COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Ø Basic Terminology Used in Electronic
SYNOPSIS Communication System
Some important terms needed to understand the
Introduction: Communication is an act of basic elements of communication
exchange of information between the sender and a) Information : It is nothing but, the message
the receiver. Over decades, methods have been to be conveyed. The message may be a symbol,
evolved to develop languages, codes, signals etc code, group of words etc. Amount of information
to make communication effective. in message is measured in “bits”
Communication through electrical signals has b) Communication Channel : Physical medium
made things much simpler because they can be through which signals propagate between
transmitted over extremely large distances in transmitting and receiving stations is called
extremely short time as their speed is communication channel.
3 ×108 m / s . Ø Transmitter: Essential components of
Modern communicaton has its roots in the 19t h transmitter are as follows.
and 20th century in the work of scientists like a)Transducer : Converts sound signals into
J.C. Bose, F.B. Morse, G.Macroni and Alexander electric signal. The device which converts a
Graham Bell. The pace of development seems physical quantity (information) into electrical
to have increased dramatically after the first half signal is known as transducer.
of the 20th century. We can hope to see many b)Modulator : Mixing of audio electric signal
more accomplishments in the coming decades. with high frequency radio wave.
The aim of this chapter is to introduce the c)Amplifier: Boosting the power of modulated
concepts of communication, namely the mode of signal.
communication, the need for modulation, d)Antenna : Signal is radiated in the space
production and deduction of amplitude with the aid of an antenna.
modulation.
Ø Communication is basically of two types:
Receiver: Basic componenets of receiver.
a) Point to point :- This takes place between a a) Pickup antenna: To pick the signal
transmitter and a receiver. Telephonic b) Demodulator: To separate out the audio
conversion between two persons is a good signal from the modulated signal
example of it. c) Amplifier: To boost up the weak audio signal
b) Broad cast mode :- Here, a large number of d) Transducer: To convert back audio signal
receivers receive the information from a single in the form of electrical pulses into sound waves.
transmitter. Radio and television are good Message Signal: Information converted in
examples of broadcast mode. electrical form and suitable for transmission is
Elements of Communication System called signal.
Basic units of a communication system. Ø A signal is defined as a single-valued function
Transmitted signal Message signal of time (that conveys the information) and which,
at every instant of time has a unique value.
Information
source
Trans-
mitter
Channel Receiver
User
Information
Ø Types of message signals
a) Analog signal: A signal, which is a
Message Noise Received continuous function of time (usually a sinusoidal
signal signal
function) is called analog signal.
a) Transmitter: The part of the communication
system, which sends out the information is called b) Digital signal: A discrete signal
transmitter. (discontinuous function of time) which has only
b) Transmission channel: The medium or two levels is called digital signal.
the link, which transfers message signal from the Ø Noise : This refers to undesired signals which
transmitter to the receiver of a communication disturb the transmission and processing of
system is called channel. signals.
c) Receiver: The part of the communication Ø Attenuation : It is the loss of strength of a signal
system, which picks up the information sent out during propagation in a medium.
by the transmitter is called receiver. The receiver Ø Amplification : It is the process of increasing
consists of the strength of the signal (amplitude) using an
amplifier.

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JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Ø Range :It is the maximum distance from a source (voltage)
-0.6
upto which the signal is received with sufficient
strength. -0.4
Ø Repeaters : These are the devices used to -0.2
increase the range of communication system

(time )
0 0.5
Ø Band width of signals (speech, T.V and digital 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
unit

data) : Band width is the frequency range over -0.2

which an equipment operates. -0.4
(or) -0.6
It is the portion of the spectrum occupied by the
signal. a) Rectangular wave
Bandwidth of signals : b) Fundamental ( f 0 )
In a communication system, the message signal
may be voice, music, picture or data etc. Each c) Fundamental ( f0 ) + second harmonic ( 2 f0 )
of these signals has a spread of different range d) Fundamental ( f 0 ) Second harmonic
of frequencies. Hence, the type of communication
system needed depends upon the band of ( 2 f0 ) + third harmonic ( 3 f0 )
frequencies involved. Speech signal requires the Ø Bandwidth of transmission medium :
band width of 2800 Hz (3100 Hz to 300 Hz). The most used transmission media are wire, free
For music, a bandwidth of about 20KHz is space, and fibre optic cable. Different
required (due to high frequency produced by transmission media offer different band width.
musical instruments). The audible range of Coaxial cable offers a band width of about 750
frequencies extends from 20Hz to 20KHz. Video MHz. Radio wave communication through free
signals require band width of 4.2 MHz for space takes place over a wide range of
picture transmission. However, a band width of frequencies from 100kHz-GHz.
6MHz is needed for T.V signals. (as it contains Service Frequency bands Comments
both voice and picture) -----------------------------------------------------------
Digital signals are in the form of rectangular Standard 540-1600 kHz
waves as shown in Fig. One can show that this AM broadcast
rectangular wave can be decomposed into a ---------------------------------------------------
superposition of sinuosidal waves of frequencies FM broadcast 88-108 MHz
-----------------------------------------------------
f 0 . 2 f 0 ,3 f 0, 4 f 0....nf 0 where n is an integer Television 54-72 MHz VHF(Very high
extending to infinity and f 0 = 1/ T0 . The frequencies)
76-88 MHz TV
fundamental ( f0 ) , fundamental ( f0 ) + second 174-216 MHz UHF(ultra high
frequencies)
harmonic ( 2 f 0 ) and fundamental ( f0 ) + 420-890 MHz TV
-----------------------------------------------------------
second harmonic ( 2 f 0 ) + third harmonic ( 3 f 0 ) , Cellular Mobile 896-901 MHz Mobile to base
are shown in the same figure to illustrate this station
fact. It is clear that to reproduce the rectangular 840-935 MHz Base station to
wave shape exactly we need to superimpose all mobile
-----------------------------------------------------
the harmonics f 0 , 2 f 0 , 3 f 0 , 4 f 0 ..... which Satellite 5.925-6.425 GHz Uplink
implies an infinite bandwidth. However, for Communication 3.7 - 4.2 GHz Downlink
practical purposes, the contribution from higher ---------------------------------------------------
harmonics can be neglected this limiting the Ø Optical communication using fibres is performed
bandwidth. As a result, received waves are a in the frequency range of 1 THz to 1000 THz
distorted version of the transmitted one. If the (microwaves to ultraviolet).
bandwidth is large enough to accommodate a few Ø An optical fibre can offer a transmission band
harmonics, the information is not lost and the width in excess of 100 GHz.
rectangular signal is more or less recovered. This Ø COMMUNICATION CHANNELS:
is so because the higher the harmonic. Less is The medium or the link, which transfers message
its contribution to the wave form. signal from the transmitter to the receiver
of a communication system is called

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 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI
Communication channel. (vi) The extent of ionisation of D layer depends upon
(i) Space communication the altitude of sun. This layer disappears at night. It
(i) Ground wave propagation reflects very low frequency (VLF) and low
(ii) Space wave propagation. (Tropospheric frequency (LF) electromagnetic waves, but absorbs
wave propagation. Surface wave propagation.) medium frequency (MF) and high frquency
(iii) Sky wave propagation: A new dimension
recently added to space communication is (HF) electromagnetic waves to a certain degree,
satellite communication. (vii) E-layer is at a virtual height of 110km, from
· 2) Line communication the surface of earth, having electron density
i) Two wire transmission line ≈ 1011 m −3 . The critical frequency* of this layer
ii) Coaxial cable
iii) Optical fibre cable is about 4MHz. This layer helps to MF surface-
(1)SPACE COMMUNICATION wave propagation a little but reflects some high
ØPropagation of EM waves in the atmosphere frequency waves in day time. It exists in day as
The communication process utilizing the well as in night time.
physical space around the earth is termed as (viii) F1 − layer is at a virtual height of 180km
space communication. Electromagnetic waves
which are used in Radio, Television and other from the surface of earth, having electron density
communication system are radio waves and ≈ 5 ×1011 m−3 . The critical frequency for this
microwaves. layer is 5 MHz. It reflects some of the high frequency
The velocity of electromagnetic waves of waves but most of the high frequency w a v e s
different frequency in a medium is different. It
is more for red light and less for violet light. pass through it and they get reflected froml a y e r
Electromagnetic waves are of transverse nautre. F2 at night time.
Ø Earth’s atmosphere
(i) Earth’s atmosphere is a gaseous envelope (ix) F2 layer is at a virtual height of about 300km
which surrounds the earth. in day time and about 350km in night time. The
(ii) Earth atmosphere mainly consists of nitrogen electron density of this layer is ≈ 8 × 1011 m −3 .
78% , oxygen 21% along with a little protion of
argon, carbon dioxide, water vapour, The cirtical frequency of this layer is 8MHz in
hydrocarbons, sulphur compounds and dust day time and 6MHz in night time. It reflects back
particles. the electromagnetic waves of frequency upto 30
(iii) The density of the atmospheric air goes on MHz but cannot reflect back the electromagnetic
decreasing as we go up. waves of frequency 40MHz or more. It exists in
(iv) The electrical conductivity of the day as well as night time
atmospheric air increases as we go up. 3. The electromagnetic waves of frequency ranging
(v) The various regions of earth’s atmosphere are: from a few kilo hertz to a few hundered m e g a
Ø Troposphere. It extends upto a height of 12km hertz are called radio waves.
Ø Stratosphere. It extends from 12km to 50km. The various frequency ranges used in radio waves
There is an ozone layer in stratosphere which
mostly absorbs high energy radiations like or micro wave communication system are a s
ultraviolet radiations. etc. coming from outer follows:
space. (a) Medium frequency band (M.F) 300 to
Ø Mesosphere. It extends from 50km to 80km. 3000kHz.
Ø Ionosphere.(i) It extends from 80 km to 400km. (b) High frequency band (H.F) 3 to 30 MHz
(ii) In this region, the temperature rises to some (c) very high frequency band (V.H.F) 30 to
extent with height, hence it is called 300 MHz.
Thermosphere. (d) Ultra high frequency band (U.H.F) 300 to
(iii) The ionosphere which is composed of 3000MHz
ionised matter (i.e. electrons and positive ions) (e) Super high frequency band (S.H.F) 3000 to
plays an important role in space communication.
(iv) The ionosphere is subdivided into four main 30,000 MHz.
(f) Extra high frequency band ( E.H.F) 30 to
layers as D , E, F1 and F2 . 300 GHz
(v) D- layer is at a virtual height of 80km from The radio waves emitted from a transmitter antenna
surface of earth and having electron density can reach the receiver antenna by the following
≈ 109 m −3 . mode of operation.

28 NARAYANAGROUP
 i)
G rou n d W av e S ky W av e Pr o pag a tio n S pa ce W av e Pro p ag at io n Ø
Pro p ag a tio n
C ha nn el G ro un d L ay er s of atm o sp h er e L in e o f sigh t co m m u n ication

exists.
M eth o d W av e g lid es o v er th e D ue to r ef lection of r ad io T he r ad io w a v es travel fr om
sur face of ea rth w a ves fr o m th e lay er s tra ns mitting anten n a to
dif fractio n ef fect h av in g h ig h er elec tr on receiv ing ant en na alon g a

NARAYANAGROUP
d ens ity stra igh t line
F req u en cy D ep en d s o n p o w er and 3 M H z to 3 0 M H z G r eater th an 4 0 M H z
frequ en cy L es s th an 2
decreases upto 250 km

temperature is 927.60 C .
MH z
U s es In med iu m w a ve B r oad S ho r t w av e b ro ad ca stin g F M br oad castin g an d
ca stin g m icr o wa v e lin ks
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI

is called Kennely Heaviside layer.

R ang e D ep en d s o n h eig ht of th e D ep en d s o n th e ang le of D u e to cu rvatu r e of th e ear th

A nt en na and C ur vatur e incid en ce on th e th e w av es are b lo ck ed at a
KENNELY HEAVISIDE LAYER :

of ea rth ion o sp h er e. 1 5 0 k m to p o int

3 0 0 0 km
A tten ua tio n A tten u atio n in cr ea ses
ii) The thickness of this layers is about of few km.

w ith fr eq u en cy
v) Above appleton layer, ie above Ionosphere the
iv) From 250 km to 400 km, a layer of large
At 110 km above the surface of earth the

concentration of electrons called Apple ton layer

concentration of electrons is very large. This layer

iii) Beyond this layer the electron concentration

Ø
Name of the layer Approximate height Exists during Frequencies most
affected
Troposphere 10 km Day and night VHF (up to several GHz)
Parts of Ionosphere : D 65-75 km Day only Reflects LF, absorbs MF
(part of Stratosphere) and HF to some degree
E (Part of Stratosphere) 100 km Day only Helps surface waves
reflects HF

energy is spent due to flow of

FI (Parts of Mesophere) 170-190 km Day time, merges with Partially absorbs HF waves
F2 at night yet allowing them to reach
F2
F2 (Thermosphere) 300 km at night 250- Day and night Efficiently reflects HF
400 km during day waves, particularly at night
time

29
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

earth behaves like a leaky capacitor in carrying the

with the wave and this forms a current. Now the
radio waves are guided along the surface. The wave
Ground wave propagation : In this method, the

induced current. The wave loses some energy, as

induces charges on the earth. These charges travel
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI
charge through the earth’s resistance. The wave also
looses energy due to diffraction as it glides along
Ionosphere
the ground. The loss of energy increases as the
frequency increases. Thus ground propagation is
suitable upto 2MHz. As they loose energy they
cannot go to long distances on the ground. Unionized medium
Maximum range of the ground wave can be Radio wave
increased by increasing the power of the transmitter. During the propagation in ionosphere the angle of
Ø Sky wave propagation : Above 2MHz and upto refraction gradually increases and the ray goes on
30MHz, long distance communication takes place
bending more and more till at some point, the angle
through ionosphere. The ionosphere reflects the
of refraction becomes 900 and the wave travels
radio waves back to the earth. This method is
called sky wave propagation. It is used for parallel to the earth surface. This point is called point
shortwave broad casting services. Ionosphere of reflection. Then the ray tends to move in the down
is a thick blanket of 65 km to 400 km above the ward direction and comes back to earth because
earth’s surface. UV rays and other higher energy of symmetry. Super high frequency (SHF) waves
radiation coming from space results in the propagate as sky waves taking reflection at satellite.
ionization of air molecules. The ionosphere is Ionosphere

further divided into serval layers as shown in

table below. It should be understood that degree
of ionization changes with height. This is because
the density of atmosphere decreases with height. The sky wave propagation can cover a very long
At great heights, the radiation is intense, but the distance and so round the globe communication
molecules available are few. On the other hand, is possible.
near the earth’s surface the molecular (c) The sky waves being electromagnetic in nature,
concentration is high but the intensity of radiation changes the dielectric constant and refractive index
is low and thus again the ionization is low. of the ionosphere. The effective refractive index
Logically, the peak of ionization density occurs of the ionosphere is
at some intermediate heights. The ionosphere 1/ 2 1/2
acts as a mirror (reflector) for frequencies of 3-  Ne2   80 .5 N 
neff = n 0 1 − 2 = n0 1 − 
30 MHz. Electromagnetic waves of frequences  ε 0mω   f2 

