1

Unit 1 Regulars high speed network connection

Q. What are the various cloud computing *Applications
service models? Explain in detail. General computing compiling services
Cloud resources are provided in a variety of computing such as you can use cloud you
different service delivery models that offer your general hosting a web sites on
customern different levels of support and processing digital transaction
flexibility. a) Software as a Service (SaaS) Media distribution: 2 Cloud computing can
The capability provided to the consumer is to be used for effectively delivering media
use the provider's applications running on a content such as a audio video, images
cloud infrastructure. documents etc.
The applications are accessible from various Cloud storage: cloud computing also -
client devices through a thin client interface provides storage, resources you can store
such as a Web browser (e.g., Web-based massive amount data without having 10
email), or a program interface. procure storage device yourself
The consumer does not manage or control Business application: There are plainly of
the underlying cloud infrastructure including cloud services around business application
network, servers, operating systems, storage, such as processing email, ward customer
or even individual application capabilities, relationship. management point of sales
with the possible exception of limited user- operation.
specific application configuration settings.
(b) Platform as a Service (PaaS)
The capability provided to the consumer is to Illustrate the evolution of cloud computing
deploy onto the cloud infrastructure with the help of a neat diagram.
consumer-created or acquired applications
created using programming languages and
tools supported by the provider.
The consumer does not manage or control
the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or
storage, but has control over the deployed
applications and possibly application hosting
environment configurations.
(c) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
The capability provided to the consumer is to
provision processing, storage, networks, and
other fundamental computing resources Cloud computing is all about renting
where the consumer is able to deploy and run computer services. This idea first came in the
arbitrary software, which can include 1950s. computing In making cloud
operating systems and applications. 1)Distributed system
The consumer does not manage or control (i) It is a composition of multiple
the underlying cloud infrastructure but has independent system but all of them are
control over operating systems, storage, depicted as a single entity to the users
deployed applications; and possibly limited (ⅱ) Distributed computing led to there more
control of select networking components types of computing and they are were
(e.g., host, firewalls) (e.g., host, firewalls). mainframe, cluster computing 4 quid
computing.
2)Main frame computing
Q. Explain the advantages, disadvantages, Main frame am computing are res- possible
and applications of cloud computing * you handling large data such as massive
Advantages input-outputs Operation
Cost effective To reduce this cost cluster computing came
Massive 2 resources to consume as an alternative to main frame technology
low maintenance required 3) Cluster computing
user abilities & commitments (i) Each machine in the cluster is connected
Quick time to value with increased focus on to each other by a network 4)Guid
business. computing
* Disadvantages These system belonged 10 different
Limited flux ability & customization organization and thus the grid consuted of
Vendor Lock-in heterogenous nodel
lower control on day-to-day infrastructure Although it solved some problem but new
operation problems emerged as a distance nodes 5)
Increased burden of security of compliance Utility computing
 2

