COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS & EMERGING TECHNOLOGY

(CS – 03)

Other Storage Devices

 Pen Drive
 A pen drive, or a USB flash drive, is a portable data-storage device. Pen drives have replaced the floppy drives of old and have become the most popular data-storage
devices among consumers.
 Micro, lightweight and handy, a pen drive can be easily carried from place to place by students, professionals, academicians and independent tech consultants.
 Currently available pen drives with storage capacities ranging from 8GB and 32GB can be used to store graphics-heavy documents, photos, music files and video
clips.
 Transfer Files
 A pen drive plugged into a USB port can be used as an interfacing device to transfer files, documents and photos to a PC. Similarly, select files can be
transferred from a pen drive to any workstation.
 Portability
 The lightweight and "micro" characteristics of a pen drive make it possible to carry it from place to place.
 Backup Storage
 With most pen drives now having password encryption features, important family information, medical records and photos can be backed up on them.
 Transport Data
 Academicians can easily transport large files and lectures on a pen drive and access them anywhere. Independent PC technicians can store utility tools,
programs and files on a high-speed 32 GB pen drive and move from site to site.
 Promotional Tool
 Many companies and businesses are now using pen drives as effective tools to promote sales literature and other marketing-communication content. These
handy pen drives emblazoned with corporate logos and visual imagery, and can be easily disseminated at exhibitions, trade shows and conferences.
Optical Storage Media
 Optical storage, electronic storage medium that uses low-power laser beams to record and

retrieve digital (binary) data.

 In optical-storage technology, a laser beam encodes digital data onto an optical, or laser, disk in

the form of tiny pits arranged in a spiral track on the disk’s surface.

 A low-power laser scanner is used to “read” these pits, with variations in the intensity of reflected

light from the pits being converted into electric signals.

 This technology is used in the compact disc, which records sound; in the CD-ROM (compact disc

read-only memory), which can store text and images as well as sound; in WORM (write-once read-

many), a type of disk that can be written on once and read any number of times; and in newer

disks that are totally rewritable.

 Optical disks are usually between 7.6 and 30 cm in diameter, with 12 cm being the most common

size.

 An optical disk is designed to support one of three recording types: read-only, recordable or re-

recordable.

 Optical disks are most commonly used for storing music, video or computer software's.

 There are generally 3 types: CD, DVD and Blu-Ray disk.

