Buy ebook Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Synthesis, Structure and Function of Carbohydrates 1st Edition Amelia Pilar Rauter (Editor) cheap price

Download the Full Version of textbook for Fast Typing at textbookfull.
com
Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry:

Synthesis, Structure and Function of Carbohydrates
1st Edition Amelia Pilar Rauter (Editor)
https://textbookfull.com/product/recent-trends-in-
carbohydrate-chemistry-synthesis-structure-and-function-of-
carbohydrates-1st-edition-amelia-pilar-rauter-editor/
OR CLICK BUTTON
DOWNLOAD NOW
Download More textbook Instantly Today - Get Yours Now at textbookfull.com

Recommended digital products (PDF, EPUB, MOBI) that
you can download immediately if you are interested.
Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Synthesis and

Biomedical Applications of Glycans and Glycoconjugates 1st
Edition Amelia Pilar Rauter (Editor)
https://textbookfull.com/product/recent-trends-in-carbohydrate-
chemistry-synthesis-and-biomedical-applications-of-glycans-and-
glycoconjugates-1st-edition-amelia-pilar-rauter-editor/
textboxfull.com
Carbohydrate Chemistry Volume 42 Amelia Pilar Rauter
https://textbookfull.com/product/carbohydrate-chemistry-
volume-42-amelia-pilar-rauter/
textboxfull.com
Carbohydrate chemistry: chemical and biological approaches

1st Edition Amelia Pilar Rauter
https://textbookfull.com/product/carbohydrate-chemistry-chemical-and-
biological-approaches-1st-edition-amelia-pilar-rauter/
textboxfull.com
The chemistry of heterocycles structure reactions

synthesis and applications Speicher
https://textbookfull.com/product/the-chemistry-of-heterocycles-
structure-reactions-synthesis-and-applications-speicher/
textboxfull.com
Organic Chemistry Structure and Function 7th Edition K.
Peter C. Vollhardt
https://textbookfull.com/product/organic-chemistry-structure-and-
function-7th-edition-k-peter-c-vollhardt/
textboxfull.com
New Trends in Medical and Service Robotics: MESROB 2020

Georg Rauter
https://textbookfull.com/product/new-trends-in-medical-and-service-
robotics-mesrob-2020-georg-rauter/
textboxfull.com
Carbohydrates in Drug Discovery and Development: Synthesis

and Application 1st Edition Vinod K. Tiwari (Editor)
https://textbookfull.com/product/carbohydrates-in-drug-discovery-and-
development-synthesis-and-application-1st-edition-vinod-k-tiwari-
editor/
textboxfull.com
Biological Inorganic Chemistry Second Edition A New

Introduction to Molecular Structure and Function Robert
Crichton
https://textbookfull.com/product/biological-inorganic-chemistry-
second-edition-a-new-introduction-to-molecular-structure-and-function-
robert-crichton/
textboxfull.com
Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry 69 1st

Edition Derek Horton (Eds.)
https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-carbohydrate-chemistry-
and-biochemistry-69-1st-edition-derek-horton-eds/
textboxfull.com
Recent Trends in Carbohydrate
Chemistry
Recent Trends in
Carbohydrate Chemistry
Synthesis, Structure and Function
of Carbohydrates
Volume 1
Edited by
Amélia Pilar Rauter

Bjørn E. Christensen
László Somsák
Paul Kosma
Roberto Adamo
Elsevier
Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, Netherlands
The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, United Kingdom
50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about
the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright
Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/
permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher
(other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment
may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating
and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such
information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including
parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume
any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability,
negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas
contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-12-817467-8
For information on all Elsevier publications visit our

website at https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher: Susan Dennis

Acquisitions Editor: Emily M McCloskey
Editorial Project Manager: Kelsey Connors
Production Project Manager: Omer Mukthar
Cover Designer: Victoria Pearson
Typeset by SPi Global, India

Contributors
Mohammed Ahmar Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Supramoléculaires, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR
5246; Université Claude Bernard, Bâtiment Lederer, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
Éva Bokor Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen,

Hungary
Anikó Borbás Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen,

Debrecen, Hungary
Bjørn E. Christensen Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU-

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Sébastien Comesse Laboratoire URCOM, EA 3221, INC3M-CNRS-FR 3038,

Université Le Havre Normandie, Le Havre, France
Marianne Øksnes Dalheim Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU-

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Martina Delbianco Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of

Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
Supriya Dey Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,

India
Weigang Fan Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Andreia Fortuna Centro de Química e Bioquímica; Centro de Química Estrutural,

Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Ana M. Gómez Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Instituto Química Orgánica

General (IQOG-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
xiiContributors
Hubert Hettegger Department of Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry of Renewable

Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU),
Austria
Srinivas Hotha Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education &

Research, Pune, India
N. Jayaraman Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore, India
Viktor Kelemen Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen,

Debrecen, Hungary
Shinichi Kitamura Center for Research and Development of Bioresources,

Organization for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
Wolfgang Lindner Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna,

Vienna, Austria
J. Cristóbal López Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Instituto Química Orgánica

General (IQOG-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
Anup Kumar Misra Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
Florence Popowycz Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Yves Queneau Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Frédéric Renou Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR CNRS 6283, Le
Mans University, Le Mans, France
Thomas Rosenau Department of Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry of Renewable

Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU),
Austria
Gopal Ch Samanta Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science,

Bangalore, India
Anshupriya Si Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
Shiho Suzuki Center for Research and Development of Bioresources, Organization

for Research Promotion, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
Contributorsxiii
Jia-Neng Tan Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Charlie Verrier Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Lianjie Wang Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Nuno M. Xavier Centro de Química e Bioquímica; Centro de Química Estrutural,

Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
Yang Yu Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and

Interfaces, Potsdam; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität
Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Preface
Carbohydrate chemistry covers organic and organometallic chemistry addressing the

properties and transformations of nature’s ubiquitous, multifunctional, and stereo-
chemically rich molecules, the carbohydrates. Since Emil Fischer, the first chemist to
synthesize glucose in the 19th century, many pioneers launched this area of research,
namely Melville L. Wolfrom, Roy Whistler, Jean Montreuil, Raymond Lemieux, and
Derek Horton, just to mention a few of them. Carbohydrate chemistry became in-
creasingly known, remarkable advances have been made, and unique findings have
contributed to improve the quality of life in today’s society.
This volume of “Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry” highlights the beauty
of this chemistry, from new synthetic reactions and reaction mechanisms to novel
biologically active derived molecules, generating a diversity of structures, often in
a stereo- and/or regioselective manner as a result of carbohydrate structure and re-
activity. Part One of this volume presents carbohydrate transformations in green and
sustainable conditions, multicomponent reactions, O-, S-, N-, and C-glycosylations to
link carbohydrates to a variety of aglycones via appealing synthetic methodologies
toward structures with therapeutic potential. Part Two covers the synthesis and chem-
ical modifications of polysaccharides, and contributions on amyloses, xanthan, and
polysaccharide derivatization on silica.
We hope that this volume, covering attractive carbohydrate syntheses, will encour-
age, particularly the younger generation of carbohydrate chemists, to go on playing
around with these sweet molecules of life, and contributing with their discoveries to
unravel the secrets of Life!
Amélia Pilar Rauter
Bjørn E. Christensen
László Somsák
Paul Kosma
Roberto Adamo
Perspective on the transformation
of carbohydrates under green and 1
sustainable reaction conditions
Anshupriya Si, Anup Kumar Misra
Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
Chapter outline
1 Introduction 3
2 Synthetic transformations of carbohydrates using nonhazardous
environmentally benign solvents 5
3 Transformations of carbohydrates in water 6
4 Transformations of carbohydrates in room temperature ionic liquids 15
5 Use of ionic liquids as reaction solvents 15
6 Ionic liquid tags in enzymatic reactions 24
7 Transformation of carbohydrates in supercritical fluids 25
8 Transformation of carbohydrates in deep eutectic solvents 26
9 Transformation of carbohydrates using fluorous solvents 29
10 Transformation of carbohydrates using nonconventional energy sources 34
11 Oligosaccharide synthesis using microwave irradiation 34
12 Transformation of carbohydrates using ball milling 38
13 Sonication-assisted transformations of carbohydrates 40
14 Ultrasound-mediated functionalization of carbohydrates 41
15 Transformation of carbohydrates under photoinduced reactions 48
16 Photoinduced glycosylation 49
17 Photoinduced synthesis of S-linked glycoconjugates 53
18 Electrochemical glycosylation 55
19 Glycosylation under high pressure 61
20 Conclusion 62
Acknowledgments 62
References 62
1 Introduction
Functionalization of mono-, di-, and higher oligosaccharides using a variety of pro-
tecting groups is a fundamental requirement for the synthesis of oligosaccharides.
Judicious selection of protecting groups plays important roles in the stereo- and
regio-selective outcome of the glycosylations. Since the first report of the glyco-
sylation by Fischer in 1893, several glycosylation techniques and functional group
Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817467-8.00001-3
© 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
4 Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry
odifications have appeared in the literature. The reactivity and participation of the
m
substrates in the glycosylation reaction is highly influenced by the protecting groups
present in the molecules. However, it is quite difficult to predict the exact nature of
a functionalized saccharide derivative in a chemical reaction due to the presence of
multiple numbers of functional groups. In addition to the functionalization of carbo-
hydrates for the synthesis of oligosaccharides, transformation of carbohydrates into
a variety of compounds with biological and material science significance is another
important area of research. Several molecules having pharmaceutical importance have
been prepared from carbohydrates, for example, heterocycles,1, 2 carbocycles,3, 4 nu-
cleosides,5, 6 natural product like compounds,7, 8 chalcogenides,9, 10 and nitrogenous
compounds11, 12.
Traditional reaction conditions for the transformation of carbohydrates into dif-
ferent classes of molecules involve the use of volatile organic solvents and a variety
of metallic reagents and catalysts. Similarly, functionalization of hydroxy and amino
groups of carbohydrates such as multiple protections and deprotections13, 14 and glyco-
sylation for the preparation of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates15 also involve the
use of hazardous reaction conditions. Most of the conventional reaction conditions for
the aforementioned transformations do not meet the requirement of environmentally
benign nature, are devoid of sustainability, and involve the use of hazardous chemi-
cals/reagents, produce chemical wastes. Considering the concern for the environment,
the current thrust in the organic chemistry is to develop sustainable processes using
cost-effective, pollution-free synthetic strategies. In this context, the most attractive
concept for sustainable chemical transformations is to adopt “Green chemistry” ap-
proach. In 1998, Paul Anastas and John Warner16 proposed some pioneering principles
for designing green and sustainable reaction conditions by reducing or eliminating the
use or/and production of hazardous substances, which are presented:
1. “Prevention” such as designing of reaction methodologies without production of waste.
2. Highest level of atom economy for all components should be maintained in the final product.
3. Chemical synthetic methods should be designed to use and produce substances having low
or no toxicity to the environment.
4. In order to make the synthetic method safer to the environment, reagents, catalyst, and
solvents should be used in minimum quantity or preferably avoided.
5. Chemical reactions should be designed in such a way that they require minimum energy or
can be carried out without requirement of any energy, for example, heating, electricity, and
high pressure.
6. Renewable starting materials or feedstocks should be used in the chemical reactions.
7. Development of one-pot reaction conditions, iterative multistep reactions in one-pot, etc.,
reducing the number of steps for deprotections of functional groups.
8. Use of catalytic amount of catalysts/additives avoiding the use of their stoichiometric
quantities.
9. Use of biodegradable chemicals in the reactions, which do not persist in the environment
after their functional lifetime.
10. Controlling the reactions prior to the formation of hazardous by-products with the help of
analytical techniques for real-time, in-process monitoring.
11. Selection of inherently safer chemicals/reagents in the synthetic strategies, causing less
chance of chemical accidents.
Perspective on the transformation of carbohydrates 5
Transformations of carbohydrates and their functionalizations related to the glyco-