Q.
(i) It is a computing model that defines A wonderful illustration of this scenario
services provisionning technique for services would be a company that utilizes the private
Q. What are the various cloud deployment cloud to safeguard its data and the public
models? Explain in detail. cloud to engage with its clients.
Cloud technology offers several advantages Explain the Cloud Computing Stack in
to consumers; these advantages should be detail
categorized based on the demands of the Cloud computing, often described as a stack,
users. has a broad range of services built on top of
The cloud deployment model outlines the one another under the name cloud. The
nature and purpose of the cloud and reflects accepted definition of cloud computing
the specific type of cloud environment based comes from the National Institute of
on ownership, size, and access. Most Standards and Technology (NIST).
businesses use cloud infrastructure to save The NIST definition runs to several hundred
capital investment and control operational words but begins as follows:
costs. "Cloud computing is a model for enabling
Types include: ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
Private clouds access to a shared pool of configurable
Public Cloud computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
Community Cloud storage, applications, and services) that can
Hybrid Cloud be rapidly provisioned and released with
(1) Private clouds minimal management effort or service
It is a cloud-based infrastructure utilized by provider interaction" • Cloud computing can
independent businesses. It gives you more be described as a stack that is formed by
control over your security. The data is layers, similar to a cake. Those layers will be
protected by a firewall and can be hosted built using cloud computing services,
inside or outside. servers, and components, which can leverage
Private clouds are ideal for enterprises that several different clouds forming a single
have stringent security, management, and application stack. The network stability and
availability needs. scalability of the stack will determine its
(2) Public Cloud resilience and high availability.
This form of cloud service is available on a Let's get more familiar with the types of
public network. Customers have no say over cloud stack components as shown in Fig.
where the infrastructure is located. 1.5.1 and concepts that are common in the
It is based on a shared cost model for all cloud world.
users, or on a licensing strategy such as pay
per user. Public cloud deployment strategies
are ideal for enterprises with changeable and
rising demands.
It is also popular among organizations of all
sizes for online applications, email, and non-
sensitive data storage.
(3) Community Cloud
This is a model that is shared by companies
that belong to a certain community, such as
banks, government organizations, or Q. Explain the NIST cloud computing
commercial firms. model in detail.
Members of the community usually have •From the National Institute of Standards and
similar concerns about privacy, performance, Technology (NIST) definition of cloud
and security. This cloud computing computing, "Cloud computing is a model for
deployment methodology is maintained and enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand
hosted internally or by a third- party network access to a shared pool of
provider. configurable computing resources that can
(4) Hybrid Cloud be rapidly provisioned and released with
This approach combines the benefits of both minimal management effort or service
private and public clouds, yet each may provider interactive."
operate independently. NIST Reference Model of cloud computing
Furthermore, as part of this cloud computing is depicted in Fig. 1.4.1 below. The NIST
deployment paradigm, internal or external definition lists five essential characteristics
suppliers might contribute resources. of cloud computing: on-demand self-service,
Scalability, flexibility, and security are all broad network access, resource pooling,
advantages of a hybrid cloud.
 3

rapid elasticity or expansion, and measured Many clients have similar workloads, which
service. may be performed very cost-effectively due
It also lists three "service models" (software, to Cloud Computing's quick scalability.
platform and infrastructure), and four (5) Economical
"deployment models" (private, community, This cloud feature aids enterprises in
public and hybrid) that together categorize lowering their IT spend. The customer must
ways to deliver cloud services. pay the administration for the space they
have utilized in Cloud Computing.
There are no hidden fees or additional
charges to pay. The administration is cost-
effective, and some space is frequently
provided for free.
Benefits:
1)Faster time to market
You can spin up new instances or retire them
in seconds, allowing developers to accelerate
development with quick deployments. Cloud
computing supports new innovations by
making it easy to test new ideas and design
new applications without hardware
Describe characteristics and benefits of limitations or slow procurement processes.
cloud computing Characteristics: 2)Scalability and flexibility
(1) Resources Pooling Cloud computing gives your business more
One of the most important aspects of cloud flexibility. You can quickly scale resources
computing is resource pooling. Resource and storage up to meet business demands
pooling means that a cloud service provider without having to invest in physical
may share resources across several clients, infrastructure.
providing them with a unique set of services Companies don’t need to pay for or build the
based on their needs. infrastructure needed to support their highest
It is a multi-client technique that may be load levels. Likewise, they can quickly scale
used for data storage, processing, and down if resources aren’t being used.
bandwidth provisioning. 3)Cost savings
The administration method of real-time Whatever cloud service model you choose,
resource allocation does not interfere with you only pay for the resources you actually
the client's experience. use. This helps you avoid overbuilding and
(2) On-Demand Self-Service overprovisioning your data center and gives
It is a key and necessary component of cloud your IT teams back valuable time to focus on
computing. It allows the client to continually more strategic work.
check the server's availability, capabilities, 4)Better collaboration
and network storage space. Cloud storage enables you to make data
This is a core feature of Cloud Computing, available anywhere you are, anytime you
and a customer may also regulate the need it. Instead of being tied to a location or
computing capabilities based on his specific device, people can access data from
demands. (3) Easy Maintenance anywhere in the world from any device—as
It is an essential component of cloud long as they have an internet connection.
computing. It enables the client to monitor 5)Advanced security
the server's availability, capabilities, and Despite popular perceptions, cloud
network storage capacity on a continuous computing can actually strengthen your
basis. security posture because of the depth and
This is a key element of cloud computing, breadth of security features, automatic
and a client can also customize the maintenance, and centralized management.
computing capabilities to meet his needs. Describe features and applications of
(4) Scalability and Rapid Elasticity cloud deployment models. 1. Public Cloud
Rapid scalability and Elasticity is a Features:
significant feature and benefit of cloud Third-Party Management: Owned and
computing. This cloud feature enables the managed by third-party cloud service
cost-effective operation of workloads that providers (e.g., AWS, Microsoft Azure,
demand a large number of servers but only Google Cloud).
for a short period of time. Multi-Tenancy: Resources are shared
among multiple users (tenants), enhancing
cost-efficiency.
Feature Cloud Computing 4 Internet

