4 0 m s
at 5 x l An . does not necessarily mean the RCD is faulty. For this reason, and to prevent
shortening the usable life of RCDs (see note 5), BS 7671:2018+A2:2022 does not
require testing of RCDs at 5 x l An .

V Figure 2 . 3 4 Markings o n RCDs for residual current operating characteristic

symbol reference
RCD Type isymbol
in IEC 60417
T y p e A C to B S EN 61008,
B S EN 61009, B S EN 60947-2 or 6148
B S 7288:2016
T y p e A to B S E N 61008,
B S E N 61009, B S E N 60947-2 or 6149
B S 7288:2016

6149+6160

T y p e F to BS E N 62423 OR
or B S E N 60947-2

6399

——— 6149+6160+6297

T y p e B to B S EN 62423 or B S 6398
EN 60947-2

OR

6150

S t y p e (time d e l a y ) in addition
6395
to one of the a b o v e markings

Note: RCDs to BS 4293, and BS 7288:1 990, have no marking for residual current operating
characteristic. They would be considered equivalent to Type AC RCDs if assessing their
continued use with respect to additions to an existing installation downstream of the
device. The designer should also consider that there have been other improvements
in product standards for RCDs in relation to device characteristics, isolation,
short-circuit rating, reliability, and electromagnetic compatibility.

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RCD test method 1: residual current test applied between line and
protective conductor
RCDtest method 1 is preferred where RCDs are used for fault protection, as it provides
further validation that the RCD is operating within a specific t i m e for a simulated fault
to t h e relevant protective conductor.

The test is m a d e o n the load side of the RCD between t h e line conductor of t h e
protected circuit and the associated cpc. The load should b e disconnected during
the test to avoid spurious results. These tests can result in a potentially dangerous
voltage o n exposed-conductive-parts and extraneous-conductive-parts when t h e EFLI
approaches t h e maximum acceptable limits. Precautions m u s t therefore b e taken to
prevent contact of persons o r livestock with such parts.

It may not b e possible to use this test method conclusively in s o m e situations, for
example where:

(a) there is an upstream RCD for which there is n o selectivity, such as a test on an
RCD in a caravan supplied f r o m a caravan site or repair workshop socket-outlet,
where B S 7 6 7 1 requires that the socket-outlet and caravan both have additional
protection by an RCD rated 3 0 m A or less. In these cases, either RCD may trip
first, and it is n o t guaranteed that t h e disconnection t i m e measurement will b e
that of t h e RCD under test.
(b) protective conductor currents f r o m equipment that cannot b e disconnected
f r o m the circuit under test, or f r o m other parts of the installation that are
energized, affect the conditions of the applied test so that the disconnection
time measurement is affected.
(c) an RCD in an IT system is being tested, and there is n o current return path via
a cpc.

RCDtest method 2: upstream/downstream test

Where RCDtest m e t h o d 1 cannot b e used conclusively, or it is not considered practicable
or safe to conduct a n EFLI test prior to testing the RCD, RCD test m e t h o d 2 can b e
considered. This method is outlined in Clause 6.3 of PD IEC/TR 6 2 3 5 0 Guidance for
the correct use of residual current-operated protective devices (RCDs) for household
and similar use, which states that the test method avoids risks associated with high
resistance or disconnected protective conductors, a n d avoids instrument errors due to
protective conductor currents.

The test is m a d e between a live conductor o n the supply side (upstream) of t h e RCD
and another live conductor o n the load side (downstream) of the RCD, for example:

(a) single-phase RCDs, o r three-phase RCDs with a monitored neutral, between

upstream neutral and downstream line; or
(b) three-phase RCDs without neutral, between either:
(i) upstream LI and downstream L2;
(ii) upstream LI and downstream L3;
(iii) upstream L 2 and downstream LI;
(iv) upstream L 2 and downstream L3;
(v) upstream L3 and downstream L I ; or
(vi) upstream L3 and downstream L2.

Note: The instrument, test leads, and probes, must be rated for the line-to-line voltage of
the three-phase system at appropriate overvoltage category (see Section 1.1).

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Examples of testing an RCCBand RCBOare shown in Figures 2.35 and 2.36 respectively.
These examples are included to illustrate the principles only. The person carrying out
the test should take all practicable steps to avoid the risk of contact with live parts,
such as the example shown in Figure 2.37. The test should only b e performed with
covers removed, in equipment where all line conductor terminals meet IP2X/IPXXB.

Before attempting this test method, check with the test equipment manufacturer's
instructions that the method is supported by the instrument. Some test instruments
require only two test leads to be connected during the test, but some require three
test leads.

▼ Figure 2 . 3 5 Example of upstream/downstream test o n a single-phase RCD

a. 2-lead test (where supported by test equipment)

Other circuits
switched off
Supply where possible
©'I © ©

Test is made between

© © ©
line conductor at the
load side of the RCD,
and the neutral
conductor at the
supply side.

Check with test instrument

ms
manufacturer that the I&. 30mA
instrument is suitable for the
upstream/downstream test.

b. 3-lead test

Other circuits
©©©©©©©
switched off
where possible
Supply
©I© ©I©
©’ E3

Test is made between

line conductor at the © ©
load side of the RCD,
and the neutral
conductor at the
supply side.

Check with test instrument

manufacturer that the
ms EF
W! ■«
-
OFF

l&n 30mA
instrument is suitable for the
upstream/downstream test.
TEST

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▼ Figure 2.36 Example of upstream/downstream test on an RCBO

a. 2-lead test (where supported by test equipment)

I Other circuits
switched off where
Supply possible

1
oet

Test is made between line

conductor at the load side of
the RCBO, and the neutral
conductor at the supply side.
Check with test instrument C. J ms
30mA
manufacturer that the
instrument is suitable for the
upstream/downstream test.

b. 3-lead test

I \l 1 II Other circuits
switched off where
Supply possible

1
EERIE \ \
©

Test is made between line

conductor at the load side of
the ROBO, and the neutral
conductor at the supply side.
Check with test instrument
manufacturer that the
LJms
Un 30mA
instrument is suitable for the
upstream/downstream test.
M

In some cases, it is possible to conduct the upstream/downstream test without

having to remove equipment covers, as an upstream neutral can b e connected via an
appropriate socket-outlet combination. Examples are shown in Figures 2.37 and 2.38,
which illustrate arrangements to test a 3 0 m A RCD within a caravan, w h e n the caravan
is supplied f r o m a 3 0 m A RCD-protected socket-outlet at t h e caravan site pitch, or in
a workshop environment.

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▼ Figure 2 . 3 7 Example of upstream/downstream test for an RCD or RCBO in a caravan

(2-lead test)

Y-splitter
caravan \ -pitch
inlet outlet
caravan
connecting
pgSBs lead

downstream line
Upstream
connection from
neutral
socket-outlet in wander-lead connection
caravan, via
from trailing
shrouded test BS EN 60309-2
socket-outlet,
Plug plug to BS 1363-
via shrouded y
2 trailing socket
test plug /
outlet converter

2Q3ms
30mA

Check with test instrument manufacturer that the

instrument is suitable for the upstream/downstream test

Figure 2 . 3 8 Example of upstream/downstream test for an RCD or RCBO in a caravan

(3-lead test)

Y-splitter
caravan pitch
inlet outlet
caravan
connecting
|?BBB|B|B! lead

downstream line
Upstream
connection from
neutral —
socket-outlet i n wander-lead connection
caravan, via
from trailing
shrouded test BS EN 60309-2
socket-outlet,
plug plug to BS 1363-
via shrouded
2 trailing socket
test plug /
outlet converter

30.3 ms
30mA

Check with test instrument manufacturer that the

instrument is suitable for the upstream/downstream test

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Results of RCD tests

643.7 The maximum disconnection t i m e for a residual test current of l An should not exceed
643.8 t h e relevant non-time- delayed values shown in Table 2.17.

The maximum disconnection t i m e for a residual test current of | An for the AC test is
recorded in the Schedule of Test Results.

Integral test device

643.10 An integral test device is incorporated i n each RCD. This device enables t h e functioning
of t h e mechanical parts of the RCD to b e verified by pressing t h e button marked T
or 'Test 1.

Operation of the integral test device does not provide a means of checking:

(a) the continuity of the earthing conductor o r the associated cpcs;

(b) any earth electrode or other means of earthing;
(c) any other part of the associated installation earthing; or
(d) the sensitivity of t h e device.

514.12.2 The RCDtest button will only operate the RCD if it is energized. B S 7 6 7 1 recommends
that the test button is pressed at least every 6 months.

2.6.19 Other functional testing

643.10 Other equipment, including switchgear, controls and interlocks, should also b e
functionally tested - that is, operated to confirm that they work and are properly
installed, mounted a n d adjusted.

The settings o n all adjustable relays and controls, etc. should b e checked to see that
they align with the designer’s proposed requirements. RCD test buttons should b e
operated t o see that the RCD trips.

AFDDs have b e e n introduced in t h e 18th Edition of the IET Wiring Regulations (532.6).
There are two general types: those with a test button and those with an automatic test
facility. Functional testing can only b e carried out by pressing the test button; there is
n o means of functionally testing the t y p e without a test button.

Circuit-breakers should n o t b e used as lighting switches o n a regular basis (as in some

warehouses), unless they are approved by t h e manufacturers for such use.

2.6.20 Verification of voltage drop

Verification of voltage drop is not normally required during initial verification. It is usually
sufficient to check that voltage drop calculations have been undertaken and that the
design voltage drops are within the limits required in BS7671.

Where it may b e necessary to verify that voltage drop does not exceed t h e limits stated
Sect 525 In the relevant product standards of installed equipment, B S 7 6 7 1 provides guidance
to d o so. Where no such limits are stated, voltage drop should be such that it does not
impair t h e proper a n d safe functioning of installed equipment.

Voltage drop problems are quite rare, but the inspector should b e aware that long runs
of circuit conductors and/or high currents can sometimes cause voltage drop problems.

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Accurate measurement of voltage drop within an installation is not practical, as this

would m e a n measuring the instantaneous voltage at both the origin and at t h e point of
interest simultaneously, together with the instantaneous load current. An indication of
voltage drop can b e obtained to ensure that it is not excessive for t h e proper functioning
of the equipment by simple voltage measurement at the equipment terminals with t h e
installation fully loaded.

Voltage drop may b e determined by measurement of the combined live conductor

resistance and by calculation using this value and the full load current of t h e equipment,
with compensation for conductor temperature difference for measured and operating
conductor values. This will determine voltage drop within the circuit, which can then
b e used to verify compliance.

Table 4Ab Appendix 4 of BS 7 6 7 1 gives maximum values of voltage drop for lighting and for
other uses, depending u p o n whether an installation is supplied directly from a public
LV distribution network o r f r o m a private LV supply. The voltage drop for general
purposes in Appendix 4 exceed the requirements of s o m e product standards. For
example, BSEN 61851-1:2011 for electric vehicle charging equipment requires charging
points t o operate within a utilization voltage range of Uo ± 10 7o, which therefore
requires a maximum voltage drop of 4 7o in a consumer's installation supplied in
accordance with t h e ESQCR.

It should b e remembered that voltage drop may exceed t h e values stated in Appendix 4
in situations such as motor starting periods and where equipment has a high inrush
current, where such events remain within the limits specified in the relevant product
standard or reasonable recommendation by a manufacturer.

2.6.21 Verification of protection o f low voltage (LV) installations

against temporary overvoltages due to faults in the high
voltage (HV) or LV system

Sect 442 The protection referred to in this section of the Guidance Note is the subject of
Section 4 4 2 of BS7671. F o r m o r e information, see Guidance Note 1.

442.2.1 Temporary overvoltages due to a n HV system fault

442.2.2 Regulations 442.2.1 and 442.2.2 give t h e requirements concerning the magnitude
and duration of temporary overvoltages occurring due to a fault in t h e HV system
(typically, 11 kV) supplying t h e substation f r o m which t h e LV installation is supplied.

442.2.3 Regulation 442.2.3 points o u t that t h e requirements of Regulations 442.2.1 and

442.2.2 are deemed to be met if the LV installation is supplied f r o m a system for
distribution of electricity t o the public. This assumes that the public electricity supply
distribution network is appropriately designed and constructed, as is the case in Great
Britain. Where this is the case, there is n o need for the inspector to check compliance
with Regulations 442.2.1 and 442.2.2.

442.2.1 Where the LV installation is supplied from a privately owned substation, the design
442.2.2 responsibility for complying with Regulations 442.2.1 and 442.2.2 rests with the
designer(s) of t h e substation and the associated LV distribution network up to the
incoming terminals of the LV installation. The inspector will need to b e in possession
of sufficient information provided by this party (or parties) about the intended means
of compliance, to enable him or her to verify, so far as is reasonably practicable, that these
means have been properly put into effect. Matters to b e checked by the inspector include:

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(a) that the HV and LV earthing arrangements of the substation have b e e n correctly
installed and that their resistances to Earth meet the designer's requirements;
(b) that t h e HV earthing and LV arrangements are interconnected or, where appropriate,
separated, according to t h e designer's requirements;
(c) that any global earthing system or additional connections with Earth in the
LV network that are relied o n for safety are in existence and properly installed,
and that the resistance of connections with Earth meets the designer's
requirements; and
(d) that t h e rated currents and settings of protective devices are as intended by
the designer.

Temporary overvoltages due t o an LV system fault

442.3 Regulations 442.3, 442.4 and 442.5 require consideration to b e given to t h e stress
voltages that would occur in an installation in t h e event of loss of the neutral conductor
In a TN or TT system, a n earth fault in an IT system with distributed neutral, or a
short-circuit between a line conductor and a neutral conductor.

In practice, there is usually little that an installation designer and constructor can
d o to meet the requirements of these regulations beyond selecting and installing
equipment with appropriate insulation voltage ratings, such as 600/1,000 V cables for
an installation of nominal voltage of 2 3 0 / 4 0 0 V. The inspector should check that this
has been done.

2.6.22 Verification of protection against overvoltages of atmospheric

origin or due t o switching
Section The protection referred to in this section of t h e Guidance Note is the subject of
GN1 Section 443 of BS 7671. Formore information, see Guidance Note 1.

Table 4 4 : Irrespective of whether the electrical designer has chosen to specify SPDs, t h e
inspector should check that all electrical equipment of the installation has been so
selected and installed that, according to its product standards, it provides at least the
applicable value of rated impulse voltage referred to in Table 443.2 of BS 7671. The
values of rated impulse withstand voltage in that table are given according to the
Category (I, II, III or IV) into which the equipment falls and to t h e nominal voltage of
the installation. Table 4 4 3 . 2 of BS 7671 gives examples of equipment falling into each
of the categories.

Where protection against overvoltages by the use of SPDs has been specified by the
Section 534 designer, the inspector should check that these have been selected and installed in
accordance with t h e designer's requirements or otherwise in accordance with
Section 5 3 4 of BS7671.

The inspector needs t o verify that SPDs have n o t become expired or defective by
ensuring that indicator lights are correctly illuminated or that the coloured flag or flags
o n the devices indicate that they are serviceable. Remote status indicating facilities
such as connection to an audible alarm may also have been provided and this should
also b e checked for correct operation.

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2.6.23 Verification of measures against electromagnetic

disturbances
Sect 444 I n s p e c t o r s should f a m i l i a r i z e themselves with the section o n avoidance a n d reduction

GN1 o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c d i s t u r b a n c e s i n B S 7 6 7 1 ( S e c t i o n 4 4 4 o f B S 7671). For m o r e

i n f o r m a t i o n , s e e G u i d a n c e N o t e 1.

It s h o u l d b e noted t h a t compliance with E M C requirements in B S 7671 a n d in the

E l e c t r o m a g n e t i c Compatibility Regulations 2016 is something that i s not usually
v e r i f i e d by t a k i n g site m e a s u r e m e n t s . For m o s t installations, E M C i s d e m o n s t r a t e d by
a c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n design a p p r o a c h ( i n c l u d i n g , w h e r e a p p l i c a b l e , d e t a i l s
of E M C mitigation measures), p r o d u c t conformity, a n d good i n s t a l l a t i o n p r a c t i c e s . The
i n f o r m a t i o n that would need to b e retained f o r the 'design f i l e ' (which needs to be
r e t a i n e d by t h e ' r e s p o n s i b l e p e r s o n ’ , w h i c h , u n d e r t h e 2 0 1 6 r e g u l a t i o n s i s t h e installer)
might include:

(a) f o r a s m a l l o r s i m p l e i n s t a l l a t i o n consisting solely of equipment complying with

the EMC Regulations 2016:
(i) product manuals and installation instructions, with evidence of the
regulatory (UKCA o r UKNI) marking of products; a n d
(ii) notes on what was done where instructions could not be followed (if relevant);
(b) f o r a large o r complex installation, o r where t h e above d o e s not a p p l y :
(i) m a n u f a c t u r e r / i m p o r t e r d e c l a r a t i o n s of conformity, o r statements of EMC
s t a n d a r d s c o m p l i a n c e , etc;
(ii) cable and product manufacturer's installation instructions and specifications; and
(iii) design drawings a n d r e p o r t s demonstrating:
• design conformity to relevant installation standards, which might include:
► B S 7671;
► B S E N 50310;
► B S E N 50174 series;
► B S IEC 6 1 0 0 0 - 5 - 2 ; a n d
► o t h e r s (for s y s t e m s such a s emergency lighting, fire alarms a n d
s o o n t h a t m a y h a v e a d d i t i o n a l E M C r e q u i r e m e n t s a s p a r t of t h e i r
system standards);
• evidence that manufacturer instructions have been followed, or mitigation
measures w h e r e t h e y c o u l d not be;
• product selection relevant for the E M environment (see P D IEC/TR 61000-2- 5):
► for larger installations/multi-use premises, E M e n v i r o n m e n t zoning; a n d
► a s t a t e m e n t o f mitigations a n d r e s i d u a l risk f o r e q u i p m e n t i n s t a l l e d
outside the target E M environment.

S e c t i o n 4 4 4 s p e c i f i e s a d d i t i o n a l m i t i g a t i n g m e t h o d s f o r E M C a p p l i e d t o t h e design and
installation of cables and equipment. Many of these mitigating methods concern the routing
of cables and their distance from other cables, a s well as providing equipotential bonding.

Thus, v e r i f i c a t i o n of E M C a n d c o m p l i a n c e with S e c t i o n 4 4 4 is as follows:

(a) c h e c k i n g t h e E M C d e s i g n h a s b e e n f o l l o w e d w i t h r e s p e c t to c a b l e routing,
s e p a r a t i o n distances, use of suitable containment a n d enclosures, etc.;
(b) inspection of cable sheath and screen terminations and, if considered
n e c e s s a r y , c o n t i n u i t y c h e c k i n g of t h e s e items; and
(c) c a r r y i n g o u t c o n t i n u i t y c h e c k s o f a n y a d d i t i o n a l m i t i g a t i n g b o n d i n g n e t w o r k
p r o v i d e d (for e x a m p l e , a l o c a l m e s h network).

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BS IEC 61000-5-2 contains guidance o n good installation practices for inspection

items, to achieve EMC. BS EN 50310 contains requirements for electrical tests to b e
carried out for bonding networks in buildings containing ICT systems.

While there are n o specific requirements in BS 7671 for either installers or inspectors
to carry out electric field or magnetic field strength measurements, designs for certain
installations may require such measurements to b e made, based o n assessments
carried out at t h e design stage.

chapter 82 2.6.24 Prosumer's electrical installations (PEIs)

A PEI is one in which electrical energy is both produced and consumed. The simplest
t y p e of PEI is an installation with a solar PV system.

This section outlines particular considerations for initial testing with this t y p e of
installation. Further information, including guidance on initial verification, can be found
in the IET Code of Practice for Electrical Energy Storage Systems and the IET Code of
Practice for Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems.

Note: In PEIs, the term power conversion equipment (PCE) is used to describe both
inverters and AC-DC converters, as a single device, such as a combined inverter
charger for a battery storage system, may perform both functions.

M u l t i p l e s u p p l i e s a n d safe i s o l a t i o n
PEIsusually have m o r e than one source of supply. Isolation of the electrical installation
for safe working o n certain parts of the installation will involve m o r e than one point
of isolation.

These should b e appropriately labelled in accordance with Regulation 514.15.1.

It is essential to follow a rigorous approach to the identification of the correct points

of isolation for t h e part of the system that is being worked on, along with the use of
means of securing the points of isolation in t h e OFF position.

Supply characteristics may change between installation operating modes

PEIshave operating modes as shown in Table 2.18. When t h e installation is operating
in island mode, the supply characteristics are likely to b e different, as the installation is
supplied by local generation (in t h e f o r m of power converters such as inverters) rather
than the public distribution network. As a consequence of moving from connected
mode to island mode, for example:

(a) The earthing arrangement may change, for example f r o m TN-C-S to TN-S, or
f r o m TT to TN-S. A consumer's earth electrode may b e required.
(b) The prospective fault current is likely to b e far less, and the effective EFLI
greater, than in connected modes of operation. In smaller installations, there
may be insufficient fault current to operate overcurrent protective devices, a n d
RCDs or protection built into electronic converters must b e used for protection
against electric shock. Manufacturer’s instructions should b e consulted to check
whether external protective devices are required.

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▼ Table 2. 18 Operating modes for PEIs

Mode Definition in Part 2 of BS 7671 ______ _ _

Connected mode Operating mode which needs connection to the public network
(direct feeding mode and reverse feeding mode).
Direct feeding mode Operating mode in which the public network supplies the (PEI)
(see note 1).
Reverse feeding mode Operating mode in which the PEI supplies the public network
(see note 2).
Island mode Operating mode in which the PEIis disconnected from the public
distribution network, but remains energized (see note 3).

Notes:
1 Local storage units can supply current-using equipment or be charged by local power
supplies and/or the public distribution network.
2 Local storage units can supply current-using equipment and/or the public distribution
network or be charged by local power supplies.
3 An island mode can be either the result of an automatic process or the result of a
deliberate action.

643,73.1 Note 1 EFLI a n d p r o s p e c t i v e f a u l t c u r r e n t m e a s u r e m e n t i n PEIs

826.7 Grid-connected inverters operating in parallel with the public supply track the rise
and fall of the supply voltage. Consequently, when a prospective fault current o r EFLI
measurement is taken in a PEI in connected modes of operation, the contribution of
the inverter may b e masked by this behaviour.

In island mode, inverters can appear to b e a constant current source, up to t h e value

of their in-built current limit.

When a prospective fault current or EFLI measurement is taken in a PEI in island mode,
especially using a 'no trip' or 'low current' setting usually used to avoid tripping RCDs,
the prospective fault current reading may b e much higher than t h e actual value, and
the EFLI lower.

The IET Code of Practice for Electrical Energy Storage Systems advises:

(a) external earth fault loop impedance and prospective fault current measurements
are carried out at the origin, with all PCE isolated.
(b) earth fault loop impedance and prospective fault current measurements for
the remainder of the installation are not taken unless all the inverters in the
system are isolated. In order to provide verification for automatic disconnection
of supply, t h e following tests can b e used:
(i) for connected mode: the verification of earth fault loop impedance
(Zdb and Z$) is based o n the external earth fault loop impedance, Ze, plus
measured (R1+R2) values. Prospective fault current should b e the measured
prospective fault current plus the sum of t h e current limit of all connected
m o d e inverters.
(ii) for island mode: if applicable, verification of earth fault loop impedance
(Zdb and Zs) is determined using measured (R1+R2) values, plus the
manufacturer's information regarding the value of Z e to b e assumed for the
EESSor the relevant PCE within it. Prospective fault current should b e t h e
sum of the current limit of all connected-mode inverters.

Note: The prospective fault current measurement at the origin is not necessary if it can be
determined by other means (see Section 2.6.16).

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Functional testing and system documentation

Functional testing of the relevant management a n d control devices c a n b e complex.
Particularly f o r dwellings, the level of documentation a n d commissioning records will
b e extensive, a n d it i s important to check that suitable information is provided for safe
maintenance of the installation in future. Further information c a n b e found in the IET
Code of Practice for Electrical Energy Storage Systems a n d the IET Code of Practice
for Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems.

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and testing

3.1 Purpose of periodic inspection and testing

651.1 The purpose of periodic inspection and testing is to provide an engineering view o n
whether or n o t an installation is in a satisfactory condition where it can continue to
b e used safely.

A detailed visual examination of the installation is required, together with appropriate

tests. The tests are mainly to confirm that the disconnection times stated in Chapter 41
of BS 7 6 7 1 are met.

The periodic inspection and testing is carried out, so far as is reasonably practicable, for:

(a) the safety of persons and livestock against the effects of electric shock and bums;
(b) protection against damage to property by fire and heat arising f r o m a n
installation defect;
(c) confirmation that t h e installation is not damaged or deteriorated so as to impair
safety; and
(d) the identification of installation defects and departures f r o m the requirements
of B S 7 6 7 1 that may give rise to danger.

For an installation under effective supervision in normal use, periodic inspection

and testing may b e replaced by a n adequate regime of continuous monitoring and
maintenance of the installation and all its constituent equipment by skilled persons
competent in such work. It is important in such a regime that maintenance records,
with references to inspection and testing, are recorded and stored. Such records should
b e available for scrutiny and n e e d not b e in the standard EICRformat.

3.2 Necessity for periodic inspection and testing

Periodic inspection and testing is necessary because all electrical installations deteriorate,
due to a number of factors, such as damage, wear, tear, corrosion, excessive electrical
loading, ageing and environmental influences. Consequently:

(a) legislation requires that electrical installations are maintained in a safe condition,
and this lends itself to periodic inspection and testing (see also Tables3.1 and 3.2);
(b) licensing authorities, public bodies, insurance companies, mortgage lenders and
others may require periodic inspection and testing of electrical installations, as
is, for example, the case for HMOs (see Tables 3.1 a n d 3.2); and

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(c) additionally, periodic inspection and testing should b e considered in t h e
following circumstances:
(i) to assess compliance with BS 7671;
(ii) o n a change of occupancy of the premises (especially for rented domestic
accommodation);
(iii) o n a change of use of t h e premises;
(iv) after additions or alterations to the original installation;
(v) where there is a significant change (increase) in the electrical loading of t h e
installation; and
(vi) where there is reason to believe that damage may have been caused to
t h e installation, as might b e the case, for example, after flooding.

Reference to legislation and other documents is made below. It is vital that these
requirements are ascertained before undertaking periodic inspection a n d testing.

3.3 Electricity at Work Regulations (EAWR)

3.3.1 The need for appropriate inspection and testing
Regulation 4(2) of t h e EAWR requires that:

As may b e necessary to prevent danger, all systems shall b e maintained so as to

prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable, such danger.

HSR25, which provides guidance o n these regulations, advises that this regulation
is concerned with t h e need for maintenance to ensure the safety of the system,
rather than with the activity of carrying out t h e maintenance in a safe manner, which
is required by Regulation 4(3). The obligation to maintain a system arises if danger
would otherwise result. There is n o specific requirement to carry out a maintenance
activity as such; what is required is that the system is kept in a safe condition. The
frequency and nature of the maintenance must be such as to prevent danger so far
as is reasonably practicable.

There have been many debates as to what 'reasonably practicable' means. In the
event of an accident, i t would b e for a court to decide the issues. In essence, however,
the reduction of risk to as low as is reasonably practicable means weighing that risk
against the sacrifice needed t o further reduce it. The decision should b e weighted in
favour of health and safety, because the presumption is that t h e duty holder should
implement t h e risk reduction measure. To avoid having to make this sacrifice, the duty
holder must b e able to show that it would b e grossly disproportionate to the benefits
of risk reduction that would b e achieved. Thus the process is not one of balancing t h e
costs and benefits of measures, b u t rather, of adopting measures except where they
are ruled o u t because they involve grossly disproportionate sacrifices.

Ultimately, under t h e EAWRit is the duty holder who is responsible for t h e safety of an
electrical installation at work. This leads to the question as to w h o the duty holder is.
In Section 4 of the Health a n d Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (HSWA), reference is m a d e
to a person "who has, t o any extent, control of premises". This may b e an identified
person with that specific responsibility within an organization, such as a landlord, or
perhaps a manager or supervisor.

Regular inspection of equipment, including the electrical installation, is a n essential

part of any preventative maintenance programme. This regular inspection may b e
carried out as necessary without dismantling (or with partial dismantling, as required)
a n d supplemented by appropriate testing.

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T h e r e i s n o s p e c i f i c requirement to test t h e installation o n e v e r y i n s p e c t i o n . Where testing
requires dismantling, the i n s p e c t o r s h o u l d c o n s i d e r whether the risks a s s o c i a t e d w i t h
d i s m a n t l i n g a n d reassembling a r e j u s t i f i e d . Dismantling, a n d particularly d i s c o n n e c t i o n
of c a b l e s or components, i n t r o d u c e s a risk of u n s a t i s f a c t o r y reassembly.