sylation reactions involve a wide range of chemical reactions. Therefore, it is pertinent
to develop newer reaction conditions for the transformations/reactions of carbohydrates
under environmentally benign sustainable reaction conditions avoiding organic solvents.
In the recent past, several reports on the development of sustainable reaction condi-
tions using carbohydrates established that it is possible to build up sustainable strate-
gies for the preparation of carbohydrate-derived molecules of interest in the laboratory
as well as in industry adopting “green chemical approaches.” A wide range of chemi-
cal reactions have been carried out using carbohydrate substrates since the inception of
“Green chemistry”16 such as use of natural carbohydrate polymers as renewable feed-
stocks; biocatalyzed chemical transformations; solvent-free reactions; development of
multistep reactions maintaining atom economy; and use of water and biodegradable
solvents, room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), deep eutectic solvents (DESs), su-
percritical fluids (SCFs), etc., as reaction media. In recent decades, there has been
several reviews regarding green solvents in carbohydrate chemistry.17 In addition, a
wide range of nonconventional energy sources have been applied to carry out reactions
using carbohydrates, which include the application of microwave irradiation, ultra-
sonication, ball milling, photoinduced reactions, electrochemical reactions, reactions
under high pressure, flow chemistry, and automation, to name a few. In this chapter, an
attempt has been made to compile a large number of reports on the chemical transfor-
mations of carbohydrates having emphasis on Green and sustainable chemistry. The
present perspective broadly focuses on two aspects of green chemical transformations
of carbohydrates such as (a) use of green or biodegradable solvents and (b) application
of modern technologies for conventional and solvent-free reactions.
2 Synthetic transformations of carbohydrates using

nonhazardous environmentally benign solvents
Carrying out chemical reactions avoiding volatile organic solvents is an important
principle of Green chemistry. However, there are many instances where solvents
play an important role in the reactions, and their use is essential for satisfactory for-
mation of products. Use of water or other biodegradable solvents replacing organic
solvents without compromising the yield of the product is a challenge to the synthetic
chemists. Following the Green chemistry perspective, several attempts have been
made in the recent past to carry out organic reactions in water or other biodegradable
solvents replacing organic solvents. Water can be considered as the best alternative
reaction medium among the wide variety of environmentally benign solvents be-
cause of its compatibility with the Green chemistry principles. A diverse range of
chemical transformations on carbohydrate substrates have been carried out in water.
In addition to water, many reports appeared on the transformations of carbohydrates
in other environmentally benign reaction medium such as RTILs),18 DESs,19–21
biomass-derived solvents (BDSs),22 supercritical fluids (SCFs),23 and polyethylene
glycol24. Besides the chemical transformation of carbohydrates, s everal examples
on the enzymatic transformations25of carbohydrates have also been reported in the

recent past using green solvents. A set of the examples on various green solvent
mediated transformations of carbohydrates is presented later.
3 Transformations of carbohydrates in water

Water can be the best suited solvent for carbohydrates because of its low cost abun-
dance, high potential for solubilizing carbohydrates, and nontoxic nature to the envi-
ronment.26 However, there are some reactions such as glycosylations, esterification,
and acetal formation where removal of moisture is an essential part of the reaction, and
hence water is not considered as the best solvent for such reactions. In addition, many
catalytic reactions are moisture sensitive and require inert anhydrous conditions and
hence not suitable to carry out in water. Despite the limitations of water to be used as
the solvent in the transformations of carbohydrates, a significant number of attempts
have been made in the recent past with great success to carry out different reactions on
carbohydrate substrates in water at atmospheric or high pressure. Selected examples
of the transformations of carbohydrates in aqueous medium are presented later.
Lubineau and coworkers27 developed an elegant approach for the preparation of
β-glycosyl ketones from unprotected sugars in alkaline aqueous medium, which is a
breakthrough on the green chemical approach for the carbohydrate transformations
(Scheme 1). The reaction took place with high stereoselectivity and furnished ex-
clusively β-glycosyl compounds. Earlier in 1986, Gonzalez and coworkers28 reported
the preparation of glycosylbarbituric acid derivatives in aqueous medium in excellent
yields by the treatment of free sugars with barbituric acid derivatives (Scheme 2).
Scheme 1 Preparation of β-glycosyl ketones in aqueous media.
Scheme 2 Preparation of glycosylbarbituric acid derivatives in aqueous medium.

Bragnier and Schermann29 applied similar reaction condition for the preparation of
β-glycosyl ketones of 2-amino sugars. However, the yield of the reaction was moderate,
and products were obtained as a mixture of gluco- and manno-isomers (Scheme 3).
Scheme 3 Preparation of β-glycosyl ketones of d-glucosamine and d-mannosamine in

aqueous media.
Besides the preparation of glycopyranosyl ketones, Wang et al.30 reported the forma-
tion of glycofuranosyl ketones in high yields from pentose sugars under alkaline aqueous
conditions. It was also observed that an exclusively single product was formed at elevated
temperature and a mixture of unprecedented products was obtained at lower temperature
(Scheme 4). It is noteworthy that glycopyranosyl ketones were formed at elevated tempera-
ture, whereas reactions at low temperature furnished glycofuranosyl ketones.
Scheme 4 Preparation of glycopyranosyl and furanosyl ketones in aqueous media.
Norsikian and coworkers 31 further transformed the glycosyl ketone to

β-glycosylformaldehyde derivatives after some functional group modifications
(Scheme 5).
Scheme 5 Preparation of glycosylformaldehyde from glycosylpropan-2-one.

Tripathi and coworkers32 treated β-glycosyl ketones with a variety of aldehydes

in the presence of a base to provide phenyl substituted analogs of cinnamoylmethyl
C-glycoside, which were further allowed to react with malononitrile in an alkaline
aqueous medium to prepare the β anomer of diphenylmethyl C-glycopyranosides in
very good yields (Scheme 6).
Scheme 6 Preparation of β anomer of the diphenylmethyl C-glycoside in aqueous medium.
Treatment of free sugars and 2-aminosugars with 1,3-diketones in acidic aqueous

medium using ZnCl2 or Yb(OTf)3 led to the formation of low yields of polyhydrox-
ylated furan, glycosylfuran, and pyrrole derivatives.33 Taking clue from these studies,
Misra and Agnihotri34 prepared exclusively glycosylfuran derivatives by the treatment
of unprotected sugars with 1,3-diketones or β-ketoesters in the presence of CeCl3·7H2O
in aqueous medium (Scheme 7). Subsequently Yadav et al.35 also reported the prepara-
tion of glycosylfuran derivatives using InCl3 in aqueous conditions (Scheme 7).
C-glycosyl compounds have also been prepared in moderate yields directly by
scandium cation exchanged montmorillonite catalyzed C-glycosylation of dimedone
with free sugars in aqueous medium36 (Scheme 8).
Scheme 7 Preparation of glycosylfuran derivatives in aqueous medium.
Scheme 8 Preparation of glycosyldimedone from free sugar by Sc-montmorillonite catalyzed

condensation in water.
The β-glycosyl ketones prepared in aqueous medium have been used as precursors
for the preparation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid hydrazide derivatives of
C-glycosyl glycolipid analogs in an aqueous medium37 (Scheme 9).
Scheme 9 Preparation of fatty acid hydrazones of C-glycosyl ketones in water.
Yadav and Rai38 have developed an expeditious one-pot synthetic protocol for the
preparation of benzoxazinone C-nucleosides via dehydrazinative β-glycosylation in
alkaline aqueous media (Scheme 10).
Scheme 10 Synthesis of benzoxazinone C-nucleosides in aqueous conditions.
Besides the preparation of C-glycosyl compounds, free sugars have been

treated with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in hot compressed water
in the presence of an acid as well as a base. Treatment of d-glucose with H2SO4
in overheated compressed water (473 K) led to the formation of dehydrated prod-
uct, 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF), while isomerized product fructose was ob-
tained by the treatment with sodium hydroxide in water at high pressure. Similar
to the homogeneous conditions, treatment of d-glucose with a heterogeneous
acidic catalyst, TiO2, led to the formation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF),
whereas fructose was obtained by the treatment with a basic catalyst Zirconia
(ZrO2) (Scheme 11).39
Carbon-carbon bond formation of unprotected carbohydrates has been carried out
applying Barbier reaction by the ultrasound-mediated treatment with allyl bromide
and tin metal in ethanolic aqueous medium to obtain higher homologous sugars40
(Scheme 12).
Serianni and coworkers41 have successfully carried out the rearrangement of ketose
and aldose sugars using a combination of paramolybdate anion exchange resin and
formate anion exchange resin at an elevated temperature in water (Scheme 13).
Scheme 11 Transformation of d-glucose in hot compressed water in the presence of

homogeneous and heterogeneous acidic and basic catalysts.
Scheme 12 Ultrasound mediated higher homologation of free sugar in aqueous reaction

conditions.
Scheme 13 Rearrangement of sugars in the presence of Mo resin in aqueous conditions.
Glycosylation is an important tool for the modification of the functional properties

