Electricity and Magnetism

Lecture 11
 Chapter 31
Faraday’s Law
Experiments by Faraday and Henry, showed that an emf can be induced in a circuit
by changing the magnetic flux crossing it.
The results of these experiments led to a very important
law known as “Faraday’s law of induction”

Faraday’s law of induction 30-1

Consider a loop of wire connected to a sensitive
galvanometer, as shown in the Fig.
When the magnet is moved towards the loop, the
galvanometer needle deflects, as shown in Fig. (a).

When the magnet is brought to rest, no deflection

is observed, Fig. (b),
When the magnet is moved away from the loop, the galvanometer needle deflects
in the opposite direction of the deflection in (a), as shown in Fig. (c).

Finally, if the magnet be at rest and the loop is moved either towards or away from it,
the needle deflects.

From these observations, we conclude that, an electric current is induced in the loop
when there is a relative motion between the loop and the magnet.

Since this relative motion cause a change in ∅𝑩 = 𝑩 𝑨, 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐩, 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞,
changing B , 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐩 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐢𝐭.

Since there is no batteries in the loop, the current set up by changing B is called induced
current, which produced by an induced emf.

Let us consider a coil carrying an electric current and wrapped around an iron ring, this
current produce a magnetic field around this ring.
A secondary coil also wrapped around the ring
and connected to a sensitive ammeter, as shown
in the Fig. ( notice that: there is no battery in the
secondary circuit ).

When the switch in the primary circuit is closed,

at this instant, the ammeter needle is deflected
in a certain direction and then returns to zero.
When the switch is opened, at this instant, the
needle deflects in the opposite direction and again returns to zero.

Finally, the ammeter reads zero when there is either: (a) no current in the primary
circuit, or (ii) the current in the primary circuit is a steady current, i.e. (i) constant.

To understand this phenomena, when S is closed the current in the primary circuit
𝒅∅
increases from zero to its maximum value, i.e. (i) changes with time, i.e. there is .
𝒅𝒕
This means that, ∅ 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐜𝐨𝐢𝐥, 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞
an induced emf which produce an induced current in the secondary circuit.

When (i) reaches to its maximum value, :. There is no change in B, no change in ∅

𝒅∅
through the secondary coil. :. = 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐, ∶. 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐢𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐞𝐦𝐟 𝐨𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝
𝒅𝒕
𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭.

By the same procedure, when S is opened (i) will be decreased from its maximum
𝒅∅
value to zero, i.e. there is a variable (i), which means, variable B, cause , which
𝒅𝒕
cause induced emf and induced current in the secondary circuit.

As a result of these observations, Faraday conclude that “an electric current can be
induced in a circuit by changing the magnetic flux crossing this circuit”

Also we can say that “an induced emf is produced in the secondary circuit by changing
the magnetic flux crossing this circuit”
Faraday’s law of induction states that “ the induced emf in a circuit is directly proportional
with the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit” i.e.
𝒅∅𝑩
𝛏=−
𝒅𝒕
The negative sign because the induced emf 𝛏 is in the direction oppose the direction of
𝒅∅𝑩
the agent producing it. For example, if increases, the induced 𝛏 is in the direction
𝒅𝒕
𝒅∅𝑩
produce ( )ind. to prevent this increase and vise versa.
𝒅𝒕

if the secondary coil consists of N turns the induced emf will be:
𝒅∅𝑩
𝛏=−𝑵
𝒅𝒕
If the loop lies in a uniform magnetic field making an angle θ with the normal to its plane,
𝒅∅𝑩
the induced emf will be: 𝛏 = − 𝑵 cos 𝜽, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐢𝐟 𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐩 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐀
𝒅𝒕
𝒅
:.𝛏 = − 𝑵 (BA) cos 𝜽
𝒅𝒕
 𝒅
since, ∶. 𝛏 = − 𝑵 (BA) cos 𝜽
𝒅𝒕
From this Eq. we can say that, an emf can be induced in a circuit by:

1) Changing the magnetic field with time.

2) Changing the area of the loop with time.

3) Changing 𝜽 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞.

4) By changing any combination of the above factors.

 Ex: 31-1

A coil consists of 200 turns of wire. Each turn is a square of side 18 cm and a uniform
B directed perpendicular to the plane of the coil is turned on. If B changes linearly from
zero to 0.5 T in 0.8 s, what is the magnitude of the induced emf in the coil?