greater than 30 MHz pass through the atmosphere Where n0 = refractive index of free space, N =
and skip. electron density of ionosphere, ε 0 = permittivity
The process of bending of EM waves is similar
of free space, e = charge on electron, m = mass
to total internal reflection in optics. The bending
of electron w = angular frequency of EM wave.
of waves can be easily explained on the basis of
(d) As we go deep into the ionosphere, N
variation of refractive index of the ionosphere
increases so ne f f decreases. The refractions or
with change in electron density. Suppose that a
bending of the beam will continue and finally it
radio wave enters the ionosphere from the
reflects back.
underlying unionized medium. Since the refractive
(e) The highest frequency of radio wave, which
index of ionosphere decreases from D layer to F2 gets reflected to earth by the ionosphere after
layer, consequently, the incident ray will move away having been sent straight to it is
from the normal drawn at the point of incidence Ø Critical frequency (fc)
following the ordinary laws of refraction If maximum electron density of the ionosphere
is Nmax per m3 , then fc ≈ 9(N max )1 / 2 . Above f c, a
wave will penetrate the ionosphere and is not
reflected by it.
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JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(f): The highest frequency of radio waves which hR = height of the receiving antenna.
when sent at some angle of incidence, towards If the Population density around the tower is
the ionosphere, get reflected and return to the
given, the number of persons covered by the
earth is Maximum usable
transmitting tower
fc
Ø frequency (MUF) MUF = = (Area covered by the tower) × Population
cos θ
density.
(g) The smallest distance from a transmitter along
∴ No. of persons = π d 2 × covered population
the earth’s surface at which a sky wave of a fixed
frequency but more than f c is sent density (Here d = radius of the area covered by
back to the earth is Skip distance. single transmitting tower of height hT )
(h) The fluctuation in the strength of a signal at Television broadcast, microwave and satellite
a receiver due to interference of two waves is communications are a few examples of
fading. Fading is more at high frequencies. It communication systems that use space wave
results into errors in data transmission and propagation. The figure below illustrates the
retrieval. various modes of wave propagation.
Ø Wave propagation : This method is used for
line-of-sight [LOS] communication and also for
satellite communication. At frequencies above
40MHz, communication is mainly by LOS
method. At such frequencies, relatively smaller
antenna can be erected above the ground.
Because of LOS propagation, the direct waves
get blocked, at some point due to the curvature
of the earth as shown in the figure.
dm Ø Range of TV transmission :
dT dR As the frequency range of TV signals is 100-
200 MHz, such signal transmission via ground
waves is not possible. In such situations, we use
hT hR line of sight transmission.
P
For the signal to be received beyond the horizon,
the receiving antenna must be high enough to
intercept the LOS waves. If the transmitting
antenna is at a height hT then it can be shown A
that the distance to the horizon d T is given by

d T = 2 RhT where ‘R’ is the radius of earth. O

Similarly if the receiving antenna is at a height Let CP be the TV tower on the earth’s surface. It’s
hR , the distance to the horizon d R is antenna is at P. Let PC = h. When TV broadcast is
made, the signal can reach the earth upto A to B.
d R = 2 RhR There will be no reception of the signal beyond A
∴ The maximum distance d M between the two and B. Arc length CA and CB is the range of TV
transmission. If O is the centre of the earth, OA =
antennas is d M = 2 RhT + 2 RH R where OB = R is the radius of the earth, from right angled
R = Radius of the earth. triangle OAP
hT = height of the transmitting antenna and OP 2 = OA2 + PA2
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 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI
basic principle of satellite communication is shown
( h + R)
2
= R 2 + PA2 in figure. A communication satellite is a spacecraft
PA = PB = d placed in an orbit around the earth. The frequencies
used in satellite communication lie in UHF/
( h + R)
2
= R2 + d 2 microwave regions. These waves can cross the
h 2 + R2 + 2Rh = R2 + d 2 ionosphere and reach the satellite.
As h << R we can ignore h 2 Satellite-1 Geostationary
orbit

d 2 = 2 Rh and d = 2 Rh
Range of TV transmission depends upon the
Earth
height of the transmission antenna. Broadcasts
are made from tall transmitting antenna. Satellite-3 Satellite-2
Ø A repeater is a combination of a receiver and a
transmitter. A repeater, picks up the signal from Ø A geostationary satellite has the same time period
the transmitter, amplifies and retransmits it to of revolution of earth. It locates at the height of
the receiver sometimes with a change in carrier 36000 km above the earth’s surface (well above
frequency. Repeaters are used to extend the the ionosphere).
range of a communication system as shown in Ø A communication satellite is a spacecraft placed
figure. A communication satellite is essentially in an orbit around the earth which carriers a
a repeater station in space. Use of repeater transmitting and receiving equipment called
station to increase the range of communication radio transponder. It amplifies the microwave
signals emitted by the transmitter from the surface
of earth and send to the receiving station on earth.
Ø The transmitted signal is UP-LINKED and
Mountain received by the satellite station which DOWN-
LINKS it with the ground station through its
transmitter.
The up-link and down-link frequencies are kept
These problems are solved by using different (both frequencies being in the regions
geostationary satellite as a communication of UHF/microwave).
satellite. Ø At least three geo-stationary satellites are
Ø Satellite Communication: Long distance required which are 120° apart from each other
communication beyond 10 to 20 MHz was not to have the communication link over the entire
possible before 1960 because all the three modes globe of earth.
of communication discussed above failed Ø Satellite technology is very useful in collecting
(ground waves due to conduction losses, space information about various factors of the
wave due to limited line of sight and sky wave atmosphere which governs the weather and
due to the penetration of the ionosphere by the climatic conditions.
high frequencies beyond f c ). The satellite communication can be used for
Ionosphere behaves as a rarer medium by which establishing mobile communication with great
carrier wave is reflected back if its frequency use the communication satellites are now being
used in Global Positioning System (GPS). The
f ( ≤ f c ) where f c is called a “critical ordinary users can find their positions within
1 accuracy of 100m.
frequency” and is given by f c = f 0 ( Nmax ) 2 There are two types of satellites used for long
distance transmission.
[ N max = maximum electron density.]
Satellite communication made this possible. The
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JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(i) Passive satellite: It acts as reflector only for the Ø Remote sensing is applied in (i) Meteorology
signals transmitted from earth. Moon the natural (ii) Climatology (iii) Oceanography
satellite of earth is a passive satellite. (iv) Archaeology, geological surveys. (v) Water
(ii) Active satellite: It carries all the equipment resource surveys, (vi) Urban land use surveys. (vii)
used for receiving signals sent from the earth, Agriculture and forestry and natural disaster.
processing them and then re-transmitting them to
(viii) To detect movements of enemy army. (ix)To
the earth. Now a days active satellites are in use.
locate the place where underground nuclear
Ø The Indian communication satellites INSAT-2B and
INSAT-2C are positioned in such away in the outer explosion has carried out.
space that they are accessible from any place in Ø 2.LINE COMMUNICATION
India. Line communication means interconnection of two
REMOTE SENSING AND APPLICATION points with the help of wires for exchange of
OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION. information. There are three principal types
Remote sensing is the technique to obtain (i)Two Wire Transmission Line
information about an object by observing it from (ii) Coaxial wire lines (coaxial cables)
a distance and without coming to actual contact (iii) optical fibers
with it. Ø Two Wire Transmission Line
Ø There are two types of remote sensing
The most commonly used two wire lines are:
instruments: active and passive. Active
instruments provide their own energy to Parallel wire, twisted pair wires and co-axial cable.
illuminate the object of interest, as radar does. (1) Parallel wire line: In a two wire transmission line,
They send an energy pulse to the object and then two metallic wires (may be hard or flexible) are
receive and process the pulse reflected from the arranged parallel to each other inside a protective
object. Passive instruments sense only radiations insulation coating . Commonly used to connect an
emitted by the object or solar radiation reflected antenna with TV receiver. Such wires
from the object. can suffer from interferences and losses.
Ø The remote sensing is done through a satellite. (2) Twisted pair wire: It consists of two insulated
The satellite used in remote sensing should move copper wires twisted around each other at regular
in an orbit around the earth in such a way that it intervals to minimize electrical interference (to
always passes over the particular area of the
connect telephone systems). Used to connect
earth at the same local time.
telephone systems. It works well up to small
The orbit of such a satellite is known as sun-
synchronous orbit. A remote sensing orbit can distances. They cannot transmit signals over very
be circular polar orbit or in highly inclined large distances. They transmit both, the analog and
elliptical orbit. digital signals. They are easy to install and cost
Ø A remote sensing satellite takes, photographs effective.
of a particular region which nearly the same Ø Coaxial wire lines: It consists of a central
illumination every time it passes through that copper wire (which transmits surrounded by a PVC
region. insulation over which a sleeve of copper mesh (outer
Ø The most useful remote sensing technology is conductor) is placed. The outer conductor is
that it makes possible the repetitive surveys of
normally connected to ground and thus it
vast areas in a very short time, even if the areas
provides an electrical shield to the signals
are inaccessible.
Ø Space based remote sensing is a new technology. carried by the central conductor. The outer
It has high potential for applications in nearly conductor is externally covered with a polymer
all aspects of resource management. jacket for protection.
Ø The Indian remote sensing satellites are
IRS-1A, IRS-1B, and IRS-1C.
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 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI
(a) Co-axial line wires can be used for microwaves Ø TELEPHONE LINKS
and ultra-high frequency waves. (1) A telephone (the most common means of
(b) The communication through co-axial lines is more communication) link can be established with the help
efficient than through a twisted pair wire lines. of co-axial cables, ground waves, sky waves,
(c) Co-axial cables can be gas filled also. To reduce microwaves or optical fiber cables.
flash over between the conductor handling high (2) Simultaneous transmission of a number of messages
power, N 2 -gas is used in the cable. over a single channel without their interfering with
Ø Impedance of Line one another is called multiplexing.
(1)Each portion of the transmission line can be (3) Twisted pair wire lines provide a band width of 2
considered as a small inductor, resistor and MHz, while co-axial cable provides a band width
capacitor. As a result each length of transmission of 20 MHz. For further increase in band width, we
line has characteristic impedance. use (i) microwave link (ii) communication satellite
(2) In case of co-axial cable, the dielectric can be r link.
epresented by a shunt resistance G. Ø OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
(3) When co-axial cable is used to transmit a radio The use of optical carrier waves for transmission
frequency signal, X L and X C are large as of information from one place to another is called
compared to R and G respectively. Hence R and optical communication.
G can be neglected. The information carrying capacity ∝ bandwidth
(4) In co-axial cable, R is zero, so no loss of energy ∝ frequency of carrier wave. Because of high
and hence no attenuation of frequency signal frequency (10 12 Hz to 10 16 Hz) optical
occurs when transmitted along it. That’s why co- communication is better than others. (radio and
axial cables are specially used in cable TV microwave frequencies,106 Hz – 1011 Hz).
network. Basic optical communication link is a point to
Ø Characteristic impedance (Z 0 ) : It is defined point link having transmitter at one end, receiver
as the impedance measured at the input of a line at the other end and consists of three components
of infinite length. namely
276 2s (1) Optical source and modulator
a)For parallel line Z0 = k log d (2) Optical signal detector or photodetector
d = Diameter of each wire (3) Optical fibre cable through which optical
s = Separation between the two wires signal is transmitted.
k = Dielectric constant of the insulating medium Ø Optical sources for communication
138 D links
b) For co-axial line wire Z0 = log
k d Light emitting diodes (LED) and diode lasers
d = Diameter of inner conductor are preferred for optical source. LEDs are used
D = Diameter of outer conductor for small distance transmission while diode laser
is used for very large distance transmission.
L
c) At radio frequency Z 0 = For optical communication, light is to be
C
modulated with the information signal. The
The usual range of characteristic impedance for frequency and intensity of light is sensitive to
parallel wire lines is 150W to 600 W and for temparature changes,which is to be avoided. So
co-axial wire it is 40 W to 150 W. suitable arrangement isrequired to obtain
Ø Velocity factor of a line (v. f.) : It is the ratio thermal stability.
of reduction of speed of light in the dielectric of
the cable Ø Optical signal detector or
v Speed of light in medium 1
photodetector:
v. f . = = = The optical signal reaching the receiving end has to
c Speed of light in vacuum K
be detected by a detector which converts light
For a line v.f. is generally of the order of 0.6 to 0.9.

34 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
intoelectrical signals, So that the transmitted so that antenna properly senses the time variation
information may be decoded. of the signal.
The optical detector should have Example1: For an electromagnetic wave of
(i) size compatible with the fibre f = 20 kHz, λ = 15 km Obviously, such a long
(ii) High sensitivity at the desired optical wavelength antenna is not possible to construct and operate.
(iii) High response for fast speed data transmission/ Hence direct transmission of such baseband signals
reception. is not practical.
Semiconductor based photo-electors are used Example2: If f = 1 MHz, then λ = 300 m
because they fullfill the above criteria h = 75 m
Ø MODULATION AND ITS NECESSITY : Therefore, there is a need of translating the
Message signals are also called base band signals. information contained in our original low
Which essentially designate the band of frequencies frequency baseband signal into high or radio
representing the original signal, as delivered by the frequencies before transmission.
source of information. No signal, is a single Ø Additional Information:
frequency sinusoid, but it spreads over a range of (a) The distance between transmitting antenna
frequencies called the signal bandwidth to transmit
an electric signal frequency less than 20 kHz) over and the horizon, Dt = 2Rht .
a long distance directly. It is clear that low frequency Where ht = height of transmitting antenna
waves, can not travel long distances. Hence, to R = Radius of the earth
transmit low frequency wave over long distance, (b) The distance between receiving antenna and
we take the help of high frequency waves called the horizon, Dr = 2Rhr .
carrier wave. The low frequency wave is
Where hr = height of receiving antenna
superposed over high frequency carrier wave. This
(c) The maximum distance between the
process is called the modulation. The low frequency
wave is called the modulating wave and the high transmitting antenna and receiving antenna Dm .
frequency wave is called the carrier wave, and Dm = Dr + Dt
the resultant wave is called modulated wave. In
this section we will discuss in detail about Dm = 2 R hr + 2 R h t .
modulation. What is it? What is the need of Where R is the radius of earth.
modulation or how modulation is done etc. hr > h t so then the receiving antenna intercepts
No signal in general, is a single frequency but it
spreads over a range of frequencies called the the line of sight waves.
signal bandwidth. Suppose we with to transmit Ø Single antenna
an electronic signal in the audio-frequency (d) The radius "d" of the area covered by a single
(20Hz-20kHz) range over a long distance. Can transmitting tower of height h is given by d =
we do it? No it cannot because of the following 2R eh . Where Re is the radius of the Earth.
problems.
(e) If the Population density around the tower is
Ø Size of antenna : For transmitting a signal we
given, the number of persons covered by the
need an antenna. This antenna should have a size
tower is
comparable to the wavelength of the signal. For
= (Area covered by the tower) x Population
an electromagnetic wave of frequency 20kHz,
wave length is 15km. Obviously such a long density No. of persons covered = π d2 x
antenna is not possible and hence direct Population- density.
transmission of such signal is not practical. Ø Effective power radiated by an antenna
The linear size of the antenna must be the order Power radiated by an antenna is proportional to
of the wave length and for effective transmission  l 
λ  2  . Where l is length of the antenna .
its length must be h = λ 
4
NARAYANAGROUP 35
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI
For a good transmissmission,high powers are Ø According to the type of modulation
required, hence low wavelength i.e high For sinusodial continuous carrier waves
frequency transmissions are needed. i) Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Ø Mixing up of signals from different ii) Frequency Modulation (FM)
transmitters iii) Phase Modulation
Suppose many people are talking at the same time Ø For pulsed carrier waves
or many transmitters are transmitting baseband i) Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
information signals simultaneously. All these signals ii) Pulse Time Modulation (PTM)
will get mixed up and there is no simple way to a) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
distinguish between them. This points out towards b) Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse
a possible solution by using communication at high Duration Modulation (PDM)
frequencies and alloting a band of frequencies to iii) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
each mesage signal for its transmission.
In doing so, we take the help of a high frequency MODULATION
signal, known as the carrier wave, and a process
known as modulation which attaches information Continuous wave Pulse wave
modulation modulation
to it.
Ø Modulation: The process of superimposing
information contained in the low frequency , Amplitude
modulation
Frequency
modulation
Phase
modulation
message signal on a high frequency carrier wave,
near transmitter is known as modulation.
Pulse Pulse time Pulse code
Amplidude modulation modulation