of bioactive molecules. Aoyama and Kobayashi42 reported an elegant dehydrative gly-
cosylation in water using a catalyst composed of a Brønsted acid and a surfactant. A
diverse set of glycosides was synthesized by the dehydrative reaction of protected lac-
tols with alcohols and nitrogen nucleophile (benzyl carbamate) with moderate stereose-
lectivity in the presence of dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) in water (Scheme 14).
Shoda and coworkers43 reported high-yielding syntheses of β-glycosyl azides43aand
aryl 1-thioglycosides43b, cdirectly from the unprotected sugars by the treatment with
a combination of sodium azide or aromatic thiol and an ionic liquid, 2-chloro-1,
3-dimethylimidazolinium chloride (DMC). This transformation is an example of ionic
liquid catalyzed reactions in aqueous medium (Scheme 15).
Scheme 14 Dehydrative glycosylation in aqueous medium.
Scheme 15 Ionic liquid mediated preparation of glycosyl azides and thioglycosides in water.
Recently, Komarova et al.44 demonstrated water-mediated reduction of carbohy-

drate azide derivatives using dithiothreitol in excellent yields. The reaction conditions
are equally effective with mono- and disaccharide derivatives (Scheme 16). The reac-
tion proceeded rapidly in the presence of water as a cosolvent, whereas the conversion
was not complete in the absence of water.
Scheme 16 Water-dependent reduction of an azido group in carbohydrate derivative.
Zhu and Schmidt45 reported the synthesis of S-linked glycopeptide derivatives un-
der phase transfer conditions. Since S-linked glycopeptides are important mimics of
natural O-linked glycopeptides, high-yielding synthesis of such compounds is useful
for the development of glycomimetics (Scheme 17).
Scheme 17 Preparation of S-linked glycopeptides under phase transfer conditions.
In a different approach, Estrine et al.46 demonstrated selective etherification of unpro-

tected pentoses in water for the preparation of partially alkylated glycoside derivatives.
The best yields were achieved by carrying out the reactions in the presence of a palladium
catalyst and a crowded tertiary amine. The ratio of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-O-alkylated
products was 4:57:37:2 in 45 min with 99% yield using Me2NC12H25 as base (Scheme 18).
Scheme 18 Telomerization of butadiene with l-arabinose and d-xylose in water.
A variety of aromatic acids have been esterified by sugars using suitably protected
sugar (d-glucose, d-galactose) chlorides in the presence of Cs2CO3, Aliquat 336 or
TBAB and granular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) under aqueous phase transfer
conditions47 (Scheme 19).
Scheme 19 Phase transfer catalytic esterification of carboxylic acids using a glycosyl

chloride.
Wang and coworkers48 reported the synthesis of azasugars via lanthanide salt-
promoted aza-Diels-Alder (DA) reaction in aqueous medium. They have synthesized
a series of chiral heterocyclic compounds by aza-DA reaction of sugar-derived chiral
aldehydes and cyclopentadiene in the presence of benzylamine hydrochloride under
aqueous conditions, which were transformed into azasugars as inhibitors of glycopro-
cessing enzymes (Scheme 20).
Scheme 20 Aza-Diels-Alder reaction on carbohydrate substrates in aqueous medium.
Ichikawa and coworkers49 reported the preparation of urea-linked disaccharide de-

rivatives in water via the formation of an oxazolidinone intermediate and its opening
with an amino sugar. Unprotected glycosylated oxazolidinone intermediate derived
from glycosyl azide furnished excellent yield of urea-linked pseudodisaccharides in
the presence of an amine in aqueous medium (Scheme 21).
Scheme 21 Preparation of urea linked pseudodisaccharide derivatives in water.
Somsák and coworkers50 reported the preparation of glycal or C-glycosyl deriva-

tives by the treatment of thioglycosides or glycosyl sulfones with chromium(II) com-
plexes in H2O-DMF medium. It was proposed that the reaction proceeded via the
formation of anomeric glycosyl radical (Scheme 22).
Scheme 22 Chromium(II)-mediated preparation of glycals and C-glycosyl derivatives from

thioglycosides or glycosyl sulfones in aqueous medium.
Misra’s group51 reported a significant fast [1,3]-cycloaddition52 between glycosyl

azides and various alkynes under copper-mediated “click chemistry” conditions in
aqueous medium to furnish glycosylated 1,2,3-triazole derivatives. They also reported
the preparation of glycosylated 1,2,3-triazole derivatives directly from glycosyl bro-
mides by a one-pot two-step reaction (Scheme 23).
Scheme 23 Rapid one-pot preparation of 1-glycosyl-4-substituted 1,2,3-triazole conjugates

from glycosyl bromides in aqueous medium.
Recently, Pelletier et al.53 carried out glycosylation reactions between sucrosyl ac-
ceptors and glycosyl fluoride donors to yield trisaccharides. These reactions proceed
at room temperature in an aqueous solvent mixture. Calcium salts and a tertiary amine
promote the reaction with high site-selectivity for either the 3′-position or 1′-position
of the fructofuranoside unit (Scheme 24).
Scheme 24 Glycosylation reaction of sucrose with glycosyl fluoride in water.
Despite the possibility of hydrolysis in water, alkoxycarbonylation54 of hydroxy

groups of sucrose has been successfully carried out in aqueous reaction conditions
(Scheme 25).
Scheme 25 Preparation of O-allyloxycarbonylated derivatives of sucrose in water.

In addition to the aforementioned examples, reports55are available dealing with

the transformations of carbohydrates using aqueous reaction medium. It has been
demonstrated that dehydrative reactions can also be successfully performed in aque-
ous medium by choosing appropriate reagents and conditions. Based on the success
of the earlier experiments, it is expected that more sensitive reactions on carbohydrate
substrates as well as stereoselective glycosylations will be possible in water by tuning
the reaction conditions.
4 Transformations of carbohydrates in room

temperature ionic liquids
Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts with low melting point, which exist as liquids consisting of
poorly coordinating ion pairs, which can be tuned by altering the structures of anions
and cations.56 This class of compounds was known in the literature for a long time and
introduced in the chemical reactions in the late 1990s. ILs are considered as promising
alternatives to the organic solvents and sometimes termed as “neoteric solvents” and
“designer solvents” due to their nonvolatile and nonflammable nature,57 odorlessness,
thermal stability, and recyclability.58 Since the organic cation and inorganic anion pres-
ent in the ILs are not closely packed, they can exist in liquid state at room temperature to
elevated temperatures.59 ILs can act as effective solvents for solubilizing polar as well as
nonpolar compounds and do not involve in solvation or solvolysis.60 After the pioneering
report of Anastas and Warner in 1998 on the “Green chemistry” principles16 in organic
chemistry, ILs received attention as attractive alternatives to the conventional volatile,
environmentally harmful organic solvents used in chemical transformations.61 As a con-
sequence, development of newer ILs and investigation on their properties and their ap-
plicability in the chemical reactions has increased exponentially over the last few years.
During the recent past, ILs have been used in carbohydrate chemistry as reac-
tion solvents for dissolving high molecular weight polysaccharides and to perform
their chemical and enzymatic transformations. They have also been used as sol-
vents and catalysts in a wide variety of synthetic methodologies on carbohydrate
substrates, which include protecting group manipulations, glycosylations, purifica-
tion of reaction products, substitute of solid support, etc. Moreover, carbohydrate
intermediates were used as sources for the preparation of ILs and chiral ILs.62
Several reviews63 have also appeared on the use of ILs in carbohydrate chemistry.
Representative applications of ILs in carbohydrate chemistry have been compiled
and presented below.
5 Use of ionic liquids as reaction solvents

The solubility of mono- and polysaccharides can be improved using ILs replacing
conventional solvents due to their ionic nature. Besides solubilizing the carbohydrates,
ILs have been used as solvents for the preparation of carbohydrate based gels.64 In
addition, ILs can act as catalysts by accelerating the rate of a wide range of chemical
transformations of carbohydrates such as acetylation, ortho-esterification, benzylidene
acetal formation, and glycosylations, to name a few.
Forsyth and coworkers65 reported a rapid and clean acetylation of unprotected
mono-, di-, and trisaccharides using dicyanamide-based ionic liquid as solvent cum
catalyst (Scheme 26). A series of reducing sugars, for example, d-glucose, d-galactose,
d-mannose, l-rhamnose, l-fucose, lactose, maltose, and cellobiose were successfully
acetylated under the reaction conditions.
Scheme 26 Acetylation of unprotected sugar using dicyanamide-based ionic liquid.
Similarly, Linhardt et al.66 demonstrated acetylation and benzoylation of simple

sugars as well as sulfated sugars in high yields using 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium
benzoate ([Emim][ba]) as task specific ionic liquid as solvent (Scheme 27).
Scheme 27 Acetylation and benzoylation of simple sugars and sulfated sugars using ILs.
Abbott et al.67 developed zinc-based ionic liquid for the acetylation of carbohy-
drates by mixing choline chloride and zinc chloride. A variety of reducing sugars
have been acetylated using this IL. However, an anomeric mixture of acetylated sugar
derivatives was obtained under the reaction conditions (Scheme 28).
Benzylidene acetal is an important protecting group frequently used for the simul-
taneous protection of two hydroxy groups in carbohydrate backbone. High-yielding
preparation of benzylidene acetal containing carbohydrate derivatives from unpro-
tected sugars using IL as solvent cum catalyst has been reported by Ragauskas’s lab-
oratory68 (Scheme 29).
Scheme 28 Acetylation of monosaccharides using a zinc-based ionic liquid.
Scheme 29 Preparation of benzylidene acetals of unprotected sugars using ionic liquid.
Anas et al.69 reported the application of IL as task-specific solvent for the prepa-
ration of acid susceptible orthoester derivatives of carbohydrates (Scheme 30). It is
noteworthy that acid susceptible functional groups also remain unaffected under the
reaction conditions using ILs.
Scheme 30 Synthesis of 1,2-orthoester derivatives of carbohydrates using [Bmim][PF6].
Thioglycosides70 have been widely used as glycosyl donors for the preparation
of complex oligosaccharides. Conventionally, they are prepared by the treatment of
acetylated sugar derivatives with thiols in the presence of a Lewis acid in organic
solvents such as CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and CH3CN. Misra et al.71a prepared thioglycosides
in satisfactory yields by the reaction of glycosyl acetates with thiols in the presence
of BF3·OEt2 in [Bmim][BF4] avoiding organic solvents. Later, an odorless prepa-
ration of thio- and selenoglycosides has also been reported by Misra and cowork-
ers71b using IL as reaction solvent. Disulfides or diselenides were reduced to thiolates
or selenolates in situ using a nonmetallic reducing agent (combination of Et3SiH-
BF3·OEt2), which were reacted with glycosyl acetates to furnish thio- and selenogly-
cosides (Scheme 31).
Scheme 31 One-pot preparation of thio-and selenoglycosides using [Bmim][BF4].
In addition to the functional group transformation of carbohydrates, a number of