CD Compact Disk
 A compact disc (CD) is a circular disc introduced by James Russell. It is 4.75 in diameter, which is a flat,
round, portable storage medium used to record, store and playback audio, video, and other data.
 On 17 August 1982, in Germany, the first CD was created at a Philips factory. Sony and Philips proposed
the CD standard, and in 1993, the technology was introduced to the U.S. It can store data up to 700 MB or
80 minutes of audio.
 The first CDs were able to store only audio, which was replaced by audiotapes. Audio CDs have the ability to
enable users to skip to different places on the disc.
 CDs can be used unlimited time without losing quality, while audio tapes can lose the quality if you use it
around ten times.
 Because in the CDs, the laser that reads data does not put the pressure on the disc, while in a tape, the
play heads drape slowly wear away the magnetic strip on the tape.
 What is the use of a CD on the computer?
 CDs are used to store data, which can be executed in the future. Thus, you can load software programs in
the compact disc that can be moved onto the computer.
 Even, Windows files are also stored in the CD, which can be installed onto the computer.
 Furthermore, the stored files on the compact disc can be transferred to other computers, through which you
can make a backup of all files.
Different types of Compact disc (CD)
There are different types of Compact Disc, but they all are used to store digital information.
 CD-ROM
 The term ROM means read-only memory that allows the computer to read the data, which is already stored on the computer, and it cannot be
deleted or changed.
 It was more popular for distributing games and software for several consoles. Furthermore, any standard can be used to play CD ROM
recordings.
 Recordable CD (CD-R)
 The CD-R stands for recordable, which is also known as CD-WORM (Write Once, Read Many) or CW-WO (write-once).
 Philips and Sony jointly developed it. Usually, these types of CDs have 74 minutes of music storage available, but some CDs can store as much
as 80 minutes of music.
 It includes an advantage that the information is written once and can be read multiple times.
 It also had a limitation that it was not properly compatible with all devices; therefore, it had no ability to read all devices.
 When it is inserted into the player, the inbuilt laser rays read the data, which is recorded by the user on it.
 The music CD became popular with the Recordable CD because most music albums were released in this format.
 CD+R
 The CD+R is not relevant with the CD-R, the R in CD stand for recordable.
A group of companies developed the +R format.
 It was developed to increase the amount of storage available on a compact disc.
 The CD+R allows for around twice storage space as compared to standard CD-R.
Different types of Compact disc (CD)
 Rewriteable CD (CD-RW)
 The CD-RW can be used to write data a number of times, erased and re-used, and also used as a normal CD-R.
 Usually, a rewritable CD can store up to 700 MB of data and can be written again as many as 1000 times.
 But rewriting the stored video and audio in it reduces the quality of data.
 On a CD, a CD burner melts the recording layer onto a CD by using its highest laser power. In CD-RW, the burner melts the data layer by
using its medium level of laser power; new data can be added to the disk.
 A CD player will not change the recorded layer, and it uses the lowest amount of laser power to read a CD.
 Video CD (VCD)
 Simply, it was a CD, including moving images and pictures.
 It had a capacity of 650MB/700MB and could store 74/80 minutes of data.
 It was mainly used for watching movies. Later it was replaced with the SVCD and DVD as an image's quality on this was not too good.
 Mini-CD
 The Mini CD is wide around 3 inches and can store 210 megabytes of data or a maximum of 24 minutes of music.
 Mini CD's can be used with most CD players.
 It was widely used for single song recordings but also used for advertising and business purposes.
DVD: Digital Versatile Disc
 DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. It is commonly known as Digital Video Disc. It is a digital optical disc storage format
used to store high capacity data like high quality videos and movies.
 It is also used to store operating system. It is invented and developed by 4 companies named Philips, Sony, Toshiba and
Panasonic in 1995.
 DVDs provide higher storage capacity than CDs( compact disc) and can be played in multiple types of players like DVD
players
 Initially, the DVD was developed as a substitute for VHS tapes, but soon they became popular as a data storage device. In
1972, audio CD was developed as a medium of entertainment.
 In 1993, two video disc formats were being developed, the Multimedia Compact Disc (MMCD) and the Super Density (SD)
disc. In 1997, DVD took over CD as a medium of entertainment and data storage.
 Twister was the first movie put on DVD on 25 March, 1996.
Types
 On the basis of applications, a DVD can be categorized in different ways as described below: DVD Storage Capacity
 DVD-ROM: It can only be used for reading and cannot be written. No. Type Storage capacity
 DVD-R: It can be used to record any type of data.
1) Single-sided, Single layer 4.7 gb
 DVD-RW: It can be read, written, erased and rewritten.
2) Single-sided, Double layer 8.5 gb to 8.7 gb
 Advantages
3) Double-sided, Single layer 9.4 gb
 Large storage capacity, e.g. 4.7 to 9 Gb
4) Double-sided, Double layer 17.08 gb
 Excellent sound and picture quality, so best option to store videos and audios
 Relatively cheap as they are mass-produced
 Information can be stored on both sides of DVD unlike CD.
 Blu-ray
 Blu-ray disk (BD) is an optical disk storage medium designed to replace the DVD format.
 The plastic disk is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs.
 The major application of Blu-ray disks is as a medium for video material such as feature films.
 Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray disk is associated with a set of multimedia formats.
 The first Blu-ray disk prototypes were developed in October 2000.
 The name Blu-ray disk refers to the blue laser used to read the disk, which allows information to be stored at a greater density used for DVD.
 It can hold up to 25GB on a single layer disk and 50GB on a dual-layer disk.
 Blu-ray is an optical disc format such as CD and DVD.
 It was developed for recording and playing back high-definition (HD) video and for storing large amounts of data.
 While a CD can hold 700 MB of data and a basic DVD can hold 4.7 GB of data, a single Blu-ray disc can hold up to 25 GB of data.
 Even a double sided, dual layer DVD (which are not common) can only hold 17 GB of data. Dual-layer Blu-ray discs will be able to store 50 GB of data.
That is equivalent to 4 hours of HDTV.
 Blu-ray discs can hold more information than other optical media because of the blue lasers the drives use.
 The laser is actually blue-violet, but "Blu-ray" rolls off the tounge a little easier than "Blu-violet-ray."
 The blue-violet laser has a shorter wavelength than the red lasers used for CDs and DVDs (405nm compared to 650nm).
 This allows the laser to focus on a smaller area, which makes it possible to cram significantly more data on a disc the same size as a CD or DVD.
 Proponents of the Blu-ray format say they expect Blu-ray devices to replace VCRs (thank goodness) and DVD recorders as more people make the
transition to HDTV.
Flash Memory(storage device)

 EEPROM was used as ROM type called USB/Pen Drive. In fact USB/Pen Drive is special type of EEPROM which is also known as Flash
Memory.
 Flash memory is type of non-volatile memory. That can be erase and reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks.
 We store and transfer all kinds of file on our computer like digital photographs, music files, word processing document , PDF and other
 forms or media. But sometimes your computer hard drive is not exactly where you want your information.
 Whether you want to make backup copies of files that live off your system or if you worry about your security, portable storage device
that use type of electronic memory called flash memory may be the right solution.
 Flash memory is used for easy and fast information storage in computer, digital camera and home video game consoles.
 Flash memory is also known as solid state storage device.
 Examples:
 your computer BIOS chip
 Compact Flash
 Smart Media
 Memory Stick
 Memory cards
Cloud Storage

 Cloud storage is a cloud computing model that stores data on the Internet through a cloud

computing provider who manages and operates data storage as a service. It’s delivered on demand

with just-in-time capacity and costs, and eliminates buying and managing your own data storage

infrastructure. This gives you agility, global scale and durability, with “anytime, anywhere” data

access.