However, while it is e a s y t o decide t h a t it is impractical to dismantle a n item of

equipment, or that risks c o u l d b e i n t r o d u c e d f r o m u n s a t i s f a c t o r y reassembly, this
should b e b a l a n c e d against the p o s s i b l e consequences of not d o i n g so, f o r example, in
f a i l i n g to i n s p e c t i n s i d e switchgear f o r signs of overheating. Where irreparable d a m a g e
w o u l d ensue f r o m inspection, f o r instance, i n l i f t i n g f l o o r t i l e s to inspect c a b l e s under
a floor, t h e decision not to i n s p e c t w o u l d b e justified. Where the decision is simply
a m a t t e r of a little extra w o r k o r inconvenience, f o r e x a m p l e , i n c a r r y i n g o u t a visual
inspection of c a b l e s in a d o m e s t i c d w e l l i n g l o f t void, it c o u l d b e d i f f i c u l t to justify.

3.3.2 Safety in inspection and testing

Safety issues i n general are outlined i n S e c t i o n 1. When carryingout periodic inspection and
testing, the inspector is advised to include the following considerations when developing
risk assessments, a n d test a n d inspection procedures for a particular installation:

(a) safety information in existing information a n d p r e v i o u s records for the installation;

(b) a n y e x i s t i n g risk a s s e s s m e n t s o r s a f e t y f i l e s held by t h e p e r s o n ordering the
work (for example, the h e a l t h a n d safety file r e q u i r e d by the Construction
(Design a n d Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM));
(c) information f r o m p r e - i n s p e c t i o n surveys; a n d
(d) the age of the installation, a n d probable p e r i o d since the last inspection a n d test.

I n s p e c t i o n a n d testing of e x i s t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s m a y involve unknowns, and those

c a r r y i n g out i n s p e c t i o n a n d testing should r e m a i n a l e r t t o the f a c t that they may
discover u n e x p e c t e d i s s u e s t h a t require d y n a m i c risk a s s e s s m e n t s to b e c o n d u c t e d a s
the inspections a n d tests progress.

3.3.3 Diverted neutral currents

Installations i n w h i c h P M E conditions a p p l y c a n c a r r y diverted neutral currents caused
by o p e n - c i r c u i t protective e a r t h a n d neutral (PEN) c o n d u c t o r faults. Diverted neutral
c u r r e n t s m a y also b e e x p e r i e n c e d i n i n s t a l l a t i o n s w h i c h s h a r e e x t r a n e o u s - c o n d u c t i v e -
p a r t s , such as c o n d u c t i v e gas or w a t e r s e r v i c e pipes, o r s t r u c t u r a l steelwork, with
i n s t a l l a t i o n s in w h i c h P M E conditions apply. As a safety p r e c a u t i o n f o r t h o s e c a r r y i n g out
inspection a n d testing, these types of installations should b e checked before inspection
a n d testing commences, to determine to i f diverted neutral currents a r e present.

A p p e n d i x E d e s c r i b e s a s a f e t y check p r o c e d u r e to i d e n t i f y d i v e r t e d n e u t r a l currents.

3.4 Design
341.1 W h e n c a r r y i n g o u t the design of a n installation, a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y when s p e c i f y i n g the
e q u i p m e n t , the designer s h o u l d t a k e into account the quality of t h e m a i n t e n a n c e t o
b e r e a s o n a b l y expected, i n c l u d i n g t h e f r e q u e n c y of routine checks and t h e p e r i o d
between subsequent inspections (supplemented, a s n e c e s s a r y , by testing).

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Information on the requirements for routine checks and inspections should b e

provided in accordance with Section 6 of t h e HSWA 1974 and as required by t h e
CDM Regulations. Dutyholders and users of premises should seek this information as
the basis on which to make their own assessments. The HSE advises in HSR25 that
practical experience of an installation's use may indicate the need for an adjustment to
the frequency of checks and inspections. This is a matter of judgement for the dutyholder.

BS 7 6 7 1 requires t h e designer of a n electrical installation to recommend t h e interval

to t h e first periodic inspection and insert the date of that recommendation o n t h e E1C.
However, as stated in Regulation 341 .1, wider consideration should b e given to the
expected maintainability of a n installation, and t h e client, and perhaps t h e installer,
should also b e involved, with t h e designer taking t h e advice of other relevant persons
into account. After the first, and further periodic inspections a n d tests, the inspector,
in conjunction with t h e client, taking into account the test results and the observations
found, will then advise on t h e period until the next inspection. Whatever inspection
and testing periods are decided u p o n must b e justifiable, as they may b e requested to
b e justified in t h e case of an accident or similar. It would not b e unreasonable for the
inspector to write supporting reasons for the period onto the inspection and test report.

3.5 Routine checks

Electrical installations should n o t b e left without any attention for t h e periods of years
that are normally allowed between formal inspections. In domestic premises, it is
presumed that the occupier will soon notice any breakages or excessive wear and
arrange for precautions t o b e taken and repairs to b e carried out.

Commercial and industrial installations come under the EAWR. For these installations,
formal arrangements are required for maintenance and interim routine checks (as well
as for periodic inspections); there should also b e the facility to receive wear-and-tear
reports f r o m users of the premises.

The frequency and t y p e of these routine checks will depend entirely u p o n the nature
of the premises and should b e set by the electrical dutyholder. Routine checks should
include t h e items listed in Table 3.1. Table 3.2 ( i n Section 3.7) provides guidance o n
the frequency for initial interval between inspections, which m a y need to b e increased
as an installation ages.

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▼ Table 3.1 Routine checks

Activity Check
Defects reports All reported defects have b e e n rectified

Inspection Look for:

(a) breakages
(b) wear/deterioration
(c) signs of overheating
(d) missing parts (covers, screws)
(e) loose fixings
Confirm:
(a) switchgear accessible (not obstructed)
(b) doors of enclosures secure
(c) adequate labelling in place

Operation Operate:
(a) switchgear (where reasonable)
(b) e q u i p m e n t - switch o n and off
(c) including RCDs (using test button)

Note that routine checks need not b e carried out by an electrically skilled person,
but should b e undertaken by somebody who is able to safely use t h e installation and
recognize defects.

There is a general ongoing requirement to manage health and safety at work, and
electrical safety is just one area of this. To ensure that regular routine checks are m a d e
o n the electrical installation, it may b e advantageous in larger premises to combine
these with other regular checks, such as emergency lighting a n d fire alarm inspections,
general fire safety inspections, emergency exit route inspections, and so on, o n security
patrols. A system to record obvious defects should b e implemented and a simple f o r m
is all that is needed.

3.6 Required information

It is essential that t h e inspector knows and agrees with the client the extent of t h e
installation to b e inspected and any criteria regarding t h e limit of t h e inspection. This
should b e recorded.

514.9 Enquiries should b e m a d e to t h e person responsible for the electrical installation with
regard to t h e provision of diagrams, design criteria, type of electricity supply (and any
alternative supply) and earthing arrangements.

Where they exist, diagrams, charts or tables should b e m a d e available to indicate t h e

type and composition of circuits and t h e identification of protective devices for shock
protection, isolation and switching, with a description of the method used for fault
protection. Unfortunately, most such records are not kept up-to-date w i t h modifications
made to the installation, and an inspector will initially need to verify the accuracy of
any such information provided.

Where there are n o records, in all but t h e simplest domestic installation, a n inspector
may first need to spend t i m e tracing installation systems and circuits and producing
basic drawings and schedules, before starting any inspection and testing work.

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3.7 Frequency of periodic inspections
644.4 The t i m e intervals between t h e recommended dates of periodic inspections and
653.4 testing require careful consideration. The date for t h e first periodic inspection and test
is required to b e considered and recommended by the installation designer, based o n
their design philosophy and maintenance advice f r o m other parties (Regulation 341.1).
The period for each subsequent periodic inspection is required to b e considered and
recommended by the inspector as part of carrying out a periodic inspection a n d test.
Regulations 644.4 and 653.4 requires the reason for selecting the interval between
the current inspection and the next periodic inspection to b e recorded on the EIC,
MEIWC o r EICR as relevant.

652.1 In advising the person ordering t h e work about t h e t i m e interval for t h e period for t h e
next recommended periodic inspection and test, t h e inspector is required to take into
consideration t h e individual characteristics of t h e type of installation and equipment, its
condition, use and operation, any damage and deterioration, any known maintenance
and t h e external influences to which it is subjected. The results and recommendations
of any previous periodic inspection reports should also b e considered.

The suggested initial frequencies for inspection and testing given in Table 3.2 are
recommendations and not legal requirements. The period between subsequent
inspections may b e reduced, o r occasionally increased. It is the responsibility of the
person responsible for the electrical installation to determine when the next periodic
inspection is undertaken. In making this decision, they should take appropriate advice
f r o m specialists, where necessary, t o assessthe conditions affecting t h e installation that
might lead to defects, potential damage and/or deterioration that would affect safety.
Such advice m a y include routine checks, manufacturers' o r engineers' advice and
guidance, and periodic inspection and testing reports, with this information assisting
the person responsible for t h e electrical installation in determining t h e maintenance
plan for t h e installation. Over time, and with practical maintenance experience, it may
b e possible to extend periodic inspection and testing intervals if t h e results of routine
checks, inspections or tests show that few faults are found and that t h e installation
is not subject to excessive deterioration. However, if faults are common, it may b e
necessary t o reduce intervals or take other action to improve maintenance and reduce
risk. Routine checks and periodic inspection and testing by an inspector are only a
part of the requirement for maintenance; t h e person responsible for the electrical
installation has a continuing ongoing responsibility for the safety of an installation.

Note: Persons responsible for electrical installations are reminded of the requirements of
Regulation 4(2) of the EAWR. Undertaking routine inspection and testing of their
installationswill assist in meeting this duty.

The inspector, being a skilled person, should apply sound engineering judgement
and experience w h e n deciding u p o n t h e intervals between inspecting and testing
an installation based u p o n t h e criteria in Regulation 6 5 2 of BS 7671. It must also b e
noted that in the event of an accident or dangerous occurrence, t h e inspector may b e
required to justify their decision.

In t h e case of domestic and commercial premises, a change i n occupancy of the

premises may necessitate additional inspection and testing.

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651.1 The formal periodic inspection and testing should b e carried out in accordance with
Regulation 642, supplemented by tests as detailed in Regulation 643. This requires
an inspection comprising a detailed examination of the installation, carried o u t without
dismantling, or with partial dismantling as required, together with the appropriate tests
of Regulation 643 as required to comply with Regulation 651.2.

652.2 Where there is an effective management system in place for inspection and preventative
maintenance of the installation (for example, where there are competent permanent
on-site maintenance staff), periodic inspection and testing can b e replaced by an
adequate regime of continuous monitoring and maintenance of the installation and its
constituent equipment. However, appropriate records must b e maintained o n site to
show that a n inspection and preventative maintenance plan is in place and is being
adhered to.

Although periodic inspection a n d testing is primarily aimed at keeping an electrical

installation in a safe state, it can also have other financial benefits, such as identifying
possible upcoming equipment failures that could interrupt production, providing advice
o n energy saving, a n d reducing running costs. It must also b e noted that while this
Guidance Note is concerned with periodic inspection and testing for t h e maintenance
of safety of general electrical installations, there are other specialist parts of an electrical
installation, such as plant controls, fire alarms and emergency lighting, that also require
separate periodic inspection and testing by specialists for t h e maintenance of safety.

▼ Table 3.2 Recommended initial frequencies of inspection of electrical installations

Type of installation Routine check (see Maximum initial Notes

Section 3.5) period between
inspections and
testing (Note 8)
General installation

Domestic accommodation: — Change of

general occupancy/10 years

Domestic accommodation: 1 year 5 years 1,2, 10, 12

rented houses a n d flats

Residential accommodation 1 year 5 years 1 , 2 , 10, 11

(HMOs): halls of residence,
nurses' accommodation, etc.

Commercial 1 year 5 years 1 , 2 , 3, 4

Educational establishments 6 months 5 years 1,2, 6

Industrial 1 year 3 years 1,2

Offices 1 year 5 years 1,2

Shops 1 year 5 years 1,2

Laboratories 1 year 5 years 1,2

Medical locations (see Appendix 11 t o the IET Guide to Electrical Installations in

Medical Locations)

Hospitals a n d medical clinics: 1 year 5 years 1,2

Goup 0

Hospitals a n d medical clinics: 6 months 1 year 9

Group 1 a n d Group 2

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Type of installation Routine check (see Maximum initial Notes

Section 3.5) period between
inspections and
testing (Note 8)

Buildings open to the public

Cinemas 1 year 1 -3 years 2, 6

Church installations 1 year 5 years 2

Leisure complexes (excluding 1 year 3 years 1,2, 6

swimming pools)

Places of public entertainment 1 year 3 years 1,2, 6

Restaurants, hotels a n d 1 year 5 years 1,2, 6

short-term lets

Theatres 1 year 3 years 2, 6

Public houses 1 year 5 years 1,2, 6

Village halls/community 1 year 5 years 1 ,2

centres

Special and specific installations (see above for medical locations)

Agricultural and horticultural 1 year 3 years 1,2

Caravans 1 year 3 years 7, 12

Caravan parks 6 months 1 year 1 , 2 , 6 , 12

Highway power supplies as convenient 6 - 8 years

Marinas 4 months 1 year 1,2

Mobile a n d transportable units 13

according to Section 717 of
BS 7671
(a) Pre-delivery Prior to delivery, or 1 Prior to delivery,
year if in storage or 1 year if i n storage

(b) On-site/in-use On connection at site, On connection at site,

then dependent o n then dependent on
use use

Fish farms 4 months 1 year 1,2

Swimming pools 4 months 1 year 1,2,6

Emergency lighting daily/monthly 3 years 2, 3, 4

Fire alarms daily/weekly 1 year 2, 4, 5

Launderettes monthly 1 year 1,2, 6

Petrol filling stations 1 year 1 year 1,2, 6

Construction site installations 3 months 3 months 1,2

Notes:
1 Particular care m u s t b e taken t o comply w i t h t h e Electricity Safety, Quality a n d
Continuity Regulations (ESQCR) (as amended).
2 Regulation 4 of t h e E A W R a n d HSR25.
3 See BS 5266-1 : 2 0 1 6 Emergency lighting. Code o f practice for the emergency lighting of
premises a n d t h e IET Electrician's Guide to Emergency Lighting.
4 Other intervals are r e c o m m e n d e d f o r t e s t i n g operation of batteries and generators.
5 See BS 5839-1 : 2017 Fire detection and fire alarm systems for buildings. Code o f practice
for design, installation, commissioning and maintenance of systems in non-domestic
premises and the IET Electrician's Guide to Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems.
6 Local Authority conditions of licence. There is specific legislation listed i n BS 7 6 7 1
relating to cinemas a n d theatres.
7 It is r e c o m m e n d e d that a caravan is inspected a n d tested every three years, w i t h this
period reduced t o every year if it is used frequently (see Regulation 721.514.1 and Fig 721
(Instructions for electricity supply)).

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8 The person carrying out subsequent inspections may recommend that the interval between
future inspections be increased or decreased as a result of the findings of their inspection.
9 Medical locations shall have their isolating transformer equipment inspected and tested
for functionality, as well as alarms, etc. Every third year the output leakage current of the
IT isolating equipment shall be measured. Measurements to verify that the resistance
of the supplementary equipotential bonding is within the limits stipulated by Regulation
710.415.2.2 should be carried out annually. In addition, in Group 2 Medical locations
complete functional tests of the insulation monitoring devices (IMDs) associated with
the medical IT system including insulation failure, transformer high temperature,
overload, discontinuity and the audible/visual alarms linked to them should be
conducted annually.
10 The Landlord and Tenant Act 1985 requires that properties under the Act have their
services maintained. Periodic inspection and testing is the lET's recognized method of
demonstrating this.
1H The Management of Houses in Multiple Occupation (England) Regulations and the
Management of Houses in Multiple Occupation (Wales) Regulations.
12 The Electrical Safety Standards in the Private Rented Sector (England) Regulations 2020
requires landlords in the private rented sector in England to have a rental property
inspected and tested every five years and supply a copy of the report to the tenant
within 28 days. Any remedial works or further investigation must be completed within
2 8 days, and confirmation provided in writing to the tenant, and local authority if
required, within 28 days of completion of this work. There are similar requirements in all
devolved nations, and guidance is available on the relevant Government website.
13 Mobile and transportable units should be inspected and tested at least every
12 months. Mobile and transportable units that are connected to an independent source
of electricity at site should be inspected and tested on connection. In use, mobile and
transportable units should be at periods suitable for the environment in which it is
being used, for example every three months in a construction site environment, up to a
maximum of 12 months between inspection and testing.

Any landlord (of an H M O or other occupancy) may b e considered to have duties under
the EAWRdue to their responsibilities under Section 3 of t h e HSWA 1974 (relating, for
example, to the c o m m o n areas of a set of flats). In Scotland, the private rented sector
has legal requirements to maintain the electrical installation. Landlords are required by
law to ensure that the electrical installation in a rented property is safe w h e n tenants
m o v e in and is maintained in a safe condition throughout its duration and that an H M O
has a periodic inspection carried o u t o n the property every five years.

(The definition of a H M O is difficult, but it hinges o n whether the persons living i n

the house are related - as in a large family residence - or completely separate, as in
a block of flats.)

3.8 Requirements for periodic inspection and testing

3.8.1 Process: prior to carrying out inspection and testing
Prior to carryingout t h e inspection, the inspector will need to meet with the client o r
the client's representative to agree the scope a n d nature of t h e work required and the
programme and to highlight likely items that require isolation.

Consultation with t h e client or t h e client's representative prior to t h e periodic

inspection and testing work being carried out is essential t o determine the access and
any disruption to the normal work in the premises. The inspector will also n e e d to
ascertain, and b e appraised of, particular health and safety requirements (as dangerous
processes may b e being carried out), security and access and fire safety requirements,
a n d to determine the degree of electrical disconnection that will b e acceptable. To
assist with the planning of the detailed inspection and testing, any existing drawings,
schedules and documentation of t h e installation should b e available; some initial

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validation of these will b e necessary. In addition, the extent of previous maintenance
a n d routine tests, along with documentation including t h e original design a n d E I C , a n d
certificates for any other electrical works that have b e e n carried out in the premises, if
available, should b e provided to the inspector.

For safety, it is necessary to carry out a visual inspection of t h e installation before

testing or opening enclosures, removing covers, etc. So far as is reasonably practicable,
t h e visual inspection must verify that the safety of persons, livestock and property is
not endangered.

3.8.2 General procedure

Note: The following advice is not applicable to domestic or simple installations, as the extent
and method of inspection and testing is rudimentary in such installations compared
with more complex installations.

Although there are various approaches to carrying out inspection and testing, one
suggested method is to first obtain an overview of the installation, ideally f r o m
diagrams a n d charts, as well as from a simple 'walk-round' survey prior to starting the
full inspection. This will enable the inspector to b e able to plan the inspection and to
identify items that require isolation, etc. M o s t importantly, this initial survey will enable
the inspector to set sample sizes, (see Section 3.8.3).

651.1 Where diagrams, charts or tables are not available, a degree of exploratory work may
b e necessary so that inspection and testing can be carried out safely and effectively;
this may include a survey to identify switchgear, controlgear and the circuits they control.

Indeed, for m o r e involved installations without design information, such as, diagrams
or charts, t h e client should b e advised that such diagrams require producing in order
to plan and conduct the inspection and testing. Alternatively, where the inspector
considers that it is safe to proceed, the inspection can commence, but may b e limited to
visual inspection. The production of diagrams and charts can be called for on the EICR.

651.2 Note should b e m a d e of any k n o w n changes in environmental conditions or building

structure, and of any additions or alterations. The inspector may need to consider
whether such changes have affected t h e suitability of wiring systems and other
equipment f o r t h e i r present load, location, and m e t h o d of installation.

During t h e inspection, opportunity should b e taken to identify dangers that might arise
during t h e testing. Any location and equipment for which safety precautions may b e
necessary should b e noted and the appropriate steps taken.

A thorough inspection should b e made of all electrical equipment that is not concealed,
and should include the accessible internal condition of a sample of the equipment.
The external condition should b e noted and, if damage is identified or if the degree of
protection has been impaired, this should b e recorded o n t h e Schedule of Inspections
appended to the Report. The inspection should include a check o n t h e condition of
electrical equipment and material, taking into account any available manufacturer's
information, with regard to the following:

(a) safety;
(b) age;
(c) damage and defects;
(d) corrosion and external influence®;

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(e) overloading (signs of);

(f) wear a n d tear a n d environment;
(g) change i n u s e o f t h e l o c a t i o n i n w h i c h it i s i n s t a l l e d ; a n d
(h) suitability f o r continued use.

T h e a s s e s s m e n t o f c o n d i t i o n s h o u l d t a k e a c c o u n t o f k n o w n changes i n conditions
influencing a n d a f f e c t i n g e l e c t r i c a l safety, f o r example, plumbing o r s t r u c t u r a l changes.

W h e r e parts of a n electrical installation are excluded f r o m t h e s c o p e of a periodic

inspection a n d test, they should b e identified in the 'Extent a n d limitations' section of
t h e Report.

Periodic inspection a n d testing should b e u n d e r t a k e n i n such a w a y as to minimize

d i s t u r b a n c e of t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n a n d i n c o n v e n i e n c e t o the user. Where it i s n e c e s s a r y
t o d i s c o n n e c t p a r t o r t h e w h o l e of a n i n s t a l l a t i o n i n o r d e r to c a r r y o u t a test, the
disconnection should b e made at a time a g r e e d with the user a n d f o r the minimum
p e r i o d n e e d e d to carryout the test. Where m o r e than o n e test necessitates a disconnection,
where possible, these tests should b e made during one disconnection period.

643.3.2 A c a r e f u l c h e c k s h o u l d b e m a d e of t h e t y p e of e q u i p m e n t o n site s o t h a t t h e n e c e s s a r y
p r e c a u t i o n s c a n b e taken, w h e r e c o n d i t i o n s r e q u i r e , t o d i s c o n n e c t o r s h o r t - o u t
electronic a n d other equipment t h a t might b e damaged by testing. Special c a r e must
b e taken w h e r e control a n d protective devices contain electronic c o m p o n e n t s .

3.8.3 Setting inspection and testing samples

T h e i n s p e c t o r m u s t b e f a m i l i a r w i t h s e t t i n g b o t h i n s p e c t i o n a n d t e s t i n g s a m p l e sizes,
a s c a r r y i n g o u t 100 7o inspection o r testing i n a n e l e c t r i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n is unrealistic
a n d unachievable h o w e v e r m a y be a c h i e v a b l e f o r d e f i n e d p a r t s of it. Information is
p r o v i d e d i n this s e c t i o n a n d i n t h e relevant s a m p l i n g table, Table 3 . 3 .

As pointed o u t in S e c t i o n 3.8.3, o n e r e c o m m e n d e d p r o c e d u r e i s f o r the inspector

t o carry o u t a n initial w a l k - r o u n d s u r v e y t o e s t a b l i s h initial s a m p l e sizes a t v a r i o u s
p o i n t s throughout the installation. T h e detailed inspection is then s t a r t e d a n d the
s a m p l e size i s a d j u s t e d upwards i f necessary, depending u p o n the results obtained.
W h e r e practicable, s a m p l e s s h o u l d b e selected t h a t are representative of t h e w h o l e
installation. Parts of the i n s t a l l a t i o n that, in the i n s p e c t o r ' s experience, a r e m o r e likely
to be p r o b l e m a t i c , s h o u l d b e p r i o r i t i z e d .

Discussions of s a m p l i n g a n d s a m p l e size selection a r e generally s i m p l i f i e d and tend to

b e r a t h e r simplistic, while in practice, m a t t e r s a r e usually quite different. As discussed
previously, a n initial s u r v e y of t h e p r e m i s e s m u s t b e c a r r i e d o u t ; i t i s r e a s o n a b l y likely,
a s with m o s t buildings, t h a t different things will have been done to it a t v a r i o u s t i m e s
in i t s life. It m a y b e n e c e s s a r y to t a k e separate s a m p l e s of the s a m e thing indifferent
areas. For e x a m p l e , i n a f a c t o r y , t h e c o n d i t i o n o f a f l u o r e s c e n t l u m i n a i r e installation i n
the o f f i c e a r e a i s unlikely to b e representative of the condition of a f l u o r e s c e n t luminaire
i n s t a l l a t i o n in t h e production area, even if they a r e the s a m e type of luminaire.

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 Inspectors will require all of their experience in setting sample locations and sizesand
should consider:

(a) t h e approximate age and probable condition of the electrical installation in the
area being inspected;
(b) any electrical installation work carried out since the last inspection and test;
(c) any differences in the installation in the area (part of it may have been
refurbished or taken from another area);
(d) the type a n d usage of the installation o r part thereof in that area (part of it may
have b e e n used for another purpose previously);
(e) the ambient environmental conditions in t h e area and any differences in t h e
ambient environmental conditions over the area;
(f) the apparent effectiveness of ongoing maintenance, if any;
(g) the period of t i m e elapsed since previous inspection/testing;
(h) the size of the installation and any differences i n the ambient environmental
conditions over the area;
(i) consultation with the installation owner; and
(j) the quality of records such as EICs, MElWCs, previous periodic inspection
reports, maintenance records, site plans/drawings and data sheets relating to
installed equipment.

It should b e noted that the initial sample size is based only o n a visual pre-inspection
and consultation of records. Further, what may at first appear to b e good, for example,
the quality of maintenance, may turn o u t to b e poor during the detailed inspection
and testing.

In determining the sample size, it should b e noted that the minimum population size
to get meaningful results is 1 0 0 according to statistical sampling theory. That means
that inspection and testing as a whole, should cover at least 100 points on electrical
equipment. The term electrical equipment is defined in BS 7671 as follows:

El lectrica! e q u i p m e n t ( a b b r : Equipment). Any item for such purposes as generation,

conversion, transmission, distribution o r utilization of electrical energy, such as
machines, transformers, apparatus, measuring instruments, protective devices, wiring
systems, accessories, appliances and luminaires.

For very small installations such as those in some domestic premises, this principle is
likely to m e a n that most electrical equipment forming part of the fixed installation is
inspected a n d tested as appropriate. For example, a small domestic installation may
only have four circuits each with less than ten accessories connected; t h e total number
of items of electrical equipment, including the consumer unit and circuit wiring, is likely
to b e well under 100, and, because it is practicable, all items are likely to b e included
in the inspection and test. There should certainly b e n o sample of circuits made in
such premises.

In larger installations, such as those in commercial or industrial premises, it is

recommended to change t h e sample to b e inspected and/or tested between periodic
inspection and test visits. To facilitate this, the specific equipment sampled should b e
clearly identified in t h e records. If this is not done, due t o large population sizes f r o m
which samples are taken, it is possible that some parts of t h e installation would rarely,
if ever, b e inspected and/or tested.

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▼ Figure 3.1 Suggested procedure for setting a n d adjusting sample sizes

periodic
verification
required

conduct pre
inspection survey
and establish sample
size

select samples for inspection

and testing based on sample
size, avoiding previously
select samples for information
selected samples where
inspection and available on yes
appropriate
testing based on samples previously
sample size selected?
concentrate on circuits and
equipment most likely to show
defects

carry out
inspection and
testing on
samples selected

increase sample
intermediate/poor/ size or discuss
good results indeterminate results with client
status of results whether more
in-depth
investigation is
necessary

no sample size to be
increased?

yes

final report

Where the inspection or testing of a sample yields poor or unacceptable results, this
would suggest that similar problems might exist elsewhere in uninspected or untested
items. The inspector will t h e n need either to increase the sampling or refer back to
the client; it may b e that the inspector recommends that 100 °/otesting is carried o u t
in that area.

The principle of this is indicated in Figure 3.1.

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 As an example, consider the testing of final circuits at a distribution board with a
sample size of 10 7o of the lighting circuits. Suppose that more than one of these
circuits was found to have an unacceptably high earth fault loop impedance (EFLI),
with a relatively low EFLIatthe incoming terminals to the distribution board itself, and
that there were no apparent factors to suggest why the final circuit values were high.
It would be remiss to complete the EICRby using just this 10 7o sample and stating
that improvements were required for these circuits. It would be far more appropriate
to increase the sample size or to recommend that all circuits at the distribution board
were tested, based on the initial findings.

If relatively small sample sizes are chosen, it is important that these are representative
of the complete installation. Similarly, if a repeat periodic inspection is undertaken
using a sampling system, then a different sample, again representative of the complete
installation, must be chosen. Therefore, previous periodic inspection and test records
should be consulted prior to commencement of a sample inspection and test.
Suggested sample sizes for visual inspections are provided in Table 3.3; suggested
sample sizes for testing are discussed in Section 3.10.1 of this Guidance Note and in
Table 3.4.

V T a b l e 3 . 3 Range of samples for inspection

Item Suggested minimum Typical checks

sample size (notes 1, 2)

Main switchgear external 100% Signs of damage,

inspection overheating or ageing

Main switchgear internal Ideally 100 % but not less Signs of overheating, ageing,
sections and cable than 2 0 % (note 2) check tightness of terminals
terminations

Main switchgear internal Ideally 1 0 0 % b u t n o t less Signs of overheating, ageing,

inspection of circuit-breaker than 2 0 % check tightness of terminals
connections a n d control
sections

Final circuit distribution Ideally 100 % but not less Signs of overheating, ageing,
boards than 25 % (note 4) check tightness of terminals

Final circuit accessories B e t w e e n 1 0 % to 1 0 0 % Damage, signs of

(note 3). Samples selected overheating
should cover all final circuits
in small installations.

