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Lecture 3 - ECE 3108 - 2022

Research methodology

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9 views11 pages

Lecture 3 - ECE 3108 - 2022

Research methodology

Uploaded by

Patrina Phiri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Research Methodology

ECE 3108
Analysis of Data
Elementary Statistical Techniques of Analysis
3
Most commonly used statistical techniques of analysis data are:
1. Calculating frequency of distribution in percentages of items under study.
2. Testing data for normality of distribution Skewness Kurtosis and mode.
3. Calculating percentiles and percentile ranks.
4. Calculating measures of central tendency-Mean, Median and Mode and
establishing Norms.
5. Calculating measures of dispersion-Standard deviation, Mean deviation, quartile
deviation and range.
6. Calculating measures of relationship-Coefficients of Correlation, Reliability by the
Rank difference and Product moment method.
7. Graphical presentation of data-Frequency polygon curve, Histogram, Cumulative
frequency polygon and Ogive.
Special Statistical Techniques of Analysis
4
1. Test of students ‘t’ and analysis of variance for testing significance
of differences between statistics especially between Means.
2. Chi-square test for testing null hypothesis.
3. Calculation of partial and multiple correlation and of Bivariate and
Multivariate Regression
Equations for findings out casual relationship between various
phenomena involved in a situation.
4. Factorial Analysis for the purpose of analyzing the composition of
certain complex phenomena.
5. Analysis of co-variance for estimating the true effect of the
treatment after adjusting the initial effect.
NEED FOR ANALYSIS OF DATA OR TREATMENT OF DATA
5

Thus, the analysis of data serves the following main


functions:
1. To make the raw data meaningful,
2. To test null hypothesis,
3. To obtain the significant results,
4. To draw some inferences or make generalization,
5. To estimate parameters.
Chi square test

A. Chi square test – test for association and goodness of fit

 If 0i, (i=1,2,…..,n) is a set of observed (experimental frequencies)and


Ei (i=1,2,…..,n) is the corresponding set of expected (theoretical or
hypothetical) frequencies, then,

(𝑂 𝐸 ) 2
𝜒2 = σ𝑛𝑖=1 𝑖− 𝑖
≈ 𝜒 2 (𝑛 − 1)
𝐸𝑖
Example
The number of yeast cells counted in a haemocytometer is compared to the
theoretical value is given below. Does the experimental result support the
theory?

Number of yeast cells in


the square Observed Frequency Expected Frequency
1 103 106
2 143 141
3 98 93
4 42 41
58 14
66 5
Solution:

 H0: the experimental results support the theory


 H1: the experimental results does not support the theory.
 Level of significance (LOS)=5%
 Test Statistic
Tabulate your Results
Q1 E1 O1-E1 (O1-E2)2 (O1-E2)2/Ei
103 106 -3 9 0.0849
143 141 2 4 0.0284
98 93 5 25 0.2688
42 41 1 1 0.0244
8 14 -6 36 2.5714
6 5 1 1 0.2
400 400 3.1779

 𝝌𝟐 𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 3.1779
Table value

Degrees of freedom (df) rows (m)-columns (n)

 df=n-1

 df=6-1=5 at 5 % LOS)= 11.070, from table 3 of Critical values of 𝝌𝟐

Inference

 𝝌𝟐 cal < 𝝌𝟐 tab

We accept the null hypothesis.

 (i.e.) there is a good correspondence between theory and experiment.

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