Source of
Modulator
Original Information Baseband Modulated
Pulse
signal signal signal Pulse width position
Carrier modulation modulation
wave row

Oscillator
I) Continuous Wave Modulation
Eqution representing sinusoidal carrier wave can
Ø TYPES OF MODULATION:
The carrier wave may be continuous (sinusoidal) c ( t ) = Ac sin ( ωct + φ ) ----(1)
or in the form of pulses as shown in figure(2). where c(t) is the signal strength (voltage or
current),
2π
Time period T ω=
T
Ac is the amplitude
Amplitude

Pulse Pulse (a)

time
(ω t + φ )
c is called argument of Phase angle of
rise duration the carrier wave
Pulse fall
Pulse
Amplitude ωc ( = 2π f c ) is the angular frequency
(b) φ is the initial phase of the carrier wave. During
Therefore depending upon the specific the process of modulation, any of the two
parameters, viz amplitude or phase angle, of the
characteristicof carrier wave which is being
carrier wave can be controlled by the message
varied in accordance with the message signal,
or information signal. This results in two types
modulation can basically be differentiated as
of modulations:
(i) continuous wave modulation; and
(ii) pulse wave modulation. i) Amplitude modulation (AM)
ii) Angle modulation

36 NARAYANAGROUP
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Angle modulation again can be of two types. They c ( t ) = Ec sin ωc t represent carrier wave. Here
are
i) Frequency modulation (FM) ωc = 2π f c is the angular frequncy of the carrier
ii) Phase modulation (PM) signal
As shown in figure.
Wave
+ One
1 Cycle One

Current, or Power
Relative Voltage
c(t) 0 (a) Cycle
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 Peak
1 0 to peak
m(t) 0 (b) Amplitude
-1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
2 _ Time Time Axis
c(t)
m for AM 0 (c)
-2 Starting point
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1
c(t)
m for FM 0
-1
(d)
The modulated signal cm ( t ) can be written as
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1
c(t)
m for PM 0
-1
(e)
cm ( t ) = ( Ec + Em sin ωmt ) sin ωct ----(1)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 time 3

 E 
II) Pulse Wave Modulation. cm ( t ) = Ac 1+ m sinωmt sinωct -----(2)
The significant characteristics of a pulse are: i)  Ec 
Pulse amplitude
ii) Pulse duration or pulse width cm ( t ) = Ec sin ωct + µ Ec sin ω mt sin ω ct --(3)
iii) pulse position (denoting the time of rise or Using the trignometric relation
fall of the pulse amplitude) as shown in figure
( cos ( A − B ) − cos ( A + B ) ) , we
1
(3). sin A sin B =
2
Types of pulse modulation:
a) pulse amplitude modulation (PAM), can write cm ( t ) of equation (3) as
b) pulse duration modulation (PDM) or pulse
µAc µ Ac
width modulation (PWM) cm ( t ) = Ac sin ωct + cos (ωc − ωm ) t − cos (ωc + ωm ) t
c) pulse position modulation (PPM). 2 2

I Continuous Wave Modulation: -----(4) Here

1) Amplitude Modulation: ωc − ωm = 2π ( f c − f m ) = Lower side band
The method in which the amplitude of carrier is frequency (LSB)
varied in accordance with the modulating signal
ωc + ωm = 2π ( f c + f m ) =Upper side band
keeping the frequency and phase of carrier wave
constant is called amplitude modulation (AM). frequency (USB)
Here we explain amplitude modulation process Here (m or µ = Em / Ec ) is the modulation index;
using a sinusoidal signal as the modulating (or) modulating factor.
signal. In practice, µ is kept ≤ 1 to avoid distorition.
Let m ( t ) = Em sinωmt represent the message or Am
Depth of modulation = A × 100 = µ × 100
the modulating or base band signal. Here C

ω m = 2π f m is the angular frequency of the Depth of modulation interms of Emax and Emin
message signal.
mE C
+
EC
0

_
A-F Signal

A.M. Wave
NARAYANAGROUP 37
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Emax = Ec + Em = E c (1 + m) Amplitudechangeincarrier wave 2A − A

= = 100%
Emin = Ec − E m = E c (1 − m) AmplitudeofCW A
Case-III: When the amplitude of the signal is half of
Emax Ec + Em Ec (1 + m)
= = that of CW.
Emin Ec − Em Ec (1 − m)
 A
Amplitude of CW changes from A to  A+ 2 =1.5A
 

A 1.5A
0.5A
+ =

The Band width of AM wave is " 2 fm "

Carrier Signal A.M. Wave
The modulated signal now consists of the carrier
0.5A
wave of frequency ωc plus two sinusoidal Modulation factor = = 0.5
A
waves each with a frequency slightly different = 5 0 %
fromωc , known as side bands. The frequency Case-IV: When the amplitude of signal is 1.5 times
spectrum of the amplitude modulated signal is that of the CW.
shown in Amplitude of the modulated wave changes from
2.5 A to A
2.5A
AG A 1.5A
+ =
µAG
Amplitude
2
Carrier Signal A.M. Wave

( ωC -ω m) ωC ( ωC+ωm) ω in radians 2.5A − A

figure (5) A plot or amplitude versus ω for Modulation factor ma =
= 1.5 = 150 %.
an amplitude modulated signal A
In this case the quality of signal is lost
As long as the broadcast frequencies (carrier Note:A carrier wave is modulated by a number of
waves) are sufficiently spaced out so that sine waves with modulation indices m1 , m2 and
sidebands do not overlap, different stations can m3 . The total modulation index of the wave is
operate without interfering with each other.
Special cases of Amplitude modulation: m = m12 + m22 + m32
CaseI: In the absence of signal. Ø Power out put in AM wave
A
+ No Signal =
A Pt = Pc + Ps
A
where Pt is power transmitted
Carrier Signal A.M. Wave

O Pc is power of carrier wave

Modulation factor ma = x100 = 0%
A Ps is total power of side bands
Case-II: When the signal amplitude is equal to CW The equation of a carrier wave Yc = Ac sin ( wc t + φ )
wave.
2
Amplitude varies from 2A to zero.  Ac 
 
Power of carrier wave P = [ Arms ]
2 2
 2 A
2A c = = c
A A R R 2R
+ =
A
The power of side bands = The power of lower
Carrier Signal A.M. Wave side band + the power of upper side band

38 NARAYANAGROUP
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 ( µ Ac )   A
22 Here the modulating signal Am sin ωm t is added to

 2 / 2 µ c / 2 
the carrier signal Ac sinωct to produce signal
Ps =   + 2 
R R
x ( t ) = Am sin ωm t + Ac sinω ct
µ Ac µ
2 2 2
This signal is passed through a square law device
= = Pc
4R 2 which is a non linear device that can give tha output

µ2 y ( t ) = Bx ( t ) + Cx 2 ( t ) where B and C are

Pt = Pc + Ps = Pc + Pc constants
2
Thus,
 µ  2
y ( t ) = BAm sin ωm t + BAc sin ωc t
= Pc  1 + 
 2 
+C  Am2 sin 2 ωmt + Ac2 sin 2 ωct + 2 Am Ac sin ω mt sin ωct -(6)
 µ2  CAm2 CA2 CA2
∴ Pt = Pc  1+  − − − −(1) = BAm sinω mt + BAc sinωct +
2
+ Ac2 − m cos2ω mt − c cos2ω ct
2 2
 2 
+ CAm Ac cos ( ωc − ωm ) t − CAm Ac cos ( ωc + ω m ) t -(7)
Pt µ 2
Where the trignometric relations
⇒ = 1+ − − − −(2)
Pc 2 sin 2 A = (1 − cos2 A) / 2 and the relation for
2 sinA sinB mentioned earilier are used.
i  µ2
⇒  t  =1 + − − − − (3) Q P α i 2 
 ic  2 In equation, there is a dc term c / 2 ( Am2 + Ac2 )
and sinusoids of frequencies
Example: If the modulation factor is 1 ie 100 % ω m , 2ωm , ωc , 2ωc , ωc − ω m and ωc + ωm . As
1 shown in figure this signal is passed through a
modulation then the useful power is of the band pass filter which rejects dc and the
3
total power radiated. The remaining 2/3 power is sinusoids of frequencies ω m , 2ω m and 2ωc and
contained by carrier wave
retains the frequencies ω c , ω c − ωm and ωc + ωm .
Ps ma 1 2Pc 2 2 The output of the band pass filter therefore is of
= = = =
PT 2 + ma 2 3 and PT 2 + ma 3
2
the same form as equation(4) and is therefore an
AM wave.
It is to be mentioned that the modulated signal
m2
Transmission Efficiency η = cannot be transmitted as such. The modulator is
2 + m2 to be followed by a power amplifier which
PRODUCTION OF AMPLITUDE provides the necessary power and then the
MODULATED WAVE modulated signal is fed to an antenna of
Amplitude modulation can be produced by a variety appropriate size for radiation as shown in
of methods. A conceptually simple method is shown figure(7).
in the block diagram of Fig.
Transmitting
Antenna

m(t)
Amplitude Power
Modulator Amplifier
Message
signal

Carrier

Figure(7)
NARAYANAGROUP 39
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI

Ø A-M Transmitter. 3) The AM wave input is shown in figure. It appears

In the block diagram of the AM transmitter the at the output of the diode across PQ as a rectified
r-f section consists of an oscillator feeding a wave (since a diode conducts only in the positive
buffer, which in turn feeds a system of frequency half cycle). This rectified wave after passing through
multipliers and/or intermediate power the RC network does not contain the radio
amplifiers. If frequency multiplication is frequency carrier component. Instead, it has only
unneccessary, the buffer feeds directly into the the envelope of the modulated wave.
intermediate power amplifiers which, in turn, drive P
the final power amplifier. The input to the antenna
is taken from the final power amplifier.
AM
Antenna C R Output
Wave Input

Int
Power
CSC Buffer Power
Amp
Amp

AM Wave Envelope m(t) Output

Rectifier
Audio A-M Detector
Amp Mod (a) (b) (c)
Mike
Amplitude-Modulated Transmitter

time time time

Ø Detection of amplitude modulated wave
AM input wave Rectified Output (without RF
The transmitted message gets attenuated in wave component)
propagating through the channel. The receiving
antenna is therefore to be followed by an The capacitor connected in parallel with resistance
amplifier and a detector. In addition, to facilitate R provides very low impedance at the carrier
further processing, the carrier frequency is frequency and a much higher impedance at the
usually changed to a lower frequency by what is modulating frequency. As a result capacitor
called an intermediate frequency (IF) stage effectively shorts or filters out the carrier, there by
preceding the detection. The detected signal leaving the original modulating signal
may not be strong enough to be made use of and In the actual circuit the value of RC (The time
hence is required to be amplified. A block 1
diagram of a typical receiver is shown in figure. constant, t=RC ) is chosen such that f << RC ;
c

where f C = frequency of carrier signal.

Receiving Distortion in diode detectors: There are two types
Antenna of distortions in diode detectors. Namely
a) Negative peak clipping

If Output
Amplifier Detector Amplifier
Received stage
Signal time

Ø Simple demodulator circuit :

1) A diode can be used to detect or demodulate Figure shows the negative peak missing in the
an amplitude modulated (AM) wave. output message We know that
2) A diode basically acts as a rectifier i.e. it E I where
Modulation Index(m)= m = m
reduces the modulated carrier wave into positive E C Ic
envelope only.

40 NARAYANAGROUP
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Em E W.E-1: The load on an Am diode detector consists

Im = and Ic = c of a resistance of 50 K Ω in parallel with a
Zm Rc
capacitor of 0.001 µ F . Determine the
Here z m is audio load resistance of diode and Rc is maximum modulation index that the detector
dc diode resistance while z m < Rc can handle without distortion when
modulation frequency is (i) 1 kHz (ii) 5 kHz.
hence I m > Ic . This makes the modulation index
1
in the demodulated wave higher than it was in Zm = Rc P C =
1 1
2 +
modulated wave applied at the detector. In turn Sol:
( Rc ) ( X c )
2
there is an increase in the chance of over
modulation for modulation index nearer to 100%
Due to this over modulation there is a negative Z
clipping of the detector wave. M max = m
Rc
b) Diagonal clipping:
1
1. Diode ac load may no longer be purely resistive, =
it can contain reactive component. 1 1
Rc 2 +
( Rc ) ( X c )
2
2. At high modulation depths current will be
changing so fast that the time constant of the load
1
may be too slow to follow the changes. As a =
1 + ( 2π fCRc )
2
result current will decay exponentially. Hence
output voltage follows the discharge law of the
CR circuit For f =1 kHz
1
Too quick reduced Mmax = = 0.945
1 + 0.098696
Voltage

sensitivity
for f = 5 kHz
time
(a) 1
Mmax= = = 0.537
Too slow 1+ 2.4674
Voltage

Ø Limitation of amplitude modulation

(i) Noisy reception
time (ii) Low efficiency
(b)
(iii) Small operating range
3. Condition necessary for avoiding distortion of (iv) Poor audio quality
this type is as follows. 2) Angle modulation:
Em mEc E The angle of the carrier wave is varied according to
Im = = and Ic = c the base band signal while the amplitude is maintained
Zm Zm Rc
constant. This method provides better discrimination
I m mEc Z m mRc against NOISE and INTERFERENCE then the
md = = = Amplitude modulation
Ic Ec Rc Zm There are two ways of varying the angle of the
Maximum value of mdMaximum = 1 carrier.
So maximum permissible transmitted modulation θ i ( t ) is the angle of moduilated sinusoidal
Zm Zm carrier assumed to be a function of the message
index will be M max imum = md R = 1 × R signal.
c c