Earthing and protective 100% Presence of conductors and

bonding conductors tightness of
terminations

Notes:
1 Where t h e inspection o f a sample yields p o o r or unacceptable results, this w o u l d
suggest that similar problems m a y exist elsewhere i n t h e uninspected items. T h e
inspector will n e e d either t o increase t h e sampling or refer back t o t h e client; it m a y b e
that t h e inspector r e c o m m e n d s that 1 0 0 % inspection is carried o u t i n that area.
2 1 0 0 % where practicable.
3 Generally, it is less appropriate to apply small sample sizing to the inspection of
socket-outlets compared w i t h samples for lighting, as i t is m o r e likely that user
e q u i p m e n t will b e hand-held presenting a greater risk for potential electric shock.
4 D o not 'sample samples', resulting in a very l o w overall sampled installation. Samples
m u s t b e representative. If i t is decided t o sample, for example, sub-main cables at
10 7o,then further sampling should not b e applied to t h e final circuit distribution boards
o n these circuits.
5 One easy way t o remember sampling is to reflect o n the fact that where just 1 0 % of final
circuits have b e e n inspected, this actually means that 9 0 % have not b e e n inspected.

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Whenever samples are taken, and whatever sample size is utilized, the inspector must
remember that t h e requirement of the Report is to say whether or not t h e electrical
installation being inspected (subject t o any agreed limitations) is suitable or not for
continued use. The inspector m u s t carry out sufficient inspection and testing to allow
t h e m to make that judgement, i n many dwellings and smaller commercial installations,
sampling would b e largely inappropriate and should never o m i t entire circuits.

3.9 Periodic inspection

3.9.1 Example checklist of items that require inspection

Appx6 The following is a copy of the checklist in Appendix 6 of BS 7671, which lists items at
various locations within a n installation that may require inspection. The items in this
checklist are examples; t h e list is not exhaustive.

ELECTRICAL INTAKE EQUIPMENT (VISUAL INSPECTION ONLY)

Where inadequacies in intake equipment are encountered, it is recommended that
the person ordering t h e report informs the appropriate authority.
• Service cable
• Service head
• Earthing arrangements (where provided, for example TN-C-S and TN-S
systems, b u t not TT systems)
• Meter tails (on both supplier and consumer side of the meter)
• Metering equipment
• Isolator (where present)
Note: It is important for the inspector to provide information about inadequacies with
electrical intake equipment, along with any recommendation to inform the relevant
authority, to the person ordering the report, in writing to cover liability.
PRESENCE OF ADEQUATE ARRANGEMENTS FOR PARALLEL O R SWITCHED
ALTERNATIVE SOURCES
• Adequate arrangements where a generating set operates as a switched
alternative to t h e public supply (551.6)
• Adequate arrangements where a generating set operates in parallel with t h e
public supply (551.7)
AUTOMATIC DISCONNECTION OF SUPPLY
• Main earthing bonding arrangements (411.3; Chap 54)
1 Presence of distributor's earthing arrangement (542.1.2.1; 542.1.2.2), or
presence of installation earth electrode arrangement (542.1.2.3)
2 Adequacy of earthing conductor size (542.3; 543.1.1)
3 Adequacy of earthing conductor connections (542.3.2)
4 Accessibility of earthing conductor connections (543.3.2)
5 Adequacy of main protective bonding conductor sizes (544.1)
6 Adequacy and location of m a i n protective bonding conductor connections
(543.3.2; 544.1.2)
7 Accessibility of all protective bonding connections (543.3.2)
8 Provision of earthing/bonding labels at all appropriate locations (514.13)
• FELV- requirements satisfied (411.7; 411.7.1)

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OTHER METHODS O F PROTECTION (where any of the methods listed below are
employed details should b e provided o n separate pages)
• Non-conducting location (418.1)
• Earth-free local equipotential bonding (418.2)
• Electrical separation (Section 413; 418.3)
• Double insulation (Section 412)
• Reinforced insulation (Section 412)
DISTRIBUTION EQUIPMENT
• Adequacy of working space/accessibility to equipment (132.12; 513.1)
• Security of fixing (134.1.1)
• Condition of insulation of live parts (416.1)
• Adequacy/security of barriers (416.2)
• Condition of enclosure(s) in terms of fire rating etc (; 421 .1.6; 421.1.201 ; 526.5)
• Enclosure not damaged/deteriorated so as to impair safety (651.2)
• Presence and effectiveness of obstacles (417.2)
• Components are suitable according to manufacturers' assembly instructions or
literature (536.4.203)
• Presence of main switches), linked where required (462.1; 462.1.201; 462.2)
• Operation o f main switches) (functional check) (643.10)
• Manual operation of circuit-breakers, RCDs and AFDDsto prove functionality (643.10)
• Confirmation that integral test button/switch causes RCD(s) to trip when
operated (functional check) (643.10)
• RCD(s) provided for fault protection, where specified (411.4.204; 411.5.2; 531.2)
• RCD(s) provided for additional protection, where specified (411.3.3; 415.1)
• Confirmation overvoltage protection (SPDs) provided where specified
(534.4.1.1)
• Presence of RCD six-monthly test notice where required (514.12.2)
• Presence of diagrams, charts or schedules at or near equipment, where
required (514.9.1)
• Presence of alternative supply warning notice, where required (514.15)
Labels for multiple supplies should b e provided at:
1 The origin
2 The meter position, if remote f r o m origin
3 The distribution board to which the alternative/additional sources are
connected
4 All points of isolation of ALL sources of supply
• Presence of next inspection recommendation label (514.12.1)
• Presence of other required labelling (Section 514)
• Selection of protective device(s) and base(s); correct t y p e and rating (411.3.2;
411.4,.5, .6; Sections 432, 433, 434)
• Single-pole protective devices in line conductors only (132.14.1, 530.3.2; 643.6)
• Protection against mechanical damage where cables enter equipment
(522.8.1; 522.8.5; 522.8.11)
• Protection against electromagnetic effects where cables enter ferromagnetic
enclosures (521.5.1)
Confirmation that ALL conductor connections, including connections to busbars, are
correctly located in terminals and are tight and secure (526.1)
The use of individual components in a distribution board or consumer unit
assembly complying with their respective product standard(s) does not indicate
their compatibility when installed with other components in an LV switchgear and
controlgear assembly.

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Incorporated components inside the assembly can be f r o m different manufacturers.

It is essential that all incorporated components have their compatibility for the
final enclosed arrangements verified by t h e original manufacturer of the assembly
and are assembled i n accordance with their instructions, for example, those of the
consumer unit or distribution board manufacturer. The original manufacturer is
t h e organization that carried out t h e original design and t h e associated verification
of the LV switchgear and controlgear assembly to the relevant part of the BS EN
61439 series. If an assembly deviates from its original manufacturer's instructions, or
includes components n o t included in t h e original verification, the person introducing
the deviation becomes the original manufacturer, with the corresponding obligations.
The inspector may wish to note such assemblies for further investigation.
Consumer unit standards have also evolved over the years to provide co-ordinated
'conditional ratings'.
1 BS 5486-13: 1979 had a 6 kA, 10 kA, o r 16 kA conditional rating as part
of a British Standard. The inspector therefore needs to check t h e label or
instructions for CM6, CM10 or CM16.
2 BS 5486-13: 1989 had a 16 kA conditional rating as part of a British
Standard. BS 5486-13 was withdrawn and replaced by B S E N 60439-3: 1991.
3 BS EN 60439-3: 1991 had UK National deviation Annex ZA 16 kA
conditional rating. B S E N 60439-3: 1991 was withdrawn and replaced by
BS EN 60439-3: 2012.
4 BS EN 61439-3: 2012 has UK National deviation Annex ZB 16 kA
conditional rating.
5 BS EN 61439-3: 2012 (incorporating corrigenda September 2013 a n d
December 2015) is the only current version for new installations, but the
older equipment may still b e in use in installations.
DISTRIBUTION CIRCUITS
• Identification of conductors (514.3.1)
• Cables correctly supported throughout their run (521.10.202; 522.8.5)
• Condition of insulation of live parts (416.1)
• Non-sheathed cables protected by enclosure in conduit, ducting or trunking
(521.10.1)
• Suitability of containment systems for continued use (including flexible
conduit) (Section 522)
• Cables correctly terminated i n enclosures (Section 526)
• Confirmation that ALL conductor connections, including connections to
busbars, are correctly located in terminals and are tight and secure (526.1)
• Examination of cables for signs of unacceptable thermal or mechanical
damage/deterioration (421 .1 ; 522.6)
• Adequacy of cables for current-carrying capacity with regard for the type and
nature of installation (Section 523)
• Adequacy of protective devices: type and rated current for fault protection (411.3)
• Presence and adequacy of circuit protective conductors (411 .3.1.1; 543.1 )
• Coordination between conductors and overload protective devices (433.1 ; 533.2.1)
• Cable installation methods/practices w i t h regard to the type and nature of
installation and external influences (Section 522)
• Where exposed to direct sunlight, cable of a suitable type (522.11.1)
• Cables concealed under floors, above ceilings, in walls/partitions less than
5 0 m m f r o m a surface, and in partitions containing metal parts
1 installed in prescribed zones (see Section D. Extent and limitations)
(522.6.202) or

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2 incorporating earthed armour or sheath, o r run within earthed wiring

system, o r otherwise protected against mechanical damage by nails,
screws and t h e like (see Section D. Extent and limitations) (522.6.204)
• Provision of fire barriers, sealing arrangements and protection against thermal
effects (Section 527)
• Band II cables segregated/separated f r o m Band I cables (528.1)
• Cables segregated/separated f r o m non-electrical services (528.3)
• Condition of circuit accessories (651.2)
• Suitability o f circuit accessories for external influences (512.2)
• Single-poleswitchingor protective devices in line conductors only (132.14.1 ;530.3.3)
• Adequacy of connections, including cpcs, within accessories and to fixed
and stationary equipment - identify/ record numbers and locations of items
inspected (Section 526)
• Presence, operation and correct location of appropriate devices for isolation
and switching (Chapter 46; Section 5 3 7 )
• General condition of wiring systems (651.2)
• Temperature rating of cable insulation (522.1.1; Table 52.1)
FINAL CIRCUITS
• Identification of conductors (514.3.1)
• Cables correctly supported throughout their run (521.10.202; 522.8.5)
• Condition of insulation of live parts (416.1)
• Non-sheathed cables protected by enclosure in conduit, ducting or trunking (521.10.1 )
• Suitability of containment systems for continued use (including flexible
conduit) (Section 522)
• Adequacy of cables for current-carrying capacity with regard for the t y p e and
nature of installation (Section 523)
• Adequacy of protective devices: type and rated current for fault protection (411.3)
• Presence and adequacy of circuit protective conductors (411.3.1.1; 543.1)
• Co-ordination between conductors and overload protective devices (433.1 ; 533.2.1 )
• Wiring system(s) appropriate for the t y p e and nature of t h e installation and
external influences (Section 522)
• Cables concealed under floors, above ceilings, in walls/partitions, adequately
protected against damage (522.6.201; 522.6.202; 522.6.203; 522.6.204)
1 installed in prescribed zones (see Section D. Extent and limitations)
(522.6.202)
2 incorporating earthed armour or sheath, o r run within earthed wiring
system, or otherwise protected against mechanical damage by nails,
screws and t h e like (see Section D. Extent and limitations) (522.6.201;
522.6.204)
• Provision of additional protection by 3 0 m A RCD
1 *for all socket-outlets of rating 3 2 A or less unless a documented risk
assessment confirms an RCD is not necessary (411.3.3)
2 *for the supply of mobile equipment not exceeding 3 2 A rating for use
outdoors (411.3.3)
3 *for cables concealed in walls at a depth of less than 5 0 m m (522.6.202;
522.6.203)
4 *for cables concealed i n walls/partitions containing metal parts regardless
of depth (522.6.203)
5 *for final circuits supplying luminaires within dwellings (411.3.4)
• Suitability of equipment in terms of IP and fire ratings (416.2; 421.1; 421. 1.201; 526.5)
• Enclosurenot damaged/deteriorated during installation so as to impair safety (134.1.1)
• Provision of fire barriers, sealing arrangements and protection against thermal
effects (Section 527)

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• Band II cables segregated/separated f r o m Band I cables (528.1)

• Cables segregated/separated f r o m non-electrical services (528.3)
• Termination of cables at enclosures - identify/record numbers a n d locations
of items inspected (Section 526)
1 Connections under no undue strain (526.6)
2 N o basic insulation of a conductor visible outside enclosure (526.8)
3 Connections of live conductors adequately enclosed (526.5)
4 Adequately connected at point of entry to enclosure (glands, bushes etc.)
(522.8.5)
• Condition of accessories including socket-outlets, switches and joint boxes (651.2)
• Suitability of accessories for external influences (512.2)
• Single-poleswitchingor protective devices in line conductors only (132.14.1;530.3.3)
Note: *Older installations designed prior to BS 7671:2018 may not have been provided
with RCDsfor additional protection.
ISOLATION AND SWITCHING
• Isolators (Sections 460; 537)
1 Presence and condition of appropriate devices (462; 537.2.7)
2 Acceptable location - state if local or remote f r o m equipment in question
(Section 462; 537.2.7)
3 Capable o f being secured in the OFF position (462.3)
4 Correct operation verified (643.10)
5 Clearly identified by position and/or durable marking (537.2.6)
6 Warning notice posted in situation where live parts cannot b e isolated by
t h e operation of a single device (514.11.1:537.1.2)
• Switching off for mechanical maintenance (Section 464; 537.3.2)
1 Presence and condition of appropriate devices (464.1; 537.3.2)
2 Acceptable location - state if local o r remote f r o m equipment in question
(Section 462; 537.2.7)
3 Capable of being secured in t h e OFF position (462.3)
4 Correct operation verified (functional check) (643.10)
5 Clearly identified by position and/or durable marking (537.3.2.4)
• Emergency switching/stopping (465; 537.3.3)
1 Presence and condition of appropriate devices (465.1; 537.3.3)
2 Readily accessible for operation where danger might occur (537.3.3.6)
3 Correct operation verified (643.10)
4 Clearly identified by position and/or durable marking (537.3.3.6)
• Functional switching (463.1; 537.3.1)
1 Presence of appropriate devices (537.3.1.1; 537.3.1.2)
2 Correct operation verified (537.3.1.1; 537.3.1.2; 643.10)
CURRENT-USING EQUIPMENT (PERMANENTLY CONNECTED)
• Suitability for t h e environment and external influences (512.2)
• Security of fixing (134.1.1)
• Cable entry holes in ceilings above luminaires, sized or sealed so as to restrict
the spread of fire (527.2)
• Provision of undervoltage protection, where specified (Section 445)
• Provision of overload protection, where specified (Section 433; 552.1)
• Recessed luminaires (downlighters)
1 Correct t y p e of lamps fitted (559.3.1)
2 Installed to minimize build-up of heat (421.1.2; 559.4.1)
• Adequacy of working space/accessibility to equipment (132.12; 513.1)

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PART 7 SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS OR LOCATIONS

• If any special installations o r locations are present, list t h e particular
inspections applied.
Where Special Installations or Locations relating to a particular Section of Part 7, an
additional inspection schedule ) should b e provided on separate pages.

3.10 Periodic testing

3.10.1 General

651.1 The periodic testing is supplementary to the inspection of the installation: see Section 3.8.1.

The same range and level of testing as for initial testing is not necessarily required, or
indeed possible, installations that have been previously tested and for which there are
comprehensive records of test results may not need the same degree of testing as
installations for which n o such records exist.

651.5 Periodic testing may cause danger if t h e correct procedures are not applied. Persons
carrying out periodic testing must b e competent in the use of t h e instruments
employed and have adequate knowledge and experience of the t y p e of installation
(see Section 3.8.1).

The inspector will n e e d t o set a sample size for testing. Notes o n the principle of this
are included in Section 3.8.3, which should b e studied together with the guidance o n
suggested tests in Table 3.4.

Where a sample test indicates results significantly different f r o m those previously

recorded, further investigation is necessary. In addition, if during t h e course of testing
a sample, significant errors are found that suggest that the same problems might exist
in untested items, the inspector should take appropriate action by either increasing
the sampling or by referring back to the client regarding t h e matter; it may b e that the
inspector recommends that 100 °/otesting is carried out in that area. This principle is
mentioned earlier, in Figure 3.1.

3.10.2 Tests to be made

651.2 The tests considered appropriate by t h e person carrying out the inspection should
b e carried out in accordance with t h e recommendations in Table 3.4 a n d considering
Section 3.8.1 to 3.8.3 of this Guidance Note.

See Section 2.6 of this Guidance Note for test methods, noting that alternative methods
m a y b e used, provided they give reliable results.

▼ Table 3.4 Testing t o b e carried o u t w h e r e practicable o n existing installations

(see Notes 1 and 2)

Test Recommendations _________________________ |

Continuity Accessible exposed-conductive-parts of current-using equipment and
of protective accessories (notes 4 a n d 5 )
conductors

Continuity (a) Main protective bonding conductors to

of bonding extraneous- conductive-parts
conductors (b) Supplementary bonding conductors

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Test Recommendations _______________________

Continuity of Where there are records o f previous tests, this test m a y n o t b e
ring final circuit necessary unless there m a y have been changes m a d e to t h e ring final
conductors circuit

Polarity At the following positions:

(a) origin of the installation
(b) distribution boards
(c) accessible socket-outlets
(d) extremity of radial circuits
(e) lighting circuits
Where there are records of previous tests, this test m a y not b e
necessary unless there m a y have been changes to the circuit.

EFLI At t h e following positions:

(a) origin of t h e installation
(b) distribution boards
(c) accessible socket-outlets
(d) extremity o f radial circuits

Insulation resist If tests are to b e m a d e :

ance (a) between live conductors (connected together, where
applicable) and Earth at main a n d final distribution boards
(note 6)

Earth electrode If tests are t o b e made:

resistance (a) test each earth electrode o r group of electrodes separately,
w i t h t h e test links removed, a n d with t h e installation
isolated f r o m t h e supply source

Functional tests

RCDs Tests as required b y Regulation 643.1, followed by operation of the

integral test button

Functional tests of Manual operation to confirm that t h e devices disconnect t h e supply,

circuit-breakers, including functional test of AFDDsthat have a test button, by pressing
isolators a n d t h e test button.
switching devices
a n d other functional
tests where
necessary

Notes:
1 The person carrying out t h e testing should decide which of the above tests are appropriate
by using their experience and knowledge of t h e installation being inspected and tested and
by consulting any available records (see Section 3.8.3 of this Guidance Note).
2 Where sampling is applied, t h e percentage u s e d is at t h e discretion of t h e inspector
(see Section 3.8.3 of this Guidance Note). A percentage of less t h a n 1 0 7o, or sampling
i n installations w i t h a sample population of less than 1 0 0 items of electrical equipment,
is inadvisable.
3 T h e tests n e e d n o t b e carried o u t i n t h e order s h o w n i n t h e table.
4 T h e EFLI test m a y b e used to confirm t h e continuity o f protective conductors at
socket-outlets and, w h e r e it is safe to d o so, at accessible exposed-conductive-parts of
current-using e q u i p m e n t a n d accessories.
5 Generally, accessibility m a y b e considered t o b e within 3 m f r o m t h e floor or f r o m
w h e r e a person can stand.
6 Where t h e circuit includes SPDs or other electronic devices that require a connection
to earth for functional purposes, these devices will require disconnecting t o avoid
influencing t h e test result and t o prevent t h e m being damaged.
7 Where an installation is fully loaded and the conductors are at their normal operating
temperatures, measured loop impedance values can b e directly compared with the
maximum values of EFLI set out in the tables in Chapter 41 of the Regulations. Loop
impedance data for unloaded conductors at 20 °C can b e found in t h e lET's On-Site Guide.

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8 Except at the origin of t h e installation, EFLI may b e determined by means other than
measurement (see Section 2.6.15).
9 See Section 2.6.24 w h e r e EFLI i s t o b e determined in installations with inverter supplies,
such as PEIs.
1 0 In some installations, it i s not always practicable to isolate the supply to certain parts of
the installation for t h e purposes of frequent periodic inspection a n d testing, for example
those supplying safety services. In these circumstances, s o m e information regarding t h e
state of insulation may b e obtained using a leakage current clamp meter (sometimes
called 'tong tester') - see Appendix C .

3.10.3 Additional notes on periodic testing

T h i s s e c t i o n p r o v i d e s s o m e n o t e s o n t h e practicalities o f c a r r y i n g out t h e p e r i o d i c t e s t s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h i n a n i n s t a l l a t i o n w h e r e o n l y p a r t i a l i s o l a t i o n is p r a c t i c a b l e .

a Continuity of protective earthing and bonding conductors, and

EFLItesting
If a n e l e c t r i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n i s i s o l a t e d f r o m t h e supply, it i s p e r m i s s i b l e to d i s c o n n e c t
p r o t e c t i v e e a r t h i n g a n d b o n d i n g c o n d u c t o r s f r o m t h e m a i n e a r t h i n g t e r m i n a l (MET) in
o r d e r to v e r i f y t h e i r c o n t i n u i t y .

W h e r e it i s not p r a c t i c a b l e t o i s o l a t e a n e l e c t r i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n f r o m t h e s u p p l y a t t h e
t i m e of t h e i n s p e c t i o n a n d t e s t i n g w o r k s , t h e p r o t e c t i v e e a r t h i n g o r b o n d i n g c o n d u c t o r s
s h o u l d not b e d i s c o n n e c t e d as, u n d e r f a u l t c o n d i t i o n s , t h e e x p o s e d - c o n d u c t i v e - p a r t s
a n d e x t r a n e o u s - c o n d u c t i v e - p a r t s c o u l d b e r a i s e d to a d a n g e r o u s v o l t a g e relative to
Earth potential. In addition, the measurement of EFLI at various parts of the installation is, for
practical reasons, carried out with the protective earthing a n d bonding conductors connected.

A convenient way to carry o u t t h e a b o v e p e r i o d i c tests i n a large installation c o u l d b e

to u s e t h e w a n d e r i n g l e a d m e t h o d t o test c o n t i n u i t y (see S e c t i o n 2.6.5, test m e t h o d
2), n o t i n g t h a t t h e c o n d u c t o r s were n o t d i s c o n n e c t e d f o r t h e s e tests, a n d to d i r e c t l y
m e a s u r e EFLI a t t h e s a m e t i m e . W i t h t h e e a r t h i n g a n d b o n d i n g c o n d u c t o r s c o n n e c t e d ,
t h e tests c o n f i r m c o n n e c t i o n , b u t not t h e c o n t i n u i t y of t h e c o n d u c t o r s i n v o l v e d .

Motor circuits
L o o p i m p e d a n c e tests o n m o t o r circuits c a n o n l y b e c a r r i e d o u t o n t h e s u p p l y s i d e of
isolated m o t o r controlgear. A continuity t e s t b e t w e e n t h e circuit protective c o n d u c t o r
(cpc) a n d the m o t o r i s t h e n n e c e s s a r y .

b Insulation resistance
I n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e tests s h o u l d b e m a d e o n electrically isolated circuits w i t h a n y
e l e c t r o n i c e q u i p m e n t t h a t might b e d a m a g e d by a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e test voltage
disconnected, o r o n l y a m e a s u r e m e n t t o protective earth m a d e , w i t h t h e live conductors
c o n n e c t e d together. It i s a d v i s e d to d i s c o n n e c t f u n c t i o n a l e a r t h c o n n e c t i o n s to
r e s i d u a l c u r r e n t d e v i c e s (RCDs) a n d r e s i d u a l c u r r e n t circuit-breakers (with overcurrent
protection) (RCBOs) w h e n c a r r y i n g o u t i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e tests, as it m a y o t h e r w i s e
i n f l u e n c e t h e results.

643.3 For m o s t installations, t h e m o s t p r a c t i c a l test i s a n i n s u l a t i o n r e s i s t a n c e test b e t w e e n

live c o n d u c t o r s (connected together) a n d e a r t h ; i n p r a c t i c e , t i m e d o e s not u s u a l l y
a l l o w f o r a line to n e u t r a l t e s t . W h e r e e q u i p m e n t i s i n s t a l l e d t h a t m a y b e s u s c e p t i b l e
to d a m a g e by a 5 0 0 V DC t e s t voltage, s u c h as e l e c t r o n i c c o n t r o l a n d m o n i t o r i n g
devices, R e g u l a t i o n 6 4 3 . 3 states t h a t t h e t e s t s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d w i t h a t e s t v o l t a g e
of 2 5 0 V DC.

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Test Recommendations
Continuity of Where there are records of previous tests, this test may not b e
ring final circuit necessary unless there m a y have been changes m a d e to the ring final
conductors circuit

Polarity At the following positions:

(a) origin o f t h e installation
(b) distribution boards
(c) accessible socket-outlets
(d) extremity of radial circuits
(e) lighting circuits
Where there are records of previous tests, this test m a y not b e
necessary unless there may have b e e n changes to t h e circuit

EFLI At t h e following positions:

(a) origin of t h e installation
(b) distribution boards
(c) accessible socket-outlets
(d) extremity o f radial circuits

Insulation resist If tests are to b e m a d e :

ance (a) between live conductors (connected together, where
applicable) and Earth at m a i n a n d final distribution boards
(note 6)

Earth electrode If tests are to b e m a d e :

resistance (a) test each earth electrode or group of electrodes separately,
with t h e test links removed, a n d w i t h t h e installation
isolated f r o m the supply source

Functional tests

RCDs Tests as required by Regulation 643.1, followed by operation of the

integral test button

Functional tests of Manual operation to confirm that t h e devices disconnect t h e supply,

circuit- breakers, including functional test of AFDDsthat have a test button, by pressing
isolators a n d the test button.
switching devices
and other functional
tests where
necessary

Notes:
1 The person carrying out the testing should decide which of the above tests are appropriate
by using their experience and knowledge of t h e installation being inspected and tested and
by consulting any available records (see Section 3.8.3 of this Guidance Note).
2 Where sampling is applied, t h e percentage used is at t h e discretion of t h e inspector
(see Section 3.8.3 of this Guidance Note). A percentage of less than 10 7o, or sampling
in installations w i t h a sample population of less than 1 0 0 items of electrical equipment,
is inadvisable.
3 The tests n e e d n o t b e carried o u t i n t h e order s h o w n i n t h e table.
4 The EFLI test m a y b e used t o c o n f i r m t h e continuity of protective conductors at
socket-outlets and, where i t is safe t o d o so, at accessible exposed-conductive-parts o f
current-using e q u i p m e n t a n d accessories.
5 Generally, accessibility m a y b e considered to b e within 3 m f r o m t h e floor o r f r o m
w h e r e a person can stand.
6 Where t h e circuit includes SPDs o r other electronic devices that require a connection
to earth for functional purposes, these devices will require disconnecting t o avoid
influencing t h e test result a n d to prevent t h e m b e i n g damaged.
7 Where an installation is fully loaded and t h e conductors are at their normal operating
temperatures, measured loop impedance values can b e directly compared with t h e
maximum values of EFLI set out in t h e tables in Chapter 41 of the Regulations. Loop
impedance data for unloaded conductors at 20 °C can b e found in the lET's On-Site Guide.

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8 Except at the origin of the installation, EFLI may be determined by means other than
measurement (see Section 2.6.15).
9 See Section 2.6.24 where EFLI is to be determined in installations with inverter supplies,
such as PEIs.
1 0 In some installations, it is not always practicable to isolate the supply to certain parts of
the installation for the purposes of frequent periodic inspection and testing, for example
those supplying safety services. In these circumstances, some information regarding the
state of insulation may be obtained using a leakage current clamp meter (sometimes
called 'tong tester') - see Appendix C.

3.10.3 Additional notes on periodic testing

This section provides s o m e notes o n t h e practicalities of carrying o u t the periodic tests,
particularly within an installation where only partial isolation is practicable.

a Continuity of protective earthing and bonding conductors, and

EFLItesting
If an electrical installation is isolated from t h e supply, it is permissible to disconnect
protective earthing and bonding conductors from the main earthing terminal (MET) in
order to verify their continuity.

Where it is not practicable to isolate an electrical installation from t h e supply at t h e

t i m e of the inspection and testing works, t h e protective earthing or bonding conductors
should not b e disconnected as, under fault conditions, t h e exposed-conductive-parts
and extraneous-conductive-parts could b e raised to a dangerous voltage relative to
Earth potential. In addition, the measurement of EFLI at various parts of the installation is, for
practical reasons, carried out with the protective earthing and bonding conductors connected.

A convenient way to carry o u t t h e above periodic tests i n a large installation could b e

to use the wandering lead m e t h o d to test continuity (see Section 2.6.5, test method
2), noting that t h e conductors were not disconnected for these tests, and to directly
measure EFLI at t h e same time. With t h e earthing and bonding conductors connected,
t h e tests confirm connection, but not t h e continuity of the conductors involved.

Motor circuits
Loop impedance tests o n motor circuits can only b e carried o u t o n the supply side of
isolated motor controlgear. A continuity test between t h e circuit protective conductor
(cpc) and the motor is t h e n necessary.

b Insulation resistance
Insulation resistance tests should b e m a d e o n electrically isolated circuits with any
electronic equipment that might b e damaged by application of the test voltage
disconnected, or only a measurementto protective earth made, with t h e live conductors
connected together. It is advised to disconnect functional earth connections to
residual current devices (RCDs) and residual current circuit-breakers (with overcurrent
protection) (RCBOs) w h e n carrying out insulation resistance tests, as it may otherwise
influence t h e results.

