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Physics Notes 20220314

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27 views3 pages

Physics Notes 20220314

Uploaded by

drs3x0xxx
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1. What is Physics?

Definition: The study of matter, energy, and the interactions between them.
Branches of Physics:
Classical Mechanics (motion and forces).
Electromagnetism (electricity and magnetism).
Thermodynamics (heat and energy transfer).
Quantum Mechanics (subatomic particles).
Relativity (space, time, and gravity).

2. Fundamental Concepts in Physics


Units of Measurement:

SI Units (International System of Units):


Length: meter (m).
Mass: kilogram (kg).
Time: second (s).
Temperature: kelvin (K).
Electric current: ampere (A).

Scalars vs. Vectors:

Scalar: Magnitude only (e.g., speed, mass, energy).


Vector: Magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, force).

3. Classical Mechanics
Newton's Laws of Motion:

First Law (Inertia):


An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion
unless acted upon by an external force.

Second Law:
Force = Mass × Acceleration (F=maF=ma).

Third Law:
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinematics:

Equations of motion (for constant acceleration):


v=u+atv=u+at
s=ut+12at2s=ut+21at2
v2=u2+2asv2=u2+2as

Circular Motion:

Centripetal Force: F=mv2rF=rmv2.

4. Energy and Work


Work:

Work = Force × Distance × cos⁡


(θ)cos(θ).

Energy:

Kinetic Energy: KE=12mv2KE=21mv2.


Potential Energy: PE=mghPE=mgh.
Conservation of Energy:

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

5. Gravity

Universal Law of Gravitation:


F=Gm1m2r2F=Gr2m1m2, where:
FF = gravitational force,
GG = gravitational constant,
m1,m2m1,m2 = masses of two objects,
rr = distance between them.

6. Thermodynamics
Laws of Thermodynamics:

Energy cannot be created or destroyed (conservation).


Heat flows from hot to cold until equilibrium.
Absolute zero cannot be reached.

Heat and Temperature:

Heat: Transfer of thermal energy.


Temperature: Measure of average kinetic energy of particles.

7. Waves and Sound


Wave Properties:

Wavelength (λλ), Frequency (ff), Amplitude.


Speed of a wave: v=fλv=fλ.

Types of Waves:

Transverse (e.g., light).


Longitudinal (e.g., sound).

Sound:

Speed depends on the medium (faster in solids, slower in gases).

8. Electricity and Magnetism


Electric Charge:

Positive and negative charges.


Like charges repel; opposites attract.

Ohm's Law:

V=IRV=IR, where:
VV = Voltage,
II = Current,
RR = Resistance.

Magnetism:

Moving charges create magnetic fields.


Electromagnetic Induction (Faraday's Law): A changing magnetic field induces an
electric current.
9. Modern Physics
Quantum Mechanics:

Wave-particle duality: Light behaves as both a wave and a particle.


Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle: Impossible to know both position and velocity
of a particle with absolute precision.

Relativity:

Special Relativity (Einstein):


Time dilation and length contraction at high speeds.
E=mc2E=mc2: Energy and mass are interchangeable.

10. Applications of Physics

Engineering: Bridges, vehicles, and airplanes.


Medicine: X-rays, MRI machines.
Technology: Semiconductors, lasers.
Space Exploration: Rockets, satellites.

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