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Equation of the angle modulated wave is e) Carrier swing (CS): The total variation in
frequency from the lowest to the highest is called
S ( t ) = Ac cos (θi ( t ) ) the carrier swing i.e. CS = 2 δ f
where Ac is amplitude of the carrier. f) Frequency modulation index (mf -) :
Instantaneous frequency of the angle modulated The ratio of maximum frequency deviation to the
modulating frequency is called modulation index.
1 dθ i ( t )
wave is f i ( t ) = mf =
δ f −f f −f
= max c = c min =
k f Em
2π dt fm fm fm fm

dθ ( t ) g) Frequency spectrum: FM side band

here i is the angular velocity of the PHASOR modulated signal consist of infinite number of
dt side bands whose frequencies are
of length Ac ( fc ± fm), ( fc ± 2 fm), ( fc ± 3 fm) .......
a) By varying the frequencyωc , Frequency The number of side bands depends on the
Modulation. modulation index mf .
Band width = 2n × fm ; where n = number of
b) By varying the phaseφc , Phase Modulation. significant side band pairs
h) Deviation ratio: The ratio of maximum
FM Modulator FM Modulator permitted frequency deviation to the maximum
m(t) FM m(t) PM permitted audio frequency is
Modulator Modulator
max (∆f )
known as deviation ratio. ( = ( f ) )
m max
m(t) PM m(t) Different- FM
Integrator
Modulator -iator Modulator i) Percent modulation: The ratio of actual
frequency deviation to the maximum followed
A comparison of FM and PM modulators.
frequency deviation
i)Frequency modulation (FM) (∆f ) actual
m=
The method in which the frequency of carrier is (∆f ) max
varied in accordance to the modulating signal, j) Frequency spectra of fm waves under
keeping the amplitude and phase of the carrier various conditions.
the same is called Frequency modulation (FM) fm=1kHz ∆f=5kHz
Amplitude

Amplitude

a) Audio quality of AM transmission is poor. ∆f=0.5 ∆f=0.5

There is need to eliminate amplitude sensitive fm fm
noise. This is possible if we eliminate amplitude
Frequency Frequency
variation.
fm=1kHz ∆f=5kHz
Amplitude

Amplitude

b) In FM the overall amplitude of FM wave ∆f=1.0 ∆f=1.0

remains constant at all times. fm fm
c) In FM, the total transmitted power remains
constant. Frequency Frequency
d) Frequency deviation: The maximum fm=1kHz fm=5kHz
change in frequency from mean value (f c) is ∆f=0.5 ∆f=5.0
Amplitude

Amplitude

fm fm
known as frequency deviation. This is also the
change or shift either above or below the Frequency Frequency
frequency f c and is called as frequency deviation.
fm=1kHz fm=5kHz
Em ∆f=10.0 ∆f=10.0
Amplitude

Amplitude

δ = ( fmax − fc ) = fc − fmin = k f . fm fm
2π
k f = Constant of proportionality.
Frequency Frequency
It determines the maximum variation in frequency (A) Constant Modulating (B) Constant Frequency
of the modulated wave for a given modulating Frequency Deviation
∆f Frequency fm Modulation ∆f Modulation
signal. Deviation Frequency fm
Index

42 NARAYANAGROUP
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W.E-2: The carrier frequency is 500 kHz. The ii)Pulse time modulation (PTM):
modulating frequency is 15 kilohertz and the Or
deviation frequency is 75 kilohertz. Find Pulse duration modulation(PDM)
a) modulation index a) Pulse width modulation (PWM):
b) Number of side bands The pulse duration varies in accordance with
c) Band width the modulating signal, or the width of the
∆f unmodulated signal is constant.
Sol: MI = f = 5 b) Pulse position modulation (PPM):
m
In PPM, the position of the pulses of the carrier
We can have that there are 16 significant
wave train is varied in accordance with the
sidebands for a modulation index of 5.
instantaneous value of the modulating signal.
iii) Pulse code modulation (PCM):
500 kHz

The pulse amplitude, pulse width and pulse

455

545
485

515

position modulations are not completely digital.

440

470

530

560

605
395

A completely digital modulation is obtained by

380

425

575

620
410

590

pulse code modulation (PCM) by following

three operations.
Transmitter Deviation
75 kHz 75 kHz
(a) Sampling: It is the process of generating pulses
of zero width and of amplitude equal to the
Bandwidth
instantaneous amplitude of the analog signal. The
To determine total bandwidth for this case, number of samples taken per second is called
we use: bW = f m × ( number of sidebands ) sampling rate.
(b) Quantization: The process of dividing the
bW = 15 x 16=240 kHz maximum amplitude of the analog voltage signal
ii) Phase Modulation (PM), phase of carrier is varied into a fixed number of levels is called
in accordance with modulating signal keeping quantization.
namplitude and frequency constant. We use the (c) Coding: The process of digitizing the quantised
term phase shift to characterize such changes. If pulses according to some code is called coding.
phase changes after cycle k, the next sinusoidal Ø Digital Communication And Quantisation
wave will start slightly later than the time at
Of Message Signal
which cycle k completes.
(Data Transmission and Retrieval)
Data means facts, concepts or instructions
time suitable for communication, interpretation or
processing by human beings or by automatic
means. Data in most cases consists of pulse type
of signals.
II) pulse wave modulation. In digital communication the modulating signals
Here the carrier wave is in the form of pulses. are discrete and are coded as represen tation of
Pulse modulation is an analog process as the message signals to be transimitted. There are a
modulating signal is analog. No. of quantization number of encoding steps in digital communication,
levels = 2n which makes its circutary complicated. Digital
bitrate = sampling rate × no. of bits per sample communication is error free and noise
The common pulse modulating systems are: free.
i) Pulse amplitude modulation(PAM): The source encoder converts the informat i o n
The amplitude of the pulse varies in accordance into binery code. Encoder first digitise the analog
with the modulating signal. waveform. Some times an additional encoding

NARAYANAGROUP 43
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called channel encoding is carried out. In the Ø MODEM AND FAX

final step, before transmission,the channel codes (1) Modem: Modems are used to interface two
modulate a continuous wave form. digital sources/receivers.
The pulse code modulated (PCM) signal is a series i) Word modem implies
of 1’s and 0’s. The following three modulation MODulator and DEModulator. Both the
techniques are used to transmit a PCM signal. functions (modulation and demodulation) are
(1) Amplitude shift keying (ASK): included in a signal unit.
Two different amplitudes of the carrier represent Modem-1
Modem-2
the two binary values of the PCM signal. This Business Modulator
machine
method is also known as on-off keying (OOK) or Computer
Communication Data
computer
1: Presence of carrier of same constant amplitude. or data Section
Channel display
code machine
0: Carrier of zero amplitude. generator
Demodu-
-lator
(2) Frequency shift keying (FSK): The binary
Section Receiver side
values of the PCM signal are represented by two Transmitter side
frequencies. ii) Modems are placed at both ends of the
1: Increase in frequency communication circuit.
0: Frequency unaffected iii) The modem at the transmitting station changes
(3) Phase shift keying (PSK): The phase of the
the digital output from a computer to an analog
carrier wave is changed in accordance with signal, which can be easily sent via
modulating data signal. communication channel. While the receiving
1: Phase changed by p modem reverses the process.
0: Phase remains unchanged. iv)There are three modes of operation of a
The analog signal is sampled by the sampler.
modem.
The sampled pulses are then quantized. The (a) Simplex mode: Data is transmitted in only
encoder codes the quantized pulses according one direction.
to the binary codes. After modulating the PCM (b) Half duplex: Data is transmitted between the
signal (by ASK, FSK or PSK method)the transmitter and the receiver in both direction,
modulated signal is, then transmitted into free
but only in one direction at a time.
space in the form of bits. (c) Full duplex: Data are transmitted between
the transmitter and receiver in both directions at
the same time.
(2) Fax (Facsimile transmission): The electronic
(A) Carrier Wave
reproduction of a document at a distance place
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
is known as facsimile transmission (FAX).
The original written document is converted into
(B) Modulating source code
transmittable codes and is converted in to
electrical signals, which are then modulated and
transmitted on to the receiving end.
Ø The Internet : It is a system with billions of
(C) ASK Modulated wave users worldwide. It permits communication and
sharing of all types of information between any
two or more computers connected through a large
and complex network. It was started in 1960’s
(D) FSK Modulated wave
and opened for public use in 1990’s. With the
passage of time it has witnessed tremendous
growth and it is still expanding its reach. Its
applications include.
(E) PSK Modulated wave

44 NARAYANAGROUP
JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Ø Email: It permits exchange of text/ graphic material or even less depending upon the number of
using email software. We can write a letter and send customers. When a mobile receiver crosses the
it to the recipient through ISP’s (internet Service coverage area of one base station, it is necessary
Providers) who work like the dispatching and for the mobile user to be transferred to another
receiving post offices. base staion. This process is called handover or
Ø File transfer: A FTP (File Transfer Programmes) handoff. This process is carried out very rapidly,
allows transfer of files/software from one to the extent that the consumer does not even
computer to another connected to the internet. notice it. Mobile telephones operate typically
Ø World Wide Web (WWW): Computers that in the UHF range of frequencies (about 800-950
store specific information for sharing with others MHz)
provide websites either directly or through web EXAMPLE PROBLEMS
service providers. Government departments, W.E-3:How many AM broadcast stations can be
companies, NGO’s (Non-Government accommodated in a 100 kHZ bandwidth if the
Organizations) and individuals can post highest modulating frequency of carrier is 5
information about their activities for resticted kHZ?
or free use on their websites. This information Sol. Any station being modulated by a 5 kHz singal
becomes accessible to the users. Several search will produce an upper side frequency 5 kHz
engines like Google, Yahoo!etc. help us in finding above its carrier and a lower side frequency 5
kHz below its carrier, thereby requiring a
information by listing the related websites.
bandwidth of 10 kHz. Thus, Number of stations
Hypertext is a powerful feature of the web that
accommodated
automatically links relevant information from
one page on the web to another using HTML Total bandwidth 100
= =10
(hypertext markup language) Bandwidth per station 10
Ø E-commerce: Use of the internet to promote W.E-4: How many 500 kHz waves can be on a
business using electronic means such as using 10km transmission line simultaneously?
credit cards is called E-commerce. Customers Sol: Let λ be the wavelength of 500 kHz signal. Then,
view images and receive all the information
c 3.0 ×108
about various products or services of companies λ= = m = 600m
through their websites. They can do on-line f 5.0 ×105
shopping from home/office. Goods are The number of waves on the line can be found
dispatched or services are provided by the from,
company through mail/courier. d 10 ×103
Ø Chat:Real time conversation among people with n= = = 16.67
λ 600
common interests through typed messages is W.E-5: A two wire transmission line has a
called chat. Everyone belonging to the chat capacitance of 20 pF/m and a characteristic
group gets the message instantaneously and can impedance of 50Ω
respond rapidly. a) What is the inductance per metre of this
Ø D.Mobile telephony : The concept of mobile cable?
telephony was developed first in 1970’s and it b) Determine the impedance of an infinitely
was fully implemented in the following decade. long section of such cable.
The central concept of this sytem is to divide Sol: a) The characteristic impedance. Z = L / C
the service area into a suitable number of cells
L = ( Z 2 ) ( C ) = ( 50 ) ( 20 ×10−12 ) H = 0.05H / m
2
centered on an office called MTSO (Mobile
Telephone Switching Office). Each cell contains b) The characteristic impedance of a
a low-power transmitter called a base station transmission line is the impedance that an infinite
and caters to a large number of mobile receivers length of line would present to a power supply
(popularly called cell phones). Each cell could at the input end of the line. Thus, Z∞ = Z 0 = 50Ω
have a service area of a few square kilometers
NARAYANAGROUP 45
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI

W.E-6: T.V. transmission tower at a particular i) f c = 100,000Hz = 100kHz

station has a height of 160m.
a) What is the coverage range? ii) f c − fs = 100,000 − 2000 = 98kHz
b) How much population is covered by iii) f c + fs = 100kHz + 2kHz = 102kHz
transmission, if the average population
Therefore, frequency spectrum of modulated wave
density around the tower is 1200 per km 2 ?
extends from 98kHz to 102 kHz is called band
c) What should be the height of tower to
width.
double the coverage range
W.E-8: The antenna current of an AM transmitter
Sol: a) Coverage range d = 2 Rh
is 8A when only the carrier is sent but it
= 2 × 6400 × 10 ×160m
3 increases to 8.93A when the carrier is
modulated. Find percent modulation.
= 45.254km
Sol. The modulated or total power carried by AM
b) Population covered
= ( populationdensity ) × ( area covered )  m2 
P
wave T = PC 1+ 
 2  . If R is load resistance.
= (1200 ) × (π d 2 )
I m is the current when carrier is modulated and
= ( 2400π Rh ) = 2400 × 3.14 × 6.4 ×103 × 0.16
I c the current when unmodulated, then
= 77.17 lac
c) Coverage range ∝ h PT I m2 R m 2 I m2 R
= ; ∴I + = 2
Therefore coverage range can be doubled by PC I c2 R 2 Ic R
making height of the tower four times to 640m.
So, height of the tower should be increased by Given I m = 8.93 A, Ic = 8 A
480 m.
 8.93 2 
W.E-7: An audio signal given by ∴ m = 2   − 1 ∴ m = 0.7
2

es = 15sin2π ( 200t ) modulates a carrier wave  8.0  

Therefore, percentage modulation = 70%
given by es = 60sin2π (100,000t ) . If calculate
W.E-9: A sinusoidal carrier voltage of 80 volts
a) Percent modulation amplitude and 1 MHz frequency is amplitude
b) Frequency spectrum of the modulated wave. modulated by a sinusoidal voltage of
Sol: a) Signal Amplitude, B = 15 frequency 5kHz producing 50% modulation.
Carrier amplitude, A = 60 Calculate the amplitude and frequency of
B 15 lower and upper side bands.
m= = = 0.25
A 60 Sol: Amplitude of both LSB and USB are equal and
∴ Percentage modulation = 0.25 ×100 = 25% given by
b) By comparing the given equations of signal mEc 0.5 × 80
= = = 20volts
and carrier with their standard form 2 2
es = Es sin ωs t = Es sin2π f s t and Now frequency of LSB = f − f c s
ec = Ec sin ωc t = Ec sin2π f c t
= (1000 −5) kHz = 995kHz
we have signal frequency f s = 2000Hz and
Frequency of USB = f c + fs
carrier frequency f c = 100,000Hz
The frequencies present in modulated wave = (1000 +5 ) kHz =1005kHz

46 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
W.E-10: The load current in the transmitting W.E-12: A transmitting antenna at the top of a
antenna of an unmodulated AM transmitter tower has a height 32m and the height of the
is 6 Amp. What will be the antenna current receiving antenna is 50m. What is the
when modulation is 60%. maximum distance between them for
Sol: Total power carried by AM wave satisfactory communication in LOS mode?
Given radius of earth 6.4 ×106 m .
 m2 
PT = PC  1 +  ......(1)
 2  Sol: d m = 2 × 64 × 105 × 32 + 2 × 64 ×105 × 50m

Where Pc is the power of carrier component and = 64 ×10 2 × 10 + 8 ×103 × 10m

m is the modulation factor. If R is the resistance, = 144× 102 × 10m = 45.5km
I m the antenna load current when modulation is W.E-13: A message signal of frequency 10 kHz
60% and I c is the antenna load current when un and peak voltage of 10 volts is used to
modulate a carrier of frequency 1 MHz and
modulated, then
peak voltage of 20 volts. Determine
PT I m2 R m2 Im2 a) modulation index
= 2 ,∴1 + = 2 using (1)
PC I c R 2 Ic b) the side bands produced.
Sol: a) modulation index = 10/20 = 0.5
 m   b) The side bands are at
2
I = I  1 +  
or m c
 2   (1000 + 10 ) kHz = 1010
Given I c = 6 Amp, m = 0.6 kHz & (1000 − 10kHz ) = 990kHz . are
1/2
frequency.
 ( 0.6 )2 
I m = 6 1 +  = 6 [1.086] = 6.52 Amp
 2  C. U. Q
W.E-11: A carrier wave of 1000 W is subjected to 1. A transducer used at the transmitting end,
100% modulation. Calculate (i) Power of serves the purpose of converting
modulated wave, (ii) power is USB, (iii) power 1) electrical signal to sound form
is LSB 2) sound signal to electrical form
Sol: i) Total power of modulated wave 3) electrical signal to magnetic form
4) sound signal to magnetic form
 m2   12 
PT = PC  1 +  = 1000 1 +  = 1500watt 2. In a communication system, noise is most likely
 2  ;  2 to affect the signal
1) at the transmitter
1
ii) Power in USB = PSB 2) in the medium of transmission
2 3) information source signal
Where power carried by side bands is given by 4) at the destination
amplitude modulation and detection 3. Device that converts one form of energy into
 m2   12  another is called
PSB = PC   ; = 1000   = 500watt 1) transmitter 2) transducer
 2  2 3) receiver 4) channel
1 1 4. The part of communication system that
PUSB = PSB = × 500 = 250watt extracts the signal at the output of the channel
2 2
is
iii) Since power in LSB = Power in USB
1) transducer 2) transmitter
PLSB = PUSB = 250watt 3) receiver 4) receiver or transmitter