643.3 For most installations, t h e most practical test is an insulation resistance test between
live conductors (connected together) and earth; i n practice, t i m e does not usually
allow for a line to neutral test. Where equipment is installed that may be susceptible
to damage by a 5 0 0 V DC test voltage, such as electronic control and monitoring
devices, Regulation 643.3 states that t h e test should b e conducted with a test voltage
of 2 5 0 V DC.

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Check that information/warnings are given at the distribution board of circuits o r

equipment likely t o b e damaged by testing. Any diagram, chart or table should also
include this warning.

The results of insulation testing should b e compared with previous results, where
possible. Table 2.8 of this Guidance Note (Table 6 4 of BS7671) requires a minimum
insulation resistance of 1 M Q , but strictly speaking, this value applies only to initial
verification. It can, however, be used as a guide for periodic testing. Such low insulation
resistancereadingsmay indicate that there isa problem with an item of electrical equipment,
and where possible past records should be reviewed to identify historical readings to
determine if there has been a sudden, or gradual, decrease, from previous tests.

Where equipment is disconnected for these tests and the equipment has exposed-
conductive-parts required by t h e Regulations to b e connected to protective conductors,
the insulation resistance between t h e exposed-conductive-parts and all live parts of the
equipment should b e measured separately and ought to comply with the requirements
of the appropriate British Standard for t h e equipment.

There is a range of possible outcomes when carrying out insulation testing. Tests are
typically made between all live conductors connected together and Earth at a test
voltage of 5 0 0 V DC.

The inspector will need to measure the values of insulation resistance for a given
distribution board and then take a view based o n their engineering judgement as to
whether the results obtained are acceptable. It should b e noted that distribution boards
with large numbers of final circuits will generally give a lower insulation resistance value
than distribution boards with fewer final circuits.

c Polarity
It should b e established whether there have been any additions or alterations to the
installation since its last inspection. If no additions or alterations have been made, the
polarity test may n o t b e necessary.

d Operation of overcurrent circuit-breakers

643.10 Where protection against overcurrent is provided by circuit-breakers, the manual
operating mechanism of each circuit-breaker should b e operated to verify that t h e
device opens and closes satisfactorily.

It is n o t normally necessary or practicable to test the operation of the automatic

tripping mechanism of circuit-breakers. A test would n e e d to b e made at a current
substantially exceeding t h e m i n i m u m tripping current in order to achieve operation
within a reasonable time. For circuit-breakers to BS EN 6 0 8 9 8 , a test current of not
less than two and a half times the rated tripping current of the device is needed for
operation within o n e minute, and m u c h larger test currents would b e necessary to
verify operation of the mechanism for instantaneous tripping.

If there is doubt about the integrity of the automatic mechanism for circuit-breakers of
t h e sealed type, designed n o t to b e maintained, it will normally b e m o r e practicable to
replace the device than to make further tests. Such doubt may arisefrom visual inspection,
if the device appears to have suffered damage or undue deterioration, or where there is
evidence that the device may have failed t o operate satisfactorily in service.

Circuit-breakers with the facility for injection testing may b e so tested and, if appropriate,
their relay settings confirmed.

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e Operation of devices for isolation and switching
Where means are provided i n accordance with t h e requirements of t h e Regulations
for isolation and switching, the devices should b e operated to verify their effectiveness
and checked to ensure adequate and correct labelling.

It should b e verified by inspection that easy access to such devices is maintained and
that effective operation is not impaired by any material placed near the device. Access
and operation areas may b e required to b e marked to ensure they are kept clear.

For isolating devices in which the position of the contacts o r other means of isolation is
externally visible, visual inspection of operation is sufficient and n o testing is required.

The operation of every safety switching device should b e checked by operating t h e

device in t h e manner normally intended, t o confirm that it performs its function
correctly in accordance with t h e requirements of BS 7671.

Where it is a requirement that the device interrupts all t h e supply conductors, the
use of a proprietary test lamp, or two-pole voltage detector connected between each
line and t h e neutral on the load side of the switching device, is essential to confirm
isolation. Reliance should not b e placed o n a simple observation that the equipment
controlled has ceased to operate.

Where switching devices are provided with detachable or lockable handles in accordance
with the Regulations, a check should b e made to verify that the handles or keys are n o t
interchangeable with any others available within the premises.

643.10 Where any f o r m of interlocking is provided, such as between a main circuit-breaker

and a n outgoing switch or isolation device, the integrity of t h e interlocking must b e
verified; this may b e beyond the scope of the inspector and something that is referred
to a manufacturer or specialist.

Where switching devices are provided for isolation or for mechanical maintenance
switching, the integrity of the means provided to prevent any equipment from being
unintentionally or inadvertently energized or reactivated m u s t b e verified.

f Operation of RCDs
643.7 Fault protection

Where an RCD is provided for fault protection, t h e operating time should generally b e
n o greater than those stated in Table 41.1 (Regulation 411.4.5) for final circuits and 5 s
for distribution circuits, unless supplementary bonding has been applied in accordance
with Regulation 419.3.

Additional protection

643.8 Where an RCD with a rated residual operating current n o t exceeding 3 0 m A is used t o
provide additional protection in t h e event of failure of basic protection and/or failure of
t h e provision for fault protection or carelessness by users, t h e effectiveness is d e e m e d
to have b e e n verified where an RCD meeting t h e requirements of Regulation 415.1.1
disconnects within 3 0 0 ms w h e n tested at a current equal to or higher than its rated
residual operating current (lAn).

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3.11 Electrical Installation Condition Report (EICR)
653 J A m o d e l of the EICR is provided in Appendix 6 of BS 7671, together with a m o d e l
Condition Report Inspection Schedule, and Schedules of Circuit Details and Test
Results. Typical completed forms are given in Section 5 of this Guidance Note.

The full EICR documentation comprises the following:

Electrical Installation Condition Report (EICR)

and
Condition Report Inspection Schedule (one or more)

and
Schedule of Circuit Details and Schedule of Test Results (one or more)

On completion of periodic inspection and testing, the EICR and its accompanying
schedules must b e given to the client or person who ordered the inspection.

A very important point to remember is that any damage, deterioration, defects,

dangerous conditions and non-compliance with B S 7 6 7 1 that may give rise to danger
(’danger' being a risk of injury to persons or livestock) must b e recorded o n the Report.

Classification codes C l to C3 indicate danger and non-compliances with BS 7671;

these are explained in Table 3.5.

Each separate item entered in the Section K 'Observations' section of t h e Report

should b e coded C l , C 2 or C3 as appropriate, or, exceptionally, Fl (see Table 3.5). Only
one classification code is to b e recorded against each observation.

Where an installation defect or non-compliance with the Regulations has attracted a

code of C l , C 2 or Fl, t h e overall assessment of the Report must b e 'unsatisfactory'.

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▼ Table 3 . 5 Classification of danger a n d non-compliances (for use during periodic

inspection a n d testing)

Classification of Description Notes and guidance

danger or
non-compliance
Cl Danger present. Risk of To b e attributed to matters that cannot b e
injury. Immediate left. It is suggested that these are rectified or
remedial action possibly, that isolation m a y be recommended
required. or necessary. Examples include accessible
bare live parts, badly damaged equipment
with risk of access to live parts, incorrect
polarity, a n d / o r arcing or burning f o u n d in
switchgear.

C2 Potentially dangerous: T o b e attributed to issues that, while urgent,

urgent remedial action do not require immediate remedial action.
required. Examples include a non-earthed
installation (this requires a further fault to
result i n danger), fundamentally undersized
cables, EFLI values greater t h a n required by
BS7671, a 'borrowed1 neutral, equipment
with inappropriately selected IP (this m a y
warrant C 1 if severe), insulation readings
under 1 MQ, a n d connections not housed
within appropriate enclosures.

C3 Improvement To b e attributed where C l or C2 do n o t apply.

recommended. Examples include t h e absence of most
warning notices, absence of t h e required
diagrams a n d charts, n o or incorrect marking
of conductors at terminations, a n d absence
of an RCD specified for additional protection
(where t h e circuit otherwise tests as normal).

Fl Further investigation To be attributed where the inspection has

required without delay. revealed an apparent deficiency that could
not, due to the limitations or extent of the
inspection, be fully identified and where
further investigation m a y reveal a C I or C 2
item. An example could b e where
characteristics of electricity supply (such as
voltage or external EFLI) do not conform to
supply industry norms. May also be used
where part of an installation included i n the
scope of the inspection a n d test could not b e
accessed.

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3.12 Periodic inspection of installations constructed

to an earlier edition of BS7671 or the lEEWiring
Regulations
People often ask what standard should b e applied w h e n carrying o u t t h e periodic
inspection of a n installation constructed in accordance with an earlier edition of
BS 7671, or an even earlier edition of t h e lEEWiring Regulations, or to an unknown
standard. Each edition of the Wiring Regulations has provided for an increase in
safety to the users of installations. Some installation practices and methods that were
compliant with earlier editions would n o w b e considered unacceptable or dangerous,
such as the use o f a public water pipe as a means of earthing.

In all cases, t h e inspection should b e carried o u t against the current edition of BS7671 .
It is likely that there will b e items that d o not comply with that edition, but this does
n o t necessarily m e a n that t h e installation is unsafe. If the inspector considers that an
item, although not warranting code C l or C2, requires improvement, it should b e given
code C3 o n the EICR. If the item does not require improvement, it may b e recorded
as an observation but it does not warrant a classification code.

Reference is made to existing installations both in the second paragraph of the

Introductions to BS 7 6 7 1 and its amendments, and in the Note by the HSEthat follows
the Preface to BS 7671.

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equipment

4.1 Instrument standard

BS EN 61010 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control,
and laboratory use is the basic safety standard for electrical test instruments.

The series of standards to which electrical test equipment for verification of measures
for protection against electric shock is BS EN 61557 Electrical safety in low voltage
distribution systems up to 1000 1/ a.c. and 1500 1/ d.c. Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective measures. This standard includes performance
requirements and requires compliance with BS EN 61010.

In Section 1.1 of this Guidance Note, reference was made to the use of test leads
conforming to HSEGS38. The HSE always advise only to carry out live tests that are
actually useful and informative, so as to minimize danger; the inspector should always
consider whether any particular live test is necessary before undertaking it. The safety
measures and procedures set o u t in GS38 should b e observed for all instruments,
leads, probes and accessories. Some test instrument manufacturers advise that
their instruments are used in conjunction with fused test leads a n d probes. Other
manufacturers advise the use of non-fused leads and probes where t h e instrument
has in-built electrical protection, but it should b e noted that such electrical protection
does not extend to the probes and leads.

Appendix 14 of BS7671 also recommends that:

"the measurement should always b e made on t h e output terminals of a suitably

rated protective device. If such a device is not present then a temporary one should
b e fitted. Measurement should never b e made where overcurrent protection is not
present between the point of connection and the supply transformer. Fused test
leads alone do not meet this requirement."

Where unsure, a risk assessment should b e carried out to establish if fused test leads
should b e used.

Manufacturers may provide multifunction test instruments to BS EN 61557-10 that

combine more than one, or all, of the functions listed in Sections 4.3 to 4.8. Some of
these instruments may have additional features such as current measurement (via clamp).

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4.2 Instrument accuracy
The accuracy of a n e w or repaired instrument should b e established to provide a point
of reference. Accuracy is usually confirmed by calibration, but a calibration certificate
may not b e supplied with the instrument unless specifically requested. A certificate
of conformity may b e provided indicating that the instrument's accuracy was verified
as part of the manufacturing process. Such verification follows the same procedure as
calibration, but individual calibration data is n o t issued.

A basic measurement accuracy of 5 7 o i s usually adequate. In the case of analogue

instruments, a basic accuracy of 2 7 o o f full-scale deflection will provide the required
accuracy measurement over a useful proportion of the scale.

It should not b e assumed that the accuracy of the reading taken in normal field use
will b e as good as the basic accuracy. The ’operating accuracy’ is always worse than
the basic accuracy, and additional errors derive from three sources:

( a ) instrument e r r o r s : basic instrument accuracy applies only in ideal conditions.

The actual reading accuracy can also b e affected by:
(i) digital instruments.
Sources of error: test leads, fused leads, battery condition, ambient temperature,
electrical noise, etc.
(ii) analogue instruments.
Sources of error: Orientation of the instrument on older instruments'. With
hand-cranked units, cranking speed, can also affect performance.
(b) l o s s o f calibration: instruments should b e periodically calibrated following
manufacturer's recommendations and procedures traceable to National
Standards. Intermediate checks can be made to ensure there are n o major errors in
measurement by comparing readings with those obtained from other instruments,
or by the use of a proprietary 'check box' having clearly defined characteristics.

In all cases, the t y p e and frequency of recalibration or checking required should b e as

specified by the instrument manufacturer. However, the user should take into account
ambient environmental and usage factors, as appropriate. For example, if an instrument
is left in storage at a constant temperature in a dry environment for long periods, a n d /
or is used infrequently, t h e user may b e able to extend the recalibration interval.
However, if an instrument is roughly handled and is regularly transported a n d stored in
vehicles (and hence is subjected to fluctuations in temperature and humidity caused
by changes in time of day/night and time of year), then more frequent confirmation of
accuracy would b e appropriate.

Instruments should also b e subjected t o regular checks before use so that errors
caused by deterioration of leads, probes, connectors, etc. d o n o t result in inaccurate
readings being recorded when, for example, Schedules of Test Results are compiled.

Typically, in analogue instruments, this corresponds to making measurements very

near to the zero point on the scale, where inaccuracies and non-repeatability are not
at all evident with this type of electromechanical movement.

It is essential t h a t an i n s t r u m e n t is inspected f o r damage a n d that the s a f e t y

a n d the accuracy o f a n instrument is c o n f i r m e d a f t e r any incidences o f
mechanical or electrical mishandling.

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(c) field errors: t h e instrument reading accuracy will also b e affected by external
influences as a result of working in the field environment. These influences can
take many forms. Some sources of inaccuracy are described in the appropriate
sections of this Guidance Note.

BS EN 61557 requires a maximum operating error of n o m o r e than ± 3 0 7 o o f reading

over the stated measurement range, taking into account the worst-case environmental,
supply and battery conditions.

To achieve satisfactory in-service performance, it is essential to b e fully informed about

the test equipment, how it is to b e used, and the accuracy to b e expected.

Traceability to National Standards can b e assured by using a calibration laboratory

accredited by a National Accreditation Body. In the UK this is t h e United Kingdom
Accreditation Service (UKAS). A list of accredited laboratories can b e found at
www.ukas.com or a search for sources of calibration by instrument can b e made at
https://www.ukas.eom/find-an-organisation/browse-by-category/#orgtype-273.

4.3 Low-resistance ohmmeters

643.2.1 The continuity of conductors and connections to exposed-conductive-parts and
extraneous-conductive parts, if any, shall be verified by a measurement of resistance on:

(a) protective conductors, including protective bonding conductors; and

(b) in the case of ring final circuits, live conductors.

The instrument used for low-resistance tests may b e either a specialized low-resistance
ohmmeter or t h e continuity range of an insulation and continuity tester. The test current
may b e DC or AC. It is recommended that it b e derived f r o m a source with no-load
voltage between 4 V and 24 V and a short-circuit current of not less than 200 m A .

The measuring range should cover the span 0.2 Q to 2 Q , with a resolution of at least
0.01 Q for digital instruments.

Instruments conforming to B S E N 61557-4 will meet the above requirements.

Field effects contributing to in-service errors include probe or crock-clip contact

resistance, test lead resistance, AC interference and thermocouple effects in mixed
metal systems.

Whilst contact resistance cannot b e eliminated with two-terminal testers, and can
introduce errors, the effects of lead resistance can b e eliminated by measuring this
prior to a test and subtracting t h e resistance f r o m t h e final value, or by using t h e test
instrument's 'nulling' feature built in to most m o d e r n instruments. Interference from
an external AC source (interference pick-up) cannot b e eliminated, although it may
b e indicated by vibration of the pointer of an analogue instrument or by an unstable
digital readout. Thermocouple effects can b e eliminated by reversing the test probes
and averaging the resistance readings taken in each direction.

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4.4 Insulation resistance testers
The instrument used should b e capable of developing the test voltage required across
the load.

The test voltage required is:

Table 64 (a) 2 5 0 V DC for SELVand PELV circuits with equipment such as SPDs that may
influence test results or b e damaged - but the insulation resistance is to b e at
least 1 M Q (643.3.2);
(b) 5 0 0 V DC for all circuits rated u p to and including 5 0 0 V, except SELVand PELV
circuits; and
(c) 1,000 V DC for circuits rated above 5 0 0 V and u p to 1,000 V.

Instruments conforming to BSEN 61557-2 will fulfil all the above instrument requirements.

When an insulation resistance test is applied to a test subject, the measurement may
b e influenced by different circuit characteristics, for example:

(a) capacitive charging;

(b) absorption or polarization of the insulation; and
(c) conduction or leakage currents.

These factors can b e reduced or eliminated by extending the test time for which
the test voltage is applied, and can be seen as a steady insulation reading on the
instrument, after a n initial rapid increase in value.

Capacitance may b e as high as 5 pF and the instrument should have an automatic

discharge facility capable of safely discharging such a capacitance. Following an
insulation resistance test, t h e instrument should b e left connected until t h e capacitance
within the installation has b e e n fully discharged.

4.5 EFLI testers

Loop impedance testing is the practice of measuring the impedance of a live circuit.
Typically, t h e circuit voltage, either line-neutral (L-N), line-Earth (L-E) or line-line (L-L),
is first measured to acquire the off-load voltage. A load is then applied and t h e n e w
circuit voltage is measured. The voltage drop is used to calculate the impedance of the
circuit. Exactly how this is done differs between manufacturers. However, all methods
can b e presented with electrical conditions that pose a challenge to the measurement.
Sources of error can include:

(a) electrical noise and transients;

(b) external load switching;
(c) harmonics;
(d) ROD uplift;
(e) test lead contact resistance; and
(f) instrument resolution and proximity to the source transformer (instrument
resolution for many instruments means the instrument cannot provide adequate
readings if taken too close to a supply transformer).

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Three t y p e s of measurement a r e t y p i c a l l y available, l i s t e d i n o r d e r of preference:

(a) t w o - w i r e high current test;

(b) t h r e e - w i r e non-trip test; a n d
(c) t w o - w i r e n o n - t r i p t e s t .

Two-wire high current test:

This is the test that should a l w a y s be employed unless there is a n R C D o r R C B O i n

the circuit. The l o a d u s e d u s u a l l y generates between 2 A a n d 1 5 A. This is s u f f i c i e n t to
c r e a t e a m e a s u r a b l e v o l t a g e d r o p a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y a s t a b l e a n d a c c u r a t e result. T h e
t e s t u s u a l l y lasts f o r n o m o r e t h a n 3 - 4 s i n total, w i t h t h e l o a d b e i n g p r e s e n t f o r n o
m o r e t h a n 4 0 ms o n two consecutive half-cycles.

Test currents higher than 15 A risk tripping some low current miniature circuit-breakers (MCBs).

Three-wire non-trip test:

W h e r e t h e r e a r e RCDs o r R C B O s present, t h e L-E f a u l t l o o p i m p e d a n c e m a y b e c a r r i e d

out using a non-trip l o o p impedance test. The l o a d current in this test is s m a l l enough
not to trip the RCD, typically a r o u n d 1 5 m A . However, 1 5 m A does not create a
significant voltage drop. Consequently, many m o r e test cycles a r e p e r f o r m e d a n d the
t e s t r u n s f o r significantly longer, w i t h t h e r e s u l t s far m o r e s u s c e p t i b l e to v a r i a t i o n .

Two-wire non-trip test:

The third o p t i o n o n s o m e instruments i s a t w o - w i r e non-trip test. This h a s t h e advantage

of not r e q u i r i n g the third test lead to b e connected, a n d i s especially u s e f u l on some
lighting circuits.

T h e d r a w b a c k is that it is t h e most t e c h n i c a l l y difficult test f o r t h e i n s t r u m e n t a n d c a n b e

susceptible to m o r e errors than the three-wire test. It should only b e used a s a last resort.

Safety

To m i n i m i z e e l e c t r i c s h o c k h a z a r d f r o m t h e p o t e n t i a l o f t h e p r o t e c t i v e c o n d u c t o r
d u r i n g L-E i m p e d a n c e tests, t h e test d u r a t i o n s h o u l d b e w i t h i n safe l i m i t s . For
two-wire high current tests, the instrument should cut off the test current after 40 ms
or a time determined by the s a f e t y limits derived f r o m the information contained within
B S I E C 60479-1 Effects of current on human beings and livestock. General aspects,
i f t h e voltage rise o f t h e p r o t e c t i v e c o n d u c t o r e x c e e d s 5 0 V d u r i n g the t e s t . O n s o m e
installations, t h i s t h r e s h o l d m a y b e 2 5 V , e s p e c i a l l y w h e r e l i v e s t o c k a r e p r e s e n t .

For low current (non-trip) tests, the instrument must monitor the e a r t h voltage and
disconnect the test if the e a r t h voltage is exceeded.

Sources o f error

T h e l o w e r t h e l o a d c u r r e n t e m p l o y e d i n t h e test, t h e m o r e v a r i a t i o n a n d e r r o r i s likely
i n t h e result, as t h e voltage drop i s p r o p o r t i o n a l l y lower. D i s t o r t i o n o r n o i s e o n the
supply will a l s o c o m p r o m i s e accuracy a n d repeatability, a s the instrument c a n n o t easily
differentiate between a voltage drop created by the applied l o a d o r a voltage change
i n d u c e d by n o i s e o r h a r m o n i c s , etc. For this r e a s o n , the test with t h e higher load
currents should always b e u s e d w h e r e possible.

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Repeating a test is advised if there is concern about t h e validity of the result, especially
o n noisy supplies.

RCD u p l i f t

RCD uplift is a phenomenon frequently encountered when performing a two- or three-wire

non-trip test. During the test, the RCD internal impedance may sometimes be measured,
increasing the overall circuit impedance. This may be as high as 0.5 Q or more.

RCD uplift can b e avoided by choosing an instrument that declares immunity to this
effect. Alternatively, if uplift is suspected, measuring o n the source and load sides
of the RCD will identify any additional impedance within the RCD. This can then be
deleted f r o m the measurement.

This phenomenon is not encountered with high test currents, but these tests will trip
the RCD during the test, preventing their use.

Transformer impedances can also affect results, as the impedance close to source can
b e very reactive, rather than resistive. This is only a real issue when measuring close
to the source transformer, but the instrument resolution and accuracy becomes very
significant in this location.

Test l e a d errors

Test leads can induce errors from:

(a) internal lead resistance;

(b) contact resistance of the probes or clips; and
(c) internal fusing of t h e test leads.

As with t h e low resistance ohmmeter section earlier, t h e test lead resistance can b e
’nulled' or may already b e accounted for in the instrument. If not, the lead resistance
should b e measured and deducted f r o m future measurement values.

Contact resistance can add significantly to t h e circuit impedance. Inspectors should

ensure that probes are sharp and that clips grip tightly.

Fused leads can add significantly to lead resistance. A 5 0 0 mA fuse can add as much
as 1.8 Q in a test lead pair. If fused leads are used for loop impedance testing, they
will need to b e fused with higher rating fuses, typically 7 A or 10 A fuses, t o prevent
the test current rupturing the fuse.

Leads compliant to HSE GS38 should be adequate.

Instrument accuracy and resolution

The resolution of a n instrument is the smallest increment that the instrument can
detect and display. This is usually measured in terms of the multiples of the least
significant (right-most) digit of t h e instrument display. Instrument resolution can
compromise measurement accuracy, especially at the lower loop impedances found
near t h e source transformer. When measuring loop impedances below 0.1 Q, caution
should b e exercised in the interpretation of the results, as the instrument accuracy
significantly affects measurement values close to t h e lowest end of the range.

142 Guidance N o t e 3: Inspection & Testing

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For example, when attempting to measure a l o o p impedance of 0.03 Q , an instrument
that declares a ± 5 °/o±3 digits o n a digital display could give an answer between zero
and 0.06 Q and b e within its declared accuracy.

Instruments conforming to BS EN 61557-3 will fulfil the above requirements under

m o s t situations.

These instruments may also offer additional facilities for deriving prospective fault
current. The basic measuring principle is the same as for EFLI testers. The current
is calculated by dividing the loop impedance value into the nominal mains voltage.
Instrument accuracy is determined by the same factors as for EFLI testers. In this case,
instrument accuracy decreases as scale reading increases, because the loop value is
divided into the mains voltage. It is important to note these aspects and to consult the
manufacturer's documentation.

4.6 Earth electrode resistance testers

There are three general methods referred to in Section 2 of this Guidance Note:

(a) test method E l , using a dedicated earth electrode tester (fall of potential,
three- or four-terminal type);
(b) test m e t h o d E2, using a dedicated earth electrode tester (stakeless o r
clamp-type); and
(c) test m e t h o d E3, using an EFLItester.

The most accurate of these is test method E l .

Test method E2 is more accurate if there are a number of earth electrodes. The
method the stakeless or probe tester cannot b e used to measure the resistance of a
single earth electrode unless there is at least one other earth electrode connected,
which may b e formed from extraneous-conductive-parts or, in TN systems, the means
of earthing of the supply.

4.7 RCD testers

The trip times of RCDs are required to b e verified, to ensure adequate disconnection
under fault conditions.

RCDs are tested by applying a test load to t h e RCD, inducing a calibrated test current
to flow in t h e L-E circuit. This creates a n imbalance in t h e L-N currents in t h e RCD and
the device trips. The t i m e it takes to trip is then displayed.

The test instrument should b e capable of applying the full range of test current to an
in-service accuracy as given in BS EN 61557-6. This in-service reading accuracy will
include the effects of voltage variations around the nominal voltage of the tester.

The range of RCD operating currents supported is generally limited to between 10 m A

and 1 A; exceeding these limits presents severe design and cost implications to the
instrument design.

As with loop impedance testing, the Earth voltage is monitored and prevented f r o m
exceeding the touch voltage limit, either 5 0 V or 2 5 V, depending o n t h e requirements
of t h e location.

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RCDs a r e u s u a l l y tested to ensure:

(a) t h e y d o n o t t r i p w i t h f a u l t c u r r e n t s less t h a n 5 0 7o o f t h e i r o p e r a t i o n a l rating.

(b) they trip in the required time at fault current of 100 7o of their operational rating.
(c) In addition to t r i p time testing, i n s t r u m e n t s offer the ability to test the RCD's
t r i p p i n g c u r r e n t t h r e s h o l d . For t h i s test, a r a m p c u r r e n t i s a p p l i e d f r o m less t h a n
5 0 7 o o f t h e R C D r a t i n g t o 110 7 o . T h e c u r r e n t a t w h i c h t h e R C D t r i p s is t h e n displayed:
this identifies if the R C D i s overly sensitive and may cause nuisance tripping.

I n s t r u m e n t s c o n f o r m i n g t o B S E N 6 1 5 5 7 - 6 w i l l f u l f i l the a b o v e r e q u i r e m e n t s .

4.8 Phase rotation instruments

BS EN 6 1 5 5 7 - 7 gives t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s for m e a s u r i n g e q u i p m e n t for testing t h e p h a s e
s e q u e n c e i n t h r e e - p h a s e d i s t r i b u t i o n systems, w h e t h e r t h e i n d i c a t i o n is given by
mechanical, visual and/or audible means.

BS E N 61557-7 includes requirements that:

(a) indication shall b e unambiguous between 8 5 7o a n d 110 7o of the nominal

system voltage o r within t h e range of t h e n o m i n a l voltage a n d between 9 5 7o
a n d 1 0 5 7o o f t h e n o m i n a l s y s t e m f r e q u e n c y ;
(b) t h e m e a s u r i n g e q u i p m e n t s h o u l d b e s u i t a b l e f o r c o n t i n u o u s operation;
(c) the measuring equipment should be s o designed that when either one o r two
measuring l e a d s a r e c o n n e c t e d t o e a r t h a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g m e a s u r i n g lead(s)
r e m a i n c o n n e c t e d to their corresponding line conductors, t h e resulting total
current to e a r t h should not exceed 3.5 m A rms;
(d) the measuring equipment should not be damaged, nor should the user b e
e x p o s e d to danger i n situations w h e r e t h e m e a s u r i n g e q u i p m e n t is c o n n e c t e d
to 1 2 0 7o of t h e rated system voltage o r to 1 2 0 7o of its rated m a x i m u m
voltage range; a n d
(e) portable measuring equipment should be provided with permanently attached leads
or with a plug device with live parts not accessible, whether plugged o r unplugged.

4.9 Thermographic equipment

A l t h o u g h t h e r m o g r a p h i c s u r v e y i n g e q u i p m e n t i s not r e c o g n i z e d by B S 7 6 7 1 as a
test instrument, such e q u i p m e n t c a n b e i n v a l u a b l e i n assisting e l e c t r i c a l i n s p e c t i o n s ,
especially in the early identification of possible points of overheating in circuits. S o m e
notes a r e t h e r e f o r e included h e r e o n this t y p e of equipment. It must, however, be
r e m e m b e r e d that e q u i p m e n t m u s t b e operating a n d m u s t b e 'thermally transparent'
i n o r d e r f o r a t h e r m o g r a p h i c survey to b e a b l e to s e e t e m p e r a t u r e changes.