reports appeared on the stereoselective glycosylation reactions using IL. Linhardt and
coworkers72 reported the synthesis of Fischer glycosylation products by the reaction
of unprotected and unactivated reducing sugars with an alcohol in the presence of an
acidic resin or protic acid in [Emim][ba]. A variety of disaccharide derivatives have
also been prepared under the reaction conditions (Scheme 32).
Scheme 32 Fischer glycosylation using acidic resin or protic acid in [Emim][ba].
Augé et al.73 introduced IL-promoted atom economic glycosylation of unprotected

sugars under Lewis acid catalysis. Treatment of free sugars with appropriate alcohols
in the presence of a catalytic quantity of Sc(OTf)3 (1 mol%) in [Bmim][OTf] furnished
satisfactory yield of the glycosides as a mixture of α- and β-anomers. It was presumed
that the oxycarbenium ion formed during the glycosylation was stabilized by the ionic
liquid medium. The reaction proceeds to the thermodynamically favorable product
and α-glycoside predominates at an elevated temperature (Scheme 33).
Scheme 33 Fischer glycosylation of free sugars catalyzed by Sc(OTf)3 in [Bmim][OTf].
Yadav and colleagues74 synthesized 2,3-unsaturated glycosides by the treatment of

tri-O-acetylated glycal derivatives with a variety of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols in
the presence of dysprosium triflate immobilized on [Bmim][PF6] at room temperature
(Scheme 34). This reaction have been successfully extended for the preparation of
glycosylated amino acid derivatives.
Scheme 34 Preparation of 2,3-unsaturated glycosides using Dy(OTf)3 immobilized on

[Bmim][PF6].
Treatment of glycosyl trichloroacetimidates with alcohols in the presence of a cat-

alytic Lewis acid (TMSOTf; 0.5 mol%) in a task-specific ionic liquid, [Bmim][PF6] or
[Emim][OTf], furnished excellent yields of glycosides with high stereoselectivity.75, 76
The ILs used in the reactions were successfully recycled after isolating the products.
Poletti and colleagues77 demonstrated the influence of ILs on the stereochemical out-
come of the glycosylations (Scheme 35).
Scheme 35 Glycosylation with glycosyl trichloroacetimidate donor in ILs.

ILs have been successfully applied as the solvents for the preparation of oligo-
saccharides using glycosyl phosphite and fluoride derivatives as glycosyl donors
activated by catalytic amount of protic acid. Toshima et al.78, 79 demonstrated that gly-
cosylation with glycosyl phosphites in [1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium][NTf2] led to
the formation β-glycosides, whereas the use of glycosyl fluorides led to the formation
of α-products under similar reaction conditions (Scheme 36).
Scheme 36 Glycosylation using glycosyl phosphite and fluoride donors in IL.
Zhang et al.80 reported stereoselective glycosylation of thioglycosides with a variety of

alcohols using methyl triflate as the thiophilic activator in [Bmim][BF4] (Scheme 37). A
variety of thioglycosides were used for the glycosylation with a variety of acceptors.
Scheme 37 Glycosylation of thioglycoside using MeOTf in [Bmim][BF4].
Galan et al.81 reported the use of a sulfonic acid-based surfactant ionic liquid as
mild glycosylation promoter of thioglycosides in combination with N-iodosuccinimide
(NIS) (Scheme 38). They have extended their methodology in the reactivity-based
Scheme 38 Glycosylation of thioglycosides using NIS and surfactant ionic liquid.

one-pot glycosylation reactions for the preparation of linear and branched oligosac-
charides using thioglycosides and trichloroacetimidate derivatives as glycosyl donors
and [Bmim][OTf] as cosolvent and promoter82 (Scheme 39).
Scheme 39 Glycosylation of thioglycosides in one-pot using recyclable ionic liquid [Bmim]

[OTf].
In another aspect, Malhotra and coworkers83 used ILs as a source of N-heterocyclic

carbenes (NHCs).84 They obtained O-aryl glycosides from acetobromosugars by the
treatment with phenols in the presence of silver carbonate in [Bmim]⋅Cl at room
temperature (Scheme 40). The O-aryl glycosides were obtained by the activation of
glycosyl bromide with silver NHC complex formed in situ by the reaction of ILs with
silver carbonate.
Scheme 40 Glycosylation of glycosyl bromide by in situ generated silver NHC complex.
Besides the application of ILs as solvents and catalysts, they have also been used
as ionic support for the multistep synthesis of oligosaccharides. Chan’s group and
Huang’s group independently reported the first oligosaccharide synthesis using ILs
as soluble ionic tag. Chan et al.85 used imidazolium cation as the ionic tag and used
glycosyl sulfoxide as donor and thioglycoside as acceptor to provide an orthogo-
nal glycosylation approach (Scheme 41). Huang’s strategy86 was to use glycosyl
trichloroacetimidate as donor and thioglycoside as the acceptor which was tagged
with the soluble imidazolium cation following the orthogonal glycosylation con-
cept (Scheme 42).
Scheme 41 An orthogonal glycosylation between thioglycoside and glycosyl sulfoxide using

ionic tag by Chan’s group.85
Scheme 42 An orthogonal glycosylation approach using ionic tag by Huang’s group.86
Subsequently, Yerneni et al.87, 88 and Pepin et al.89 reported the synthesis of lin-
ear α-(1→6) linked oligomannan and α-(1→4) linked glucan, respectively, applying
similar approaches involving soluble ionic liquid supported oligosaccharide synthesis
(Schemes 43 and 44).
More recently, Galan and coworkers90 developed an elegant approach for the ionic
tag linked oligosaccharide synthesis. This “Ionic Catch and Release Oligosaccharide
Synthesis” (ICROS) approach is equally suited for parallel and combinatorial synthe-
sis of libraries of oligosaccharides. The linker is attached to the acceptor by anomeric
glycosylation and after carbohydrate chain elongation the ionic tag is removed by
conventional reaction conditions. Random synthesis of oligosaccharides was achieved
using this strategy (Scheme 45).
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
mind upon hers, while staring at the back of her head, thus drawing
her attention to him.
Heinecke, who was somewhat upset by this strange and
unaccountable state of affairs, questioned Sana as to the cause. As
briefly as possible and in a low trembling tone, Sana answered,
“That man, the fourth table over, is François de Rochelle, who was
once my sweetheart. He possesses a strange hypnotic influence over
me and may cause me to commit rash acts. Even now I feel his
power and I am afraid.”
Sana’s companion looked over to de Rochelle, who did not once take
his eyes from the girl, although he was aware that Heinecke was
watching him. This attitude made even the phlegmatic Heinecke
furious. As in the days when he was a member of a student’s corps,
he was ready to fight a duel at a moment’s notice—the three scars
on his right cheek bore mute testimony to this spirit of younger
days. So calling a waiter he sent his card to de Rochelle.
Rochelle well knew the intent of that action. He picked up the card,
looked at it and with a sneering laugh, tore it into bits, tossing the
scraps of paste-board back on the salver, in such a way that there
was no mistaking his meaning.
Heinecke could only stare, muttering to himself, “No satisfaction to
be had. Too bad.”
Sana was eager to get away from de Rochelle, from the hotel, from
everybody, so hurriedly taking Heinecke by the arm, she fairly
dragged him away, saying, for want of something better, “Now, look
at what you have done!”
From the time that Sana had been carried unconscious from the
morgue, in New York, to the hour of her departure for Europe Sana
had been under the constant care of Dr. White and the O’Briens and
they had purposely withheld from her the news that the body that
had been found in the river was not that of de Rochelle. A
newspaper reporter, who was at the scene of the drowning when the
body was recovered, took it upon himself to say that the man was
de Rochelle. Some cards and papers had been found on the body
bearing the name of “François de Rochelle,” so it was as a “François
de Rochelle” that the man was buried. As a matter of fact it
developed a few days later that the suicide was a young bank clerk,
who, with de Rochelle, had speculated heavily with part of the funds
raised for the purpose of carrying out the work of the Sahara
Development Organization. Things had gone wrong on the market
that day and the clerk had called on de Rochelle, with a view to
securing some money to cover their margins. De Rochelle was not to
be found, but on the table lay a note, addressed to Sana, in which
he stated that he had been discovered at last. He was going away
forever. He asked her, also, to tell the bank clerk of his leaving.
The clerk, believing at once that de Rochelle was referring to his
shady dealings on the Street, in his note to Sana, set about to
destroy the note upon the radiator. He had been equally guilty in
these money matters and wanted to hide his trail as much as
possible. It was while crossing the Bridge that his mind, haunted by
the fear of possible consequences, gave way and he took the fatal
leap.
Once more had Fate thrown Sana and de Rochelle together. To the
girl it meant grave dangers and misery. In the silence of her
apartment she determined to leave the place—secretly if necessary.
Slipping quietly down to the lobby of the hotel, she dispatched a
message to her mother, announcing her intention to come home.
Sana realized what she would have to sacrifice, but nothing counted.
She only wanted to get away, far away from de Rochelle.
The following day, about noon, Sana was crossing the gardens at the
Kurhaus, where hundreds were promenading and listening to the
band. She had been shopping, purchasing little odds and ends,
among them gifts for her mother.
Suddenly a hand was placed upon her arm. Frightened she turned to
confront de Rochelle. She tried to evade him, but he only grasped
her arm more tightly so that escape was impossible. In a low, but
not unkindly tone, de Rochelle spoke, asking her to join him at lunch
at the Messmer. Sana refused and while he was insisting upon her
doing so, aid came in the form of Heinecke.
A few curt words from him placed de Rochelle on the defensive. An
instance later, however, Heinecke had taken his glove and struck de
Rochelle across the face. Taking Sana’s arm he walked off, leaving
the furious de Rochelle, whose face had turned to ashen gray, to cry,
“You will meet me?”
Heinecke turned, drew himself up to full height and with a stiff bow,
retorted, “I am at your service!”
The next morning, before Heinecke had arisen, a knock was heard at
his door. The seconds of de Rochelle were announced. They had
come to inform him that de Rochelle was the insulted one and that
he was exercising his privilege of choosing weapons. He had decided
upon pistols, shots to be exchanged until one or the other fell.
Had Heinecke the option he would have chosen the sabre of his
student days, that being his favorite weapon. However, he was not
afraid. His army training had taught him the use of a pistol, and in
his heart he was sure that this affair would certainly win Sana.
Sana, however, on hearing of the coming duel, sought Heinecke and
begged him to desist, saying “de Rochelle is an expert in the use of
a pistol. I have seen him sever a telephone cord at twenty paces and
hit a plum I had thrown into the air.”
To which entreaties Heinecke replied, with a shrug of his shoulders,
“This is an affair of honor.”
The next morning, the two duelists, with their seconds and a doctor,
went to a secluded section of the Black Forest, about an hour’s ride
from the resort. The day was bright and the cleared spot in the
forest, where blood would flow and probably a life be sacrificed, had
been well chosen by the seconds the preceding day.
The preliminaries over, the two men took their stand, facing each
other at fifteen paces. Pistols were leveled. They awaited the word
to fire—Heinecke cool and determined, de Rochelle perhaps equally
determined but rather shaky, having spent the previous evening
drinking champagne in celebration of the coming duel.
Sana was up before daybreak that morning. When Heinecke left, she
followed in an automobile, at a distance, so as not to arouse
suspicion. At a road crossing she had lost track of Heinecke’s car, but
shortly afterward discovered it, and another, parked by the roadside.
She ordered the chauffeur to stop the car, jumping from it before it
had come to a standstill.
As she did so, she heard two shots ring out simultaneously, echoing
and re-echoing through the silent forest. In feverish haste she ran in
the direction from whence the sound had come. Another deafening
report vibrated the morning air. Turning aside, Sana came upon the
clearing. The two combatants still held their ground, while the
seconds were reloading the pistols. The weapons again in their
hands, Heinecke and de Rochelle renewed the combat. As they
leveled the pistols, Sana wanted to cry out, but running forward
blindly, stumbled and fell. As she arose, she heard the word “Three”
and looking up saw the flash of the shots. To her horror, she saw
one of the men, she could not tell which, waver and sink helpless to
the earth.
“Oh, God!” The words came in a quivering cry. Because of her, a
woman, a man had just fallen wounded, perhaps dead.
At the cry a man stepped forward. It was Heinecke. He pointed in
the direction of de Rochelle, who, badly wounded in the right
shoulder, was being attended by the doctor.
Sana looked at the fallen man. Then came reaction. With a withering
look of scorn, and unmindful of Heinecke’s outstretched hand, she
upbraided him, “Shame unto you! You have soiled your hands and
stained your soul with the blood of a creature not worthy of the
bullet you fired into him!”
At her cry he stepped forward, pointing in the direction
of de Rochelle, who, badly wounded in the right
shoulder, was being attended by the doctor.
Heinecke looked at the girl in a strange, curious way, then looking