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 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI

5. The attenuation of a signal is compensated by 14. The short wave Radio broadcasting band is
1) rectifier 2) oscillator 1) 7 MHz to 22 MHz
3) modulator 4) amplifier 2) 88 MHz to 108 MHz
BAND WIDTH OF SIGNALS & BAND 3) 30 KHz to 300 KHz
WIDTH OF TRANSMISSION 4) 3 GHz to 30 GHz
6. Modern communication systems use 15. The FM Radio broad casting band is
1) 5 MHz to 30 MHz
1) analog circuits
2) 88 MHz to 108 MHz
2) digital circuits
3) 30 KHz to 300 KHz
3) combination of analog & digital circuits
4) 3 GHz to 30 GHz
4) radio circuits
16. The TV broad casting bands are
7. The audio signal
1) MF and HF bands
1) can be sent directly over the air for large
2) VHF and UHF bands
distance
3) UHF and SHF bands
2) can not be sent directly over the air for large
4) SHF and EHF band
distance
17. A: Satellite communication uses different
3) possesses very high frequency
frequency bands for uplink and downlink
4) possesses very low frequency B: Bandwidth of video signals is 4.2 MHz
8. A digital signal possess 1) A is true but B is false
1) continuously varying values 2) A is false but B is true
2) only two discrete values 3) A and B are false
3) only four discrete values 4) A and B are true
4) constant values 18. A: The frequency band of VHF is greater than
9. Digital signals UHF of TV transmission
1) provide continuous set of values B: Optical fiber transmission has frequency
2) represent values as randomly band of 1 THz to 1000 THz
3) Utilise Decimal code system 1) A is true but B is false
4) Utilise binary code system 2) A is false but B is true
10. Digital signals 3) A and B are false 4) A and B are true
i) do not provide a continuous set of values. 19. The higher frequency TV broad casting bands
ii) represents values as descrete steps. range is
iii) can utilize binary system 1) 54 - 72 MHz and 76 to 88 MHz
iv) can utilize decimal as well as binary system. 2) 174 - 216 MHz and 420 to 890 MHz
The true option is. 3) 896 to 901 MHz and 840 to 935 MHz
1) (i) & (ii) only 2) (ii) & (iii) only 4) 5.925 to 6.425 GHz and 3.7 to 4.2 GHz
3) (i), (ii) & (iii) only 4) (i),(ii),(iii)& (iv)
20. Frequency ranges for micro waves are :
11 A digital signal 1) 3 ×109 to 3 ×10 4 Hz
1) is less reliable than analog signal
2) 3 ×1013 to 3 ×109 Hz
2) is more reliable than analog signal
3) is equally reliable as the analog signal 3) 3 ×1014 to 3 ×109 Hz
4) Not at all reliable 4) 3 ×1011 to 3 ×109 Hz
12. The band width required for transmiting video 21. The frequency band used for radar relay
signal is systems & T.V is
1) 50 KHz 2) 1 MHz 3) 4.2 MHz 4) 6 MHz 1) UHF 2) VLF 3) VHF 4) EHF
13. Band width of an optical fiber is 22. For TV transmission the frequency range
1) more than 100 GHz 2) few kHz employed (Karnataka 1990, 1989)
3) less than 1MHz 4) less than 1GHz 1) 30 - 300 MHz 2) 30 - 300 GHz
3) 30 - 300 KHz 4) 30 - 300 Hz

48 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
23. The frequency which is not part of AM 31. Audio signal cannot be transmitted because
broadcast 1) The signal has more noise
1) 100 kHz 2) 700 kHz 2) The signal cannot be amplified for distance
3) 600 kHz 4) 1500 kHz communication
24. Cellular Mobile works in the frequency range 3) The transmitting antenna length is very small to
of design
1) 840 to 935 MHz 2) 3.7 to 4.2 GHz 4) The transmitting antenna length is very large
3) 420 to 890 MHz 4) 30 to 300 GHz and impracticable
25. Frequency range used in down linking in PROPAGATION OF EM WAVES IN
satellite communication is THE ATMOSPHERE
1) 0.896 to 0.901 GHz 32. A signal emitted by an antenna from a certain
2) 0.420 to 0.890 GHz point can be received at another point of the
3) 5.925 to 6.425 GHz surface in the form of
4) 3.7 to 4.2 GHz 1) sky wave 2) ground wave
26. In the satellite communication, the uplinking 3) sea wave 4) both 1 and 2
frequency range is 33. An antenna is a device
1) 0.896 to 0.901 GHz 1) That converts electromagnetic energy into
2) 0.420 to 0.890 GHz radio frequency signal
3) 5.925 to 6.425 GHz 2) That converts radio frequency signal into
4) 3.7 to 4.2 GHz electromagnetic energy
27. In a communication system, noise is most likely 3) That converts guided electromagnetic waves
to affect the signal into free space electromagnetic waves and vice-
1) At the transmitter versa
2) In the channel or in the transmission line 4) None of these
3) In the information source 34. An antenna
4) At the receiver 1) Converts AF wave to RF wave
28. The frequency of a FM transmitter without 2) RF signal into electromagnetic energy
signal input is called 3) Converts the guided EM waves into free space
1) Lower side band frequency EM waves and vice versa
2) Upper side band frequency 4) Super imposes AF wave on RF wave
3) Resting frequency 35. An antenna behaves as a resonant circuit only
4) None of these when the length is
29. Indicate which one of the following system is 1) equal to ?/4
digital 2) equal to ?/2
1) Pulse position modulation 3) equal to the integral multiples of ?/2
2) Pulse code modulation
4) equal to 3?/4
3) Pulse width modulation
36. If audio signal is transmitted directly into
4) Pulse amplitude modulation
space, the length of the transmitting antenna
30. Television signals on earth cannot be received
required will be
at distances greater than 100km from the
1) extremely small 2)extremely large
transmission station. The reason behind this
3) infinitely large 4) moderate
is that
37. The height of the antenna
1) The receiver antenna is unable to detect the
a) limits the population covered by the
signal at a distance greater than 100 km transmission
2) The TV programme consists of both audio
b) limits the ground wave propagation
and video signals c) effectively used in line of sight
3) The TV signals are less powerful than radio communication
signals 1) a & b are true 2) b & c are true
4) The surface of earth is curved like a sphere 3) c & a are true 4) a, b,c are true

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38. Statement A: If the antenna is vertical the 44. The process of recovering the audio signal
vertically polarised EM wave is radiated from the modulated wave is known as
Statement B: The vertically polarised EM 1) amplification 2) rectification
wave has electrical variations in the vertical 3) modulation 4) demodulation
45. The most commonly employed analog
plane
modulation technique in satellite
1) A is true but B is false communication is the
2) A is false but B is true 1) amplitude modulation
3) A and B are false 4) A and B are true 2) frequency modulation
39. A: It is necessary for transmitting antenna 3) phase modulation
must be at same height as that of receiving 4) amplitude & phase modulation
antenna for line of sight communication. 46. The need for doing modulation is
B: EM waves of frequency beyond 40 MHz, 1) to increase the intensity of audio signal
propagate as space waves. 2) to decrease the intensity of audio signal
1) both A and B are correct 3) to transmit audio signal to large distances
4) to increase the frequency of the audio signal
2) both A and B are wrong
47. The type of modulation is employed in India
3) only A is correct for radio transmission is
4) only B is correct 1) pulse modulation
40. Broadcasting antennas are generally 2) frequency modulation
1) Omnidirectional type 3) amplitude modulation
2) Vertical type 4) phase modulation
3) Horizontal type 48. Modulation is used to
4) None of these 1) reduce the bandwidth
2) to seperate the transmission of different users
MODULATION
3) to ensure that intelligence may be
41. The process of superimposing signal frequency transmitted to long distances
(i.e. audio wave) on the carrier wave is known 4) to allow the uses of practical antenna
as 49. The process of translating the information
1)Transmission 2) Reception contained by the low base band signal to high
3)Modulation 4) Detection frequencies is called
42. In frequency modulation 1) Detection 2) Modulation
1) The amplitude of modulated wave varies as 3) Amplification 4) Demodulation
frequency of carrier wave 50. During the process of modulation the RF wave
is called
2) The frequency of modulated wave varies as
1) Modulating wave 2) Modulated wave
amplitude of modulating wave 3) Carrier wave 4) Audio wave
3) The amplitude of modulated wave varies as 51. Modulation is required to
amplitude of carrier wave a) distinguish different transmissions
4) The frequency of modulated wave varies as b) ensure that the information may be trans
frequency of modulating wave mitted over long distances
43. For transmitting audio signal properly c) allow the information accessible for
1) it is first superimposed on high frequency different people
carrier wave 1) a & b are true 2) b & c are true
2) it is first superimposed on low frequency 3) c & a are true 4) a, b & c are true
52. The physical quantities of the wave used for
carrier wave
modulation
3) It is sent directly without superimposing on 1) Amplitude only
any wave 2) Amplitude and frequency
4) it is superposed with carrier wave of high 3) Amplitude, frequency and phase
velocity 4) Only frequency

50 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
53. In Amplitude modulation 59. The limitation of amplitude modulation is
1) The amplitude of the carrier wave varies in 1) clear reception
accordance with the amplitude of the 2) high efficiency
modulating signal 3) small operating range
4) good audio quality
2) The amplitude of carrier wave remains constant,
60. In frequency modulation
frequency changes in accordance with the
1) Frequency of CW remains constant but
modulating signal amplitude changes in accordance with
3) The amplitude of carrier wave varies in modulating wave frequency
accordance with the frequency of the 2) Frequency of CW changes in accordance with
modulating signal the modulating wave frequency but the amplitude
4) The amplitude changes in accordance with also changes.
the wave length of the modulating signal 3) Frequency of CW changes in accordance with
54. Amplitude modulation is used for broad the frequency of modulating wave frequency but
casting because the amplitude remains constant.
1) it is more noise immune 4) Frequency of CW changes in accordance
2) it requires less transmitting power with the amplitude of modulating wave
amplitude
3) it has simple circuit
61. In T.V. broadcasting both picture and sound
4) it has high fidelity (faithful reproduction) are transmitted simultaneously. In this
55. In amplitude modulation, carrier wave 1) audio signal is frequency modulated and video
frequencies are ............... than that compared signal is amplitude modulated
to those in frequency modulation 2) both audio and video signals are frequency
1) lower 2) higher modulated
3) same 4) lower or higher 3) audio signal is amplitude modulated and video
56. AM is used for broad casting because, signal is frequency modulated
1) it is more noise immune than other modulating 4) both audio and video signals are amplitude
systems modulated
2) it requires less transmitting power compared 62. Effective power radiated by an antenna is
1) Proportional to the square at the length of the
with other systems
antenna
3) its use avoids receiver complexity 2) inversely proportional to the wavelength
4) no other modulation system can provide the 3) inversely proportional to the square of the
necessary bandwidth, faithful transmission. wavelength
57. Draw backs of Amplitude modulation 4) proportional to the wavelength
1) During transmission extreneous noise creeps 63. The concepts of communication are
in. a) mode of communication
2) Most of the transmitting power is wasted, as b) need for modulation
it does not contain useful information. c) types of modulation
3) The reception is not clear in the case of weak d) detection of modulated wave
signals due to noise 1) a, b, c are true 2) b, c, d are true
3) c, d, a are true 4) a, b, c & d are true
4) The receiver set is complex 64. The difference between phase and frequency
58. In amplitude modulation modulation
1) only amplitude is changed but frequency 1) practically they are same but theoretically
remains same they differ
2) both amplitude & frequency changes equally 2) lies in the poorer audio response of phase
3) both amplitude & frequency changes modulation
unequally 3) lies in the poorer audio response of frequency
4) only frequency changes but amplitude remains modulation
constant. 4) lies in the definitions of modulation and their
modulation index
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65. Basically, the product modulator is length of antenna