Important note: it is recommended that persons refer to the requirements

of the EAWR and the HSE's guidance in HSR25 prior t o undertaking any
work activity which places themselves or those under their control in close
proximity to live parts.

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It is relatively easy to make arrangements to disconnect small installations, such as those
at domestic premises, f r o m the supply, to facilitate periodic inspection and testing.

However, asthe size and complexity of an installation increases, isolation f r o m the supply
becomes increasingly difficult. This is particularly true where continuity of supply has
health implications, as may b e the case in hospitals and similar premises, or financial
implications, as would b e the case in banks, share-dealing and commodities markets,
and t h e like. Nevertheless, i t remains necessary to confirm the continuing suitability
of such installations for use. Therefore, they must still b e subjected to planned and
preventative maintenance or regular periodic assessment of their condition.

It may well b e possible to carry o u t a thorough visual inspection of such installations

without subjecting the inspector or others in t h e building to any danger, and such an
inspection may identify many common defects caused by use/abuse. Furthermore,
experience of such installations may provide a valuable insight into commonly occurring
cases of wear a n d tear.

Some defects, however, cannot b e discovered by visual inspection alone. For example,
incorrectly tightened connections can result in a high resistance joint, which can t h e n
cause a high temperature to occur locally to t h e connection. If left uncorrected over
time, further deterioration of t h e connection may well occur, leading to a continuing
increase in temperature, which may subsequently present a risk of fire. This fire
risk will b e significantly increased in installations where a build-up of dust or other
flammable materials can occur in close proximity to the source of heat. It should
also b e remembered that increased heat at terminations can result in accelerated
deterioration of the insulation locally. Heating effects symptomatic of a fault or other
problem within an electrical installation can also occur as a result of cyclical-load
operations, use of conductors of inadequate current-carrying capacity, incorrect load
balancing and more mechanically related issues, such as incorrect alignment of motor
drive couplings and overtightened belt-drives.

A number of manufacturers offer infrared imaging equipment which can b e used to

identify such ’hot spots'. Infrared thermography works o n t h e principle that all materials
emit electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region, which can b e detected by a
thermal imaging camera.

The amount of radiated energy detected can b e presented in a readily usable form,
typically being shown as differences in colour that vary with the temperature being
detected. Figure 4.1 shows a colour/temperature correlation indicator such as those
that may accompany images. Such scales will aid the person ordering t h e inspection
or responsible for maintenance activities in their interpretation of t h e thermal images.

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▼ Figure 4 . 1 A colour/ In terms of visual inspection, t h e busbar connections in

temperature correlation Figure 4.2 appear to be satisfactory.
indicator
However, if the same connections are viewed using a
[
thermal imaging camera (Figure 4.3), it is evident that
t h e connections to t h e centre are running significantly
160.0 -
hotter than those to either side.
150.0-

140.0 - This higher temperature may indicate a loose connection

130.0 - or connections, but in this case is probably d u e to the
120.0 - | centre bar carrying a significantly higher current than those
to either side of it. The person carrying out the inspection
110.0 - "
could suggest that their client looks into improving t h e
100.0 -■
load balancing of this part of the installation.
| <99.3°F 1

▼ Figure 4.2 In a further example, Figure 4.4 shows a contactor

Bolted connections at a with t h e thermal image highlighting a potential loose
busbar as seen by the eye termination. After this has been tightened, Figure
4.5 shows the result, with all three terminations now
operating at a m u c h more uniform temperature.

Whilst such remedial work is being carried out, it is

sensible to inspect t h e insulation of t h e conductors i n
t h e terminations to confirm that the insulation remains
effective and has not suffered significant damage.
▼ Figure 4.3
Bolted connections at a
busbar viewed using The requirements of the EAWR m u s t b e taken into
thermal imaging account w h e n considering t h e use of thermographic
surveying equipment, as its use may necessitate t h e
temporary removal or bypassing of measures that
provide basic protection (as defined in BS 7671), such as
opening doors to electrical panels and/or t h e removal of
barriers and covers. The requirements of Regulation 14
of t h e EAWR (Work o n or near live conductors), which is
reproduced as follows, are particularly pertinent:
▼ F i g u r e 4 . 4 Thermal image
of contactor showing
"No person shall b e engaged in any work activity
termination on right is
too hot on or so near any live conductor (other than one
suitably covered with insulating material so as t o
2200- prevent danger) that danger may arise unless -
XBQ-
fOOib
1SJ0-
MOO- (a) it is unreasonable in all the circumstances for it to
t200-
ttuo- be dead; and
(b) it is reasonable in all the circumstances for him to
be at work on or near it while it is live; and
▼ Figure 4 . 5Thermal image
(c) suitable precautions (including where necessary
of contactor after loose
the provision o f suitable protective equipment)
termination has been
tightened are taken to prevent injury"
0FL1R
220 C-if]

m-|J

MOO'
1200'
icoo-

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HSR25 recognizes that it may b e necessary, in some circumstances, for conductors to

remain live during testing or diagnostic work. However, such work in close proximity to
live conductors may only b e carried out if it can b e done safely and if all precautions
required to allow it to b e done so are put in place. Additionally, the work m a y only
b e performed by persons w h o are suitably competent with regard to the type and
nature of the work activity being performed, as required by Regulation 16 of the EAWR
(Persons to be competent to prevent danger or injury). HSR25 also makes clear that
although live testing may b e justifiable, it does n o t follow that there will necessarily b e
justification for subsequent repair work to b e carried out live.

Persons carrying out thermographic surveying should:

(a) have sufficient competence to prevent danger and injury.

(b) understand the system being worked on, t h e hazards that may arise as a result
of t h e work and t h e precautions that are required to prevent danger.
(c) b e able to identify those parts of equipment being inspected which are, or are
capable of being, live when the supply to the equipment is switched on.
(d) implement all precautions required to prevent injury that have been identified
as part of t h e risk assessment for the work.
(e) maintain the maximum possible distance f r o m the live or potentially live parts
described above at all times.
(f) maintain effective control of the area in which the equipment being inspected
is situated.
(g) ensure that all protective measures that m a y have been affected by their
actions when carrying out t h e inspection work are fully reinstated. All guards
and barriers must b e replaced and panel doors, lids and covers must b e closed
and secured properly after t h e inspection is completed.

As previously mentioned, thermographic inspection can b e an effective m e t h o d of

identifying potential defects that may not be identified by a more conventional visual
inspection. However, such thermal surveying should not b e seen as a substitute for
periodic inspection and testing, but rather as an additional tool that can b e used by
t h e inspector. Thermographic surveys can b e a highly effective means of targeting
preventative maintenance where it is m o s t required. Defects identified may b e factored
into the planned maintenance programme for t h e installation, or, where necessary,
may justify the remedial work being performed without delay.

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 NOTES

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148
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Forms

This section provides guidance on completing the necessary schedules, certificates

and reports associated with inspection and testing. Sample certificates a n d report,
completed with typical entries, are provided, together with sample Schedules of
Inspection, Circuit Details and Test Results, again completed with typical results.

The section also contains some notes on completion of the forms, although helpful
information on this will also b e gained by reading earlier sections of this Guidance Note.

5.1 Initial verification (inspection and testing) forms

Following the initial verification of a new installation o r of an addition or alteration to
an existing installation, an Electrical Installation Certificate (EIC) or Minor Electrical
Installation Works Certificate (MEIWC) is required to b e completed and issued, together
with inspection schedule(s) and test result schedule(s).

(a) Form 1 : EIC (three-signatory version from Appendix 6 of BS 7671).

When an EIC is used, appropriate numbers of t h e following forms are required to

accompany the Certificate:

(b) Form 2: Schedule of Inspections for domestic and similar premises with u p to
100 A supply, or a more extensive schedule where necessary (see below).
(c) Form 3: generic Schedule of Test Results.

642.3 Form 2 is not suitable for the inspection of installations rated at more than 100 A
or that are more complex. For such installations, t h e inspector will probably need to
formulate their own inspection schedules. These should b e based o n the requirements
of Regulation 642.3 and t h e list of examples of items requiring inspection during initial
verification, given i n Appendix 6 of BS 7671.

For completeness, two samples of typical completed Form 3 s (Schedule of Circuit

Details and Test Results) are included here, one being for a single-phase installation
a n d the other for a three-phase installation.

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5.2 Minor works

The complete set of forms for initial verification (inspection and testing) may not b e
necessary for minor works. When an addition to a n electrical installation does not
extend to the installation of a n e w circuit, t h e MEIWC may b e used. This one-page
certificate is intended for such work as the addition of a socket-outlet o r lighting point
to an existing circuit, or for a repair or modification to each circuit worked on. Where
multiple circuits are worked on, all of the work could b e detailed on a n EIC.

A MEIWC must not b e used for t h e replacement of a consumer unit.

The MEIWC (Form 4) is included here, taken from Appendix 6 of BS7671. Notes o n
completion and guidance for recipients are provided with the form.

5.3 Periodic inspection and testing

The inspection and testing of an existing electrical installation is reported o n using an
EICR(Form 5). As with an EIC, this document is issued with the appropriate number
of generic Schedule(s)of Circuit Details and Test Results (Form 3).

For periodic inspections, the Schedule of Inspections for initial verification (Form 2)
should not b e used. The dedicated model suggested in BS7671 (Form 6) may b e used
for inspections of domestic installations a n d installations up to 1 0 0 A. For larger and
m o r e complex installations, t h e inspector will need to formulate bespoke inspection
schedules. These should be based on the requirements of Regulation 642.3 and t h e
list of examples of items requiring inspection for an EICRwhich are applicable, given
in Appendix 6 of BS7671.

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5.4 Examples of completed model forms for

certification and reporting
▼ Figure 5.1 Example Electrical Installation Certificate (EIC) (page 1)

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CERTIFICATE

(REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS - BS 7671) Certificate No.: ...555514
DETAILS OF THE CLIENT
Galbraith ...instruction St, Paul's VJag K Leeds LSg. OMCj .......................................................................

INSTALLATION ADDRESS , , .x , _ _ , x _ , „ . _
Un/t 3 , The Quadrant, Sovnetown Business
.......................................Park, .Sawetawn..SL1.QZZ.......................................................................

DESCRIPTION AND EXTENT OF THE INSTALLATION

Description of installation: New installation |?[
Complete electrical installation, new Z-floor office building
Extent of installation covered by this Certificate:
Addition to an i—i
Complete electrical installation, comprising main switchboard, sub- existing installation u

mains and distribution boards. To include all power and lighting

circuits, excluding car park lighting (supplied from adjacent building) Alteration to an |—|
existing installation
(Use continuation sheet if necessary) _______See continuation sheet No: ........
FOR DESIGN
l/We, being the person(s) responsible for the design of the electrical installation (as indicated by my/our signatures below), particulars
of which are described above, having exercised reasonable skill and care when carrying out the design, hereby CERTIFY
that the design work for which l/we have been responsible is to the best of my/our knowledge and belief in accordance with
BS 7671:2018, amended to .ZQZZ(date) except for the departures, if any, detailed as follows:

Details of departures from BS 7671 (Regulations 120.3, 133.1.3 and 133.5):

Details of permitted exceptions (Regulation 41 1.3.3). Where applicable, a suitable risk assessment(s) must be attached to this Certificate.

Risk assessment attached

The extent of liability of the signatory or signatories is limited to the work described above as the subject of this Certificate.
For the DESIGN of the installation: **(Where there is mutual responsibility for the design)

Signature: ...... ............ Date: 7/C?7/ >22Name (IN BLOCK LETTERS): ...... P. ............................ Designer No 1

Signature: .................................. Date: ............... Name (IN BLOCK LETTERS): .................................................. Designer No 2**

FOR CONSTRUCTION
I, being the person responsible for the construction of the electrical installation (as indicated by my signature below), particulars of
which are described above, having exercised reasonable skill and care when carrying out the construction hereby CERTIFY that the
construction work for which I have been responsible is to the best of my knowledge and belief in accordance with BS 7671:2018,
amended to P. -.(date) except for the departures, if any, detailed as follows:

Details of departures from BS 7671 (Regulations 120.3 and 133.5): None

The extent of liability of the signatory is limited to the work described above as the subject of this Certificate.
For CONSTRUCTION of the installation:

Signature: .......... Date: .P.7/. 2 Name (IN BLOCK LETTERS): .......P.kLNNETH..................... Constructor
FOR INSPECTION & TESTING
I, being the person responsible for the inspection & testing of the electrical installation (as indicated by my signature below), particulars
of which are described above, having exercised reasonable skill and care when carrying out the inspection & testing hereby CERTIFY
that the work for which I have been responsible is to the best of my knowledge and belief in accordance with BS 7671:2018,
amended to2Z?.2r£.(date) except for the departures, if any, detailed as follows:

Details of departures from BS 7671 (Regulations 120.3 and 133.5): None

The extent of liability of the signatory is limited to the work described above as the subject of this Certificate.
For INSPECTION AND TESTING of the installation:

Signature: ............. Date:27/O7/2C>22Name (IN BLOCK LETTERS): ....... ....................... Inspector

NEXT INSPECTION
l/We, the designer(s), recommend that this installation is further inspected and tested after an interval of not more than ......

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▼ Figure 5 . 2 Example Electrical Installation Certificate (EIC) (page 2)

Certificate No.:
PARTICULARS OF SIGNATORIES TO THE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CERTIFICATE
Designer (No 1) Name; P JpnfcS Company:

Address: .... E A.tejp rise . Way,. . ..............................................................................................

.......................................................................... Postcode: Tel No: .... .
Designer (No 2)
(if applicable) /A.
Company:
Address;
Postcode: Tel No:
Constructor Ngme; R ................................ Company: ........................................

Address: . .. . P. Clt .ScQtlavyd

................................................................ Postcode: .EH&k-.&QU. Tel No:
Inspector
Name: Company: Electrics ....................................
Address: g

SUPPLY CHARACTERISTICS AND EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS

Earthing Number and Type of Live Nature of Supply Parameters Supply Protective Device
arrangements Conductors ______
m
TN-C AC 0 DC Nominal voltage, U I Uo <K?.C?Z2;3C?V BS(EN)
TN-S g. 1 -phase, 2-wire 2-wire Nominal frequency, 5Q. ...... Hz Type ........... U. ...............
TN-C-S Ef 2-phase, 3-wire 3-wire Prospective fault current, l p / 2J kA Rated current ...7PP. A
TT 3-phase, 3-wire Q, Other External earth fault
IT 3-phase, 4-wire [V] loop impedance, Ze(2) P.:P.P.. Q
Confirmation of supply polarity 0 (Note:(1) by enquiry (2) by enquiry or by measurement)

Other sources of supply (as detailed o n attached schedule) N/A

PARTICULARS OF INSTALLATION REFERRED TO IN THE CERTIFICATE
Means of Earthing Maximum Demand
.......................................................................
Maximum demand (load) -kWW Amps (Delete as appropriate)
Distributor’s facility [Zf Details o f Installation Earth Electrode (where applicable)
Installation earth Type (e.g. rod(s), tape etc) N/A..
electrode Location
Electrode resistance to Earth Q
Main Protective Conductors ___________________
Earthing conductor ~| Material ....... csa 7.P...... mm 2 Connection / continuity verified [Zf

Main protective bonding .. . . - Copper Connection / continuity verified [Zf

conductors
Material ........... L.C csa 7.P..... mm 2
To wateZinstallation pipes To gas installation pipes IZl | To oil installation pipes EN/4 To structural steel N/A
To lightning protection N/A Toother Specify .N/A ...............................................................................................................

Location . . SWftf hroovyy Current rating ..7.QP. A If RCD main switch

Fuse / device rating or setting .NZA A RCD Type NZA ....................
BS(EN) Voltage rating ..4PP V Rated residual operating current (l An) .mA
No of poles 4........ Rated time delay .ms
Measured operating time .ms

Schedule of Inspections
Item Description Outcome Item Description Outcome
1
No. Z / N/A No. Z/n/A
8.0 Circuits (Distribution and Final)
1.0 Condition of consumer's intake equipment
' z z
(Visual inspection only) 1 9.0 Isolation and switching
2.0 Parallel or switched alternative
sources of supply
N/A 10.0 Current-us equipment
(permanently connected)
z
3.0 Protect! measure:
Automatic Disconnection of Supply (ADS)
Z 11.0 Identification and notices z
4.0 Bas protection z 12.0 Location(s) containing a bath or shower N/A
5.0 ___ Protective measures other than ADS __________ z 13.0 Other special installations or locations N/A
6.0 Addition protection z 14.0 Prosumer's low voltage electrical
N/A
7.0 Distributi equipment z installation(s)

COMMENTS ON EXISTING INSTALLATION (in the case of an addition or alteration see Regulation 644.1 .2):
...None................................................................................................................................................................

SCHEDULES
This Certificate is valid only when. .Schedules of Circuit Details and Test Results are attached.
(Enter quantities of schedules attached).

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CERTIFICATE

NOTES (from B S 7671)

1 The Electrical Installation Certificate is t o b e u s e d f o r :

• the initial certification of a new installation or f o r a n addition o r alteration to
a n existing installation where new circuits have been introduced, or
• t h e replacement of a c o n s u m e r unit/distribution board, or
• certifying for where there are multiple additions, or alterations or remedial
works to the existing installation which d o not extend to new circuits as a n
alternative to the issue of multiple Minor Electrical Installation Works Certificates.

152 Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 5

It i s not to be u s e d f o r a periodic inspection and testing, f o r which a n Electrical

Installation C o n d i t i o n R e p o r t should b e u s e d . For a n addition or a l t e r a t i o n which
d o e s n o t e x t e n d t o t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of n e w circuits, a M i n o r Electrical I n s t a l l a t i o n
Works Certificate m a y b e used.
The 'original' Certificate is to be issued to the person ordering the work (Regulation 644.4).
A duplicate should b e r e t a i n e d by the p e r s o n issuing the certificate.
2 T h i s C e r t i f i c a t e is o n l y valid if t h e S c h e d u l e o f I n s p e c t i o n s h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e d
to c o n f i r m t h a t all r e l e v a n t i n s p e c t i o n s h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t a n d w h e r e
accompanied by S c h e d u l e ( s ) of Circuit Details a n d Test Results.
3 The signatures appended a r e those of the p e r s o n s a u t h o r i z e d by the companies
e x e c u t i n g t h e w o r k of design, c o n s t r u c t i o n , i n s p e c t i o n a n d t e s t i n g respectively.
A s i g n a t o r y a u t h o r i z e d t o c e r t i f y m o r e t h a n o n e c a t e g o r y o f w o r k s h o u l d sign i n
each of t h e a p p r o p r i a t e p l a c e s . ( W h e r e a single signature Electrical I n s t a l l a t i o n
Certificate is used, the person authorized for executing the w o r k of design,
construction, inspection a n d testing shall sign the certificate.)
4 The time interval recommended before the first periodic inspection must be inserted.
T h e p r o p o s e d d a t e f o r t h e n e x t i n s p e c t i o n s h o u l d t a k e into consideration t h e
f r e q u e n c y a n d q u a l i t y of maintenance t h a t t h e installation c a n reasonably b e
e x p e c t e d t o receive during its intended life, a n d the period should b e agreed
b e t w e e n t h e designer, installer a n d o t h e r r e l e v a n t p a r t i e s .
5 T h e p a g e n u m b e r s f o r t h e S c h e d u l e ( s ) of Circuit D e t a i l s a n d Test Results s h o u l d
b e indicated, together with the total n u m b e r of pages a s s o c i a t e d with the
c e r t i f i c a t i o n provided.
6 T h e m a x i m u m p r o s p e c t i v e v a l u e of f a u l t c u r r e n t (I P f) recorded s h o u l d b e the
g r e a t e r of e i t h e r t h e p r o s p e c t i v e v a l u e of s h o r t - c i r c u i t c u r r e n t o r t h e p r o s p e c t i v e
value of e a r t h f a u l t current.

GUIDANCE F O R RECIPIENTS (to b e appended t o the C e r t i f i c a t e )

T h i s s a f e t y C e r t i f i c a t e h a s b e e n i s s u e d t o c o n f i r m t h a t t h e e l e c t r i c a l installation w o r k t o
which it relates h a s been designed, constructed, inspected and tested in a c c o r d a n c e
with BS 7671.

Y o u s h o u l d h a v e r e c e i v e d a n 'original' C e r t i f i c a t e a n d t h e p e r s o n t h a t i s s u e d t h e
Certificate should have r e t a i n e d a duplicate. If you were the person ordering the work,
but not the o w n e r of the installation, you should p a s s this Certificate, o r a f u l l copy of
it i n c l u d i n g the s c h e d u l e s , immediately to t h e owner.

T h e 'original' C e r t i f i c a t e s h o u l d b e r e t a i n e d i n a safe p l a c e a n d b e shown to a n y p e r s o n

inspecting o r undertaking f u r t h e r work on t h e e l e c t r i c a l installation i n the future. If
you later v a c a t e t h e property, t h i s C e r t i f i c a t e will d e m o n s t r a t e t o the new owner that
t h e e l e c t r i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n c o m p l i e d w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of B S 7 6 7 1 a t t h e t i m e
t h e C e r t i f i c a t e w a s i s s u e d . T h e C o n s t r u c t i o n (Design a n d Management) Regulations
require that, f o r a p r o j e c t covered by those Regulations, a copy of this Certificate,
together with schedules, is i n c l u d e d i n t h e project h e a l t h a n d safety documentation.

For safety reasons, t h e electrical installation will n e e d to b e inspected at appropriate intervals

by a skilled person or persons, competent in such work. The maximum time interval
recommended before the next inspection is stated on Page 1 under 'NEXT INSPECTION'.

G u i d a n c e N o t e 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing 153

© The Institution o f Engineering and Technology
 This Certificate is intended to b e issued only for a new electrical installation or for new
work associated with an addition or alteration to an existing installation. It should not
have b e e n issued for t h e inspection and testing of an existing electrical installation.
An "Electrical Installation Condition Report" should b e issued for such an inspection.

This Certificate is only valid if the Schedule of Inspections has been completed to
confirm that all relevant inspections have been carried out and where accompanied
by Schedule(s) of Circuit Details a n d Test Results.

Where the installation includes a residual current device (RCD) it should b e tested
six-monthly by pressing the button marked T or 'Test'. The device should switch off
the supply and should then be switched on to restore the supply. If the device does
not switch off the supply when the button is pressed, seek expert advice. For safety
reasons it is important that this instruction is followed.

Where the installation includes an arc fault detection device (AFDD) having a manual
test facility it should b e tested six-monthly by pressing the test button. Where a n AFDD
has both a test button and automatic test function, manufacturer's instructions shall
b e followed with respect to test button operation. Where the installation includes a
surge protection device (SPD)the status indicator should b e checked to confirm it is in
operational condition i n accordance with manufacturer's information. If t h e indication
shows that t h e device is not operational, seek expert advice. For safety reasons it is
important that this instruction is followed.

Where the installation includes alternative or additional sources of supply, warning

notices should b e found at the origin or meter position, or if remote f r o m the origin,
at the consumer unit or distribution board and at all points of isolation of all sources
of supply.

154 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 Generic schedule of circuit details for a single-phase installation

▼ Figure 5 . 3 E x a m p l e S c h e d u l e of C i r c u i t Details (single-phase installation)

GENERIC SCHEDULE OF CIRCUIT DETAILS Certificate/Report number:.. "?.

Distribution board details

DB reference: Consumer Location: Under stairs cupboard Supplied from: Supply meter
Unit
Distribution circuit OCPD: BS (EN): 1361 _________ Type: H Rating/Setting: 80 A
t
SPD Details: Type(s)*: T1 T2 gf T3 D N/AD

CIRCUIT DETAILS
Conductor details Overcurrent protective device RCD

Maximum permitted Zs (Q)§

Number & size

Number of points served

Breaking capacity (kA)

Reference method*
Circuit number

Type of wiring

______
Live (mm2)

Rating (A)

Rating (A)
Circuit description

cpc (mm 2)

(N3) sa

(Viu) "’i
BS (EN)
(D

Type
ID
o>
cn
w

IS
?
00
2 14

-
1 Ring - downstairs socket- outlets A 102.# IO 2X2.5 1.5 61001 B 32 6 1.37 61001 A 30 32
2 Ring - upstairs socket- outlets A 102# 8 2X2.5 1.5 61001 B 32 6 1.37 61001 A 39 32
3 Ring - kitchen socket- outlets A 102# 8 2x2.5 1.5 61001 B 32 6 1.37 61001 A 39 32
4 Cooker - kitchen A A 1 2x6.0 2.5 61001 B 32 6 1.37 61001 A 39 32
5* Lights - upstairs A 1O1# 7 2X1.0 1.0 61001 B 6 6 7.28 61001 A 50 6
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology

<c> Lights - downstairs A 1OO# 7 2X1.0 1.0 61001 B 6 6 7.28 61001 A 50 6

7 Lights - garage A 8 7 2X1.0 1.0 61001 B 6 6 7.28 61001 A 50 6
Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing

8 SPARE - - - - - - - - - - - - -

CODES FOR TYPES OF WIRING

A B c D E F G H 0

Thermoplastic insulated/ Thermoplastic cables in Thermoplastic cables in Thermoplastic cables in Other - please state
Thermoplastic cables i n
Thermoplastic SWA cables Thermosetting SWA cables Mineral insulated cables
s h e a t h e d cables metallic conduit non-metallic conduit metallic trunking non-metaliic trunking

* SPDType. Where a combined T1 + T2 orT2 + T3 device is installed, indicate by ticking both Type boxes.
t Where a T3 SPD is installed to protect sensitive equipment, enter details in Remarks’, column 31 , of the Schedule of Test Results. (See Section 534 of BS 7671;2018+A2:2022.)
155

t See Table 4A2 of Appendix 4 of BS 7671 :2018+A2:2022.

§ Where the maximum permitted earth fault loop impedance value slated in column 12 is taken from a source other than the tabulated values given in Chapter 41 of BS 7671 :2018+A2:2022, state the source of the data in the appropriate cell for the circuit in the ‘Remarks’, column 31, of the Schedule of Test Results.
 5

Generic schedule of circuit details - Notes

The fields of the f o r m are used as follows:

1 The circuit number as marked o n the distribution board or consumer unit. The
normal convention for single-phase distribution boards and consumer units,
circuit 1 is closest to t h e main isolator of the assembly. For single-phase circuits
in three-phase installations, it is preferred to use the designation L I , L2, L3.
For example, for single-phase circuits in the fifth compartment, the designation
would b e 5L1, 5L2 and 5L3.
2 Brief description of t h e circuit.
3 The type of wiring is identified by a code, following the convention at t h e
b o t t o m of t h e form.
4 The reference method is identified according to Table 4 A 2 in Appendix 4 of
BS 7671.
5 The number of points served is the total number of accessories or other
connection points for current-using or generating equipment. A double or triple
socket-outlet to BS 1363-2 is usually considered to b e a single point.
6 Number and size of live conductors. Where the conductors are not copper,
this should also b e identified using the chemical symbol in this column. For
example:
• 2x1.5 indicates two copper live conductors with cross-sectional area 1.5 m m 2 ;
• 4 x 1 6 Al indicates four aluminium live conductors with cross-sectional area
1 6 m m 2.
7 Number and size of cpc. Where the conductors are not copper, this should also
b e identified using the chemical symbol in this column.
8 Number of the standard for the overcurrent protective device, for example:
• ’ 6 0 8 9 8 ' for an MCB to BS EN 60898;
• ' 3 0 3 6 ' for a re-wireable fuse BS 3 0 3 6 .
9 Type of overcurrent protective device, where applicable. For example, B, C or D
for MCBs and RCBOsto BS EN 6 0 8 9 8 or BS EN 61009.
10 Rated operating current l n of the overcurrent protective device.
11 Rated breaking capacity o f t h e overcurrent protective device.
12 Maximum permitted earth fault loop impedance Z s of the circuit for automatic
disconnection of supply. These figures are usually obtained f r o m Tables 41.1 to
41.6 in BS 7671 (see Appendix A). Where table 41.5 of BS 7671 applies for
TT systems served by a public supply, an earth fault loop impedance exceeding
2 2 5 Q is unlikely to b e acceptable, as this implies the earth electrode resistance
is unlikely to b e stable as indicated in the Note to Table 41.5 of BS 7671.
13 Number of the standard for the RCD protecting the circuit (if any), for example
'610009' for an RCBO to BS EN 61009.
14 Type of t h e RCD protecting t h e circuit (if any), either 'AC','A’,'F' or 'B'.
15 Residual current rating of the RCD protecting the circuit (if any).
16 Maximum operating current of t h e RCD protecting the circuit (if any).

G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

156
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 Generic Schedule of Test Results for a single-phase installation

▼ Figure 5 . 4 E x a m p l e S c h e d u l e of Test Results (single-phase installation)

GENERIC SCHEDULE OF TEST RESULTS Certificate/Report number: . . .