Definition Delivery of computing A global network of interconnected

Q. services (servers, storage, computers and servers that enables
databases, networking, communication and access to
software) over the internet. information.
Purpose Provides on-demand access Facilitates global communication,
to shared computing data sharing, and access to
resources and applications. information.
Services Includes IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, Provides basic services like email,
storage, databases, browsing, social media, and
networking, and more. communication tools.
Cost Pay-as-you-go model; costs Generally low cost; most services
are based on usage of on the internet are free or
services and resources. subscription-based.
Examples Amazon Web Services Websites like Google, social media
(AWS), Google Cloud platforms like Facebook, and email
Platform, Microsoft Azure. services like Gmail.
Dependency Requires internet Functions as the backbone for data
connectivity to access cloud communication and access across
services, but can operate on the globe.
private networks as well.
Use Cases Hosting applications, data Browsing websites, sending
storage, machine learning, emails, accessing social media, and
analytics, and disaster online communication.
recovery.
On-Premises or Hosted: Can be hosted on-
Scalability: Easily scalable to meet changing premises or by a third-party provider but is
demand without upfront infrastructure exclusive to one organization.
investment. Applications:
Cost-Effective: Pay-as-you-go pricing Government Agencies: For sensitive data
model, minimizing the need for large capital and applications requiring stringent security
investments. and compliance.
High Availability: Redundant infrastructure Financial Institutions: Handles sensitive
ensures high availability and disaster financial data with high privacy and security
recovery options. Applications: standards.
Startups and Small Businesses: Ideal for Healthcare Organizations: Manages patient
businesses that need quick, cost-effective data securely, complying with regulations
access to IT resources without investing in like HIPAA.
hardware. Large Enterprises: Companies needing
Web-Based Applications: Suitable for dedicated resources, customized control, and
hosting websites, applications, and services enhanced security. 3. Hybrid Cloud
that require high availability and scalability. Features:
Development and Testing: Developers can Combination of Public and Private
use the public cloud for temporary resources Clouds: Offers flexibility by integrating
needed during the development and testing public and private cloud environments.
phases. Data and Application Portability: Allows
Big Data Analytics: Provides on-demand seamless data transfer and
resources needed for data processing,
machine learning, and analytics. 2. Private
Cloud Features:
Single Organization Use: Dedicated to a
single organization, offering greater control
over data and security.
Customizable Infrastructure: Tailored to
meet specific business needs, including
security, compliance, and performance
requirements.
Enhanced Security: Private infrastructure
with robust security measures ensures data
protection.
 5

