Scribd
Upload
8 views9 pages

Chapter 5 Part3a

Uploaded by

iamaloksinghranjan11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views9 pages

Chapter 5 Part3a

Uploaded by

iamaloksinghranjan11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 9

Chapter 5

Network
Layer:
Control
Plane Computer
Networking: A Top-
Down Approach
8th edition
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Pearson, 2020
Network layer: “control plane” roadmap
 introduction
 routing protocols
 intra-ISP routing:
OSPF
 routing among ISPs: BGP
 SDN control plane  network management,
 Internet Control configuration
Message Protocol • SNMP
• NETCONF/YANG

Network Layer: 5-2


Making routing scalable
our routing study thus far - idealized
 all routers identical
 network “flat”
… not true in practice

scale: billions of destinations: administrative autonomy:


 can’t store all destinations in  Internet: a network of networks
routing tables!  each network admin may want to
 routing table exchange would control routing in its own network
swamp links!

Network Layer: 5-3


Internet approach to scalable routing
aggregate routers into regions known as “autonomous systems”
(AS) (a.k.a. “domains”)

intra-AS (aka “intra-domain”): routing inter-AS (aka “inter-domain”):


among within same AS (“network”) routing among AS’es
 all routers in AS must run same  gateways perform inter-domain
intra-domain protocol routing (as well as intra-domain
 routers in different AS can run routing)
different intra-domain routing
protocols
 gateway router: at “edge” of its own
AS, has link(s) to router(s) in other
AS’es

Network Layer: 5-4


Interconnected ASes
forwarding table configured by
intra- and inter-AS routing
algorithms
Intra-ASforwarding
Inter-AS
Routing tableRouting
 intra-AS routing determine entries for
destinations within AS
 inter-AS & intra-AS determine entries
for external destinations

intra-AS
3c
routing
3a inter-AS intra-AS
2c
3b 2arouting
routing
1c
2b
AS3 intra-AS
1a routing 1b AS2
1d
AS1

Network Layer: 5-5


Inter-AS routing: a role in intra-domain forwarding
 suppose router in AS1 receives AS1 inter-domain routing must:
datagram destined outside of AS1: 1. learn which destinations
• router should forward packet reachable through AS2, which
to gateway router in AS1, but through AS3
which one? 2. propagate this reachability info to
all routers in AS1

3c
3a other
2c
3b 2a networks
2b
1c
AS3
other 1a 1b AS2
networks
1d
AS1

Network Layer: 5-6


Inter-AS routing: routing within an AS
most common intra-AS routing protocols:
 RIP: Routing Information Protocol [RFC 1723]
• classic DV: DVs exchanged every 30 secs
• no longer widely used
 EIGRP: Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
• DV based
• formerly Cisco-proprietary for decades (became open in 2013 [RFC
7868])
 OSPF: Open Shortest Path First [RFC 2328]
• link-state routing
• IS-IS protocol (ISO standard, not RFC standard) essentially same as
OSPF

Network Layer: 5-7


OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) routing

 “open”: publicly available


 classic link-state
• each router floods OSPF link-state advertisements (directly over
IP rather than using TCP/UDP) to all other routers in entire AS
• multiple link costs metrics possible: bandwidth, delay
• each router has full topology, uses Dijkstra’s algorithm to
compute forwarding table
 security: all OSPF messages authenticated (to prevent malicious
intrusion)

Network Layer: 5-8


Hierarchical OSPF
 two-level hierarchy: local area, backbone.
• link-state advertisements flooded only in area, or backbone
• each node has detailed area topology; only knows direction to reach
other destinations
area border routers: boundary router:
“summarize” connects to other
distances to ASes
destinations in own backbone
backbone
area, advertise in router: runs
backbone OSPF limited to
local routers: backbone
• flood LS in area only area 3
• compute routing
within area
• forward packets to internal
area 1 routers
outside via area
area 2
border router Network Layer: 5-9

You might also like