Distribution board details Details of test instruments used (serial and/or asset numbers)

DB reference: Consumer 0.2 £1 q | 0 . 2 kA Multifunction: S e r 1020304

db pf
Unit Continuity: _ _ ____ _______N/A _ _________________ _ _ _
Confirmed: Correct polarity gf Phase sequence Insulation resistance: N/A
Earth fault loop impedance: N/A
SPD: Operational status confirmed [?f N/A RCD:. . . .............................. N/A
Earth electrode resistance: _N/A ..... ........................... ............

TEST RESULT DETAILS

Continuity (Q) Insulation resistance Z.(O) RCD AFDD

Manual test button operation

time (ms)**
Ring final circuit (R 1 + R 2) or R 2
Remarks

Test button operation

Maximum measured
Include details of circuits and/or installed equipment

Live - Earth (MQ)

Test voltage (V)
vulnerable to damage when testing
Circuit number

Disconnection
r n (neutral)
r, (line) (0)

> (continue on a separate sheet if necessary)

(R, + R 2 )

Polarity#
Q.
0)

CJ1

CO
O>
00
=4

u?

ro
M

LD
w

5
20 22 24 31

o
to
1 0.62 0.62 1.02 0.41 N/A 500 >999 >999 0.71 28 N/A
2 0.62 0.62 1.02 0.41 N/A 500 >999 >999 J 0.71 36 </ N/A
3 0.22 0.22 0.37 0.15 N/A 500 >999 >999 0.44 25 J N/A
4 N/A N/A N/A 0.16 N/A 500 >999 >999 0.46 34 N/A
5 N/A N/A N/A 2.56 N/A 250 N/A >999 J 2.85 29 N/A Circuit S insulation 2.50 V (L+N)-E due to LEO drivers
©
6 N/A N/A N/A 8.20 N/A 500 >999 >999 Y 2.86 33 J N/A High Zs on U/S lighting (circuit 6) found to be due to loose
7 N/A N/A N/A 1.57 N/A 500 >999 >999 J 1.90 31 N/A terminals at the point of connection of additional lighting
g g 8 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A circuitry. With the additional circuitry disconnected } a
§ 8 satisfactory Zs of 2.86 O. was obtained. Conductors remain
damaged and cabling requires replacement.
™ CD
<§•

-I f o

Tested by name (Capitals): Q THOMPSON

o

I
<8 Signature: G Date: 1S/O7/ 2.022

fl Not all SPDs have visible functionality indication.

# Where this schedule is issued with an Electrical Installation Condition Report, and incorrect polarity is identified, an 'X' should be entered.
** RCD effectiveness is verified using an alternating current test at rated residual operating current (lAn)-
ft Not all AFDDs have a test button
 58
Form 2 Generic Schedule o f Circuit Details f o r a three-phase installation
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Guidance Note 3 : Inspection & Testing

▼ Figure 5 . 5 Example Schedule of Circuit Details (three-phase installation)

GENERIC SCHEDULE OF CIRCUIT DETAILS Certificate/Report number:..5*333 7 3

Distribution board details

DB reference: Location: Switch Room Supplied from: Supply meter

Distribution circuit OCPD: BS (EN): 88-3 Type: Rating/Setting: 80 A

f
SPD Details: Type(s)*: T 1 T2 gf T3 D N/A

CIRCUIT DETAILS
Conductor details Overcurrent protective device RCD

Maximum permitted Z s (Q)§

Number & size

Number of points served

Breaking capacity (kA)

Reference method*
Circuit number

Type of wiring

Live (mm2)

cpc (mm 2)

Rating (A)
Circuit description

(ns) sa
BS (EN)

Type
Type
1
I

U1
QC

00

co
o»

£
co
15 ~~ 16

o
2

1 SPPs C B 1 4x2.5* 1X10 608 9 8 B 6 IO 7.28 N/A N/A N/A N/A

2.L1 R/ng - ground floor North E B 14 2x4.0 1X1.5* 61009 B 32 IO 1.37 61009 A 30 32
2.L2. External lighting G C&P 16 2x2.5* 1X2-5* 61009 B 16 IO 2.73 61009 A 30 16
2L3 Radial - Kitchen A 102# 7 2X4.0 1X1.5* 61009 B 32 IO 1.37 61009 A 30 32
3L1 Lighting - ground floor South & Circulation C B 23 2X2.5* 1X2.5* 608 9 8 B 16 IO 2.73 N/A N/A N/A N/A
3L2 Ring - ground floor South E B 14 2x4.0 1X1.5* 61009 B 32 IO 1.37 61009 A 30 32
3L3 Lighting - ground floor North & Reception C B 27 2X2.5* 1X2. 5 608 9 8 B 16 IO 2.73 N/A N/A N/A N/A
4L1 Radial - fire alarm B B 1 2x2.5* 1X2.5* 608 9 8 B IO IO 4.37 N/A N/A N/A N/A
412 Ring - ground floor Receptions Circulation E B 8 2X4.0 1x1.5 61009 B 32 IO 2.73 61009 A 30 32
4L3 Radial - a/c plant room B&D B 5* 2X4.0 1X1.5 60898 B 20 IO 2.19 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Laundry - 3ph washing machine a E 1 4X2.5* 1x22 Fe 60947-2 C 25* IO 0.87 60947-2 B 30 25*
___5
6 SPARE

CODES FOR TYPES OF WIRING

A B c D E F G H 0
Other - please state
Thermoplastic insulated/ Thermoplastic cables in Thermoplastic cables in Thermoplastic cables in Thermoplastic cables in
Thermoplastic SWA cables Thermosetting SWA cables Mineral insulated cables
sheathed cables metallic conduit non-metallic conduit metallic trunking non-metallic trunking

* SPD T)pe. Where a combined T1 + T2 or T2 + T3 device is installed, indicate by ticking both Type boxes.
•f Where a T3 SPD is installed to protect sensitive equipment, enter details in ‘Remarks', column 31, of the Schedule of Test Results. (See Section 534 of BS 7671:201 8+A2:2022. )
t See Table 4A2 of Appendix 4 of BS 7671 ;2018+A2:2022.
§ Where the maximum permitted earth fault loop impedance value stated in column 12 is taken from a source other than the tabulated values given in Chapter 41 of BS 7671:201 8+A2:2022, state the source of the data in the appropriate cell for the circuit in the ‘Remarks’, column 31, of the Schedule of Test Results.
 Form 3 Generic Schedule of Test Results for part of a three-phase installation

▼ Figure 5 . 6 E x a m p l e Schedule of Test R e s u l t s (three-phase installation)

GENERIC SCHEDULE OF TEST RESULTS Certificate/Report number: 575.

Distribution b o a r d details Details of test instruments u s e d (serial and/or asset n u m b e r s )

D B reference: .....QBX ............. Z db ____O»3O ______ __________ Q I f ____ 0,8 __ ... _____ kA M ultifu notion: ................. ....... . .Ser 1022305 ..................... ....... .........
Continuity: ................ N/A
Confirmed: Correct polarity |Vf P h a s e sequence [Vf Insulation resistance: N/A
E a r t h fault l o o p impedance: N/A
SPD: Operational status confirmed |Vf N/A
RCD: ..... _ N/A
Earth electrode resistance: ..... ..... N/A

TEST RESULT DETAILS

Continuity ( Q ) Insulation resistance Z,(Q) RCD AFDD

Manual test button operation+t

Disconnection t i m e (ms)**
R i n g final circuit (R. + R J o r R 2
Remarks

Test button operation

M a x i m u m measured
Live - Earth ( M Q )
Include details of circuits and/or installed equipment

Live - Live ( M Q )
Test voltage (V)
Circuit n u m b e r

vulnerable to d a m a g e w h e n testing
rn (neutral)
r, (line) (0)

* (continue o n a separate s h e e t if necessary)

r 2 (cpc)

of
+ CD
of O
<D

U1
W
NJ

NJ
21 22 26 31
2

o
1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 N/A 250 >999 J 0.30 N/A N/A N/A Insulation 250 V (Ll+L2 L3-t-N)-E: SPDs in circuit *
2L1 0.65 0.65 X.8X 0.61 N/A 500 >999 / 0.91 52 N/A
2.L2. N/A N/A N/A 1.35 N/A 250 N/A >999 Y 1.65 22 N/A Insulation 250 V (L.+N)-E: dawn to dusk sensors
2.L3 N/A N/A N/A 0.54 N/A 500 >999 >999 / O.S4 23 J N/A
3 L 1 N/A N/A N/A 1.02 N/A 250 N/A >999 </ 1.32 N/A N/A N/A Insulation 250 V (L N)-E: PIRs in circuit *
© 3L2 0.67 0.67 1.20 0.62 N/A 500 >999 >999 J 0.92 25 J N/A
3L3 N/A N/A N/A 0.51 N/A 250 N/A >999 / 0.21 N/A N/A N/A Insulation 250 V (L+N)-E: PIRs in circuit
s Institution of Engineering and Technology
Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing

3 LX N/A N/A N/A 0.52 N/A 500 >999 >999 0 . 2 2 N/A N/A N/A
3L2 0.51 0.51 1.39 0.42 N/A 500 >999 >999 J 0.72 21 N/A
3L3 N/A N/A N/A 1.15 N/A 500 >999 >999 1.36 N/A N/A N/A
5 N/A N/A N/A 0.42 N/A 500 >999 >999 0.20 34 J N/A
6

* Cables for these circuits were tested at 500 V L-L,

Tested by n a m e (Capitals): 6? WILSON L - N , L-E and N-E as appropriate, prior to
connection of sensitive equipment in circuit.
Signature: Date: 2 2 Ju ly 2022 All readings > 9 9 9 Mil.

U Not all SPDs have visible functionality indication.

# Where this schedule is issued with an Electrical Installation Condition Report, and incorrect polarity is identified, an 'X' should be entered.
** RCD effectiveness is verified using an alternating current test at rated residual operating current ( lAn ).
159

tt Not all AFDDs have a test button

 5
GENERIC SCHEDULE OF TEST RESULTS

NOTES

The following notes relate to the column number in the f o r m (Form 3).

17 The circuit number as marked o n t h e distribution board or consumer unit. The

normal convention for single-phase distribution boards and consumer units,
circuit 1 is closest to t h e main isolator of t h e assembly. For single-phase circuits
in three-phase installations, it is preferred to use the designation LI, L2, L3.
For example, for single-phase circuits in the fifth compartment, the designation
would b e 5L1, 5L2 and 5L3.
18 Ring line-line open resistance continuity in Q : see Section 2.6.6.
19 Ring neutral-neutral open resistance continuity in Q: see Section 2.6.6.
20 Ring cpc-cpc open resistance continuity in Q : see Section 2.6.6.
21 Ring (R] + R2) : enter the highest value recorded while carrying out step 3 of
t h e ring continuity test (see Section 2.6.6). Note that where meaningless results
are recorded, due to parallel return paths, and it has been established and t h e
inspector has verified continuity, a value is not necessary in this cell, and the
cell may b e ticked.
2 2 Continuity R2 : a d d the value of t h e cpc continuity reading. If using test m e t h o d
2 (the 'wandering lead' method), enter the m a x i m u m value of the various
readings that were measured o n the circuit. Note that where meaningless
results are recorded, d u e t o parallel return paths, and it has b e e n established
and the inspector has verified continuity, a value is not necessary in this cell,
and the cell may b e ticked.
2 3 Insulation resistance test voltage: usually 5 0 0 V unless the circuit contains
equipment that m a y b e damaged by, or otherwise affect, a test at 5 0 0 V.
24 Insulation resistance, L-L: enter the minimum value recorded during testing of
the circuit for each of t h e various configurations (see Section 2.6.7).
25 Insulation resistance, L-E: enter t h e minimum value recorded during testing of
the circuit for each of the various configurations (see Section 2.6.7).
2 6 Polarity: tick this cell w h e n the polarity for the circuit has been confirmed (see
Section 2.6.13). A cross may b e use to indicate polarity only where the f o r m
accompanies an EICR.
2 7 Z s : enter t h e circuit EFLIby whatever method you have selected t o determine it
(see Section 2.6.15).
28 Enter maximum disconnection t i m e measured for a test current at | An .
29 Tick this cell when t h e operation of the RCD is confirmed when pressing the
test button.
30 Tick this cell when AFDD that has a test button operates correctly w h e n the test
button is pressed.
3 1 Remarks: this cell is provided to note anything relevant to the circuit and testing.

160 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology

▼ Figure 5.7 Example M i n o r Electrical Installation Works Certificate (MEIWC)

MINOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION WORKS CERTIFICATE Certificate No.: ...4.43g.

(REQUIREMENTS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS - BS 7671)
To be used only for minor electrical work which does not include the provision of a new circuit

PART 1: Description of the minor works

1 . Details of the Client . .&£.&. ............................................. Date minor works completed “3“# 202-2.
2. Installation location/address . 2 kP.YP,. Little. 2A. Y. .............................................................
3. Description of the minor works .lighting points t o .office/b ................................
4. Details of any departures from BS 7671 :2018 as amended to 2022 (date) for the circuit altered or extended
(Regulation 120.3, 133.1.3 and 133.5).
Details of permitted exceptions (Regulation 411.3.3). Where applicable, a suitable risk assessment(s)
must be attached to this Certificate. . , ,m
Risk assessment attached |_|
None.
5. Comments on (including any defects observed in) the existing installation (Regulation 644.1.2):
No protection against overvoltage. Distributor's equipment issue - cut-out ruseholder corner cracked.
Customer- advised ■to ■contact -supplier ..............................................................................................................................
PART 2: Presence and adequacy of installation earthing and bonding arrangements (Regulation 132.16)

1 . System earthing arrangement: TN-S TN-C-S L3 TT

2. Earth fault loop impedance at distribution board (Zdb) supplying the final circuit ........ Q

3. Presence of adequate main protective conductors:

Earthing conductor LET

Main protective bonding conductor(s) to: Water E Gas S Oil Structural steel Other (Specify)..................

PART 3: Circuit details

DB Reference No.: ....... /. ................................. DB Location and type: . Tpp.of .stairs, 8 PN. .....................................
Circuit No.: Circuit description: ...... Qpstgjrs, lighting .......................... Installation reference method .................
Number & size of conductors: Live . ..... mm 2 cpc .... A4?........... mm 2
Circuit overcurrent protective device: BS (EN) ..£■£<?<?.?... Type Rating ..... £ . . A
RCD: BS (EN) ..£*£*?.?.. Type .....4... Rating ..... .f...A Rated residual operating current (I J .... ..mA
AFDD: BS (EN) ..... Rating ,.A ..A
SPD: BS(EN) ...W* ..... Type

PART 4: Test results for the altered or extended circuit (where relevant and practicable)
Protective conductor continuity: (R R 2)......................................... Q or R 2 .................. <24 ............... Q
Continuity of ring final circuit conductors: L/l ___bt/A. ........... Q N/N ..... .......... Q cpc/cpc ...... bf/A ........ Q
Insulation resistance: Test voltage3Z?<?.V Live - Live Z.9.9.9MQ Live - Earth .>9.9.9... MQ
Polarity satisfactory: 0 Maximum measured earth fault loop impedance: Zs Q
RCD disconnection time at rated residual operating current (l An) .../2-?-4.ms Satisfactory test button operation:
AFDD satisfactory test button operation: NOTE: Not all AFDDs have a test button
SPD functionality confirmed: Q NOTE: Not all SPDs have visible functionality indication

PART 5: Declaration

I certify that the work covered by this certificate does not impair the safety of the existing installation and the work has
been designed, constructed, inspected and tested in accordance with BS 7671:2018 amended to .4<?42..... (date)
and that to the best of my knowledge and belief, at the time of my inspection, complied with BS 7671 except
as detailed in Part 1 above.

Name: ..... G.-..Stokes .................................................

For and on behalf of: ...StP.keS.El

Address; . .. Signature: ....................................

Newtown
Position: ...P.UC Etor .................................................
WA4 SXX Date; Au uStjZOZZ

Guidance N o t e 3: Inspection & Testing 161

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MINOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION WORKS CERTIFICATE(MEIWC)

Notes for the person producing the Certificate

Scope

The MEIWC is intended to be used for alterations or additions to an installation that do

not extend to the provision of a new circuit. Examples include the addition of socket
outlets or lighting points to an existing circuit, the relocation of a light switch, and
similar. This Certificate may also be used for the replacement of equipment such as
accessories or luminaires, but not for the replacement of distribution boards, consumer
units or similar items. Appropriate inspection and testing, however, should always be
carried out, irrespective of the extent of the work undertaken.

Part 1 Description of the minor works

1,2,3 The minor works must be so described that the work that is the subject of
the certification can be readily identified.
4 See Regulations 120.3 and 133.5. No departures are to be expected, except
in the most unusual circumstances. See also Regulation 644.1.
5 Note any defects observed in the existing installation that are not related to
the work being carried out.

Under the "Comments on existing installation ..." heading, only deficiencies that do
not impair the safety of any alteration or addition covered by the Certificate may be
referred to. An example would b e existing main bonding conductors identified by
the colour green only (rather than green-and-yellow) or which have a csa less than
that required by Chapter 54, but which are nevertheless considered adequate by the
designer of the alteration or addition.

Any deficiency liable to impair the safety of the alteration or addition must be corrected
before the alteration or addition is carried out (see Regulation 132.16). It would be
unacceptable simply to refer to the deficiency on the Certificate.

Part 2 Installation earthing and bonding: existing installation

The existing earthing and bonding must be inspected and tested to confirm that it is
adequate for the new works. Any extension to earthing and bonding must be installed
for the works, if required.

Part 3 Circuit details

Generally, for domestic installations, this is simple: record details of the circuit protective
device and circuit conductors.

COMPLETE THE CIRCUIT CHART DETAILS ON THE DISTRIBUTION BOARD OR

CONSUMER UNIT.

Part 4 Essential tests

The relevant provisions of Part 6 (Inspection and testing) of BS7671 must be applied
in full to all minor works. For example, where a socket-outlet is added to an existing
circuit, it is necessary to:

162 Guidance N o t e 3: Inspection & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 5

(a) establish that t h e earthing contact of the socket-outlet is connected to a suitable

means of earthing via the MET;
(b) measure the insulation resistance of t h e circuit that has been added to and
establish that i t complies with Table 6 4 of BS 7671;
(c) measure the EFLIto establish that the maximum permitted disconnection time
is not exceeded;
(d) check that t h e polarity of t h e socket-outlet is correct; and
(e) if t h e work is protected by an RCD, verify the effectiveness of the RCD.

Part 5 Declaration

When filling out a n d signing a form o n behalf of a company or other business entity,
individuals m u s t state for w h o m they are acting.

GUIDANCE FOR RECIPIENTS (to be a p p e n d e d t o the Certificate)

This Certificate has been issued to confirm that t h e electrical installation work to which
it relates has been designed, constructed, inspected and tested in accordance with
BS 7671.

You should have received an 'original' Certificate and t h e person that issued the
Certificate should have retained a duplicate. If you were the person ordering the work,
but n o t t h e owner of t h e installation, you should pass this Certificate, or a copy of
it, to the owner. A separate Certificate should have been received for each existing
circuit o n which minor works have been carried out. This Certificate is not appropriate
if you requested the person that issued the Certificate to undertake m o r e extensive
installation work, for which you should have received an EIC.

The Certificate should b e retained in a safe place and b e shown to any person
inspecting or undertaking further work o n the electrical installation in the future. If
you later vacate the property, this Certificate will demonstrate to the n e w owner that
the minor electrical installation work carried out complied with the requirements of
BS7671 at the time t h e Certificate was issued.

For safety reasons, the electrical installation will need to b e inspected at appropriate
intervals by a skilled person or persons, competent in such work.

Where the installation includes a residual current device (RCD) it should b e tested
six-monthly by pressing t h e button marked T or 'Test'. The device should switch off
t h e supply and should then b e switched o n to restore t h e supply. If the device does
not switch off t h e supply w h e n the button is pressed, seek expert advice. For safety
reasons it is important that this instruction is followed.

Where t h e installation includes an arc fault detection device (AFDD) having a manual
test facility it should b e tested six-monthly by pressing the test button. Where a n AFDD
has both a test button and automatic test function, manufacturer's instructions shall b e
followed with respect to test button operation.

Where the installation includes a surge protection device (SPD) the status indicator
should b e checked to confirm it is in operational condition in accordance with
manufacturer's information. If the indication shows that t h e device is n o t operational,
seek expert advice. For safety reasons it is important that this instruction is followed.

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 163

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Where the installation includes alternative or additional sources of supply, warning
notices should be found at the origin or meter position, or if remote from the origin,
at the consumer unit or distribution board and at all points of isolation of all sources
of supply.

▼ Figure 5 . 8 Example Electrical Installation Condition Report (EICR) (page 1)

ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CONDITION REPORT Report No.: . A 3 4 2

SECTION A. DETAILS OF THE PERSON ORDERING THE REPORT

Name M. .........................................................................................................................................
Address
EAiX ............................................................................................................

SECTION B. REASON FOR PRODUCING THIS REPORT

Date(s) on which inspection and testing was carried out ....... l.tL August ,2022 ..................................
SECTION C. DETAILS OF THE INSTALLATION WHICH IS THE SUBJECT OF THIS REPORT
Occupier
Address

Description of premises
Residential Ef Commercial Industrial Other (include brief description)
Estimated age of wiring system years
Evidence of additions I alterations? Yes ST No Not apparent If yes, estimate age £ .........years
Installation records available? (Regulation 651.1) Yes □ No |Vf Date of last inspection ....................................... (date) __________
SECTION D. EXTENT AND LIMITATIONS O F INSPECTION AND TESTING
Extent of the electrical installation covered by this report ..Visual .inspeetion..o.f..suprilier!s..ter.nninal..eauipi(nent i ..inspection.
. a n d .test of c p uwier unit
Agreed limitations including the reasons (see Regulation 653.2)
Bu tiding. fabric ,not ,to b e , distu rbed

Agreed with: .....Client ....................... ................. ....... .......... ...................................................... ............................................................ ..........
Operational limitations including the reasons (see page no ) ...None

The inspection and testing detailed in this report and accompanying schedules have been carried out in accordance with BS 7671:2018
as amended to ...............................

It should be noted that cables concealed within trunking and conduits, under floors, in roof spaces, and generally within the fabric of the building or
underground, have not been inspected unless specifically agreed between the client and inspector prior to the inspection. An inspection should be
made within an accessible roof space housing other electrical equipment.

SECTION E. SUMMARY O F THE CONDITION O F THE INSTALLATION

General condition of the installation (in terms of electrical safety)
.lnst.alLatio.n.d.Q.e$..nQt.cp. .p .wlth..D$.7 7 :2Q tA2:2Q22,.EidJS.in.gQQ.d.cpnditiQn.ApartJrp.rn.the..connect.lQn...Qf
additional, Iighti ,,poin ,i alled, l.n2977.-. .This, led to flickering , lights, and possible risk of fire ,and ,shock.
Overall assessment of the installation in terms of its suitability for continued use
SATISFACTORY / UNSATISFACTORY* (Delete as appropriate)
*An unsatisfactory assessment indicates that dangerous (code C1) and/or potentially dangerous (code C2) conditions have been identified. _______
SECTION F. RECOMMENDATIONS
Where the overall assessment of the suitability of the installation for continued use above is stated as UNSATISFACTORY, 11 we recommend that
any observations classified as ‘Danger present’ (code C1 ) or ‘Potentially dangerous’ (code C2) are acted upon as a matter of urgency.
Investigation without delay is recommended for observations identified as ‘Further investigation required’ (code Fl).
Observations classified as ‘Improvement recommended’ (code C3) should be given due consideration.
13/08 /2.032
Subject to the necessary remedial action being taken, I / We recommend that the installation is further inspected and tested by ..................... (date)
for the following reasons this. .is.t h e . usual. period, recommended, for. private . residences

SECTION G. DECLARATION
l/We, being the person(s) responsible for the inspection and testing of the electrical installation (as indicated by my/our signatures
below), particulars of which are described above, having exercised reasonable skill and care when carrying out the inspection and
testing, hereby declare that the information in this report, including the observations and the attached schedules, provides an accurate
assessment of the condition of the electrical installation taking into account the stated extent and limitations in section D of this report.
Inspected and tested by: Report authorised for issue by:
Name (Capitals) ....... fdECEE..TH.QM ................. Name (Capitals) PFF THOMPSON ...........................
Signature Signature
For/on behalf of . . . . T . a n d C , Electrical Forton behalf of T.and.C Electrical. ..................................
Position Prwrfe.r .................................................................. Position Proprietor ................................................................
Address U/hrte/eaf Close, Ne pwn .EA.4 SXX
Address Whiteleaf Close,
Date 14 August iozi
Date
SECTION H. SCHEDULE(S)
.....i Inspection Schedule(s) and Schedule(s) of Circuit Details and Test Results are attached.
The attached schedule(s) are part of this document and this report is valid only when they are attached to it.

164 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 Figure 5 . 9 Example Electrical Installation Condition Report (EICR) (page 2)

Report N o . : ...1342.

SECTION I. SUPPLY CHARACTERISTICS AND EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS _________________________________________________________

Earthing Number and Type of Live Nature of Supply Parameters Supply Protective Device
arrangements Conductors
TN-C AC Ef DC Nominal voltage, U / Uo ..... ............ V BS(EN) ..... .............
TN-S 1 -phase, 2-wire EF 2-wire Nominal frequency, fW ......... so ........... Hz Type ................? ................
TN-C-S S’ 2-phase, 3-wire 3-wire Prospective fault current, I P ..... &.?. ...... kA Rated current .......1Q.9.. ... A
TT 3-phase, 3-wire Other External earth fault
IT 3-phase, 4-wire loop impedance, Ze .............. Q
(Note: (1) by enquiry (2) by enquiry or by measurement)
Confirmation of supply polarity 0
Other sources of supply (as detailed on attached schedule) E
SECTION J. PARTICULARS OF INSTALLATION REFERRED TO IN THE REPORT ______________________________________________________
Means of Earthing Details of Installation Earth Electrode (where applicable)
Distributor’s facility IZT Type ............. NZA ............................................................................................................................................................
Installation earth Location ......... W/A ..........................................................................................................................................................
electrode Resistance to Earth ... N/A. .. O
Main Protective Conductors ________________________________________________
Earthing conductor Material ....Copper,......... csa ....... .9........... mm 2 Connection / continuity verified 0

Main protective bonding conductors Material .......... csa ........ «?. .......... mm* Connection / continuity verified 0

To water installation pipes 0 To gas installation pipes 0 | To oil installation pipes To structural steel
To lightning protection Toother Specify .................................................................................................................................................
Main switch / Switch -fuse / Circuit-breaker I RCD
Location ........................................................ Current rating ........ 1Q.Q.................. A If RCD main switch
Under-stairs cupboard Fuse / device rating or setting .N/A .A RCD Type .......... ...............................................

BS(EN) ...... 4 7 - 3 ........................... Voltage rating ZZQ .................. V Rated residual operating current (Jap) ...... .C/ZA...... m A
Rated time delay ........ NZA ..................................... ms
No of poles ...... £ ..........................................
Measured operating time ..... ............................. ms

SECTION K. OBSERVATIONS
Referring to the attached inspection schedule(s) and schedule(s) of circuit details and test results, and subject to the limitations specified at the
Extent and limitations of inspection and testing section
No remedial action is required The following observations are made EF (see below):
OBSERVATION(S) Include schedule reference, as appropriate CLASSIFICATION
CODE

1-. . .tP.,lighting, circuit at Junction box.. Arcing ,and, burnt .insulation evident ......................................... Cl
t/‘

Loose connections as above, causing unreliable earthing of circuit and risk of fire.

2. No additional protection bg RCD, or earthed mechanical protection, for cables concealed in walls ....UM

NOTE: Faulty section of lighting circuit disconnected with Clients .approval.