IaaS SaaS (Software as

PaaS (Platform as
Feature (Infrastructure as a Service)
a Service)
a Service)
Provides a Delivers software
Provides
platform allowing applications over
virtualized
developers to the internet on a
Definition computing
build, test, and subscription basis.
resources over the
deploy
internet.
applications.
Amazon Web Google App Google
Services Engine, Microsoft Workspace,
(AWS), Microsoft Azure App Microsoft 365,
Examples
Azure, Services, Heroku. Salesforce,
Google Compute Dropbox.
Engine.
IT administrators,
Application End-users,
network
Users developers and businesses, and
architects, and
programmers. organizations.
system developers.
Offers
Provides a
fundamental Provides complete
platform with tools
computing software solutions
Main Purpose and services for
resources (servers, ready for use by
application
storage, customers.
development.
networking).
Pay-as-you-go for Pay for platform Subscription-
resources used, usage, including based or usage-
Cost
including storage, development tools based pricing,
Structure
computing, and and hosting often with tiered
networking. services. levels.
Data storage, Application Email services,
backup, disaster development, CRM, ERP,
Use Cases recovery, test and testing, and collaboration
development deployment; web tools, and office
environments. services and APIs. suites.
Flexibility, Simplifies app Easy access,
scalability, and full development; no minimal setup,
Advantages control over the need to manage reduced software
computing underlying management
environment. infrastructure. responsibilities.
Limited control Less
over the customization;
Requires in-house
infrastructure; users are
expertise for
Disadvantages dependent on the dependent on
configuration and
provider’s provider
management.
platform updates. availability and
updates.
application mobility between private and Cost Efficiency: Optimizes costs by
public clouds. balancing workloads based on performance
Optimized Workload Management: and security requirements. Applications:
Sensitive workloads can run on private Disaster Recovery: Critical data remains on
clouds, while less critical workloads utilize a private cloud, while backup and recovery
public clouds. processes use public cloud resources.
 6

Q.
Retail and E-commerce: Handles everything with an on-premises data center,
fluctuating traffic and sensitive customer including acquiring and installing hardware,
data efficiently. virtualization, installing the operating system
DevOps: Supports continuous integration and any other essential applications,
and deployment, enabling rapid development configuring the network, configuring the
with secure data handling. firewall, and configuring data storage. After
Manufacturing: Facilitates real-time data we complete all of the setup, we are
processing on private clouds and less critical responsible for maintaining it during its full
data on public clouds. existence.

Q, Write the difference between cloud

computing and internet.

Q. Define the term cloud computing.

Explain the components of cloud
computing with neat diagram. • Cloud
computing refers to the distribution of
computer services such as servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics, Advantages:
intelligence, and other services via the a) Efficient use of software licenses: The
Internet. customer can use a single licence to run
• Cloud computing is a viable alternative to many machines at various locations, which
on-premises data centers. We must manage lowers the licencing cost. Additionally, as the
everything with an on-premises data center, software runs on the infrastructure of the
including acquiring and installing hardware, provider, no licence servers are needed.
virtualization, installing the operating system (b) Centralized management of data: Data is
and any other essential applications, centrally stored by the cloud provider. For
configuring the network, configuring the the reasons of stability and redundancy,
firewall, and configuring data storage. After cloud service providers may choose to store
we complete all of the setup, we are data in a decentralized fashion. (c) Platform
responsible for maintaining it during its full responsibilities managed by provider: The
existence.• However, if we chose Cloud cloud provider handles all platform tasks like
Computing, a cloud vendor will be in charge backups, system maintenance, security,
of the hardware acquisition and upkeep. hardware repair, power management, etc.
They also offer a diverse range of software The client doesn't have to bother about them.
and platform as a service. We can rent any Disadvantages: a) Browser based risks:
essential services. The cloud computing When a customer accesses a malicious
services will be charged on a use basis. website and their browser becomes infected,
the data they access from SaaS applications
may be compromised. The customer can use
multiple browsers and designate one
specifically for using with SaaS applications,
or they can use a virtual desktop to access
Give comparison of IaaS, PaaS and SaaS. the SaaS applications.(b) Network
dependence: Only when the network is
Here is a detailed comparison of
continuously available, the SaaS application
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
Platform as a Service (PaaS), and can be delivered. The network should also be
reliable, but neither the cloud provider nor
Software as a Service (SaaS) in a row and
column format: the customer can ensure this.(c) Lack of
portability between SaaS clouds: Because
work flow, business logics, user interfaces,
Unit 2
and support scripts can be provider-specific,
Q. Describe software as a service model.
transferring workloads from one SaaS cloud
Enlist its advantages and disadvantages
Cloud computing refers to the distribution of to another is not always easy.
Applications
computer services such as servers, storage,
databases, networking, software, analytics, Billing and invoicing system (c) Help
desk applications
intelligence, and other services via the
Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
Internet.
Cloud computing is a viable alternative to (d) Human Resource (HR) solutions
application
on-premises data centers. We must manage
 7