toward de Rochelle, he spoke in a low and somewhat sad tone, “If it
had not been for his coming, you might have been mine by this
time. I feel like putting this man out of your way and life forever.
Leave me—for a while at least.”
Sana, realizing his desire, did not move, but whispered beseechingly,
“Heinecke, I implore you, stop! I do not love you, so why risk your
life for me? Consider, please.”
Her plea was in vain. Heinecke, changing his tone of voice and
manner, commanded her to leave. Upon her refusing to do so, he
attempted to gently lead her away, when the mocking voice of de
Rochelle reached them. He had gotten to his feet.
“Here! Herr Heinecke!” The words came with a sneer. “You shall not
hide behind a woman’s skirts. Stand your ground, you coward!”
With this he grasped the pistol his second had reloaded and aimed it
at Heinecke.
His sneering laugh chilled Sana’s blood as he continued, “Come
back. I will kill you like a dog in this woman’s presence.”
Heinecke, with a shrug of the shoulders, awaited the shot.
De Rochelle had barely time to pull the trigger when the gun was
wrested from his hand. Two men had jumped from the brush behind
him and were now holding him a prisoner. De Rochelle demanding
an explanation of what he termed “an outrage,” was politely
informed that he was under arrest and was shown a warrant as their
authority.
The sight of this caused Sana to give a sigh of relief. Her plan had
worked!
After Heinecke had told her of the proposed duel, Sana finding her
pleas of no avail, sought to prevent the combat in another manner.
She, of course, had been informed on her return to Paris of the
manner in which de Rochelle had run the affairs of the company he
represented in New York. She knew, too, just how much of the
company’s money he had appropriated for his own uses. So with this
knowledge in mind she went to one of those detective agencies, to
be found the world over, where “hard cash” is a means to an end
and placed her proposition before them. Yes, it could be done! They
would do anything for a consideration.
Accordingly two of the firm’s hirelings trailed de Rochelle that
morning, armed with a fake warrant calling for his arrest and
extradition to France, to answer charges of embezzlement. They had
arrived on the scene a little late, but, nevertheless, in time.
Turning to Sana, de Rochelle addressed her, with supreme sarcasm,
“You have done a noble thing. Noble indeed! To save your lover you
have betrayed me. But wait. My love for you has gone. Insatiable
hate has taken its place. As I have adored you in the past, so do I
despise you now! I shall be free again, and I assure you, by God,
that the day shall come when you will lie before me prostrate and
pleading. And all your pleading shall be in vain!”
Raising his voice until it fairly shrieked at them he added, “You shall
go down with me! It may take time, but I shall get even with you!”
Heinecke was about to spring forward, but Sana restrained him with
“Please don’t.”
To which Heinecke replied, his lips twitching with scorn, “I’m sorry I
couldn’t finish the job.”
That evening, leaving notes for her friends, the Princess Cassandra
and Heinecke, Sana secretly left the gay watering-place to go home.
CHAPTER V
THE GREAT DESERT
THE plan for flooding the Sahara, as fostered by the French
Government, attracted widespread attention. Even in America,
accustomed as it is to great engineering undertakings, the plan
created a great deal of interest, much of it critical.
Among the Americans to challenge the proposed work was Carl
Lohman, a New York engineer and writer of international reputation.
Lohman counted among his friends the foremost editors, men whose
fearless pens are watched the world over by financiers and
politicians. The pages of the daily press were open to him and in
them he attacked the plan.
So thorough was he in his attacks and criticisms that the French
authorities invited him to submit alternative plans. To this end,
Lohman left for the Sahara on an inspection tour, arriving at the Gulf
of Gabes, on the Mediterranean Sea, where the canal was to be
built.
Here he met the pilot who was to lead him over the desert to study
the territory at close range. After studying the canal site, on
horseback, for a few days, they boarded an aeroplane, which was
well provisioned, and soon they were flying over vast stretches of
sand. They made wide detours, in their flight, so as to get a more
general view of the situation. Finally they turned southward to reach
Timbuktoo on the Niger river.
Two nights were spent on well selected ground. On the third day
they came to the Queen City of the Sahara, Timbuktoo, where they
intended replenishing their gasoline supply, and thus be able to
return to the Mediterranean coast.
During the entire flight Carl was busy making copious notes to be
used in connection with his plans on his return to America.
Carl was proud of his mission. And rightly so. The son of a New York
banker, with the advantages of a family name and all that wealth
could buy, he had spurned them, rising in his profession solely by his
own ability and perseverance.
His college days over, Carl had gone to San Francisco. Here he
secured employment with an engineering concern engaged in
extensive hydraulic and land irrigating developments. A few years of
this work and he returned to New York, where he joined an
efficiency engineering firm. Here, too, he showed his ability. By his
methods of handling material in various manufacturing plants much
money was saved and with greater efficiency. Electric stations, he
proved, could be operated at less cost, while in the field of street
lighting, several cities benefited by his knowledge, securing better
light and at a great saving to the municipality and the electric power
companies.
Carl recognized as his greatest asset the teachings of his parents.
From childhood he had been taught by them the virtue of “Economy
and Efficiency.” It had been their watchword through life and he was
determined that it should be his. Not alone to himself but to those
who came to him for advice did he preach this doctrine.
His books and numerous scientific publications, too, brought home
to the reader the value of those two words. Before establishing
himself in a business of his own, he widened his field of activity,
going to the Charlottenburg University to study city planning and its
kindred subject, municipal engineering. Charlottenburg was the only
college teaching these subjects, although German cities, for the past
two generations, have been practicing the art in connection with
municipal improvements.
His studies took him on extensive trips over Europe to study the art
of the great masters Sitte, Stuebben, Baumeister, Hausmann and
others. He visited the medieval cities of Nuremberg, Rothenburg,
Regensburg and others, all of which showed that the Romans, who
laid the original foundations of these cities, had certain definite
knowledge of city planning. However, these early city planners did
not impart their theory but left only their accomplishments as a
record of their work. It remained for the Germans to place the art of
city planning on a scientific basis, and realizing the great benefits
derived, other countries fell into line, following the system
established by the Germans.
During his travels Carl did not fail to visit the ancient Roman and
Greek cities, where the remains of once great structures and
roadways testify to the skill of the city builders.
While L’Enfant, who planned the city of Washington, admittedly the
most beautiful city of America and one of the finest in the world,
enjoyed the double good fortune of having the support of the
founders of the Republic and an unencumbered site upon which to
build, the problem in most cases today is to replace existing cities
and provide for future developments.
Upon his return to America, Carl located in New York, opening an
office as consulting engineer and advisory city planner. He applied
his knowledge to getting “hard cash,” but he very often worked for
little or no compensation. It did not matter to him—all he wanted to
see was the ultimate result.
His reputation as a successful engineer and writer became
widespread, with the result that he was besieged from all sides with
requests to engage in industrial campaigns and the like. Quite a
number of concerns owe to him and his writings the fact that they
got out of the rut and were able to re-establish themselves on a
sound financial basis.
To him, also, came concerns with shady reputations in the hope that
he would lend the weight of his name to their prospectuses. But
they were politely requested to seek such assistance elsewhere.
But city planning was his forte. It appealed to him as did no other
work. He recognized the great opportunity for the replanning of
American cities, so long neglected with such costly results as are
seen in the unnecessary congestion and crowded conditions of some
portions and the backward development of others—in the slums on
one hand and the inaccessible suburbs on the others—so
characteristic of the majority of our cities.
The citizens of a small town never imagine that it will become a
large city. They may, at times, dream of it as spreading out around
the nucleus in which they live and they may frequently boast of the
progress their town has made in the previous decade, but the day
that will see their town a great city seems so far distant that, as a
rule, they do not imagine it will ever occur.
Time slips quickly by and the sites for great improvements, which
might have been laid out and reserved for convenient plans, that
only need to be committed to paper, become impossible save at
enormous and prohibitive expense. It thus happens that many cities,
expanded over ground that once was made up of farms, have street
plans originally determined by the fancy of the home-wandering cow
and her calf. But great volumes of traffic must inevitably follow the
path marked out by these dumb animals, unless costly changes be
made.
Carl was aware of the great importance, to cities large and small, of
having plans prepared by experts to serve as a guide for the gradual
development of the city on a scientific basis.
Since engaging in such work, Carl had received many contracts for
planning new towns and remodeling old cities. Besides he did
considerable work along electrical lines. His spare time was occupied
in writing books and contributing articles on city planning, industrial
efficiency and national economy, to various newspapers and
magazines. Carl was recognized as a man of great versatility. His
prestige as an authority in his profession rose rapidly and his
absorbing interest in his work caused many complaints from old
acquaintances who still felt the lure of Broadway.
With a sudden jar he was shaken out of his mental dream as to his
own importance. The aeroplane, in landing at the outskirts of
Timbuktoo, struck a sand dune and was damaged considerably, and
its occupants badly shaken up, although not seriously injured.
They climbed from their seats and while the pilot looked after his
aeroplane, Carl stood on the fringe of the Great Desert, wondering
how he would solve that vast problem of so world-wide a character.
He felt the importance of his mission. The realization came to him
that his work would have a unique influence on the world. Its
welfare he held in his hand.
He had done important work before. But now! Alone he could move
the world—change the great laws of nature! He could create a new
land or destroy an old one. He could do this—he—Carl Lohman! Was
it to be wondered that his bosom heaved with emotion as he gazed
out over the endless barren wastes, which, at his command, could
be made to blossom with the fullness of the Earth’s fruits.
How true, he thought, the saying “Knowledge is Power.” That phrase
answered the questions in his mind. Yes, his knowledge would bring
it about.
A mental picture came to him, like a fata morgana, a mirage of the
desert, reflected high in the heavens. A picture of the day to come.
This picture, however, came to an abrupt end. The pilot, who had
been endeavoring to repair the damaged aeroplane, had come up to
Carl, saying, “The damage to the engine is too great to be repaired
here. What are we going to do now?”
“I have been thinking of that. I think we should go by camel to the
north and have some fun.”
The other smiled “Fun? Fun you will get all right if you should ever
fall into the hands of the bandit tribes that infest the sands. I know
them. During the war I was handled rather roughly by them in
France, although I was no enemy of theirs. They had been forced
into the fight and they wanted to be savage. And they knew how.
You talk about the Turk. He was nothing compared to them. At least
the Turk was fighting for his country—these just fought for the sake
of killing. They would have put an end to me, had not help come in
time.”
“All right! We can talk matters over tomorrow. Let’s find a hotel, if
there is one, where we can get a bite to eat. I’m starving.”
The pilot rejoined, “All right, so am I.”
The aeroplane had landed but a short distance from the city and it
had already attracted a host of bewildered people. They had never
seen an aeroplane before, so on they came, old and young, black
and white, to examine the strange monster from the sky. No less
strange to them appeared the two men who had come with it. In
language unknown to Carl, they pointed from the machine to the
men, showing plainly their awe and fear.
A French army officer came up to Carl and questioned him as to the
accident, but Carl could only refer him to the pilot, who had returned
to the wrecked machine, the motley mob scattering to all sides at his
approach.
After the pilot had secured all that was likely to fall prey to the
thieving fingers of the crowd—the Arabs and their kin are born
thieves—he and Carl set out for the hotel to which the officer had
directed them.
As they approached the hotel, the proprietor, a shifty-looking
Arabian-Jew, stepped out to greet them with a great show of
welcome and a greater anticipation of gain.
Carl had learned from his pilot that caravans left very seldom and at
irregular intervals for the north, because of the unexplored
conditions of the desert and of the still greater danger of being