1) An amplifier 1)a & b 2) b& c 3) a & c 4) a,b & c
2) A mixer 74. The intensity of the ground waves decrease
3) A frequency separator with increase of distance due to
4) A phase separator 1) Interference 2) Diffraction
66. Which of the following is the disadvantage of 3) Polarization 4) Due to unknown reason
FM over AM 75. High frequency waves are
1) Larger band width requirement 1) absorbed by F layer
2) reflected by the E layer
2) Larger noise
3) capable of use for long distance transmission
3) Higher modulation power
4) affected by the solar cycle
4) Low efficiency
76. As the e.m. waves travel in free space
67. Audio signal cannot be transmitted as such
1) absorption takes place
because 2) attennuation takes place
1) the signal has more noise 3) refraction takes place
2) the signal cannot be amplified for distance 4) reflection takes place
communication 77. The electromagnetic waves of frequency 80
3) the transmitting antenna length is very small MHz and 200 MHz
to design 1) can be reflected by troposphere
4) the transmiting antenna length is very large 2) can be reflected by ionosphere
and impracticable 3) can be reflected by mesosphere
68. The examples of broadcast are 4) cannot be reflected by any layer of earth’s
A) radio B) television atmosphere
C) telephony D) internet 78. The better propagation mode to propagate
1) A & B 2) A, B & D television frequency and radar signals is
3) A,B & C 4) B & D 1) satellite communication
69. The waves relavent to telecommunications 2) ground propagation
are 3) polarized communication
1) visible light 2) infrared 4) skywave communication
3) ultraviolet 4) microwave 79. Micro wave link repeaters are typically 50
70. While tuning in a certain broad cast station km apart
with a receiver, we are actually 1) because of atmospheric attenuation
1) varying the local oscillator 2) because of the earths curvature
3) to ensure that signal voltage may not harm the
2) varying the resonant frequency of the circuit
repeater
for the radio signal to be picked up
4) to reduce the interference of microwaves
3) tuning the antenna 80. Attenuation of ground waves is due to
4) varying the current of receiver set 1) Diffraction effect
71. Long distance short-wave radio broadcasting 2) Radio waves induce currents in the ground
uses because of the polarisation
1) Ground wave 2) Ionospheric wave 1) a & b are true 2) Only a is true
3) Direct wave 4) Sky wave 3) Only b is true 4) Both a & b false.
72. Radio waves of constant amplitude can be 81. The ground wave eventually disappears, as
generated with one moves away from the transmitter, because
1) filter 2) rectifier 3) FET 4) oscillator of
73. Advantage of HF transmission is 1) interference from the sky wave
A) that the length of antenna is small 2) loss of line of signal condition
B) that the antenna can be mounted at larger 3) maximum single - hop distance limitation
heights 4) diffraction effect causing tilting of the wave
C) that the power radiated is more for a given
52 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
82. The range of ground wave transmission can 90. Through which mode of propagation, the radio
be increased by waves can be sent from one place to another
1) increasing the power of transmitter with the use 1) Ground wave propagation
of HF 2) Sky wave propagation
2) increasing the power of transmitter with the 3) Space wave propagation
use of VLF 4) All of them
3) decreasing the power and increasing the 91. The frequency at which communication will not
frequency of radio waves be reliable is
4) decreasing both power and frequency of radio 1) 100 KHz 2) 1MHz
waves
83. Space wave propagation is used in 3) 10GHz 4) 100 GHz
a) microwave communication 92. The frequency above which radiation of
b) satellite communication electrical energy is practical is
c) TV transmission 1) 0.2 kHz 2) 2 kHz
1) Only a 2) Both a & b 3) 20 kHz 4) 2Hz
3) Both b & c 4) a ,b & c 93. The radio waves of frequency 300 MHz to
84. Frequencies in the UHF range normally 3000 MHz belong to
propagate by means of: 1) High frequency band
1) Ground waves 2) Sky waves. 2) Very high frequency band
3) Surface waves 4) Space waves. 3) Ultra high frequency band
85. When a sky wave is reflected onto the ground 4) Super high frequency band
1) frequency of the reflected wave is different 94. Coaxial cable is an example of
to that of incident wave 1) Optical fibre 2) Free space
2) there is a phase difference introduced to the 3) Wire medium 4) Sea medium
reflected wave 95. Optical fibre communication is generally
3) the reflected wave is out of phase with incident preferred over general communication system
wave and reach the receving antenna along with because
the direct wave from transmitting antenna causing 1) it is more efficient 2) of signal security
interference. 3) both (1) & (2) 4) it is easily available
4) the waves are not reflected by the ground. 96. The attenuation in optical fibre is mainly due
86. The electromagnetic waves of frequency 2 to
MHz to 30 MHz are 1)Absorption
(1)In ground wave propagation 2)Scattering
(2)In sky wave propagation 3)Neither absorption nor scattering
(3)In microwave propagation 4)Both 1 and 2
(4)In satellite communication 97. Consider telecommunication through optical
87. Among the following frequencies one will be fibres. Which of the following statements is
suitable for beyond-the horizon not true [AIEEE 2003]
communication using sky waves is (1)Optical fibres may have homogeneous core
1) 10 kHz 2) 10 MHz 3) 1GHz 4)1000GHz
with a suitable cladding
88. Among the following, the waves which can
(2)Optical fibres can be of graded refractive
penetrate the ionosphere are
index
1)10GHz 2)10MHz 3)20MHz 4) 25 MHz
(3)Optical fibres are subject to electromagnetic
89. A: At great heights from surface of earth
and close to earth ionisation of air molecules interference from outside
is low. (4)Optical fibres have extremely low
B: EM waves of frequencies beyond 30 MHz transmission loss
penetrate ionosphere and escape. 98. The phenomenon by which light travels in an
1) both A and B are correct optical fibres is
2) both A and B are wrong 1)Reflection 2)Refraction
3) only A is correct 4) only B is correct 3)Total internal reflection 4) Transmission

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 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI

99. A laser is a coherent source because it contains 4. A T V transmitting antenna is 80 m tall. If the
1) Many wavelengths receiving antenna is on the ground the
2) Uncoordinated wave of a particular wavelength service area is
3) Coordinated wave of many wavelengths 1) 12 sq km 2) 3215 sq km
4) Coordinated waves of a particular wavelength 3) 144sq km 4) 32 sq km
100. In which of the following remote sensing 5. The maximum distance upto which TV
technique is not used transmission from a TV tower of height ‘h’
1)Forest density 2)Pollution can be received is proportional to
3)Wetland mapping 4)Medical treatment 1) h1/2 2) h 3) h 3/2 4) h2
C. U. Q - KEY 6. In short wave communication waves of which
1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4) 3 5) 4 6) 2 7) 2 of the following frequencies will be reflected
8) 2 9) 4 10) 3 11) 2 12) 3 13) 1 14) 1 back by the ionospheric layer, having electron
15) 2 16) 2 17) 4 18) 2 19) 2 20) 2 21) 1 density 1011 per m3
22) 1 23) 1 24) 1 25) 4 26) 3 27) 2 28) 3 1)2 MHz 2)10 MHz
29) 2 30) 4 31) 4 32) 4 33) 3 34) 3 35) 1 3)12 MHz 4)18 MHz
36) 2 37) 4 38) 4 39) 4 40) 2 41) 3 42) 2 7. In an amplitude modulated wave for audio
43) 1 44) 4 45) 2 46) 3 47) 3 48) 1 49) 2 frequency of 500 cycle/second, the
50) 3 51) 4 52) 3 53) 1 54) 3 55) 1 56) 3 appropriate carrier frequency will be
57) 2 58) 1 59) 3 60) 3 61) 1 62) 3 63) 4 1)50 cycles/sec 2)100 cycles/sec
64) 1 65) 2 66) 1 67) 4 68) 2 69) 4 70) 3 3)500 cycles/sec 4)50,000 cycles/sec
71) 3 72) 4 73) 4 74) 2 75) 2 76) 2 77) 4 8. The modulation index of an FM carrier having
78) 1 79) 2 80) 1 81) 4 82) 2 83) 4 84) 4 a carrier swing of 200 kHz and a modulating
85) 3 86) 2 87) 2 88) 1 89) 1 90) 4 91) 1 signal 10 kHz is
92) 3 93) 3 94) 3 95) 3 96) 4 97) 3 98) 3 1)5 2)10 3)20 4)25
99) 4 100) 4 9. If a number of sine waves with modulation
indices n 1 , n2 , n3 ........ Modulate a carrier
wave, then total modulation index (n) of the
LEVEL - I (C.W) wave is
1)n1 + n2 .... + 2(n1 + n2 .....)
1. An optical communication system is operating
at a wavelength of 800 nm, it’s optical source 2) n1 − n2 + n3 ..........
frequency is 3) n12 + n22 + n32 .........
1) 3.8×1014 Hz 2) 3.8×1012 Hz 4)n1 + n2 ....
3) 3.8×1010 Hz 4) 3.8×109 Hz 10. A sky wave with a frequency 55 MHz is
2. A carrier wave of 1000 kHz is used to carry incident on D-region of earth’s atmosphere
the signal, the length of the transmitting at 45o . The angle of refraction is (electron
antenna will be equal to density for D-region is 400 electron/cm3 )
1) 3 m 2) 30 m 1)60° 2)45° 3) 30° 4)15°
3) 300 m 4) 3000 m 11. What should be the maximum acceptance
3. A transmitting antenna is at a height of 40 m angle at the aircore interface of an optical
and the receiving antenna is at a height of 60 fibre if n1 and n2 are the refractive indices of
m. The maximum distance between them for the core and the cladding, respectively
satisfactory communication is nearly 1) sin− 1(n2 / n1 ) 2) sin− 1 n12 − n22
1) 22.5 km 2) 27.5 km
3) 50 km 4) 25 km  −1 n 2   −1 n1 
3) tan n1  4) tan n2 
   

54 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
12. The characteristic impedance of a coaxial sin i
cable is of the order of Also neff =
sin r
⇒ sin r = sin i ⇒ r = i = 45°
1)50 Ω 2)200 Ω
11. Core of acceptance angle θ = sin− 1 n12 − n22
3) 130 Ω 4)None of these
13. The velocity factor of a transmission line x. If 12. conceptual
dielectric constant of the medium is 2.6, the 1 1
13. v. f . = = = 0. 62
value of x is k 2 .6
1)0.26 2)0.62 3)2.6 4)6.2 14. VHF (Very High Frequency) band having frequency
14. For television broadcasting, the frequency range 30 MHz to 300 MHz is typically used for TV
employed is normally and radar transmission.
1)30-300 MHz 2)30-300 GHz 15. conceptual
3)30-300 KHz 4)30-300 Hz 16. Range of radar on earth surface (optical distance,
15. Because of tilting which waves finally for space wave, i.e., line of view)
disappear
1) Microwaves 2)Surface waves Range = ( R + h ) 2 − R2 = 2 Rh + h 2
3)Sky waves 4)Space waves
1
16. A radar has a power of 1kW and is operating = 2Rh = 2 × 6400 × km = 80km
at a frequency of 10 GHz. It is located on a 2
mountain top of height 500m. The maximum
distance upto which it can detect object LEVEL - I ( H. W )
located on the surface of the earth (Radius of
1. An optical communication system is operating
earth 6.4 ×106 m ) is at a wavelength of 600 nm, it’s optical source
1) 80 km 2) 16 km 3) 40 km 4) 64km frequency is
LEVEL - I ( C. W ) - KEY 1) 3.8×1014 Hz 2) 3.8×1012 Hz
1) 1 2) 3 3) 3 4) 2 5) 1 6) 1 7) 4 3) 3.8×1010 Hz 4) 5×1014 Hz
8) 2 9) 3 10) 2 11) 2 12) 3 13) 2 14) 1 2. A carrier wave of 2000 kHz is used to carry
15) 2 16) 1 the signal, the length of the transmitting
LEVEL - I ( C. W ) - HINTS antenna will be equal to
1) 3 m 2) 30 m 3) 150 m 4) 3000 m
1. c = n? ⇒ n = c/?
3. A transmitting antenna is at a height of 25 m
2. length of antenna ≈ ?
and the receiving antenna is at a height of 64
C 3 × 108 m. The maximum distance between them for
Here l = λ = = = 300 m
ν 1000 ×10 3 satisfactory communication is nearly
3. distance between transmitter and receiver 1) 22.5 km 2) 46.5 km
3) 50 km 4) 25 km
is s = 2Rh T + 2Rh R 4. A T V transmitting antenna is 100 m tall. If
the receiving antenna is on the ground the
4. area covered, A = pd 2 where d = 2Rh
service area is
5. d = 2Rh ⇒ d a h 1) 12 sq km 2) 4000sq km
6. By using fc ≈ 9(N max )1 / 2 ⇒ fc ≈ 2 MHz 3) 144sq km 4) 32 sq km
7. Carrier frequency > audio frequency 5. The maximum distance upto which TV
8. CS = 2 ´ ∆ f or ∆ f = CS/2 transmission from a TV tower of height ‘h’
can be received is proportional to (R earth
200 ∆ f 100
∆f = = 100 kHz ; Now mf = = = 10 radius)
2 fm 10
1
 80 . 5 N  80 . 5 × ( 400 × 10 6 ) 1) ( Rh ) 2 2) h 3) h 3/2 4) h2
10. n eff = n 0 1− 2  = 1 1− ≈ 1
 ν  ( 55 × 10 6 ) 2

NARAYANAGROUP 55
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI

6. In short wave communication waves of which = 46.5 km

of the following frequencies will be reflected 4. Area covered A = π d 2 ; where d = 2 Rh
back by the ionospheric layer, having electron
1
density 1012 per m3 5. d = 2 Rh ; d ∝ Rh ; d ∝ ( Rh ) 2
1)2 MHz 2) 9 MHz
3)12 MHz 4)18 MHz
By using f c ≈ 9 ( N max ) 2 ; f c ≈ 9 (1012 ) 2
1 1
6.
7. In an amplitude modulated wave for audio
frequency of 1000 cycle/second, the f c ≈ 9 MHz
appropriate carrier frequency will be
1)50 cycles/sec 2)100 cycles/sec 7. Carrier frequency > audio frequency
3)500 cycles/sec 4) 40,000 cycles/sec 8. CS = 2 ∆f
8. The modulation index of an FM carrier having CS 300 KHz
a carrier swing of 300 kHz and a modulating ∆f = = = 150KHz
2 2
signal 10 kHz is
1) 15 2)10 3)20 4)25 ∆f 150KHz
mf = = = 15
9. A sky wave with a frequency 64.4 MHz is f m 10KHz
incident on D-region of earth’s atmosphere
at 45o . The angle of refraction is (electron 80.5 N
9. neff = n0 1 −
density for D-region is 400 electron/cm3 ) ν2
1)60° 2) 90° 3) 45° 4)15°
10. The velocity factor of a transmission line x. If 80.5 × 400 ×106
= 1 1−
dielectric constant of the medium is 1.8, the
value of x is
( 64.4 ×10 )6 2 ; ≈1

1)0.26 2)0.62 3) 0.74 4)6.2 sin i

11. A radar has a power of 1kW and is operating Also neff = ⇒ sin i = sin r ; ⇒ i = r = 450
sin r
at a frequency of 10 GHz. It is located on a
mountain top of height 700m. The maximum 1 1
distance upto which it can detect object 10. V . f = ; = = 0.74
k 1.8
located on the surface of the earth (Radius of 11. Range of Radar on earth surface (optical
earth 6.4 ×106 m ) is distance, for space wave, i.e line of view)
1) 80 km 2) 16 km 3) 40 km 4) 92 km
LEVEL - II (H. W ) - KEY
Range = ( R + h )2 − R 2 = 2Rh + h2
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 2 5) 1 6) 2 = 2Rh = 2 × 6400 × 0.7
7) 4 8) 1 9) 3 10) 3 11) 4
[ 700m = 0.7km] = 92 km
LEVEL - II ( H. W ) -HINTS
C LEVEL - II (C. W)
1. C = nλ ; n =
λ
1. The maximum distance between the
2. Length of antenna ≈ λ ,ν = 2000KHz
transmitting and receving TV towers is 72 km
C 3 × 108 . If the ratio of the heights of the TV
here l = λ = = = 150m
ν 2000 ×103 transmitting tower to receiving tower is 16
3. Distance between transmitter and receiver is : 25, the heights of the transmitting and
receiving towers are
d = 2 RhT + 2RhR 1) 51.2 m ; 80 m 2) 40 m ; 80 m
3) 80 m ; 125 m 4) 25 m ; 75 m
= 2 × 6400 ×103 × 25 + 2 × 6400 ×103 × 64