Q.Explain Identity as a service (IdaaS) in In addition to paying hosting fees, the team
detail. should also set up servers, buy, update, and
Identity as a Service (IdaaS) install software, frequently backup data, use
Identity as a service (IdaaS) is a cloud-based VPNs, and monitor the additional space on
subscription model for Identity Access 2 the premises for network security.
Management (IAM), where identity and Applications
access services are rendered over the internet With IdaaS SSO, a network's users are asked
by a thir party provider rather than deployed to sign in once when first accessing the
on-premises. network. With that one log in, the user can
IdaaS can contain a range of services, but access any authorized company resources
typically includes single sign-on (SSO), and programs.
multi-facto authentication (MFA) and IdaaS multifactor authentication is the
directory services that provide organizations opposite where users must provide multiple
with simple and cor effective identity and factors to prove they're authorized. This
access management capabilities. SSO application offers a higher level of security
typically uses either Security Assertio as it determines how risky a user may be.
Markup Language (SAML) or OpenID Organizations can use these applications and
Connect (OIDC). many others to ensure only authorized users
IBM IAM, Google Cloud Identity, VMware are accessing their networks. From schools
are some of the examples of IdaaS provider. and hospitals to small businesses and global
organizations, IdaaS applications help
various industries monitor who accesses their
network. In doing so, organizations
are able to stop unauthorized users from
gaining access before a security breach
occurs.

Q. Explain Database as a service (DbaaS)

in detail

Advantages:
(a) Reduce costs: Using a cloud-based Idaas
solution eliminates the need for equipment
purchases, specialized IT staff and ongoing
training, allowing your IT team to stay
focused on day-to-day operations. (b) Better
user experiences: Single sign-on and multi-
factor authentication let user's login with a
single set of credentials, which reduces
friction and password reset assistance.
(c) Increase revenue and customer loyalty: A
good first impression from a smooth login
process leads to more customer interactions
and sales.
Disadvantages:
One of the big negatives of Idaas that many
companies anticipate is the danger of having
to outsource critical functions. Once you Database as a Service (DbaaS)
send your identity management service Database as a service (DbaaS) is a cloud
requirements to the cloud, they are outside computing managed service model that
your company firewall, and critical functions enables users to set up, operate, manage and
of your business are exposed to the internet. scale with some form of access to a database
You must be sure your data and systems without the need for setting it up on physical
remain safe if you are going to use an IdaaS hardware, installing software, or configuring
system. it for performance, database management by
With software like active directory domain themselves.
services, providing identity on the web is It allows users associated with database
frequently expensive. activities to access and use a cloud database
system without purchasing it.
 8