beset by the roaming bands of bandits, who ever lay in wait for
caravans of merchants.
He came to the conclusion, therefore, after studying his maps, that
he had best secure an automobile to take him to Bammurka, from
which point he could take the railroad to St. Louis or Dakar on the
Atlantic coast. From there he could get passage to New York, while
his pilot could easily return by water to Algeria. This meant a tedious
journey of some five hundred miles, by automobile, down the Niger
and Joliba rivers, but it appeared the most feasible plan.
He questioned the hotel keeper as to the prospects of securing an
automobile and to his regret was told that such a thing was out of
the question. There were a few automobiles to be sure, but there
was not enough gasoline in Timbuktoo at that time to last half the
trip. In fact every one of the machines was useless because of this
scarcity of fuel. Carl recalled, too, that they had been forced to land
the aeroplane because the gasoline supply was getting low.
“Why not go by caravan?” he was asked.
“Caravan? When?” Carl questioned. This was more to his liking.
“Three days from now. Thursday morning. Yesterday a tourist party
came in. They had made arrangements months ago for a special
caravan from here to Mogador. You can join them. It could easily be
arranged.”
Carl voiced his thanks with a bit of silver.
The Jew added, “They will be here tonight at seven. I will tell them
you wish to meet them. By the way,” his eyes glinting craftily, “there
will be an entertainment tonight for these travelers. Do not miss it. It
will be worth your while.”
Arrangements to join the caravan were easily made. The tourists,
after hearing his story, readily consented to his request to be
allowed to accompany them. In fact they wanted him to come. He
had seen the desert from aeroplane and could tell them more about
it than even the guides.
After a short chat, during which the success of the journey was
toasted by Carl, he excused himself and went to his room to write
the following report to the New York newspapers.
“I find that there are no great difficulties to be encountered in
building the canal, which has to be about fifty miles long. The waters
of the sea, coming through this canal would flood an immense area,
forming a great inland sea. The canal could be made sufficiently
large to permit the passage of ocean steamers through it into the
inland waters.
“While there is a possibility of the canal being silted up with dune
sand, it is estimated that it would take from 1,000 to 1,500 years for
this to occur.
“The cost of the canal would be at least $100,000,000, and it would
take five years or longer to build it. Laborers could be drawn from
the interior tribes, such as Senegals, Moroccans, Algerians and
Turcoes.
“The Gulf of Gabes is separated by a ridge some forty feet across
and perhaps one hundred and fifty feet high, from Shat-al Fejej, a
depression which runs southwest into the Shat Jerid, which, in turn,
is separated from the Shat Garsa only by a still narrower ridge. Shat
Garsa is succeeded westward by a series of smaller depressions and
beyond them lies the Shat Melrir, whose northwestern extremity is
not far from the town of Biskra, a favorite winter resort of North
Africa.
“The original author of this scheme to flood the Sahara was Colonel
François Roudaire, who proposed it some fifty years ago to the
French Government. Roudaire’s plan was strongly advocated
between 1870 and 1885, receiving support from Ferdinand de
Lesseps, the French builder of the Suez Canal, now controlled by the
English, who acquired it through crafty diplomacy. That plan fell
through, because of the adverse criticism and it will fall through
once more. While it would have a certain great result for France, the
consequences due to the change of climate would not only affect
Africa, but would be disastrous to the entire world.
“After having inspected the site of the proposed canal I have been
piloted by a French aviator over the mysterious deserts. Contrary to
my own and most people’s ideas, I found to my delight, that the
desert is not all sand.
“The story my father once told me, when I was a small boy, came to
my mind. He said that the easiest way to catch the lions of Africa
was to sift the sands of the deserts, and what did not go through
the mesh of the sieve were the lions.
“We flew over depressions and mountains, ranging from 100 feet
below sea level to 6,000 feet above. In isolated instances, the
mountains rose up to a height of 8,000 feet or more. A few of the
mountains were of volcanic origin as could be seen from the craters
and cones.
“It is said that some of these mountainous regions, never actually
explored, are the dwelling places of the descendants of pre-historic
cave men. Whether this is true or not I cannot say. I kept a sharp
lookout for them, but did not succeed in seeing them.
“We passed over valleys through which, at one time, water must
have flowed. Vast tracts of loose stones and pebbles were to be
seen, their surfaces highly polished by the sand winds passing over
them.
“On every hand there was sand. Sand and more sand. The sand
dunes seemed to be without end. These dunes, or sand waves, for
that is what they really are, vary in length and height and run
diagonally to the prevailing winds. Shifting under the force of the
wind, they travel slowly in different directions, filling old depressions
and leaving new ones in their wake. Oases have been literally
swallowed up by these sand waves, which, in their irresistible march,
passed over them and on, leaving no trace of what was previously a
garden spot in the desert.
“Most curious are the inland mountains, known as the ‘Witness of
the Arabs.’ These are the remains of a one-time widely distributed
mountain terrace. The sand winds and storms passing over them
through the years have robbed them of most of their bulk, leaving
only the solid hard cores, which now form a group of flat-topped
pyramidal mountains.
“While flying over these mountains, a band of savages began
shooting at us. They had become frightened at our aeroplane.
Luckily we were high enough to be beyond range of their rifles and
no damage resulted.
“A great many oases were to be seen. Some cover great areas, while
here and there are smaller ones. Some of the smaller ones are
grouped together.
“Most of these oases are rich in vegetation, especially in fruits, such
as apples, peaches, oranges, citrons, figs, grapes and
pomegranates. The date, however, predominates. The oases are the
home of the date palm and these trees play a most important part in
desert life. Staple foods, such as corn, wheat, rice, barley, durra and
dukhn, are also grown. Besides these a few other tropical products
are cultivated.
“Asses, camels and a breed of black cattle are the main domestic
animals. Of course the full-blooded horse is to be seen in large
numbers.
“The population, made up of Berbers, Arabs, Maurers, Negroes and
Jews, is chiefly engaged in cattle raising and trading. The caravans,
in their journey across the desert, pass through various oases at
which they replenish supplies. It is at these oases that trading is
liveliest. For products of the oases are traded guns, ammunition,
gold dust, clothing and quite often slaves brought with the caravans
from the seacoast cities.
“France also contemplates building railways through the Sahara to
furnish easy communication between Algeria and Nigeria. This
proposed plan has already found many advocates. Two principal
railroad routes have been suggested: one taking the easterly line
from Biskra through Wargla to Air and Zinder—the route followed by
Fourneau in 1898, under the protection of Major Laury; the other
starting from the terminus of the most westerly railway already
existing at the Harbor of Casablanca, and reaching Timbuktoo by
way of Igli and the Tuat Oasis. But these plans are dreams. At any
rate the railways themselves are a long way off, as they would not
earn interest on the capital invested.
“For a long time to come travel across the Sahara will be by caravan.
There are five principal north and south caravan routes. One from
Rio de Oro leads over the Waran Desert to Timbuktoo on the Niger
River; one from Mogador, in Morocco, goes through the sand-hill
region of Igidi to Timbuktoo; another from Tangiers and Algiers
through the Tuat Oasis to Timbuktoo; another from Tripolis, over
Ghadames and Ghat at the Tasili Mountains to Kano and still another
from Tripolis over the Oasis Blima to Kuke, at the Tsad Sea, and then
on to Bengasi and Wadai. The foremost are those leading to
Timbuktoo, the Queen City of the Sahara.
“Long before Christ, some of the present routes were used by the
Romans in their explorations of the desert for its products. In the
fourth century, Field-Marshal Salomon penetrated from the north to
Timbuktoo and as far as the Sudan. Missionaries, preaching the
doctrines of Mohammed and Islam, in crossing the desert, used the
same routes as are used today. For centuries, so far, there has been
nothing new under the sun of the Great Desert, with probably the
exception of the Frenchman Lebaudy’s adventure in 1913,
attempting to crown himself ‘Emperor of the Sahara.’
“Progress is not made here as in other countries and as a result this
vast land is the least populated of any on the face of the earth.
While the climate is not what might be termed unhealthful, the
climatic conditions of the desert are, however, the cause of the
stagnation. The temperature ranges from seventy to one hundred
and twenty degrees, Fahrenheit, during the day time, while the
nights are cold with a temperature of thirty-five to forty-five and
quite often below zero.
“Very little rain falls, and the desert rarely experiences a rain storm.
However, frequent and terrific electrical discharges take place and
the desert dweller is ever in fear of the terrible blizzard-like sand
storms.
“But for all that, the Sahara has played her part in history. In the
days of Julius Caesar and the later Roman emperors, the Sahara was
called the ‘Granary of the Roman Empire.’ Rome, then at the
pinnacle of power, took the wealth of the desert. Slaves were carried
to Rome together with vast quantities of grain, oil, wine, leather,
spices and perfumes. Served and fed at little or no cost by the
subject colonies of North Africa, the Romans were enabled to lead a
life of the maddest luxury, idleness and self indulgence.
“While landing near Timbuktoo yesterday, the pilot drove the nose of
the plane into the sand, wrecking the machine. Neither of us was
hurt. Will stay here for a few days’ rest, and will then take the first
opportunity to return to America.”
The article finished, Carl posted it immediately. He went out to
smoke a cigarette and later, for want of something better to do,
sauntered over to the dance-hall designated by the hotel keeper that
afternoon.
CHAPTER VI
THE DANCE OF THE VAMPIRE
THE dancing place, an open space surrounded by palms and date
trees, under which were tables and chairs for the guests, was
already quite crowded when Carl arrived. As he looked about for a
seat, an Arab, apparently acting as an usher to the Europeans,
guided him through the crowd to a seat near the arena. What
mattered it if the seat were already occupied by another Arab? A few
words and the threat of a kick sent him scurrying away, although
Carl noted, with a smile, that he waited nearby for the other,
apparently in anticipation of part of Carl’s tip.
A native tribe was performing one of their wild desert dances,
swinging their guns and great scimitar-like knives in a most
fascinating way—howling and shrieking at the top of their lungs and
accompanied by the deafening noise of a native band.
The dance over, there was a wild scrambling among the dancers to
get the coins that were tossed to them by the spectators. The last
coin tossed and picked up; the last dancer aided from the scene by a
prod of a booted foot, a man stepped into the circle and in a loud
voice proclaimed,
“You are now going to witness the ‘Dance of the Vampire’ by the
Europeanized Desert Flower. This young siren has been proclaimed
by the art judges of Europe to be one of the most lovely women on
earth. Her beauty is beyond words and her dance extraordinary! But
judge for yourself! Behold Sana, our Desert Flower. None can rival
her. Not even the beauties of the harem!”
Musing to himself, Carl muttered, “If I were not in Africa I should
swear I was at Coney Island.”
The eyes of the audience are turned toward a tent near the dancing
space. There is a low rumble from the tom-toms of the native
orchestra. The flaps of the tent are pushed aside and a young
woman steps out. For a moment she stands there, looking over the
crowd as if in defiance. Then with a graceful movement of her arms
she casts aside the native shawl in which she is wrapped.
The spectators stir in their chairs. From all sides come the “ahs” of
expectant watchers. Carl, too, is visibly affected. The “barker” was
right. The woman, whoever she was, could take a beauty prize
anywhere.
The music grows louder while the dancer with fleet steps, hurries to
the middle of the arena to commence her dance.
Carl notes her costume. About her brow is bound a strand of
flashing gems. Her body is bare, covered only by a pair of violet
colored breast shields, richly embroidered with a bluebird design of
beads; short satin tights, slashed at the sides, and also of violet hue.
These are augmented by a string of pearls, hanging from her neck
holding the breast shield in place. Yet there was nothing indelicate
about this scanty costume. Carl recalled that he had seen many in
France that were shocking when compared to this. Here was beauty
and harmony. It was not the costume but the girl whose beauties it
revealed that made it a wonderful picture.
There were dangerous curves ahead, Carl mused, for those of the
men in the audience who were so inclined. The women, he felt sure,
would appear to be unaware of her beauties, but would,
nevertheless, make comparisons in their own minds.
To Carl, however, no sensual thoughts occurred. To him the girl was
an object of art. With a connoisseur’s eye for beauty he studied her
from head to foot. Her height he judged to be about five feet five