56 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
2. The maximum distance between the 9. An AM wave is given by
transmitting and receiving TV towers is D. If V = 1500 [1 + 0.5sin12560t ] sin (5.26 ×105 t ) .
the heights of both transmitting and receiving The modulating frequency is
towers are doubled then the maximum 1) 2.0 kHz 2) 1.0 kHz
distance between them becomes 3) 12.5 kHz 4) 50 kHz
10. The amplitude modulated current is given by
1) 2D 2) 2 D 3) 4D 4) D/2
3. A T.V. tower has a height of 10 m is in a region i = 125 [1 + 0.6sin2900t ] sin ( 5.50 ×105 t ) .
of average population density 100 p /km2 . The RMS value of carrier current will be
The number of people that can recieve the 125 100 75 50
transmission is nearly 1) A 2) A 3) A 4) A
2 2 2 2
1) 1,28,000 2) 64,000 3) 2,56,000 4) 32,000
4. At certain distance from a transmitting tower 11. An audio signal 25sin2π (1400t ) amplitude

modulates 80sin2π (105 t ) . The two side band

a receiver tower of height 20 m is used to
receive direct signal. Another tower is
installed beyond the first along the same line frequencies are
1) 98.6 kHz, 101.4 kHz
of sight to receive the signals from the same
2) 92.5 kHz, 105.5 kHz
transmitter. Its height is 44% more than the 3) 94 kHz, 102.5 kHz
first receiving tower. Then the separation 4) 96 kHz, 106 kHz
between the two receiving towers is
12. If f c and f m are the frequencies of carrier
1) 6.4 km 2) 3.2 km 3) 1.6 km 4) 0.8 km
5. The TV signals have a band width of 6MHz. wave and signal, then the band width is
The number of TV channels that can be 1) f m 2) 2 f m 3) f c 4) 2 f c
accommodated in a band width 12 GHz is 13. The number of AM broadcast stations that
1) 2 2) 20 3) 200 4) 2000 can be accommodated in a 300kHz band width
6. A carrier wave of peak voltage 12 V is used for the highest modulating frequency 15 kHz
to transmit a message signal. The peak will be
1) 10 2) 5 3) 7 4) 12
voltage of the modulating signal in order to
14. A 1000 kHz carrier is simultaneously
have a modulation index of 75% is modulated with 300Hz, 800 Hz and 2 kHz
1) 6 V 2) 9 V 3) 4 V 4) 15 V audio waves. The frequencies present in the
7. A modulating signal is a square wave as shown output are
in the figure 1) 999.7 kHz, 1000.3kHz, 999.2kHz
2) 1000.8kHz, 998 kHz, 1002kHz
3) 1002.8 kHz, 996kHz, 1106 kHz
1 4) Both (1) and (2)
m(t) 15. Depth of modulation in terms of Emax and Emin
in Volts 1 2 t(s)
is
Emax + Emin E − Emin
The carrier wave is given by 1) m a = 2) m a = max
Emin Emax
c ( t ) = 2sin ( 8π t ) volts . Emax − Emin Emax + Emin
The modulation index is 3) m a = E + E 4) m a = E − E
max min max min
1) 2 2) 0.75 3) 0.5 4) 1.5
16. If Vc is amplitude of carrier wave in AM
8. A audio signal 15sin2π (1500t ) amplitude transmitter where modulation factor is m then
modulates 60sin2π (10 ) t . The depth of
5 amplitude of side bands can be
V m V
modulation is 1) c 2) Vc 3) mVc 4) c
2m 2 2
1) 25% 2) 20% 3) 50% 4) 40%
NARAYANAGROUP 57
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI

17. If a carrier wave of amplitude 10mV is 26. In an FM system a 7 kHz signal modulates
modulated by an audio signal of amplitude 108MHz carrier so that frequency deviation
2mV, then amplitude of LSF or USF is given is 50 kHz. The frequency modulation index is
by 1) 7.143 2) 8 3) 0.71 4) 350
27. Maximum usable frequency (MUF) in F-
1) 0.2 mV 2) 0.5 mV 3) 1 mV 4) 2 mV
region layer is x, when the critical frequency
18. The amplitude modulated current is given by
is 60 MHz and the angle of incidence is 70°.
i = 125 [1 + 0.6sin2900t ] sin106 t . The depth Then x is
(1)150 MHz 2)170 MHz
of modulation is
(3)175 MHz 4)190 MHz
1) 60% 2) 6% 3) 36% 4) 66% 28. Suppose that the modulating signal is
19. If minimum voltage in an AM wave was found
to be 2V and maximum voltage 10V. The % m ( t ) = 2cos ( 2π f mt ) and the carrier signal is
modulation index xc ( t ) = Ac cos ( 2π f c t ) which one of the
1) 80% 2) 66.67% following is a conventional AM signal without
3) 64.25% 4) 76.25% over modulation
20. Sinusoidal carrier voltage of frequency 1.5
MHz and amplitude 50 V is amplitude 1) x ( t ) = Ac m( t ) cos ( 2π f c t )
modulated by sinusoidal voltage of frequency 2) x ( t ) = Ac (1 + m ( t ) ) cos ( 2π f c t )
10 kHz producing 50% modulation. The lower
and upper side-band frequencies in kHz are 3) x ( t ) = Ac cos ( 2π f c t ) +
1) 1490, 1510 2)1510, 1490 Ac
m ( t ) cos ( 2π f ct )
1 1 1 1 4
3) , 4) ,
1490 1510 1510 1490
4) xc ( t ) = Ac cos ( 2π f mt ) +
21. A transmitter supplies 9 kW to the aerial when
unmodulated. The power radiated when cos ( 2π f c t ) + Ac sin ( 2π f mt ) sin ( 2π fct )
modulated to 40% is
1) 5 kW 2) 9.72 kW 29. C ( t ) and m ( t ) are used to generate an AM
3) 10 kW 4) 12 kW signal. The modulation indes of generated AM
22. The total power content of an AM wave is PTotal SB
1500 W. For 100% modulation, the power signal is 0.5. Then the quantity =
PCarrier
transmitted by the carrier is 1) 1/8 2) 1/4 3) 2/3 4) 9/8
1) 500 W 2) 700 W 30. Which of one of the following modulated
3) 750 W 4) 1000 W signals are recovered up to a scaling factor
23. The bit rate for a signal, which has a sampling using envelope detedtor
rate of 8 kHz and where 16 quantization levels 1) 20cos200π t + 30m ( t ) cos200π t
have been used, is
1) 32000 bits/sec 2) 16000 bits/sec 2) 20cos200π t + 16 m ( t ) cos200π t
3) 10m ( t ) cos400π t
3) 64000 bits/sec 4) 72000 bits/sec
4) None
24. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is
8 A when only carrier is sent but increases to 31. A message signal m ( t ) = 4cos2000π t
8.96 A when the carrier is modulated
modulates the carrier C ( t ) = cos2π f ct where
sinusoidally. The percentage modulation is
1)50% 2)60% 3)65% 4)71% f c = 1MHz to produce an AM signal. For
25. In a diode AM-detector, the output circuit demodulation using envelope detector the
consist of R = 1kW and C = 10 pF. A carrier time constant RC should satisfy
signal of 100 kHz is to be detected. Is it good 1) 0.5ms < RC < 1ms 2) 1µ s = RC = 0.5ms
1) Yes 2) No 3) RC ? 1µ s 4) RC ? 1µ s
3) Information is not sufficient 4) None of these
58 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
32. A 1 MHz carrier signal is modulated by a
y = 2Rh T + 2R(1.44h1 )
symmetrical sinusoidal wave for period of
100 µ s in a nonlinear (square law device). find y -x
Which of the following frequencies will not be 12 ×109
present in the modulated signal 5. Number of channels = = 2000
6 ×106
1) 990 kHz 2) 1010 kHz
Am 3 A
3) 1020 kHz 4) 1030 kHz 6. µ= ⇒ = m
Ac 4 12
33. A given AM transmitter develops an
unmodulated power out put of 1kW across Am 1
7. µ= = = 0.5
50 Ω resistance. When a message signal of Ac 2
amplitude 5 V is applied on it then the side
Am 15
bands carry 40% of power of carrier. 8. µ= × 100 = ×100 = 25%
Ac 60
Amplitude of the carrier signal used is
1) 505.952 V 2) 126.488 9. C m ( t ) = A c (1 + µ sin ωm t ) sin ωc t
3) 252.976 4) 316.22 ωm 12560
fm = = = 2khz
34. Let m ( t ) = cos ( 4π ×10 t )
3
and 2π 2π

C ( t ) = 5cos ( 2π × 106 t ) are the message and

I peak 125
10. I rms = =
2 2
carrier signals modulation index is 0.5. What 11. LSB = f − f = 105 − 1400 = 98.6khz
c m
is the efficiency achieved?
1) 8.33% 2) 11.11% 3) 20 % 4) 25% USB = f c + fm = 10 5 + 1400 = 101.4khz

LEVEL– II (C. W ) - KEY 12. band width = ( f c + f m ) − ( f c −f m ) = 2fm

1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 2 5) 4 6) 2 7) 3 bandwidth 300
8) 1 9) 1 10) 1 11) 1 12) 2 13) 1 14) 4 13. n = signalbandwidth = 2 × 15 = 10
15) 3 16) 2 17) 3 18) 1 19) 2 20) 1 21) 2 14. frequencies in output are f c − f m & f c + f m
22) 4 23) 1 24) 4 25) 2 26) 1 27) 3 28) 3
15. E max = Ac + Am
29) 1 30) 2 31) 2 32) 3 33) 4 34) 2
LEVEL - II ( C. W ) -HINTS Am E max − E min
E min = Ac − A m ⇒ µ = =
Ac E max + E min
ht 16
=
hr 25 ; d = 2 Rht +
1. 2 Rhr Ac
16. Amplitude of LSB = USB = µ
2
16 A A A A
72 × 10 3 = 2R hr + 2 Rhr 17. Amplitude of LSB = USB = µ 2 = A × 2 = 2
c m c m
25 c

⇒ h r = 125 m & ht = 80 m 18. µ = 0.6 ×100 = 60%

2. s= 2Rh T + 2Rh R when both hT and 10 − 2
19. µ = 10 + 2 × 100
hR are doubled then s becomes 2 times.
20. (1) Here, fc = 1. 5 MHz = 1500kHz, fm == 10 kHz
3. Number of people that can receive
= area × population density \ Low side band frequency
= fc − fm = 1500kHz − 10 kHz = 1490kHz
= pd 2 × population density
Upper side band frequency
4. distance between transmitter and first receiver
= fc + fm = 1500kHz + 10 kHz = 1510 kHz
is x and between transmitter and second receiver
is y.  m2   (0 .4 )2 
21. (2) Pt = Pc 1 + 2  = 9 1 + 2 
   
x = 2Rh T + 2Rh1

NARAYANAGROUP 59
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI
30

= 9 1 +
0 .16 
 (Q m = 40% = 0.4) 30. For option 1 m = = 1.5 m>1
 2  20
= 9 (1.08) = 9.72 kW 16
For option 2 m = = 0.8 m<1
Pt m2  2  20
22. (4) = 1+ or Pc = Pt  2
Pc 2 2 + m  For option 3 signal contains only side bands so
 2  message cannot be detected.
\ Pc = 1500   ∴ m = 100% = 1 = 1000 W
2 +1 31. f c = 1 MHz and f m = 2000 Hz
23. (1) If n is the number of bits per sample, t h e n
1 1
number of quantisation level = 2n Since the = RC =
number of quantisation level is 16 fc fm
⇒ 2n = 16 Þ n = 4 32. The frequency components of modulation signal
bit rate = sampling rate × no. of bits per sample
= 8000 × 4 = 32,000 bits/sec. are from nonlinear device are fc ,

I 
2
m2
f c ± f m , f c ± 3 f m ....
24. (4) We know that  I t  = 1 + 2 So the frequencies present in the AM are 100
 c
Here, I t = 8. 96A and I c = 8 A kHz, 990 kHz, 1010 kHz, 970 kHz, 1030 kHz

 8 .96 
2
m2 m2 AC 2 Ac 2
  = 1+ or 1. 254 = 1 + 33. = 1kW ⇒ = 103
 8  2 2 2R 2 × 50
m2 m2
or = 0. 254 or
2 m2 = 0. 508 34. η =
or m = 0.71 = 71% 2 + m2
1
25. (2)For demodulation << RC LEVEL - II (H. W)
fc

1 1
= = 10 − 5 s 1. The maximum distance between the
f c 100 × 10 3
transmitting and receving TV towers is 64 km
RC = 10 3 × 10 × 10 − 12 s = 10–8 s . If the ratio of the heights of the TV
1 transmitting tower to receiving tower is 4 : 9 ,
We see that f here is not less than RC as
c the heights of the transmitting and receiving
required by the above condition. Hence, this towers are
is not good. 1) 51.2 m ; 80 m 2) 1280 m ; 2880 m
26. (1) Frequency modulation index
Frequency deviation 50 3) 80 m ; 125 m 4) 25 m ; 75 m
= = = 7.143
Modulating frequency 7 2. The maximum distance between the
f 60 transmitting and receiving TV towers is D. If
27. (3) MUF = c = = 175 MHz
cos θ cos 70° the heights of both transmitting and receiving
28. Convention AM signal withour over towers are halved then the maximum distance
modulation means m<1 between them becomes
x ( t ) = Ac (1 + m ( t ) ) cos ( 2π f c t ) 1) 2D 2) D/ 2 3) 4D 4) D/2
For option C 3. A T.V. tower has a height of 5 m is in a region
 1  of average population density 100 p /km2 .
x ( t ) = Ac  1 + m ( t )  cos ( 2π f c t ) ; ∴ m =
1
The number of people that can recieve the
 4  4
transmission is nearly

29.
PTotal SB
=
Pc m( 2)= 1
2
1) 1,28,000
3) 2,56,000
2) 64000
4) 32,000
PCarrier Pc 8
60 NARAYANAGROUP
 JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

11. An audio signal 5sin2π (1600t ) amplitude

4. At certain distance from a transmitting tower
a receiver tower of height 180 m is used to
receive direct signal. Another tower is modulates 20sin2π ( 2 ×105 t ) . The two side
installed beyond the first along the same line band frequencies are
of sight to receive the signals from the same 1) 98.4 kHz, 101.6 kHz
transmitter. Its height is 21% more than the 2) 92.5 kHz, 105.5 kHz
first receiving tower. Then the separation 3) 32.1 kHz 31.59 kHz
between the two receiving towers is 4) 96 kHz, 106 kHz
1) 6.4 km 2) 3.2 km 3) 1.6 km 4) 4.8 km
5. The TV signals have a band width of 4MHz. 12. If 2 f c and 3 f m are the frequencies of carrier
The number of TV channels that can be wave and signal, then the band width is
accommodated in a band width 16 GHz is 1) f m 2) 6 f m 3) f c 4) 2 f c
1) 2 2) 20 3) 200 4) 4000 13. The number of AM broadcast stations that
6. A carrier wave of peak voltage 10 V is used can be accommodated in a 140kHz band width
to transmit a message signal. The peak for the highest modulating frequency 10 kHz
voltage of the modulating signal in order to will be
have a modulation index of 80% is 1) 10 2) 5 3) 7 4) 12
1) 6 V 2) 9 V 3) 8 V 4) 15 V 14. A 2000 kHz carrier is simultaneously
7. A modulating signal is a square wave as shown modulated with 600Hz, 800 Hz and 4 kHz
in the figure audio waves. The frequencies present in the
output are
1) 2000.6 kHz,2000.8 kHz,1996 kHz
1 2) 1999.4 kHz, 2004 kHz, 1999.2kHz
m(t) 3) 1002.8 kHz, 996kHz, 1106 kHz
in Volts 1 2 t(s) 4) Both (1) and (2)
15. If a carrier wave of amplitude 20mV is
The carrier wave is given by . modulated by an audio signal of amplitude
4mV, then amplitude of LSF or USF is given
c ( t ) = 1.33sin ( 8π t ) volts by
The modulation index is 1) 0.2 mV 2) 0.5 mV
1) 2 2) 0.75 3) 0.5 4) 1.5 3) 1 mV 4) 2 mV
A audio signal 20sin2π (1500t ) amplitude 16. The amplitude modulated current is given by
8.
i = 70 [1 + 0.06sin2900t ] sin106 t . The depth
modulates 40sin2π (10 ) t . The depth of
5
of modulation is
modulation is 1) 60% 2) 6% 3) 36% 4) 66%
1) 25% 2) 20% 3) 50% 4) 40% 17. If minimum voltage in an AM wave was found
9. An AM wave is given by to be 1.1 V and maximum voltage 10V. The
V = 1500[1+ 0.5sin62800t] sin (5.26 ×105 t) . % modulation index
1) 80.2% 2) 66.67% 3) 64.25% 4) 76.25%
The modulating frequency is 18. SinusoidalcarriervoltageoffrequencyMHz 3
1) 20 kHz 2) 10 kHz 3) 12.5 kHz 4) 50 kHz and amplitude 50 V is amplitude modulated
10. The amplitude modulated current is given by by sinusoidal voltage of frequency 10 kHz
i = 75[1 + 0.3sin2003t ] sin ( 7 ×10 t ) .
5 producing 50% modulation. The lower and
upper side-band frequencies in kHz are
The RMS value of carrier current will be 1) 1490, 1510 2) 3010, 2990
125 100 75 50 1 1 1 1
1) A 2) A 3) A 4) A 3) 1490 , 1510 4) 1510 , 1490
2 2 2 2
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 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM JEE-ADV PHYSICS- VOL- VI