Q.
DbaaS is self-service/ on demand database (a) Flexibility: NaaS offer more flexibility
consumption coupled with automation of and greater customization. Changes are made
operations. Advantage: to the network via software, not hardware. IT
High quality of service: Cloud vendors teams are often able to reconfigure their
manage database systems as part of a Service corporate networks on demand. (b)
Level Agreement (SLA) guarantee to ensure Scalability: Cloud services like NaaS are
that the systems are running to optimal naturally more scalable than traditional,
performance. These guarantees also include hardware-based services. Enterprise NaaS
compliance to stringent security regulations. customers can simply purchase more
The service availability is managed by the capacity from a vendor instead of
cloud vendor to high standards as per the purchasing, plugging in, and turning on more
SLA agreement. hardware.
Faster deployment: Free your resources from (c) Access from anywhere: Depending on
administrative tasks and engage your how a cloud-based network is configured,
employees on tasks that lead directly to users may be able to access it from anywhere
innovation and business growth instead of and on any device without using a VPN,
merely keeping the systems running. although this introduces the need for strong
Resource elasticity: The technology access control. Ideally, all a user needs is an
resources dedicated for database systems can Internet connection and login credentials.
be changed in response to changing usage Disadvantages:
requirements. This is especially suitable in Compatibility: The NaaS vendor's
business use cases where the demand for infrastructure may not be compatible with
database workloads is dynamic and not legacy systems that are still in place like
entirely predictable. older hardware, on-premise-based
Disadvantage: applications, etc.
Traditional enterprises could have objections Legacy data centers In many enterprises,
to cloud-based services in general. important applications and processes still run
Since the data is entrusted to a third party for in on-premise data centers, not the cloud.
storage and processing, the enterprise loses This makes migration to a NaaS model
its immediate access to the information and slightly more challenging.
servers responsible for its execution. Vendor lock-in: When an enterprise moves to
In case of vital failure of the DbaaS server or a cloud service, there is always the risk of
network, the organization may lose its data. becoming A vendor lock-in can have major
Applications: repercussions if the ser provider's
DbaaS is ideal for small to medium-sized infrastructure fails or their prices increase.
companies without big IT departments. As Applications
the DbaaS takes on the financial Popular NaaS use cases include:
burden of hardware and maintenance, (a) Software-Defined WAN
smaller teams can build apps that they cannot (c) Virtual Private Network (VPN)
afford to support on-premises. (b) Content Delivery Network (CDN)
DbaaS is also a popular option for teams that
want to set up and scale databases for
complex distributed apps. For example, in an
IaaS and DbaaS setup, the DbaaS solution
can request resources from the IaaS platform
that automatically manages the provisioning,
storing, and networking processes.

Q. Explain Network as a Service (NaaS) in

detail Network as a Service (NaaS)
Network-as-a-service (NaaS) is a cloud
service model in which customers rent
networking services from cloud providers.
NaaS allows customers to operate their own
networks without maintaining their own
networking infrastructure.
Amazon and Rackspace are examples of
NaaS providers.
Advantages:
 9

In addition, you can choose from a broad

range of services that support different types
Q.Describe the various benefits of cloud of cloud infrastructure technologies.
service models 1. Accessibility anywhere,
with any device Q. Explain the characteristics of network
Not only do employees from every branch or as a service model.
office spread across various states or Characteristics of NaaS(Network as a
countries benefit from the improved Service)
accessibility, but clients and customers can NaaS allows users to access network
also log in to an account and view their infrastructure directly.
information. This service uses the virtualized network
This guarantees that everyone has access to infrastructure & provides users & customers
the most recent information whether they are with network services securely.
at office or on the go. NaaS providers maintain and manage
2. Ability to get rid of most or all hardware network resources, which decrease the
and software workload of customers/users.
With cloud computing, you're no longer It is also based on the pay-per-use model.
required to have your own server, cables, NaaS can replace virtual private networks
network switches, backup generators, (VPNs), multiprotocol label switching
redundant routers, and so on. (MPLS) connections, or other legacy network
Depending on the cloud provider you choose, configurations.
they can manage all of this for a monthly fee. It can also replace on-premise networking
Reducing expenses is essential in any hardware such as firewall appliances and load
business model and every cloud-based balancers
platform benefit from this factor alone. Q.Explain various advantages and
3. Centralized data security disadvantages of platform as a service
Using cloud computing eliminates the need model.
for individual users or teams to keep their Platform as a Service (PaaS)
own backups on-site or off-site because data PaaS provides runtime environment for
backups are centrally located in the data applications.
centres of the cloud providers. This reduces It also offers development and deployment
the risk that data will be lost if one backup tools required to develop applications.
fails or is destroyed by a disaster. It is the computer platform that provides the
•Cloud service providers can recover the data facility to use web applications quickly.
from a backup copy that is kept in their cloud Paas has a feature of a point-and-click tool
storage, which is constantly updated as new that allows non-programmers to develop web
data is added. applications. App-Engine of Google &
Teams who rely on their own equipment or Force.com, Windows Azure, AppFog,
servers at home or in the office can benefit Openshift, and VMware Cloud Foundry are
from cloud security solutions like data PaaS examples.
encryption and two-factor authentication for
enhanced privacy.
4. Higher performance and availability
By using cloud computing resources together
simultaneously, you reap greater performance
gains than by having your own dedicated
server hardware.
Cloud computing increases input/output
operations per second (IOPS).
5. Quick application deployment
Unpredictable business requirements
frequently necessitate immediate access to
cloud computing resources. Advantages:
Since cloud applications may be quickly Following are the Advantages of PaaS model:
deployed without the need to buy new Lower administrative overhead: Customer
hardware or wait for IT staff to set up servers, need not worry about the service
you can improve your cloud application administration because it is the responsibility
development. of cloud provider.
 10