inches; her figure that of Venus de Medici. Having a good memory
for figures he recalled that the dimensions of that statue were, bust
and hips, 36 and 38 inches respectively; waist, 26 inches. The
dancer’s back was long and slender, almost flat near the shoulders,
but deeply curved at the waist. Her limbs were well rounded, soft
and large at the hips, tapering down very gently toward small
dimpled knees. From there they gracefully swelled to her calves and
in exquisite proportion diminished gently to her finely rounded
ankles and slender feet. Her smooth arms were softly molded from
shoulder to wrist, with dimpled elbows like a baby’s. The small wrists
with long slender hands and fingers were those of an aristocrat. Her
entire body, he noted, scarcely revealed the existence of bone—in
fact there were no sharp, thin or angular points to be seen. Indeed a
veritable Venus!
Her soft skin, of fine texture, was uniformly tanned over her entire
body, as if she were wont to take regular sun baths in Eve’s
costume. Powder and rouge were conspicuous by their absence, her
complexion being naturally healthy and full of bloom. A beautiful
symmetrical face, with a delicate lower jaw, a small, distinctly
curved, cupid’s bow mouth; a high finely arched brow added to the
beauty of her sparkling eyes.
Hers was a gracefully molded head, somewhat high forehead, with a
straight, clear cut, slender nose, indicating intelligence. Her dark hair
and silk-like skin showed her refinement of birth; her intelligent
eyes, gray-blue, were lustrous and brilliant, full of fire, and in size
well proportioned to her ruby-lipped mouth. When smiling, slightly
pinkish teeth, semi-transparent, looking like two rows of pearls,
enchanted the beholder.
Her upward curved oval shaped nostrils, and the small wrists and
ankles, together with her entire bearing, betrayed that she was, or
at least could be, a woman of extreme passion. She could be a
vampire, Carl mused, a real one, if once her nature was aroused.
He could not tell whether desire had as yet been awakened in her.
Young and vibrant, she appeared, off hand, as a rare desert flower,
grown up undefiled and now blooming in full glory.
Then came reaction. Carl felt himself consumed by an overpowering
desire for this girl. To make matters worse, the dancer when passing
his table, gave him a glance that caused his bosom to heave and his
eyes to shine with that light that clever women kindle in men.
To his mind came memories of the many girls he had met and
known. None of them, he realized, would ever mean anything to him
now. This desert dancer was his ideal. Yes, Grace, Fannie, Marion
and the rest were out of the question now. None of them could
compare with this girl, either in physical or spiritual beauty. Dorinda
was about the only girl whose figure could match that of this dancer.
But Carl was not alone in his studies of the girl. The others, too, are
gazing intently at her. Not a movement of her lithe form escaped
their eager eyes. Not a sound came from their lips, even their
breathing seemed suppressed. It was as quiet as Mass at church.
Carl could scarcely restrain himself when the dancer came near him,
whirling and gyrating her body. And the dance! Carl had never seen
anything of its kind before. This was no shimmy of the city dance-
hall, no “danse du ventre,” but something wild and free. Wild and
free, he reasoned, like the girl herself.
Their eyes met, and in her look Carl thought he read mutual
understanding. The girl seemed to lose control of herself. Carl feared
what would come next, when suddenly the music stopped its wail.
The dancer stopped and bowing to the audience sought to return to
her tent amidst the applause of the crowd.
With the connoisseur’s eyes for beauty, he studied her
from head to foot. Carl could hardly restrain himself,
when the dancer came near him, whirling and gyrating
her body.
Carl was all fire and flame as he pondered in his mind on how he
could best become acquainted with her. One of his first thoughts
was, “If she were only on Broadway, instead of here in the
wilderness, surrounded by date trees and sand, monkeys and lions.”
He raised his glass to his lips, when he heard a slight uproar in the
vicinity of the dancer’s tent. Looking closely he saw that one of the
visitors, more intoxicated by the liquor he had consumed than by the
beauty of the dancer, was endeavoring to embrace and kiss her.
It was but a matter of a moment for Carl to reach the spot. Angrily
he pulled the man aside. This started a fight. The annoyer
attempted to pummel Carl, who proceeded to take all the fight out
of him with a straight left to the jaw. With a thud the other hit the
ground, but quickly recovered himself and sneaked shamefaced and
properly chagrined from the place.
The hour was late and most of the people soon left the dancing
place. The tourists disappeared, and the place became practically
deserted save for a few natives.
The dancer came up close to Carl, and, much to his surprise,
thanked him in excellent English. He mumbled something as to its
“being all right”; but before he realized what he was saying he had
asked whether he could speak to her a while.
After a moment’s hesitation her consent was given. As he sat
opposite the girl he studied her face intently. Was he dreaming? Or
did he really recall those eyes? A new feeling, far different from that
which he experienced when she danced before him, came to Carl,
supplanting that less worthy one.
The girl, seeing Carl’s hesitancy to speak, began, “I feel as if I must
tell you the whole story—that is, if you care to hear.”
“Please do,” returned Carl. During the dance he knew of many things
he would like to say to her, but now—well he thought it best to let
her do the talking.
“Well, to get to the point, the man you just drove away has long
been an evil influence in my life. His name is de Rochelle. I worked
for him as his secretary in Paris and New York. He forced his love
upon me, through hypnotic influence. Later, he wanted to get rid of
me, so, while he had me under his influence he commanded me to
commit suicide by leaping from one of the bridges that span the East
River, in New York.”
“Commit suicide?” questioned the astounded Carl. “But why should
he command that?”
“I found out, later, that he would have collected some fifty thousand
dollars’ insurance and would have returned to France to marry
another girl.”
“The beast,” was all Carl could say.
The girl continued, “I would have carried out his orders but for an
incident I have never forgotten. As I was about to swing myself over
the rail, a gentleman came up to hand me a handkerchief I had
dropped in my excitement. He kept talking to me, not realizing, I
suppose, my true intentions.”
Carl, his mouth half-opened in astonishment and looking at her as if
dazed, reached across the table to clasp her hand, when she said, “I
believe it was you who saved my life.”
Silently they gazed at each other, the tears coming to their eyes. The
girl had difficulty to keep from crying aloud, while Carl, deeply
moved, could find no word to relieve the situation. Words are
helpless things at times and at best they fail to convey our true
feelings. Volumes were spoken in silence by the look in their eyes
and the pressure of Carl’s hand.
The girl’s hands trembled in his clasp, although he felt a slight
pressure of them on his own. He drew one hand away to reach for a
handkerchief so that she might dry her eyes. For a moment the gaze
of the few people still present, caused him embarrassment. What he
would have liked to have done was to take her in his arms, to
console her and kiss the tears away.
Steeling herself against the emotion which was striving to get the
better of her, Sana dried her eyes and attempted to smile. It was like
the first sunbeam that shoots from out the rifts of the departing
storm clouds. It served to restore the equilibrium which had been so
sorely disturbed by the emotional interlude.
It was difficult for them to continue the conversation on this subject,
so they had some refreshments, talking the while of everything and
nothing. It was the most natural thing for the conversation to drift
back to New York, and drift there it did.
They spoke of many things of mutual interest. Carl told her of his
work at home, of his books, and why he visited the Sahara. Still
puzzled though as to why Sana should be here in the desert, he
asked her the reason.
“That, too, is part of my story. But I shall begin at a point before I
was born.
“As a youth, Baron von Seckt was the ‘black sheep’ of a family of the
German nobility. He was what you Americans call a good sport,
squandering his parents’ money and contracting debts. Naturally he
was much mixed up in social affairs and was the cause of many a
family ‘row.’
“At last his escapades became too much for his father, who decided
that the son would have to go either to America or Africa. The young
man selected the latter.
“He had money enough to last him perhaps a year. He would enjoy
himself while the money lasted—after that he could go to work. With
this in mind he joined a hunting party. While in the region of the
Niger River, near Ansozo, he became separated from his friends. He
wandered around, lost and finally, totally exhausted, lay down to
sleep. In his sleep he was attacked by a giant tiger snake. During
the struggle which followed he was badly bitten by the snake. He
managed, however, to kill it with his knife, and after freeing himself
from its coils, fired several shots into its body to make sure it was
dead.
“These shots attracted the attention of a hunter who at the time was
not far away. He found the stricken man, by then unconscious and
took him to his camp, where he was taken care of by the hunter’s
wife, a young and full-blooded gypsy.
“Blood poisoning set in and the Baron was confined to his bed for
some time. During this time the gypsy nursed and cared for the sick
man, probably with more ardor than was necessary. The result was
obvious. One day, even before the Baron was quite recovered, the
hunter discovered him and the woman in very compromising
circumstances. He pulled his revolver to make an end to the
unfaithful pair, but he was not quick enough. The Baron rushed at
him and in the struggle that followed the hunter accidentally killed
himself.
“Shortly afterward the Baron married the gypsy, who as time passed
gave birth to me, daughter of the Baron. That was at Temmimun, on
the Gurara Oasis, where the couple had settled shortly prior to my
birth. I am thus a ‘child of love.’
“My father taught me German, French and English, while my mother
taught me to play the violin, at which she was an adept. When I
became sixteen my father took me to England to study, and
probably to find a life companion. English life and its hypocrisy did
not appeal to me, so shortly afterward I went to Paris, making my
home with a family I had met in London. Then I learned that my
father had suddenly died of heart failure and that I would be forced
to make my own way through life.
“My knowledge of languages enabled me to secure work with an
engineering concern, contemplating developments in the Sahara
desert. This is the organization of which you spoke.
“Among the promoters of this concern was de Rochelle and soon he
became one of my most ardent admirers. Although I was by no
means in love with him, I often went to dinner or to the theater with
him. One evening after dinner, which was served in a private dining-
room, he spoke to me of his hypnotic powers. I had once read a
book on the subject and was interested. In a joking way he offered
to show me how it worked. Before I knew it, or could say a word in
objection, I was under his influence. Months afterward I discovered
that that night he had commanded me to love him and to marry
him.
“From that night on it seemed that I took a great and unaccountable
liking for the man. Previously I had merely endured him. Now I loved
him and was his willing slave. Before long we were engaged to be
married. At times, though, the feeling of repulsion returned, but
under his influence this soon gave way, disappearing finally for good.
“De Rochelle’s work was to raise the money for the Sahara
Development Organization, and to that end he was sent to New
York. He induced me to accompany him as his secretary. What
followed is already known to you.”
“What do you think of the scheme of flooding the Sahara?” Carl
asked, fearing a further discussion of her troubles might renew her
tears.
“I do not like it. I fear it.”
“But why?”
“The plan is to make the desert fertile as it used to be in the days of
the Roman Empire. It is a great engineering problem and can be
done by building a canal from the sea to allow the waters to flow in.
As a large part of the desert lies below sea level, the water would
naturally flood a large area. As you know, the sun would evaporate a
lot of this water to be returned to earth in the form of rain, which
falling on the surrounding desert would soon make it a fertile land.
“But this undertaking, as I understand it, will not only change the
climate of the Sahara but will affect that of the entire world. At a
meeting of the promoters I heard it said that the result might be
disastrous to the rest of the world. But like any nation or group of
individuals seeking mere gain for themselves, the rest of the world is
not likely to be taken into consideration.
“It would be a good thing for the world at large if the Sahara could
be revegetated, but it must not be the cause of suffering. I would
give anything a woman can righteously offer to the one who will
prevent this destructive flooding. You see, it would destroy my
beloved homestead at the Gurara Oasis.”
“It can be done,” remarked Carl, as he drew a pencil and a map from
his pocket. He spread the map on the table between them and using
his pencil as a pointer explained once more his mission in the desert,
assuring her, at the same time, that he would think of a plan by
which the catastrophes she feared would be avoided.
Sana was overcome with joy. Rising from her chair, she clasped his
hand with both hers, exclaimed, “I have, indeed, found a friend in
you.”
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade
Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!
textbookfull.com