One of the following codes, as appropriate, has been allocated to each of the observations made above to indicate to the person(s) responsible for
the installation the degree of urgency for remedial action.
C1 - Danger present. Risk of injury. Immediate remedial action required
02 - Potentially dangerous - urgent remedial action required
C3 - Improvement recommended
Fl - Further investigation required without delay

G u i d a n c e N o t e 3: I n s p e c t i o n & Testing 165

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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION CONDITION REPORT NOTES FOR THE PERSON

PRODUCING THE REPORT

1 This Report should only b e used for reporting o n the condition of an existing
electrical installation, and n o t for the replacement of a consumer u n i t /
distribution board. An installation which was designed to an earlier edition of
BS 7671 or the IEE Wiring Regulations and which does not fully comply with
the current edition is not necessarily unsafe for continued use, or requires
upgrading. Only damage, deterioration, defects, dangerous conditions and non-
compliance with the requirements of BS 7 6 7 1 or t h e IEE Wiring Regulations,
which may give rise t o danger, should b e recorded.
2 The Report, normally comprising at least five pages, should include schedules
of both the inspection a n d t h e test results. Additional pages may be necessary
for other than a simple installation a n d for the "Guidance for recipients". The
number of each page should b e indicated, together with the total number of
pages involved.
3 The reason for producing this Report, such as change of occupancy or landlord's
periodic maintenance, should b e identified in Section B.
4 Those elements of the installation that are covered by the Report and those
that are not should b e identified in Section D (Extent and limitations). These
aspects should have b e e n agreed with the person ordering the report and
other interested parties before the inspection and testing commenced. Any
operational limitations, such as inability t o gain access t o parts of the installation
or an item of equipment, should also b e recorded in Section D.
5 The maximum prospective value of fault current (l p f) recorded should b e the
greater of either the prospective value of short-circuit current or the prospective
value of earth fault current.
6 Where a n installation has an alternative source of supply a further schedule of
supply characteristics and earthing arrangements based u p o n Section I of this
Report should b e provided.
7 A summary of the condition of the installation in terms of safety should
b e clearly stated in Section E. Observations, if any, should b e categorized in
Section K using the coding C l to C3 as appropriate. Any observation given
a code C l or C 2 classification should result in the overall condition of t h e
installation being reported as unsatisfactory.
8 Wherever practicable, i t e m s classified as 'Danger p r e s e n t ' ( C l ) should b e
m a d e s a f e o n discovery. Where this is not possible the owner or user should
b e given written notification as a matter of urgency.
9 Where an observation requires further investigation (Fl) because the inspection
has revealed an apparent deficiency which could not, owing to the extent or
limitations of the inspection, b e fully identified and further investigation may
reveal a code C l o r C2 item, this should b e recorded within Section K, given
the code Fl and marked as unsatisfactory in Section E.
10 If the space available for observations in Section K is insufficient, additional
pages should b e provided as necessary.
11 The date by which the next Electrical Installation Condition Report is
recommended should b e given i n Section F. The interval between inspections
should take into account t h e requirements of Regulation 652.1 and the overall
condition of the installation.
12 Any deficiencies with intake equipment should be reported to the person
ordering the work.

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ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION C O N D I T I O N R E P O R T

GUIDANCE F O R RECIPIENTS (to b e appended t o the Report)

This Report is a n i m p o r t a n t and valuable d o c u m e n t which should b e r e t a i n e d

f o r future reference.

1 The purpose of this Condition Report is to confirm, so far as reasonably

practicable, whether or not the electrical installation is in a satisfactory condition
for continued service (see Section E). The Report should identify any damage,
deterioration, defects and/or conditions which may give rise to danger (see
Section K).
2 This Report is only valid if accompanied by the Inspection Schedule(s) and the
Schedule(s) of Circuit Details and Test Results.
3 The person ordering the Report should have received the 'original' Report and
the inspector should have retained a duplicate.
4 The 'original' Report should b e retained in a safe place and be made available
to any person inspecting or undertaking work o n t h e electrical installation in
the future. If t h e property is vacated, this Report will provide the n e w o w n e r /
occupier with details of t h e condition of the electrical installation at the t i m e the
Report was issued.
5 Section D (Extent and Limitations) should identify fully t h e extent of the
installation covered by this Report and any limitations o n the inspection and
testing. The inspector should have agreed these aspects with the person
ordering the Report and with other interested parties (licensing authority,
insurance company, mortgage provider and the like) before t h e inspection was
carried out.
6 Some operational limitations such as inability to gain access to parts of t h e
installation or an item of equipment m a y have been encountered during the
inspection. The inspector should have noted these in Section D.
7 For items classified in Section K as C l ('Danger present'), t h e safety o f t h o s e
using the installation is at risk, and it is recommended that a skilled person
or persons competent in electrical installation work undertakes the necessary
remedial work immediately.
8 For items classified in Section K as C2 ('Potentially dangerous'), the safety o f
those using the installation may b e a t risk and it is recommended that a
skilled person or persons competent in electrical installation work undertakes
the necessary remedial work as a matter of urgency.
9 Where it has been stated in Section K that an observation requires further
investigation (code Fl) the inspection has revealed an apparent deficiency which
may result in a code C l or C2, and could not, due to the extent or limitations
of t h e inspection, b e fully identified. Such observations should b e investigated
without delay. A further examination of the installation will be necessary, to
determine the nature and extent of the apparent deficiency (see Section F).
10 For safety reasons, t h e electrical installation should b e re-inspected at
appropriate intervals by a skilled person or persons, competent in such work.
The recommended date by which t h e next inspection is due is stated in
Section F of the Report under 'Recommendations'.
11 Where the installation includes a residual current device (RCD) it should b e
tested six-monthly by pressing the button marked T or 'Test'. The device
should switch off the supply and should then b e switched o n to restore
the supply. If t h e device does n o t switch off t h e supply when t h e button is
pressed, seek expert advice. For safety reasons i t is i m p o r t a n t t h a t this
instruction is followed.

Guidance N o t e 3 : Inspection & Testing 167

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1 2 Where t h e installation includes an arc fault detection device (AFDD) having

a manual test facility it should b e tested six-monthly by pressing t h e test
button. Where an AFDD has both a test button and automatic test function,
manufacturer's instructions shall b e followed with respect to test button
operation.

CONDITION R E P O R T INSPECTION SCHEDULE GUIDANCE F O R INSPECTORS

1 Section 1.0. Where inadequacies in t h e intake equipment are encountered t h e

inspector should advise t h e person ordering the work to inform the appropriate
authority.
2 The schedule is not exhaustive.
3 Numbers in brackets are regulation references to specified requirements.

▼ Figure 5.10 Example Condition Report Inspection Schedule (page 1)

Certificate/Report
£342
Number ....................
CONDITION REPORT INSPECTION SCHEDULE FOR
RESIDENTIAL AND SIMILAR PREMISES WITH UP TO 100 A SUPPLY
Note: This form is suitable for many types of smaller installation, not exclusively residential.
The persons responsible for the periodic inspection of the installation should include the relevant items in relation to the electrical
installation, the inspection schedule can be reduced or expanded depending on the requirements for the installation.

Acceptable Unacceptable State Improvement State Further

OUTCOMES Fl Not verified N/V Limitation LIM Not applicable N/A
condition condition ____ C1 or C2 recommended C3 investigation
OUTCOME
(Use codes above. Provide additional
ITEM
DESCRIPTION comment where appropriate.
NO
Cl, C2, C3 and Fl coded items to be recorded
in Section K of the Condition Report)

1.0 SUPPLY INTAKE EQUIPMENT (visual inspection only)

1.1 Distributor/supplier intake equipment Where inadequacies are found a cross should be put
• Service cable against the appropriate item a n d a comment made in
• Service head section K. An outcome against a n item in section 1 . 0 ,
• Earthing arrangement other t h a n access to live parts, should not be used to
• Meter tails determine the overall outcome.
• Metering equipment
• Isolator (where present)
Where inadequacies in t h e intake equipment are encountered, which may result i n a dangerous o r
potentially dangerous situation, the person ordering the work and/or duty holder m u s t be informed. It
i s strongly recommended t h a t the person ordering the work informs t h e appropriate authority.

Person ordering word / Duty holder notified (Delete as appropriate) -Yf N/A (Delete a s appropriate)

1.2 Consumer's isolator (where present) N/A

1.3 Consumer's meter tails J
2.0 PRESENCE OF ADEQUATE ARRANGEMENTS FOR OTHER SOURCES
SUCH AS MICROGENERATORS (551 .6; 551.7) N/A
3.0 EARTHING / BONDING ARRANGEMENTS (411.3; Chap 54)
3.1 Presence and condition of distributor’s earthing arrangement ( 5 4 2 . 1 . 2 . 1 ; 542.1.2.2)

3.2 Presence a n d condition of earth electrode connection where applicable (542.1.2.3) N/A
3.3 Provision of earthing/bonding l a b e l s at all appropriate locations (514.13.1) J
3.4 Confirmation of earthing conductor size (542.3; 543.1.1) J
3.5 Accessibility a n d condition of earthing conductor at M E T (543.3.2) J
3.6 Confirmation of m a i n protective b o n d i n g conductor sizes (544.1)

3.7 Condition a n d accessibility of m a i n protective b o n d i n g conductor connections (543.3.2; 544.1.2)

3.8 Accessibility and condition of o t h e r protective b o n d i n g connections (543.3.2)

4.0 CONSUMER UNIT(S) / DISTRIBUTION BOARD(S)

4.1 Adequacy of working space/accessibility to consumer unit/distribution board (132.12; 513.1)

4.2 Security of fixing ( 1 34.1 .1 )

4.3 Condition of enclosure(s) in terms of IP rating etc ( 4 1 6 . 2 )

4.4 Condition of enclosure(s) in terms of fire rating etc (421.1 .201, 526.5)

4.5 Enclosure not damaged/deteriorated so a s to impair safety (651.2)

4.6 Presence of main l i n k e d switch ( a s required by 462.1.201)

4.7 Operation of main switch (functional check) ( 6 4 3 . 1 0 )

4.8 Manual operation of circuit-breakers and RCDs to prove disconnection (643.10)

4.9 Correct identification of circuit details and protective devices ( 5 1 4 . 8 . 1 ; 5 1 4 . 9 . 1 ) 7

4.10 Presence of R C D six-monthly test notice, where required (514.12.2)

4.11 Presence of alternative supply warning notice at or near consumer unit/distribution board (514.15) N/A
4.12 Presence of other required labelling (please specify) (Section 514) N/A
4.13 Compatibility of protective d e v i c e a n d base and other components; correct type and rating. (No
signs of u n a c c e p t a b l e thermal d a m a g e , arcing o r o v e r h e a t i n g ) (536.4.203)

4.14 Single-pole switching o r protective devices in line conductors o n l y ( 1 3 2 . 1 4 . 1 ; 5 3 0 . 3 . 2 )

4.15 Protection against mechanical damage where cables enter consumer unit/distribution board (132.14.1;
y
522.8.1; 522.8.5; 522.8.11; 530.3.2)

4.16 Protection against electromagnetic effects where cables enter consumer unit/distribution board/enclosures (521 .5.1)

4.17 RCD(s) provided for fault protection - includes RCBOs (41 1 .4.9; 41 1 .5.2; 5 3 1 .2) N/A
4.18 RCD(s) provided for a d d i t i o n a l protection - i n c l u d e s RCBOs (411 ,3.3; 415.1)

4.19 Confirmation of indication that S P D is functional (651.4) N/A

168 G u i d a n c e N o t e 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 5

▼ Figure 5.11 Example Condition Report Inspection Schedule (page 2)

Certificate/Report
1342
Number ....................
Acceptable Unacceptable State Improvement State Further
OUTCOMES Fl Not verified N/V Limitation LIM Not applicable N/A
condition condition C 1 or C 2 recommended C3 investigation
OUTCOME
(Use codes above. Provide additional
ITEM
DESCRIPTION comment where appropriate.
NO C1, C2, C3 and Fl coded items to be recorded
in Section K of the Condition Report)

4.20 Confirmation that ALL conductor connections,

terminals and are tight and secure (526.1)
including connections to busbars, are correctly located in
✓
4.21 Adequate arrangements where a generating set operates as a switched alternative to the public supply (551 .6) N/A
4.22 Adequate arrangements where a generating set operates in parallel with the public supply (551 .7) N/A
5.0 FINAL CIRCUITS
5.1 Identification of conductors (514.3.1)

5.2 Cables correctly supported throughout their run (522.8.5)

5.3 Condition of insulation of live parts (416.1) Cl

5.4 Non-sheathed cables protected by enclosure in conduit, ducting or trunking (521.10.1)
■ To include the integrity of conduit and trunking systems (metallic and plastic)

5.5 Adequacy of cables for current-carrying capacity with regard for the type and nature of installation (Section 523) y'
5.6 Coordination between conductors and overload protective devices (433.1; 533.2.1)

5.7 Adequacy of protective devices: type and rated current for fault protection (41 1 .3)

5.8 Presence a n d adequacy of circuit protective conductors (433.1; 543.2.1)

5.9 Wiring system(s) appropriate for the type and nature of the installation and external influences (Section 522)

5.10 Concealed cables installed i n prescribed z o n e s (see Section D. Extent and limitations) (522.6.202)

5.11 C a b l e s concealed under floors, above ceilings o r in walls/partitions, adequately protected against
damage (see Section D. Extent and limitations) (522.6.204)
5.12 Provision of additional protection by R C D n o t exceeding 30 mA:

■ for all socket-outlets of rating 32 A or less, unless an exception is permitted (411.3.3) y'
■ for supply to m o b i l e e q u i p m e n t not exceeding 32 A rating for u s e outdoors ( 4 11 .3.3)

■ for cables concealed in walls at a depth of less than 5 0 m m (522.6.202; 522.6.203) LIM
■ for cables concealed in walls/partitions containing metal parts regardless of depth (522.6.203) N/A
5.13 Provision of fire barriers, sealing arrangements and protection against thermal effects (Section 527)

5.14 B a n d II c a b l e s segregated/separated from Band I cables (528.1)

5.15 Cables segregated/separated from communications cabling (528.2) y'

5.16 Cables segregated/separated from non-electrical services (528.3)

5.17 Termination of cables at enclosures - indicate extent of sampling in Section D of the report (Section 526)

• Connections soundly made a n d under n o undue strain (526.6) Cl

■ No b a s i c insulation of a conductor visible outside enclosure (526.8)

■ Connections of live conductors adequately enclosed (526.5)

* Adequately connected at point of entry to enclosure (glands, bushes etc.) (522.8.5)

5.18 Condition of accessories including socket-outlets, switches a n d joint boxes (651.2) Cl

5.19 Suitability of accessories for external influences (512.2) .y
5.20 Adequacy of working space/accessibility to equipment (132.12; 513.1)

5.21 Single-pole switching o r protective devices in line conductors only (132.14.1; 530.3.2)

6.0 LOCATION(S) CONTAINING A BATH OR SHOWER

6.1 Additional protection for all low voltage (LV) circuits by RCD not exceeding 30 mA (701.41 1.3.3) (?3
6.2 Where used as a protective measure, requirements for SELV o r PELV met (701 .414.4.5)
N/A
6.3 Shaver supply units comply with B S EN 61558-2-5 formerly B S 3535 (701 .512.3)

6.4 Presence of supplementary bonding conductors, unless not required by B S 7671:2008 (701.415.2) y
6.5 Low voltage (e.g. 2 3 0 volt) socket-outlets sited at least 2 . 5 m from z o n e 1 (701.512.3) y
6.6 Suitability of equipment for external influences for installed location in terms of IP rating (701 .512.2)

6.7 Suitability of accessories a n d controlgear etc. for a particular zone (701.512.3)

6.8 Suitability of current-using equipment for particular position within the location (701 .55)

7.0 OTHER PART 7 SPECIAL INSTALLATIONS OR LOCATIONS

7.1 List all other special installations o r locations present, if any. (Record separately the results of
particular inspections applied.) N/A
8.0 CHAPTER 82 PROSUMER’S LOW VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION(S)
8.1 Where the installation includes additional requirements and recommendations relating to
Chapter 8 2 , additional Inspection items should be a d d e d to the checklist. N/A

Inspected by: OEOFF THOMPSON TpwzmjWWx 14/OS/2O22

Name (Capitals) ................................ Signature ...................................... Date ....................

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 169

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 NOTES

170 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Appendix A
Maximum permissible measured
earth fault loop impedance (EFLI)

Al Tables
643.7.3 The tables in this appendix provide maximum permissible measured EFLI (Z s) for
411.4.201 compliance with BS 7671, which must not b e exceeded when the tests are carried
411.4.202 out at an ambient temperature of 10 °C. Table A7 provides correction factors for other
411.4.203 ambient temperatures.

Where t h e cables to b e used are to Table 3, 4 or 5 of BS 6004, Table 3, 4 o r 5 o f

BS 7211, Table B.l or B.2 of BS EN 50525-3-41 or are other thermoplastic (PVC) or
thermosetting (low smoke halogen-free - LSHF) cables to these British Standards,
and the cable loading is such that the maximum operating temperature is 70 °C, then
Tables A l to A4 give the maximum EFLIfor circuits with:

(a) protective conductors of copper and having f r o m 1 m m 2 to 16 m m 2 csa; and

(b) an overcurrent protective device (OCPD) (i.e. a fuse) to BS 3 0 3 6 , BS 88-2,
BS 88-3 or BS 1361.

For each t y p e of fuse, two tables are given:

411.3.2.2 1 where the circuit concerned is a final circuit not exceeding 32 A for circuits
supplying only fixed equipment, or 6 3 A for circuits with one o r m o r e
socket-outlets, and the maximum disconnection t i m e for compliance with
Regulation 411.3.2.2 is 0.4 s for TN systems; and
411.3.2.3 2 where the circuit concerned is a final circuit exceeding 32 A for circuits
supplying only fixed equipment, or 63 A for circuits with one or m o r e
socket-outlets, or a distribution circuit and the disconnection time for
compliance with Regulation 411.3.2.3 is 5 s for TN systems.

543.1.3 In each table, the EFLI given correspond to t h e appropriate disconnection time f r o m
a comparison of the time/current characteristics of t h e device concerned and t h e
adiabatic equation given in Regulation 543.1.3.

The tabulated values apply only where the nominal voltage to Earth (U o) is 2 3 0 V.

Table A5 gives the maximum measured Z s for circuits protected by circuit-breakers to

BS 3871-1 and BS EN 6 0 8 9 8 , and RCBOsto BS EN 61009.

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 171

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 A
Note: The impedances tabulated in this appendix are lower than those in Tables 41.2 to
Tables 41.2 to 41.4
41.4 of BS 7671. This is because the impedances in this appendix are measured
543.1.3 values at an assumed conductor temperature of 10 °C, whilst those in BS 7671 are
design figures at the line conductor maximum permitted operating temperature given
in Table 52.1 of BS 7671 and the protective conductor assumed initial temperature
given in Tables 54.2 to 54.5 of BS7671. The correction factor (divisor) used is 1.25.
This corresponds to the line conductor maximum operating temperature and
protective conductor assumed initial temperature both being 70 °C. For smaller csa
cables, the impedance may also be limited by the adiabatic equation of Regulation
543.1.3. A value of k of 115 from Table 54.3 of BS 7671 is used. This is suitable for
PVCinsulated and sheathed cables to Tables 3, 4 or 5 of BS6004 and forthermosetting
(LSHF) insulated and sheathed cables to Tables 3, 4 or 5 of BS 7211 or Table B.l or
B.2 of BS EN 50525-3-41 . The k value is based o n both the thermoplastic (PVC) and
thermosetting (LSHF) cables operating at a maximum temperature of 70 °C.

▼ Table Al Semi-enclosed fuses. Maximum measured EFLI (in Q) at ambient temperature

where the OCPD is a semi-enclosed fuse to BS 3 0 3 6

(i) 0.4 s disconnection (final circuits n o t exceeding 32 A for circuits supplying only
fixed equipment, or 63 A for circuits with one or more socket-outlets, in
TN systems)
Protective Fuse rating
conductor (mm 2)
5A 15 A 20 A 30 A

(ii) 5 s disconnection (final circuits exceeding 32 A for circuits supplying only fixed
equipment, or 63 A for circuits with one or more socket-outlets, and
distribution circuits in TN systems)

Protective Fuse rating

conductor (mm 2)
20 A 30 A 45 A 60 A ____
1.0 2.3 NP NP NP

1.5 2.91 1.6 NP NP

2.5 2.91 2.0 1.0 NP

4.0 2.91 2.0 1.2 0.85

>6.0 2.91 2.0 1.2 0.85

Note: NP means that the combination of the protective conductor and the fuse is Not
Permitted.

▼ Table A2 BS 88-2 fuses. Maximum measured EFLI (in Q) at ambient temperature where
the OCPD is a fuse to BS 88-2 or BS 8 8 - 6

(i) 0.4 s disconnection (final circuits not exceeding 32 A for circuits supplying only
fixed equipment, or 63 A for circuits with one or more socket-outlets, in
TN systems)

Protective Fuse rating

conductor (mm 2) 25 A 32 A
2A 4A 6 A 10 A 16 A 20 A
1.0 26.5 12.5 6.2 3.7 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.6

1.5 26.5 12.5 6.2 3.7 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.8

>2.5 26.5 12.5 6.2 3.7 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.8

172 Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing

© T h e Institution of Engineering and Technology
 (ii) 5 s disconnection (final circuits exceeding 3 2 A for circuits supplying only fixed
equipment, or 63 A for circuits with one or more socket-outlets, and distribution
circuits in TN systems)

Protective Fuse rating

conductor (mm 2)
20 A 25 A 32 A 40 A 50 A 63 A 80 A 100 A
_________1.0 _________ 1.46 1.03 0.63 0.55 NP NP NP NP

1.5 2.13 1.2 0.87 0.83 NP NP NP NP

2.5 2.24 1.76 1.336 1.04 0.5 0.3 NP NP

4.0 2.24 1.76 1.364 1.04 0.76 0.49 0.22 0.12

6.0 2.24 1.76 1.36 1.04 0.79 0.62 0.3 0.19

10.0 2.24 1.76 1.36 1.04 0.79 0.62 0.44 0.32

16.0 2.24 1.7 1.36 1.04 0.79 0.62 0.44 0.34

Note: NP means that the combination of the protectivei conductor and the fuse is Not
Permitted.

▼ Table A3 BS88-3 fuses. Maximum measured EFLI(in Q) at ambient temperature where

the OCPD is a fuse to BS 88-3

(i) 0.4 s disconnection (final circuits not exceeding 32 A for circuits supplying only
fixed equipment, or 63 A for circuits with one or more socket-outlets, in
TN systems)
Protective Fuse rating
conductor (mm 2)
5A 16 A 20 A 32 A
1.0 7.94 1.84 1.54 0.6

1.5 7.94 1.84 1.54 0.73

2.5 to 16 7.94 1.84 1.54 0.73

(ii) 5 s disconnection (final circuits exceeding 32 A for circuits supplying only fixed
equipment, or 63 A for circuits with o n e or more socket-outlets, a n d distribution
circuits in TN systems)

Protective Fuse rating

conductor (mm2 )
20 A 32 A 45 A 63 A 80 A 100 A
1.0 2.13 0.59 NP NP NP NP

1.5 2.57 0.76 NP NP NP NP

2.5 2.57 1.13 0.55 0.24 NP NP

4.0 2.57 1.25 0.76 0.32 0.19 NP

6.0 2.57 1.25 0.76 0.51 0.29 0.16

10.0 2.57 1.25 0.76 0.55 0.4 0.26

16.0 2.57 1.25 0.76 0.55 0.4 0.3

Note: NP means that the combination of the protective conductor and the fuse is Not
Permitted.

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 173

© The Institution of Engineeringand Technology
 ▼ Table A4 BS 1361 fuses. Maximum measured EFLI (in Q) at ambient temperature where
the OCPD is a fuse to BS 1361

(i) 0.4 s disconnection (final circuits n o t exceeding 32 A for circuits supplying only
fixed equipment, or 63 A for circuits with one or more socket-outlets, in
TN systems)
Protective Fuse rating
conductor (mm 2)
5A 15 A 20 A 30 A
1.0 7.95 2.50 1.29 0.77

1.5to 16 7.95 2.50 1.29 0.86

(ii) 5 s disconnection (final circuits exceeding 32 A for circuits supplying only fixed
equipment, or 63 A for circuits with one or more socket-outlets, and distribution
circuits in TN systems)

Protective Fuse rating

conductor (mm 2) 100 A
20 A 30 A 45 A 60 A 80 A
1.0 1.46 0.77 NP NP NP NP

1.5 1.98 0.97 0.32 NP NP NP

2.5 2.13 1.40 0.49 0.20 NP NP

4.0 2.13 1.40 0.67 0.35 0.20 NP

6.0 2.13 1.40 0.73 0.47 0.27 0.13

10.0 2.13 1.40 0.73 0.53 0.38 0.20

16.0 2.13 1.40 0.73 0.53 0.38 0.28

Notes:
1 NP means that the combination of the protective conductor and the fuse is Not Permitted.
2 While BS 88-3 has replaced BS 1361, and BS 1361 has been withdrawn, it can
be seen from Table A3 that the maximum measured EFLI for BS 88-3 fuses
cannot be applied to circuits protected by BS 1361 fuses, even of the same
nominal rating. For example, the maximum permitted EFLI for 20 A fuses to
BS 88-3 is far higher than that permitted for a circuit protected by a 20 A fuse to BS 1361.

174 Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing

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 A

▼ T a b l e A 5 Circuit-breakers. M a x i m u m m e a s u r e d EFLI ( i n O) at a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e
w h e r e t h e o v e r c u r r e n t d e v i c e is a circuit-breaker to B S 3 8 7 1 o r B S E N 6 0 8 9 8
or RCBOto BS EN 6 1 0 0 9

For 0.1 to 5 s disconnection times (includes 0.4 s disconnection time)

Circuit Circuit-breaker rating (amps)

breaker
3 5 6 10 15 16 20 25 30 32 40 45 50 63 100
type
1 14.56 8.74 7.28 4.4 2.93 2.76 2.2 1.76 1.47 1.38 1.1 0.98 0.88 0.7 0.44

2 8.4 5.0 4.2 2.5 1.67 1.58 1.25 1.0 0.83 0.79 0.63 0.56 0.5 0.4 0.25

B 11.65 7.0 5.82 3.5 2.33 2.15 1.75 1.4 1.17 1.1 0.87 0.78 0.7 0.55 0.35

3&C 5.82 3.49 2.91 1.75 1.16 1.10 0.87 0.7 0.58 0.54 0.44 0.38 0.35 0.28 0.18

Circuit-breakers. Maximum measured EFLI (in Q) at ambient temperature where

the overcurrent device is a circuit-breaker to BS EN 60898 type D or RCBO to
BS EN 61009 type D
Circuit Circuit-breaker rating (amps)
breaker type
6 10 16 20 25 32 40 50 63 100
D 0.4 sec 1.46 0.87 0.55 0.44 0.35 0.28 - - -

D 5 sec 2.91 1.75 1.09 0.87 0.7 0.55 0.44 0.35 0.28 0.17

Regulation 434.5.2 of BS 7671 :2018 requires that the protective conductor csa meets
t h e requirements of BS EN 60898-1-2 or BS EN 61009-1, or t h e m i n i m u m quoted by
t h e manufacturer. The sizes given in Table A6 are for energy-limiting Class 3, Types B
and C devices only.

▼ T a b l e A6 Minimum protective conductor size f o r Class 3 Types B a n d C devices

Energy-limiting Fault level (kA) Protective conductor csa (mm 2) ’

Class 3 device
Type B Type C
rating (A)
Up to and including < 3 1.0 1.5
16A

Up to and including < 6 2.5 2.5

16A

Over 16 A and up < 3 1.5 1.5

to and including
32A

Over 16 A and u p < 6 2.5 2.5

to and including
32 A

40 A < 3 1.5 1.5

40 A < 6 2.5 2.5

For other d e v i c e types and ratings, or higher fault levels, consult m a n u f a c t u r e r ' s data.
S e e Regulation 4 3 4 . 5 . 2 a n d t h e I E T Electrical Installation Design Guide.

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 175

© The Institution of Engineeringand Technology
 ▼ T a b l e A 7 Ambient temperature correction factors

Ambient temperature (°C) Correction factor (from 10 °C)

(Notes 1 and 2)

Notes:
1 The correction factor is given by: {1 + 0.004 (ambient temp - 20)}/{l + 0.004
(10 - 20)} where 0 . 0 0 4 is t h e simplified resistance coefficient per °C at 20 °C given b y
BS EN 6 0 2 2 8 for b o t h copper a n d aluminium conductors. (Alternatively, t h e correction
factor is given by (ambient temp + 230)/(10 + 230)).
2 The factors are different f r o m those of Table B.2 because Table A7 corrects f r o m 1 0 °C
a n d Table B.2 f r o m 2 0 °C.

The ambient correction factor of Table A7 is applied to t h e EFLIof Tables A l to A5 if

t h e ambient temperature is other than 10 °C.

For example, if t h e ambient temperature is 2 5 °C, t h e measured EFLI of a circuit

protected by a 3 2 A Type B circuit-breaker to BS EN 6 0 8 9 8 should not exceed
1.1 x 1.06 = 1.17 Q .

A 2 Appendix 3 of B S 7671
Anox 3 Appendix 3 of BS 7671 takes into account t h e increase of the conductor resistance with
increase of temperature due to load current, which may b e used to verify compliance
with t h e requirements of Regulation 41 1.4 for TN systems.

The requirements of Regulation 411 .4.4 are considered met when the measured value
of fault loop impedance satisfies the following equation:

U X min
Zs(nn)=0.8x °j
where:

Zs (m) is the measured impedance of the earth fault current loop up to the most
distant point of the relevant circuit from the origin of the installation (£2)
Uq is the nominal ACrms line voltage to Earth (V)
la is the current in amps (A) causing operation of the protective device
within t h e time stated in Table 41.1 of BS 7671 or within 5 s according to
the conditions stated in Regulation 411.3.2.3.
Cmin isthe minimum voltagefactorto take account of voltagevariationsdepending
o n time and place, change of transformer taps and other considerations.
0.8 is a temperature adjustment factorfor ambient temperature (see Table A7).

Note: For an LV supply given in accordance with t h e ESQCR, C m in 's given t h e value 0.95.

176 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
A3 Methods of adjusting tabulated values of Z s
(See also Section 2.6.16 (EFLI verification).)

A circuit is wired in flat t w i n and cpc 70 °C thermoplastic (PVC) cable and protected
by a 6 A Type B circuit-breaker to BS EN 60898. When tested at a n ambient
temperature below 20 °C, determine the maximum acceptable measured value of
Z s for the circuit.