Solution
𝒅∅𝑩
Since: Ԑ = − 𝑵 cos 𝜽 and since 𝜽 = 90° and ∅𝑩 = B A
𝒅𝒕
𝒅 𝒅𝑩
:. Ԑ = − 𝑵 (BA) = − 𝑵 𝑨
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕

𝟎.𝟓
:. Ԑ = −𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒙 (𝟏𝟖 𝒙𝟏𝟎− 𝟐 )²
𝟎.𝟖

:. Ԑ = −𝟒. 𝟎𝟓 𝑻𝒎²/s = - 4.05 V

 Ex: 31-2
A loop of wire enclosing an area A is placed in a region where the magnetic field is
perpendicular to the plane of the loop. The magnetic field varies in time according
to the expression, B = 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 , 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐚 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐞𝐦𝐟
in the loop as a function of time.
Solution: since, B is perpendicular to the plane of the loop, :. 𝜽 = 90°, :. ∅𝑩 = B A
𝒅∅𝑩 𝒅 𝒅
Since, 𝛏 = − =- (A B) = - (A 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 )
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅
:. 𝛏 = − A 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒆−𝒂𝒕 ) :. 𝛏 = − A 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 (− 𝒂 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 )
𝒅𝒕

:. 𝛏 = 𝒂 A 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒆−𝒂𝒕 )
Since: 𝛏 = 𝛏𝒎𝒂𝒙 at t = zero, :. 𝛏𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝒂 A 𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙 :.𝛏 = 𝛏𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒆−𝒂𝒕 )

If 𝛏 is plotted verses t, we get the curve shown in the Fig, which

show that, 𝛏 is decays exponentially as the magnetic field.
 Problems chapter 31
1- A 50 turn rectangular coil of dimensions 5 cm x 10 cm is allowed to fall from a position
where B = zero to a new position where B = 0.5 T. If this magnetic field is directed
perpendicular to the plane of the coil, calculate the magnitude of the average emf that
is induced in the coil if the displacement occurs in 0.25 s.
Solution: since: 𝜽 = zero° ;. cos 𝜽 =1 :. ∅𝑩 = B A
𝒅∅𝑩 𝒅
and since 𝛏 = − 𝑵 :. 𝛏 = − 𝑵 ( 𝑩𝑨 )
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑩
:. 𝛏 = − 𝑵 𝑨
𝒅𝒕
𝟎.𝟓
:. 𝛏 = −𝟓𝟎 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒙 𝟎. 𝟏
𝟎.𝟐𝟓

:. 𝛏 = - 500 x 10−3 𝑉 = − 500 𝑚𝑉

13- A long solenoid has 400 turns/m and carries a current given by: i = 30 ( 1- 𝒆−𝟏.𝟔 𝒕 ).
Inside this solenoid and coaxial with it, a coil of radius 6 cm and total number of
turns 250. What emf is induced in this coil by changing the current of the solenoid?

𝒅𝒊
Solution: since: i = 30 ( 1- 𝒆−𝟏.𝟔 𝒕 ) :. = 𝟑𝟎 𝒛𝒆𝒓𝒐 + 𝟏. 𝟔 𝒆−𝟏.𝟔 𝒕 = 𝟒𝟖 𝒆−𝟏.𝟔 𝒕
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑩 𝒅𝒊
Since: B of solenoid is: B = 𝝁𝟎 𝒏 𝒊 :. = 𝝁𝟎 𝒏
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑩
:. = 𝝁𝟎 𝒏 𝟒𝟖 𝒆−𝟏.𝟔 𝒕
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝑩
Since: 𝝁𝟎 = 4𝝅 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 :. = 4 𝒙 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒙 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝟒𝟖 𝒆−𝟏.𝟔 𝒕
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑩
:. = 𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒆−𝟏.𝟔 𝒕
𝒅𝒕

𝒅𝑩
Since: Ԑ in the coil is, 𝛏 = − 𝑵 𝑨 = − 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒙𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 (𝟔 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟐 )²(𝟐𝟒𝟏𝟏𝟓𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒆−𝟏.𝟔 𝒕 )
𝒅𝒕

:. 𝛏 = − 𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟓 𝒆−𝟏.𝟔𝒕 mV