Lower total cost of ownership: Customer firewalls, etc. The price is determined by how
need not purchase expensive hardware, long the consumer keeps a resource.
servers, power, and data storage. Portability, interoperability with legacy
Scalable solutions: It is very easy to scale the applications: It is possible to maintain legacy
resources up or down automatically, based on between applications and workloads between
their demand. Disadvantages: IaaS clouds. For example, network
(a) Lack of portability between PaaS clouds: applications such as web server or e-mail
Although when standard languages are used, server that normally runs on customer-owned
platform service implementations can vary. server hardware can also run from VMs in
Transferring workloads from one platform to IaaS cloud Limitations
another can be challenging because, for (a) Compatibility with legacy security
instance, the file, queue, or hash table vulnerabilities: As IaaS allows the customer
interfaces of one platform may be different to run legacy software in the provider's
from another. (b) Event based processor infrastructure, it exposes customers to all of
scheduling : The PaaS applications are event- the vulnerabilities of such legacy software.
oriented, which places resource restrictions (b) Virtual Machine sprawl : Due to the fact
on them because they must respond to that IaaS allows the customer to operate the
requests in a specific amount of time. virtual machines in running, suspended, and
(c) Security engineering of Paas applications: off states, the VM can become out-of-date
PaaS applications must explicitly employ with security updates. These VMs can,
cryptography and handle security exposures however, be updated automatically by the
because they depend on the network. provider, but this mechanism is difficult and
Q. Explain Infrastructure as a service complex. (c) Robustness of VM-level
(IaaS) in detail. isolation: Through hypervisors, IaaS provides
IaaS provides access to fundamental isolated environments for individual
resources such as physical machines, virtual customers. Virtualization is accomplished by
machines, virtual storage, etc. splitting a physical computer into multiple
Apart from these resources, the IaaS also virtual machines via a hypervisor, a software
offers: Virtual machine disk storage, Virtual layer that also includes hardware support for
local area network (VLANs), Load balancers, virtualization. Applications
IP addresses, Software packages. Popular IaaS use cases include:
All of the above resources are made available Disaster Recovery (d) Startups
to end user via server virtualization. Ecommerce (e) Software Development
IoT, Event Processing, Artificial Intelligence
(AI)

Benefits
Full control of the computing resources
through administrative access to VMs:
Through administrative access to virtual
machines, IaaS enables customers to access
computational resources. To run the virtual
machine or save data on the cloud server, the
customer issues administrative commands to
the cloud provider.
Flexible and efficient renting of computer
hardware: Customers can rent IaaS resources
including virtual machines, storage units,
bandwidth, IP addresses, monitoring services,