Solution:

Ztest ( m a x ) “ Zs

From Table 41.3(a) of BS7671, the maximum permitted value of Zs = 7.28 Q

From Table B3 in Appendix B of this Guidance Note, F = 1.20

Ztest (max) = 1 , 2 0 X

Ztest (max) = 6 . 0 7 Q

A more accurate value can b e obtained if t h e external EFLI,Ze , is known. I n this case,
the following formula may b e used:

test - Z e + |z (z s Z e)

In the example above, assume Ze is 0.35. Thus, t h e m o r e accurate value is:

Ztest (max) = 0 . 3 5 + 1 2 -28-0.35)

Ztest (max) = 6 . 1 3 Q

Where the test ambient temperature is likely to b e other than 2 0 °C, a further
correction can b e m a d e to convert t h e value to correspond with the expected ambient
temperature, using the following formula:

Ztest (max) = 2 e + Z e)

where a is given by Table B2 of Appendix B.

In the example above, assume the test ambient temperature is 5 °C.

From Table B2, a = 0.94

Thus, the accurate reading including temperature compensation is:

Ztest(max)= 0 . 3 5 + (7.28-0.35)

Aest (max) = 5 . 7 8 Q

Guidance Note 3 : Inspection & Testing 177

© T h e Institution of Engineering and Technology
 Note: Where reduced csa protective conductors are used, maximum EFLIsmay need to
be further reduced to ensure disconnection times are sufficiently short to prevent
overheating of protective conductors during earth faults. The requirement of the
equation in Regulation 543.1.3 needs to be met:

where:

S is the nominal csa of the conductor in m m 2

means greaterthan or equal to
is a factor taking account of the resistivity, temperature coefficient and
k heat capacity of the conductor material and the appropriate initial and final
I temperatures; see Tables 54.2-54.4
is the value in amps (rms for AC) of fault current for a fault of negligible
Zs impedance, which can flow through the associated protective device, d u e
t account being taken of the current-limiting effect of the circuit impedances
and the limiting capability (12 t) of that protective device
is the loop impedance at conductor normal operating temperature
is the operating t i m e of the overcurrent device in s corresponding to t h e
fault current I a m p s - obtained from the graphs in Appendix 3 of BS7671,
as the prospective earth fault current I (= U q X Cm jn /Z s) is known.

Note: Cm in is the minimum voltage factor, the meaning of which is explained in Section A2
of this appendix.

The following example illustrates h o w measurements taken at 2 0 °C may b e adjusted

to 70 °C values, taking t h e (R] + R2) reading for t h e circuit into account.

In the previous example, taking t h e (Ri + R2) reading for t h e circuit as 0.2 Q :

Z s for t h e circuit at 70 °C

= Ze +F(R 1 + R 2)test
= 0.35+1.20x0.2
= 0.59 Q
The temperature-corrected Z s figure of 0.59 Q is acceptable, as it is less than t h e
maximum value of 7.28 Q given in Table 41.3 of BS 7671.

The formula above involves taking measurements at 2 0 °C and converting t h e m to

70 °C values. Alternatively, t h e 70 °C values can b e converted to t h e values at t h e
expected ambient temperature, for example, 20 °C, when the measurement is carried out.

178 Guidance N o t e 3: Inspection & Testing

© The Institution of Engineeringand Technology
 I A

Taking t h e same circuit:

Ztest = Ze + ( R i + Rz)test
= 0.32+0.2
= 0.55Q

From the formula: Z test ( m a x ) = p Z s Z s (m a x) f r o m B S 7 6 7 1 = 7.28 Q

x
Ztest(max) = 1,20 7.28=6.07£2

Therefore, as 0.55 Q is less than 6.07 Q, t h e circuit is acceptable.

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 179

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 NOTES

180 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Appendix B
Resistance of copper and
aluminium conductors

434.5.2 To check compliance with Regulation 434.5.2 and/or Regulation 543.1.3, i.e. to evaluate
543.1.3 the equation
I2!
S2 = 1,2

it is necessary to establish the impedances of the circuit conductors to determine the

fault current, I, and hence the protective device disconnection time, t.

Un
0
x
Fault current, I =

where:

Uo is the nominal voltage to Earth

Cmin is the minimum voltage factor to take account of voltage variations
depending o n time and place, changing of transformer taps and other
considerations
Note: F o r LV supplies given in a c c o r d a n c e with t h e E S Q C R , C m in i s g i v e n the
value 0 . 9 5 .
Zs is the EFLI,and

Zs = Ze + Ri + R2

where:

Ze is that part of the EFLI external t o the installation

Note: If t h e distribution board i s not a t t h e origin of the installation, Ze is
replaced in the a b o v e equation b y Z d b . t h a t p a r t o f t h e E F L I o n the
s u p p l y s i d e of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n b o a r d .

Ri is the resistance of the line conductor from the origin of the circuit
to the point of utilization
r2 is the resistance of the protective conductor from the origin of the
circuit to the point of utilization.

Similarly, in order to design circuits for compliance with the limiting values of EFLIgiven
in Tables 41.2 to 41.4 of BS7671, it is necessary to establish the relevant impedances
of the circuit conductors w h e n the line conductor is at t h e appropriate maximum
permitted operating temperature, as given in Table 52.1 of BS7671, and the cpc is at
t h e appropriate 'assumed initial temperature', as given in Tables 54.2 to 54.5.

Guidance Note 3 : Inspection & Testing 181

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 B
Table B l gives values of ( R i + R2) p e r m e t r e f o r various c o m b i n a t i o n s of c o n d u c t o r s u p
to a n d including 5 0 m m 2 csa. It also gives values of resistance in m i l l i o h m s p e r metre
for e a c h size of conductor. These values are a t 20 °C.

V Table B l Values of resistance/metre for copper and aluminium conductors and of

( R i + R2) Pe r metre at 20 °C in mQ/m

csa (mm 2) Resistance/metre or

(R 1 + R2 )/metre (mQ/m)
Line conductor Protective Copper Aluminium
conductor
1 — 18.10

1* 1 36.20

1.5 — 12.10

1.5* 1 30.20

1.5 1.5 24.20

2.5 — 7.41

2.5 1 25.51

2.5* 1.5 19.51

2.5 2.5 14.82

4 — 4.61

4* 1.5 16.71

4 2.5 12.02

4 4 9.22

6 — 3.08

6* 2.5 10.49

6 4 7.69

6 6 6.16

10 — 1.83

10* 4 6.44

10 6 4.91

10 10 3.66

16 — 1.15 1.91

16* 6 4.23 —

16 10 2.98 —

16 __________16 2.30 3.82

25 — 0.727 1.20

25 10 2.557 —

25 16 1.877 3.11

25 25 1.454 2.40

35 — 0.524 0.87

35 16 1.674 2.78

182 Guidance N o t e 3: Inspection & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 csa (mm 2) Resistance/metre or
(Ri + R2 )/metre (mQ/m)
Line conductor Protective Copper Aluminium
conductor

Note: * identifies copper line/protective conductor combination that complies with Tables
4 and 5 of BS 6004:201 2+A1:2020 for thermoplastic insulated and sheathed cables,
single-core and cpc (UK code 6241Y), twin and cpc (UK code 6242Y) or three-core
and cpc (UK code 6243Y) and similar cable constructions for thermosetting cables
according to Table 5 of BS 7211:2012+AI:2020 (UK codes 6241B, 6242B, 6243B).

▼ Table B2 Ambient temperature multipliers (a) to Table Bl

| Expected ambient temperature (°C) Correction factor 1 _________1

1
The correction factor is given by: {1 + 0.004 (ambient temp - 2 0 °C)} where 0.004 is
the simplified resistance coefficient per °C at 20 °C given by BS EN 60228 for copper
and aluminium conductors.

To assist a n y o n e using Table B l , t h e following two f o r m u l a e m a y b e helpful:

mft/mxL
1000
L= Rxiooo
m&/m
For verification purposes, the designer will need to give t h e values o f the line a n d
cpc resistances a t the ambient temperature expected d u r i n g t h e tests. This m a y b e
different f r o m t h e reference t e m p e r a t u r e of 2 0 ° C u s e d for Table B l . T h e correction
factors in Table B2 m a y b e applied to the Table Bl values to take account of the
a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e (for test p u r p o s e s only).

Bl Standard overcurrent devices

Table 41.2 Table B 3 gives the multipliers to b e applied to t h e values given in Table Bl f o r the

Table 41.3 p u r p o s e of calculating t h e resistance a t m a x i m u m operating t e m p e r a t u r e of t h e line

Table 41.4 conductors and/or cpcs in order to determine compliance with the EFLIof Tables 41.2,
41.3 o r 41.4 of B S 7 6 7 1 .

Guidance Note 3 : Inspection & Testing 183

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 B
▼ Table B3 Conductor temperature factor Ffor standard devices

Multipliers t o b e applied t o Table B l f o r devices in Tables 41.2, 41.3, 41.4

Conductor installation Conductor insulation

70 °C 85 °C 90 °C
thermoplastic thermosetting thermosetting
(PVC) (Note 4) (Note 4)
Not incorporated in a cable and 1.04 1.04 1.04
not bunched (Notes 1,3)
Incorporated in a cable or 1.20 1.26 1.28
bunched (Notes 2, 3)

No,es:
Table 54.2
1 See Table 54.2 of BS 7671. These factors apply when the protective conductor is not
incorporated or bunched with cables, or for separate bare protective conductors in
contact with cable covering but not bunched with cables.
2
Table 54 See Table 54.3 of BS 7671. These factors apply when the protective conductor is a core
in a cable or is bunched with cables.
3 The factors are given by F = 1 + 0.004 {conductor operating temperature - 2 0 °C}
where 0.004 is the simplified resistance coefficient per °C at 20 °C given in BSEN 60228
for copper and aluminium conductors.
4 If cable loading is such that the maximum operating temperature is 70 °C, thermoplastic
(70 °C) factors are appropriate.

GN6 B2 Steel wire armour (SWA), steel conduit and steel

trunking
Formulae for t h e calculation of t h e resistance and inductive reactance values of t h e
SWA of cables and of steel conduit, ducting and trunking are published in Guidance
Note 6.

Generally, it is accepted that there is approximately a 10 °C difference between t h e

conductor temperature and the outer sheath temperature for an SWA cable at full load.

BS Mineral-insulated copper-sheathed cable

GN1 See also t h e guidance i n the appendices of Guidance Note 1 for mineral-insulated
copper-sheathed cable temperature data.

184 Guidance N o t e 3: Inspection & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Appendix C
Use of an earth leakage current
clamp meter to provide an indication
of the state of insulation

Where safe access is available to enclose the live conductors in a current clamp,
but not t h e protective conductor, a suitably rated earth leakage current clamp meter
(sometimes called a tong tester) can b e used to provide an indication of t h e state of
insulation in a circuit downstream of the test point, by measuring 'earth leakage'. An
example is shown i n Figure C l .

In small installations, readings of a few milliamps will indicate protective conductor

currents, but readings of many amps may indicate a line-to-earth or neutral-to-earth fault.

▼ Figure Cl Example of the measurement of earth leakage with a current clamp meter

RRTE I
00D4 ISHHhWH

0101

-a-+ssx

Note: The earth leakage current clamp for this test goes around the live conductors only.

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 185

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 NOTES

186 Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Appendix D
Safety check for diverted
neutral currents

DI Dangers associated with diverted neutral currents

Diverted neutral currents can occur if there is a break i n the protective earth and
neutral (PEN) conductor in the distribution network supplying an installation with
a PME earthing arrangement. Diverted neutral currents can cause hazardous touch
voltages on the protective earthing system in an installation, including the main
earthing terminal, extraneous-conductive-parts, circuit protective conductors, and
exposed-conductive-parts.

Installations that might b e affected by diverted neutral currents include:

(a) installations in which PME conditions apply (TN-C-S earthing arrangement f r o m

a public distribution network); and
(b) installations with TN-S or TT earthing arrangements, that share extraneous-
conductive-parts with installations in which PME conditions apply.

Precautions should b e taken before working o n any installation to determine if any

hazardous touch voltages exist o n conductive parts. This is particularly important when
working outdoors and in contact with t h e general mass of Earth. Precautions should
also b e taken before disconnecting any earthing or protective bonding conductors.

Note: Diverted neutral currents may originate from another installation, and so may be
present even if the installation is isolated.

D2 How to check for diverted neutral currents

There is n o simple test that will indicate the presence of diverted neutral currents.
However, some simple checks can b e made with voltage indicators, non-contact
voltage testers, and earth leakage current clamp ammeters, along with an external EFLI
test. An example of an approach that could b e used in dwellings is shown in Table D I .

If an open-ciruit PEN conductor or diverted neutral currents are suspected after carrying
out the safety checks, the DNO should b e informed immediately using the emergency
number 105.

Notes:
1 If there is an open-circuit PEN conductor, the line to neutral voltage may rise to 400 V
nominal.
2 One way of measuring earth leakage is to use a leakage current clamp ammeter.
Leakage current clamp meters are similar to those used for measuring load current, but
are more sensitive and therefore more accurate at measuring currents below 5 mA.

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 187

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 The installation may import or export diverted neutral current. Exported neutral current
occurs where there is a broken PEN conductor in the supply cable to the installation,
so neutral current finds its way back to the supply transformer through extraneous-
conductive-parts shared with other installations that have an intact PEN conductor.
Imported neutral current occurs where neutral currents f r o m another installation are
exporting neutral current, and these are returning to the supply transformer through
the PEN conductor of t h e installation concerned, via extraneous-conductive-parts.

▼ Table D I Example of checks for diverted neutral currents or broken PEN conductor in a
dwelling

Step Action Expected result Possible indication

of diverted neutral
currents or a
broken PEN
conductor

1. Before isolating t h e A small current will b e Large currents flowing

installation, measure the expected, when compared i n the earthing
current flowing i n t h e m a i n with line conductor currents. conductor a n d / o r
earthing conductor and m a i n In dwellings, a n d similar main bonding
protective bonding installations with a m a x i m u m conductors.
conductors of t h e installation d e m a n d of u p to 100 A, this
using a current clamp meter. is typically a few milliamps.

2. Switch off power to the The test for proving that t h e The installation does
installation, lock-off or installation is dead shows it not appear to b e dead
otherwise secure t h e point(s) is dead. as expected.
of isolation, a n d prove the
installation is dead using an
approved 2-pole contact
voltage tester.

3. Check for current flowing i n The current has dropped to Current continues to
the m a i n earthing conductor zero, or to an extremely small flow i n t h e
a n d m a i n protective bonding level. earthing conductor
conductors of t h e installation and/or main bonding
using a current clamp meter. conductors. Current
measured in t h e
customer
bonding conductors
orpipework can b e
influenced by adding
load to the
customers installation,
using a simple
technique such as
boiling a kettle or
switching a heater on.

4. Check for t h e presence of No voltage is indicated. Voltage appears to

voltage using a non-contact b e present. Voltage
voltage detector at the main indicators do not
earthing terminal, along the detect diverted
length of t h e m a i n earthing neutral currents
conductor, m a i n protective while i t i s able
bonding conductors, and a t to flow using a n
extraneous-conductive-parts. alternative p a t h . A
volt-stick should
a l s o b e used.

188 Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 D

5. Disconnect t h e main Nothing unusual is noted. Evidence of current

protective bonding flow when the main
conductors. protective
bonding conductors
are disconnected.

6. Re-check for t h e presence o f No voltage is indicated. Voltage appears to

voltage using a non-contact b e present. Voltage
voltage detector at t h e m a i n indicators do not
earthing terminal, along t h e detect diverted
length of t h e m a i n earthing neutral currents
conductor, m a i n protective while it is able
bonding conductors, and at to flow using an
extraneous-conductive-parts. alternative path. A
volt-stick should
also be used.
Re-connect the main Nothing unusual is noted. Evidence of current
protective bonding flow when the main
conductors so that protective bonding
insulation resistance tests conductors is
can be carried out. connected.
8. In TN systems, during the External EFLI measurement External EFLI is high,
course of inspection and appears t o b e acceptable.
testing, check the external The following is a rule o f
EFLI. thumb, b u t occasionally
slightly higher readings m a y
b e experienced:

i n TN-C-S systems,
Ze < 0 . 3 5 Q
i n TN-S systems,
Z e < 0.80 Q

A check against previous

readings, w h e r e available,
w o u l d provide m o r e accurate
information.

Guidance Note 3: Inspection & Testing 189

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 NOTES

190 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Index

A
Access 2.5.2 item o

Accuracy of test instruments 4.2

Additional protection 2.5.2 item h; 2.6.19

Additions and Alterations 1.4; 3.2; Section 5

Alternative supplies 3.9.1

warning notices 2.5.2 item p

Arc fault detection devices (AFDDs) 2.5.2 item I; 2.5.2 item p

testing 5.4

Automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) 2.6.14; 3.9.1

B
Barriers

fire 2.5.2 item g

protection by, during erection 2.6.4

Basic protection 2.5.2 item h

Breaking capacity of devices Table 2.16; 2.6.17;

Section 5 Schedule of Test Results

British Standards referenced

Degrees of protection

BS EN 60529 2.5.3 enclosures

Emergency lighting

BS5266 Preface; Table 3.2 note 3

Fire alarms

BS5839 Preface; 2.5.3 General item k;

2.5.3 Flexible cables item h;
Table 3.2 note 5

Residual current devices Table 2.6; Table 2.17

B S E N 61008, 61009 2.5.3 Switchgear item a;

2.6.16; 2.6.18; Table 2.6;
Table 2.17; Appendix A

Guidance Note 3 : Inspection & Testing 191

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Index

Switchgear

B S E N 60947 2.5.2 item j; Table 2.7;

2.5.3 Switchgear item a

C
Cables

routing 2.5.2 item c

couplers 2.5.2 item f

Calibration (checking of accuracy) 4.2

Certificate, Electrical Installation 1.3.1; 1.4; 1.6; 2.1; 2.2; 2.6.2; 2.6.16;
3.4; 3.8.2; 3.8.3; Section 5

Client Introduction; 1.1; 1.3; 1.6; 3.4; 3.6;

3.8;Table 3.3; 3.11;Section 5

Colour coding (identification of conductors) 2.5.2 item b; 2.5.2 item p; 3.9.1

Competence 1.2; 4.9

Condition Report, Electrical Installation 1.3.1; 1.3.2; 1.6; 2.6.16; 3.1; 3.8;
3.11:3.12; Section 5

Conductors

classes 2.5.2 item a

identification 2.5.2 item b

resistance Appx B

Construction (Design and Management)

Regulations 2015 Introduction; 1.1; 1.3.3; 1.6; 3.4;
Section 5

Connection of conductors 2.5.2 item a

Continuity
main bonding 2.5.1; Section 5 ; Table 3.4

protective conductors 2.5.2 items b and h; 2.5.3; 2.6;

Table 3.4; 3.10.3; 4.3; Appendix A

’all-insulated' installations -

test method 1 2.6.5; Fig 2.5

metallic enclosures as protective

conductors

test procedure 2.6.5

ring final circuit conductors, test method 2.6.4; 2.6.6; Fig 2.2; Fig 2.3

supplementary bonding 2.5.2; 2.6.4; 2.6.5; 2.6.1 8;3.7;

3.9.1; Table 3.4; 2.2

D
Defects 3.7; 3.11; Section 5

Designer Introduction; 1.5; 2.1; 2.2; 2.5;

3.4; Section 5

Diagrams, presence of 2.5.2 item p; 3.9.1

Distribution equipment 2.9.1

192 Guidance N o t e 3: Inspection & Testing

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 Index

Diversity factor 2.5.3

Diverted neutral currents 3.3.3; Appx D

E
Earth electrode resistance 2.6.4; 2.6.13; Table 3.4; Fig 2.28;
Fig 2.29; Fig 2.30

Earth electrode resistance testers 2.6.13; 4.6

Earth fault loop impedance

maximum measured values Appx A

PEIs

temperature correction Appx A

test method Section 2; 2.6.13

testers 4.5

verification 2.6.15

Earth-leakage current testing 2.6; Appx C

Electrical Installation Certificate (EIC) 1.3.1; 1.4; 1.6; 2.1 ; 2.2; 2.6.2;
2.6.16; 3.4; 3.8; Section 5

Electrical Installation Condition Report (EICR) 1.3.2; 3.1 1 ; 5.4

Electrical separation

insulation resistance tests 2.6.9

source of supply
inspection 2.6.9

measurement of voltage 2.6.9

Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 Preface; 1.1 ;2.1;Table 3.2 note 2;

3.3; 3.4; 3.5; 4.9

Electromagnetic disturbances 2.5.3; 2.6.23

Electronic equipment 2.6.4; 2.6.7

Electricity Safety, Quality and Continuity

Regulations Table 3.2 note 1

Escape routes 2.5.2 item c; 2.5.3

F
Fault protection 2.5.2 item h

Fire barriers, provision of 2.5.2 item g

Fire protection 2.5.2 item c; 2.5.2 item d; 2.5.3

Forms Section 5

Functional extra-low voltage (FELV) Table 2.9; 2.6.10

Functional testing 2.6.4; 2.6.19; Table 3.4; 3.10.3

G
General requirements Section 1

Guidance N o t e 3: Inspection & Testing 193

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Index

H
Health a n d S a f e t y a t W o r k etc. Act
1974 Introduction; 2.3; 3.4

Health a n d Safety Executive Guidance

Note G S 38 1.1; 4.1

H o u s i n g ( S c o t l a n d ) Act 2 0 1 4 1.3.2

Higher risk residential b u i l d i n g s

(HRRBs) 2.5.2 item 1

I
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n by c o l o u r 2.5.2 item b

I n f o r m a t i o n for i n s p e c t o r 2.3; 3.6

Initial i n s p e c t i o n

general procedure 2.5.1

inspection checklist 2.5.3

inspection items 2.5.2

schedule Section 5

Initial t e s t i n g 2.6

results, r e c o r d i n g of 2.6.1

test sequence 2.6.4

Initial verification Section 2

certificates 2.2; Section 5

f r e q u e n c y of s u b s e q u e n t i n s p e c t i o n 2.4; Table 3 . 2

i n f o r m a t i o n for inspector 2.3

p u r p o s e of 2.1

relevant criteria 2.1

scope 2.4

typical forms Section 5

Inspection checklist 2.5.3

Inspection Schedule Section 5

Inspector's competence 1.2; 3.8.1

Instruments 1.1; Section 4

I n s u l a t i o n resistance 2.6.7; 3.10.3b; Tables 2.9 to 2.13

Insulation resistance testers 4 . 4 ; Appx C

Inverters 2.6.24

J,K, L
L a b e l l i n g and marking 2.5.2 items m, p; 3.9.1

L a n d l o r d a n d Tenant Act 1985 1.3.2; Table 3 . 2 note 10

G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

194
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 Index

M
Medical locations 1.7; 2.5.2 item h; 2.6; 3.7; Table 3 . 2

M i n o r Electrical I n s t a l l a t i o n W o r k s
C e r t i f i c a t e (MEIWC) 2.2; 5 . 2 ; 5 . 4

Mobile a n d t r a n s p o r t a b l e units 3.7

Model forms 2.2; 2.6.3; Section 5

Motor circuits 3.10.3 item a

N
Non-conducting location 2.6.11

Non-standard colours 2.5.2 item p

Notices (also signs) 2.5.2 item p; 3.9.1

O
Ohmmeters

i n s u l a t i o n resistance 2.6.7; 4.4

low-resistance 2.6.5; 2 . 6 . 6 ; 4 . 3

Older installations, inspection of 3.8.1; 3.12

Operational manual Introduction

Overvoltages due to faults 2.6.21

O v e r v o l t a g e s of a t m o s p h e r i c origin o r
d u e to switching 2.6.22

P
PELV 2.5.2 item h; Table 2.9; 2.6.4; 2.6.8;
Table 2.12; Table 2.13; 2.6.10; 3.9.1; 4.4

Periodic inspection

general procedure 3.8.2

i n s p e c t i o n checklist 3.9.1

p u r p o s e of 3.1

report 1.3.1; 3.11; 5.3

sampling 3.8.3; Table 3.3

visual inspection 3.8.1

Periodic i n s p e c t i o n a n d testing

forms Section 5

f r e q u e n c y of 3.7;Table 3 . 2

general p r o c e d u r e 3.8.2; 3.8.3

general requirements Section 1; Table 3.1

information for inspector 3.6

inspector's competence 1.2; 3.8.1

necessity for 3.2

p u r p o s e of 3.1; 3.8.1

G u i d a n c e Note 3: I n s p e c t i o n & Testing 195

© The Institution of Engineering a n d Technology
Index

record keeping 1.5

requirement for 3.2; 3.8.1

routine checks 3.5; Table 3.1; Table 3 . 2

Periodic testing 3.10; Table 3 . 4

Phase s e q u e n c e 2 . 6 . 4 ; 2.6.17

instruments 4.8

verification of 2.6.17

Polarity 2.5.2 item e; 2.6.12; 3.10.3c; Table 3 . 4

test m e t h o d 2.6.12; Fig 2.27

P o w e r c o n v e r s i o n e q u i p m e n t (PCE) 2.6.24

Prospective fault current 2.6.16

Prosumers e l e c t r i c a l installations
(PEIs) 2.6.24

P r o t e c t i o n by

barriers p r o v i d e d d u r i n g e r e c t i o n 2.6.4

enclosures p r o v i d e d d u r i n g erection 2.6.4

Protective multiple e a r t h i n g (PME) 2.5.2 item h; 3 . 3 . 3

Q,R
Record k e e p i n g 1.6; 2.5.1

Reference tests

continuity of protective conductors 2.6.4; 2.6.5; Fig 2.1 ; Fig 2.2;

Table 3.4; 3.10.3a

metallic enclosures a s protective

conductors 2.6.5

test m e t h o d s 1 a n d 2 2.6.5

continuity of r i n g f i n a l circuit
conductors 2.6.6; Fig 2.2; Fig 2.19; Fig 2.20; Table 3.4

insulation

resistance test 2.6.7; 3.10.3b

resistance o f f l o o r s a n d w a l l s 2.6.11

s e q u e n c e of 2.6.4

Relevant criteria 2.1

Rented accommodation 1.3.2; 3.7

R e p o r t , Electrical I n s t a l l a t i o n Condition 1.3.1; 1.3.2; 3.11; Section 5

Residual c u r r e n t d e v i c e s (RCDs)

f o r a d d i t i o n a l protection 2.5.2 item h

notice 2.5.2 item p

test method 2.6.18; Table 2.17; Table 3.4

testers 4.7

R e s i s t a n c e of c o n d u c t o r s Appx B

Routine checks 3 . 5 ; Table 3.1; Table 3.2

196 G u i d a n c e Note 3 : I n s p e c t i o n & Testing

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology
 Index

Routing of cables 2.5.2 item c

Rule of thumb

earth fault loop impedance 2.6.15

3-phase prospective fault current 2.6.16

Safety during testing 1.1;2.6.15; 3.3.2; 3.8.2

Sampling 3.8.3;Table 3.3

Schedule of Circuit Details 5.4

Schedule of Inspections 1 .3.1 ; 2.6.2; 5.1; 5.3

Schedule of Test Results 1.3.1; 2.6.2; 5.1; 5.4

SELV 2.5.1; 2.5.2 item c; 2.5.2 item h ;

2.6.4; 2.6.8; Table 2.12;
Table 2.13; 2.6.10; 3.9.1; 4.4

Separation of circuits 2.5.2 item h; 2.6.4; 2.6.8; 2.6.9

Shock hazards 1.1

Signs see Notices

Socket outlets 2.5.3

Specialized systems 1.7; 2.5.2 item h

Specification Introduction

Surge protection devices (SPDs) 2.5.2 item 1;2.5.2 item p

Surveying, thermographic 4.9

Terminal connections 2.5.2 item a

Test instruments 1.1; Section 4

Thermal effects 2.5.2 items g, n; 3.9.1

Thermographic equipment 4.9

Utilization categories, switchgear 2.5.2 item j; Table 2.7

Verification, initial Section 2

Voltage drop, verification 2.6.4; 2.6.20; 4.5

Working at height 1.1

X,Y, Z

No entries

Guidance N o t e 3 : Inspection & Testing 197

© The Institution of Engineeringand Technology
W r i t t e n b y industry e x p e r t s a t t h e IET (directly involved
w i t h developments to B S 7671) and peer-reviewed by
industry, the IET Guidance N o t e s series comprises eight
b o o k s t h a t e x p a n d upon and simplify essential p a r t s of
t h e l E T W i r i n g Regulations, ensuring h i g h q u a l i t y guidance
t h a t i s simple t o f o l l o w a n d specific t o key topics.

The Guidance N o t e s series has n o w been u p d a t e d

t o BS7671:2O18+A2:2O22.

Other books in t h i s series include:

Guidance Note 1 Selection & Erection
Guidance Note 2 Isolation & Switching

Guidance Note 4 Protection Against Fire

Guidance N o t e 5 Protection Against Electric Shock

Guidance N o t e 6 Protection Against Overcurrent

Guidance N o t e 7 Special Locations

Guidance Note 8 Earthing & Bonding

The Institution of Engineering and Technology

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SG12AY
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ISBN 978-1-83953-236-8