Buy ebook Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Synthesis, Structure and Function of Carbohydrates 1st Edition Amelia Pilar Rauter (Editor) cheap price

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Buy ebook Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Synthesis, Structure and Function of Carbohydrates 1st Edition Amelia Pilar Rauter (Editor) cheap price

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Buy ebook Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Synthesis, Structure and Function of Carbohydrates 1st Edition Amelia Pilar Rauter (Editor) cheap price

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Download the Full Version of textbook for Fast Typing at textbookfull.

Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry:

Download More textbook Instantly Today - Get Yours Now at textbookfull.com

Recent Trends in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Synthesis and

Carbohydrate Chemistry Volume 42 Amelia Pilar Rauter

Carbohydrate chemistry: chemical and biological approaches

The chemistry of heterocycles structure reactions

New Trends in Medical and Service Robotics: MESROB 2020

Carbohydrates in Drug Discovery and Development: Synthesis

Biological Inorganic Chemistry Second Edition A New

Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry 69 1st

Amélia Pilar Rauter

For information on all Elsevier publications visit our

Publisher: Susan Dennis

Typeset by SPi Global, India

Mohammed Ahmar Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Éva Bokor Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen,

Anikó Borbás Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen,

Bjørn E. Christensen Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU-

Sébastien Comesse Laboratoire URCOM, EA 3221, INC3M-CNRS-FR 3038,

Marianne Øksnes Dalheim Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU-

Martina Delbianco Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of

Supriya Dey Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,

Weigang Fan Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Andreia Fortuna Centro de Química e Bioquímica; Centro de Química Estrutural,

Ana M. Gómez Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Instituto Química Orgánica

Hubert Hettegger Department of Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry of Renewable

Srinivas Hotha Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education &

N. Jayaraman Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science,

Viktor Kelemen Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen,

Shinichi Kitamura Center for Research and Development of Bioresources,

Wolfgang Lindner Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna,

J. Cristóbal López Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Instituto Química Orgánica

Florence Popowycz Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Yves Queneau Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Thomas Rosenau Department of Chemistry, Institute for Chemistry of Renewable

Gopal Ch Samanta Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science,

Anshupriya Si Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India

Shiho Suzuki Center for Research and Development of Bioresources, Organization

Jia-Neng Tan Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Charlie Verrier Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Lianjie Wang Univ Lyon, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et

Nuno M. Xavier Centro de Química e Bioquímica; Centro de Química Estrutural,

Yang Yu Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and

Carbohydrate chemistry covers organic and organometallic chemistry addressing the

Transformations of carbohydrates and their functionalizations related to the glyco-

2 Synthetic transformations of carbohydrates using

on the enzymatic transformations25of carbohydrates have also been reported in the

3 Transformations of carbohydrates in water

Scheme 1 Preparation of β-glycosyl ketones in aqueous media.

Scheme 2 Preparation of glycosylbarbituric acid derivatives in aqueous medium.

Scheme 3 Preparation of β-glycosyl ketones of d-glucosamine and d-mannosamine in

Scheme 4 Preparation of glycopyranosyl and furanosyl ketones in aqueous media.

Norsikian and coworkers 31 further transformed the glycosyl ketone to

Scheme 5 Preparation of glycosylformaldehyde from glycosylpropan-2-one.

Tripathi and coworkers32 treated β-glycosyl ketones with a variety of aldehydes

Scheme 6 Preparation of β anomer of the diphenylmethyl C-glycoside in aqueous medium.

Treatment of free sugars and 2-aminosugars with 1,3-diketones in acidic aqueous

Scheme 7 Preparation of glycosylfuran derivatives in aqueous medium.

Scheme 8 Preparation of glycosyldimedone from free sugar by Sc-montmorillonite catalyzed

2 Synthetic transformations of carbohydrates using

3 Transformations of carbohydrates in water

4 Transformations of carbohydrates in room

5 Use of ionic liquids as reaction solvents