 How Does Cloud Storage Work?

 Cloud storage is purchased from a third party cloud vendor who owns and operates data storage

capacity and delivers it over the Internet in a pay-as-you-go model. These cloud storage vendors

manage capacity, security and durability to make data accessible to your applications all around the

world.

 Applications access cloud storage through traditional storage protocols or directly via an API. Many

vendors offer complementary services designed to help collect, manage, secure and analyze data at

massive scale.
 Cloud Storage

 Benefits of Cloud Storage

 Storing data in the cloud lets IT departments transform three areas:

 Total Cost of Ownership. With cloud storage, there is no hardware to purchase, storage to provision, or capital being used for "someday"

scenarios. You can add or remove capacity on demand, quickly change performance and retention characteristics, and only pay for storage that

you actually use. Less frequently accessed data can even be automatically moved to lower cost tiers in accordance with auditable rules, driving

economies of scale.

 Time to Deployment. When development teams are ready to execute, infrastructure should never slow them down. Cloud storage allows IT to

quickly deliver the exact amount of storage needed, right when it's needed. This allows IT to focus on solving complex application problems

instead of having to manage storage systems.

 Information Management. Centralizing storage in the cloud creates a tremendous leverage point for new use cases. By using cloud storage

lifecycle management policies, you can perform powerful information management tasks including automated tiring or locking down data in

support of compliance requirements.

 Cloud Storage

Types of Cloud Storage

There are three types of cloud data storage: object storage, file storage, and block storage. Each offers their own advantages and have their own use

cases:

Object Storage - Applications developed in the cloud often take advantage of object storage's vast scalability and metadata characteristics. Object

storage solutions like Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) are ideal for building modern applications from scratch that require scale and flexibility,

and can also be used to import existing data stores for analytics, backup, or archive.

File Storage - Some applications need to access shared files and require a file system. This type of storage is often supported with a Network

Attached Storage (NAS) server. File storage solutions like Amazon Elastic File System (EFS) are ideal for use cases like large content repositories,

development environments, media stores, or user home directories.

Block Storage - Other enterprise applications like databases or ERP systems often require dedicated, low latency storage for each host. This is

analogous to direct-attached storage (DAS) or a Storage Area Network (SAN). Block-based cloud storage solutions like Amazon Elastic Block Store

(EBS) are provisioned with each virtual server and offer the ultra low latency required for high performance workloads.
Google Drive
 Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service developed by Google.
 Launched on April 24, 2012, Google Drive allows users to store files on their servers,
synchronize files across devices, and share files.
 In addition to a website, Google Drive offers apps with offline capabilities for Windows and
macOS computers, and Android and iOS smartphones and tablets.
 Google Drive is a cloud-based storage solution that allows you to save files online and
access them anywhere from any smartphone, tablet, or computer.
 But when compared to competitors like DropBox and Apple's iCloud service, Google Drive's
popularity is built on useful collaborative tools and built-in integrations with Google's suite
of products and services.
 If you have a Google account, you already have 15 GB of free storage on Google Drive.
Google One also offers 100 gigabytes, 200 gigabytes, 2 terabytes, 10 terabytes,
20 terabytes, and 30 terabytes offered through optional paid plans.
 Google Drive encompasses Google Docs, Google Sheets, and Google Slides, which are a
part of the Google Docs office suite that permits collaborative editing of documents,
spreadsheets, presentations, drawings, forms, and more.
 Files created and edited through the Google Docs suite are saved in Google Drive.
 OneDrive
 OneDrive is Microsoft’s storage service for hosting files in the cloud.

 It is available for free to all the owners of a Microsoft account.

 OneDrive offers you a simple way to store, sync, and share your files.

 You can access the files stored in your OneDrive directly from a web browser, straight from Windows 10, or a
OneDrive app on your PC or device.

 Microsoft has developed OneDrive apps for iOS, Android, macOS, Xbox, and all versions of Windows.

 Microsoft’s cloud storage service, OneDrive, can back up your personal and work files online. It’s built into
Windows 10.

 With it you can sync files on your Windows 10 PC to the cloud and to your other Windows PCs, smartphone or
tablet (with the OneDrive app for Android or iOS installed on either).

 It can even sync your cloud files to your Mac (via the OneDrive desktop app).

 You can share files in your OneDrive with anyone by sending them a web link.
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