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Kscom11 FSK

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15 views7 pages

Kscom11 FSK

Uploaded by

Kalpana Scientific
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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TO STUDY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEY MODULATION &

DEMODULATION

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TO STUDY FREQUENCY SHIFT KEY MODULATION &
DEMODULATION

AIM:

 To study the principle of Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).


 Measuring FSK signals.
 Implementing FSK modulation and demodulation.


APPARATUS USED:

(i)FSK Trainer Kit (ii)CRO with connecting probes (iii)Connecting cords


(iv)Digital Multimeter.
(Resistors, Capacitors, Function Generator, 2206 IC, OpAmp 741)

THEORY:

In digital communication system, the modulation process involves


switching or keying the frequency, amplitude or phase of the carrier in
accordance with the input data.
Thus there are three basic modulation techniques for the transmission
of digital data. They are known as frequency-shift keying (FSK), amplitude-shift
keying (ASK) and phase-shift keying (PSK) which can be viewed as special cases of
frequency modulation, amplitude modulation and phase modulation respectively.
In telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation
(FM) is encoding of information on a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous
frequency of the wave. Digital data can be encoded and transmitted via carrier
wave by shifting the carrier's frequency among a predefined set of frequencies—a
technique known as frequency-shift keying (FSK). FSK is widely used in modems,
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radio-teletype and fax modems, and can also be used to send Morse code. The
simplest FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to
transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With this scheme, the "1" is called the
mark frequency and the "0" is called the space frequency.
In binary FSK system, symbol 1 & 0 are distinguished from each other by
transmitting one of the two sinusoidal waves that differ in frequency by a fixed
amount. If the higher frequency is used to represent a data ‘1’ & lower frequency
a data ‘0’, the resulting FSK waveform appears.
Thus,
Data =1 High Frequency
Data =0 Low Frequency.
It is also represented as a sum of two ASK signals. The two carriers have
different frequencies & the digital data is inverted.
FSK signal is represented as:
Si(t) = √ 2E/Tb cos2πfit when 0≤t≤Tb
0 Elsewhere.
Where, i = 1 and 2.
E= transmitted energy / bit.
fi= transmitted frequency.
Tb= bit interval.
Symbol 1 is represented by S1 (t).
Symbol 0 is represented by S2 (t).

We know that demodulation is the reverse process of modulation in


which the modulating signal is recovered back from the modulated signal. The
demodulation circuit of FSK consists of two band pass filters, two envelope
detectors and a decision making block. The FSK signal has been separated into
two parts by band pass filters (BPF). The output from each BPF looks like an
amplitude shift keyed (ASK) signal. These can be demodulated asynchronously,
using the envelope. The decision circuit, to which the outputs of the envelope
detectors are presented, selects the output which is the most likely one of the
two inputs. It also re-shapes the waveform from a band limited to a rectangular
form.
The waveform of FSK is shown in fig.1.
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Fig.1: Waveforms of FSK Modulation & Demodulation.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Binary Mixer
Digital
Input

Oscillator Adde
Inverte r FSK Signal
r
Oscillator

Mixer

Fig.2: Block Diagram of FSK Modulating system.

Band Envelop
Pass e
Filte Detecto
r r
FSK Decision
Inpu Desire
Band Circuit Output
t Envelop
Pass e
Filte Detecto
r r
Fig.3: Block Diagram of FSK Demodulating system.

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PROCEDURE:

 Switch on the FSK trainer kit and CRO.


 Set the modulating signal and carrier signal (fig.1. a&b) and then apply it to
the input unit of modulation block (fig.2) of FSK trainer kit.
 Observe the output on CRO i.e. FSK wave (fig.1. c) and note down the value
of amplitude and time period.
 Now apply this modulated signal to the input of the demodulation unit
(fig.3) of the FSK trainer kit.
 Again observe the output of CRO i.e. demodulated FSK wave (fig.1. d).
 Finally trace these waveforms on tracing paper and compare the
demodulated waveform to the original modulating signal and notice the
percentage of degradation.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Signal Amplitude (v) Time Period (s) Frequency (Hz)


Clock Signal
Input 1
Input 2
Modulator Output
Demodulated Output

PRECAUTIONS:

 Switch off the experimental kit during making connections.


 Use the CRO carefully.

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PRECAUTIONS:

FSK MODULATED SIGNAL OBSERVED IN CRO (DIGITAL)


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