19. A transmitter supplies 6 kW to the aerial when 3. A = π D2 = π [ 2 Rh2 ]

unmodulated. The power radiated when
modulated to 60% is n = ( Populationdensity ) A
1) 5 kW 2) 9.72 kW
3) 7.08 kW 4) 12 kW 4. d = 2 Rh2 − 2 Rh1 ; h2 = h1 − 21% of h1
20. The total power content of an AM wave is
16GHz
6000 W. For 100% modulation, the power 5. n=
transmitted by the carrier is 4MHz
1) 500 W 2) 700 W 6. Modulation index
3) 750 W 4) 4000 W Amplitudeof modulatingsignal
=
21. The bit rate for a signal, which has a sampling Amplitudeof carrierwave
rate of 8 kHz and where 32 quantization levels
have been used, is am
7. m=
1) 32000 bits/sec 2) 40000 bits/sec ac
3) 64000 bits/sec 4) 72000 bits/sec
am
depth = % µ = a ×100
22. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is 8.
10 A when only carrier is sent but increases c
to 10.1 A when the carrier is modulated
wm
sinusoidally. The percentage modulation is 9. fm =
1)50% 2)60% 3) 200% 4)71% 2π
23. In a diode AM-detector, the output circuit i0
consists of R = 1k Ω and C = 10 pF. A carrier 10. irms =
2
signal of 1000 MHz is to be detected. Is it
good 11. LSB = f c − f m = 10 5 − 1600 = 98.4KHz
1) Yes 2) No USB = fc + f m = 105 + 1600 = 101.6 KHz
3) Information is not sufficient 4) None of these
24. In an FM system a 9 kHz signal modulates 12. Frequencies in out put are 2 f c − 3 f m and
108MHz carrier so that frequency deviation 2 fc + 3 f m
is 60 kHz. The frequency modulation index is
1) 7.143 2) 8 3) 6.67 4) 350 bandwidth 140
25. Maximum usable frequency (MUF) in F- 13. n = signalbandwith = 2 ×10 = 7
region layer is x, when the critical frequency
14. Frequencies in out put are f c − f m and f c + f m
is 60 MHz and the angle of incidence is 60°.
Then x is 15. Amplitude of
1)150 MHz 2)170 MHz Ac Am Ac Am
3)120 MHz 4)190 MHz L. S.B = U .S .B = µ = . =
2 Ac 2 2
LEVEL -II ( H. W ) - KEY 16. Depth of modulation = 0.06 ×100 = 6%
1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4) 4 5) 4 6) 3 7) 2
10 − 1.1
8) 3 9) 2 10) 3 11) 1 12) 2 13) 3 14) 4 17. µ = ×100 = 80.2%
15) 4 16) 2 17) 1 18) 2 19) 3 20) 4 21) 2 10 + 1.1
22) 3 23) 1 24) 3 25) 3 18. f c − f m and f c + f m
LEVEL - II ( H. W ) -HINTS  ( 0.6 ) 
2
 m2 
P
19. t = Pc 
1 +  = (6 K W ) 1 + 
hT 4  2   2 

1. d = 2 RhT + 2RhR ; h = 9 ; d = 64 km
R
 2 
D = 2 RhT + 2RhR 20. Pc = Pt  2
2. 2 +m 

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21. No. of quantization levels = 2 n 6. The audio signal voltage is given by
bit rate = sampling power x no. of bits per sample Vm = 2sin12π × 103 t . The band width and LSB
2 if carrier wave has a frequency
 It  m2
22.   = 1 + 3.14 ×106 rad / s
 Ic  2
1) 12 KHz; 494 KHz
1 2) 6 KHz; 313 KHz
23. For demodulation f << RC 3) 6 KHz; 494 KHz
c 4) 18 KHz; 494 KHz
24. Frequency modulation index 7. A TV transmission tower at a particular
frequencydeviation station has a height of 160m. Radius of earth
= is 6400km
Modulating frequency
i. The range it covers is 45255 m
fc ii. The population that it covers is77.42 lakhs.
25. MUF = When population density is 1200km −2
cos θ
iii. The height of antenna should be increased
LEVEL - III by 480 m to double the coverage range
1. The tuned circuit of an oscillator in a simple 1) i and ii are true 2) ii and iii are true
AM transimitter employs a 250 micro henry 3) i and iii are true 4) i, ii and iii are true
coil and 1nF condenser. If the oscillator output 8. The tuned circuit of the oscillator in a
is modulated by audio frequency upto 10KHz, simple AM transmitter employs a
the frequency range occupied by the side bands 40 µ H coil and 12 nanofarad(nF) capaci
in KHz is tor. If the oscillator output is modulated
1) 210 to 230 2) 258 to 278 by audio frequency of 5 kHz,Which of the
3) 308 to 328 4) 118 to 128 following frequencies doesn’t appear in
2. A TV tower has a height of 70m. If the the out put AM?
average population density around the tower 1) f USB = 225 KHz 2) fUSB = 235 kHz
is 1000km −2 , the population covered by the
3) fc=230 kHz 4) f c = 235 kHz
TV tower
9.A 400 watt carrier is modulated to a
1) 2.816 ×106 2) 2.86 ×109 depth of 80%. Calculate the total power
3) 2.816 ×103 4) 2.816 ×1012 in the modulated wave.
3. A carrier wave is modulated by a number of 1) 528 W 2) 128 W 3) 256 W 4) 400 W
sine waves with modulation indices 0.1, 0.2, 10. Calculate modulation index if carrier waves is
0.3. The total modulation index (m) of the modulated by three signals with modulation
wave is indices as 0.6, 0.3 and 0.4
1) 1.0 2) 0.70 3) 0.78 4) 1.3
1) 0.6 2) 0.2 3) 0.14 4) 0.07
11. A 1000 KHz carrier is simultaneously
4. The maximum peak-to-peak voltage of an AM modulated with fm1 = 300 Hz, fm2 = 800 Hz and
wave is 16 mV and the minimum peak-to-peak fm3 = 1 KHz audio sine waves. What will be
voltage is 4mV. The modulation factor is equal the frequencies present in the output?
to
1) 0.6 2) 0.3 3) 0.8 4) 0.25 f LSB1 = 999.7 KHz f LSB2 = 999.2 KHz
a) b)
5. An AM wave is expressed as f USB1 = 1000.3KHz f USB 2 = 1000.8 KHz
e = 10 (1 + 0.6cos2000π t ) cos2 ×108 π t v o l t s , f LSB3 = 999 KHz f LSB3 = 990KHz
the minimum and maximum values of c) f d) f
USB3 = 1001KHz USB3 = 1010KHz
modulated carrier wave are
1) a only 2) b, c and d
1) 10 V, 20 V 2) 4 V, 8 V
3) 16 V, 4 V 4) 8 V, 20 V 3) a, b and c 4) a, c only

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LEVEL-III - KEY 3. The antenna current of an AM transmitter is

1) 3 2) 1 3) 3 4) 1 5) 3 6) 1 8A when only the carrier is sent, but it
7) 4 8) 2 9) 1 10) 3 11) 3 increases to 8.93A when the carrier is
modulated by a single wave. The percentage
LEVEL-III - HINTS
modulation is
1 1) 60.1% 2) 70.1% 3) 80.1% 4) 50.1%
1. f c = = 318khz,f m = 10khz
2π LC 4. The antenna current is 8A only when only
LSB = f c − fm = 308
carrier wave is transmitted and 9.6A when
USB = f c + fm = 328
AM wave is transmitted. If carrier power is
10kw, the modulating power is
2. Population = Population density × Area
1) 14.4 kW 2) 1.2 kW 3) 2 kW 4) 4.4 kW
= Population density × π× 2Rh Passage - I
3. m = m12 + m22 + m32 A message signal of frequency 10kHz and
peak voltage 10V is used to modulate a carrier
(16 − 4) / 2
4. µ = (16 + 4) / 2 wave of frequency 1MHz and peak voltage
20volts.
E max = (1 + µ ) E c 5. The modulation index is
5. E = 1 − µ E 1) 0.2 2) 0.3 3) 0.5 4) 0.8
min ( ) c
6. Among the following are USB and LSB are
6. band width = 2 f m 1) 1010kHz, 990 kHz 2) 990 kHz, 1010kHz
LSB= f c − f m 3) 950 kHz, 1050kHz 4) 1050kHz, 990 kHz
7. d = 2Rh 7. The bandwidth of signal is
Population = Population density× πd 2 1) 10kHz 2) 20 kHz
3) 30 kHz 4) 40 kHz
dα h Passage - II
 m  2 8. When only carrier is transmitted antenna
= C +
2  = 528 watts
9. PTotal P 1 current observed is 8A when it is modulated
 with 500 Hz sine wave antenna current
10. m t = m12 + m22 + m32 = 0.78 becomes 9.6A. The percentage of modulation
is
1) 80% 2) 20% 3) 94.26% 4) 83.76%
LEVEL - IV 9. 1% of 1012 Hz of a satellite link was used for
telephony. The number of channels or
1. Consider telecommunication through optical
subscribers if each channel is of 8 kHz are
fibres. Among the following statements one
is not true 1) 2.5 ×107 2) 1.25 ×10 6
1)optical fibers can be of graded refractive index 3) 2.5 ×108 4) 1.25 ×108
2)optical fibers are subjected to electromagnetic 10. A carrier is modulated simultaneously by 3
interference from out side sine waves of modulation indices 0.3, 0.4 and
3)optical fibers have extremely low transmission
0.45 respectively. The net modulation index
loss
is
4)optical fibers have homogeneous core with a
1) 1.15 2) 0.67 3) 0.57 4) 0.84
suitable cladding
11. A 1 kW carrier is modulated to a depth of
2. A 600 W carrier is modulated to a depth of
75% by a 400Hz sine wave. The total antenna 80%. The total power in the modulated wave
power is is
1) 769 W 2) 796 W 3) 679 W 4)637.5 W 1) 1.32 2) 1.56 3) 1.84 4) 1.96

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Passage - III 1) A and R are true and R is the correct

The expression for an AM voltage is explanation of A
2) A and R are true but R is not correct
e = 5 (1 + 0.6cos1000π t ) cos5 ×106 π t explanation of A
12. The peak value of carrier wave is 3) A is true but R is false
1) 30 V 2) 6 V 3) 3 V 4) 5 V 4) A is false but R is true.
13. The percentage of modulation is 23. A: It is not necessary for a transmitting antenna
1) 0.6% 2) 6% 3) 60% 4) 66% to be at the same height as that of receiving
14. Frequency of audio signal is antenna for line-of sight communication
1) 1000 Hz 2) 5000 Hz R: If the signal is to be received beyond the
3) 500Hz 4) 250 Hz horizon then the receiving antenna must be high
15. Frequency of carrier signal is enough to intercept the line-of sight waves
1) 5 ×10 6 Hz 2) 1000Hz 24. A: Low frequency audio signals cannot be
3) 2.50 ×103 Hz 4) 2.50 ×106 Hz transmitted directly over long distances
16. Frequencies of sideband is R: To transmit low frequency audio signals over
long distances, the audio signals are
1) 2.5005 × 106 Hz, 2.4995 × 106 Hz
superimposed on a high frequency carrier signal
2) 2.505 × 106 Hz, 2.495 × 106 Hz 25. A: The microphone acts as a transducer.
3) 2.505 × 10 kHz, 2.495 × 10 kHz
6 6 R: In radio communication, microphone is used
4) 2.505 MHz, 2.495kHz to convert sound signal into electrical signal.
Passage - IV 26. A: A FM signal is less susceptible to noise than an
An amplitude modulated voltage is expressed AM signal.
as e = 10 (1 + 0.8cos2000π t ) cos3 ×106 π tvolt
R: In FM transmission, the message signal is in
the form of frequency variations of carrier
17. The peak value of carrier wave is waves. During modulation process, the noise
1) 5 V 2) 8 V 3) 10 V 4) 100 V gets amplitude modulated.
18. The depth of modulation is 27. A: Artifical satellites are not necessary for long
1) 8 2) 0.8 3) 800 4) 80 distance TV transmission.
19. The frequency of carrier wave is R: The TV signals are not reflected by the
1) 3 ×106 Hz 2) 1.5 ×103 Hz ionosphere. They are reflected back to the earth
3) 3 ×103 Hz 4) 1.5 ×106 Hz from an earth station by making use of artifical
20. The minimum and maximum value of satellites.
modulated carrier wave is 28. A: Greater the height of a TV transmitting
1) 2V, 18V 2) 4V, 16V 3) 2V, 8V 4) 4V, 12V antenna, greater is its coverage.
21. The frequency of modulating signal is R: The height of transmitting antenna is directly
1) 1000 Hz 2) 100Hz proportional to the square of the distance of TV
3) 10MHz 4) 100 MHz coverage
22. The bandwidth of modulated signal is 29. A: Long distance radio broadcasts use short
1) 1000 Hz 2) 2000 Hz wave bands.
3) 1500 Hz 4) 2500 Hz R: The short waves are absorbed by the earth
ASSERTION AND REASON but reflected by F layer in ionosphere. After
reflection, they reach the surface of earth back
Instructions for the following questions:
only at a large distance from the transmitter.
In each of the following questions a statement
of Assertion (A) is given followed by 30. A: TV signals cannot be transmitted via sky
corresponding statement of Reason (R) just wave propagation.
below it. Of the statements mark the correct R: Ionosphere is unable to reflect radio waves of
answers. frequencies greater than 40MHz.

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MATRIX MATCHING 35. Match List-1 with List-2

31. Match the frequency band with the type of use List-1 List-2
Communication mode Example
Frequency Band Type of use
a) Point to point
a) LF e) Radio Broad casting
communication e) RADAR
b) HF f) Marine and
b) broadcast
navigational aid
communication f) AM Radio
c) VHF g) Satellite c) Line of sight g) FM Radio
communication communication
d) SHF h) TV Broad casting d) Satellite h) Traditional telephony
1) a - e; b - f; c - h; d - g communication
2) a - f; b - e; c- g; d- h i) Mobile telephony
3) a - f; b - e; c - h; d - g j) TV
4) a - e; b - g; c - f; d - h 1) a-h; b-f,g,j; c-e;d-i,j
32. Match layer of ionosphere and height of the 2) a-e; b-i,j; c-h;d-g,f
layer from surface of earth for atmosphere 3) a-f ; b-h,i,j; c-g;d-e
a) D e) 250 - 400 km 4) a-g; b-f,g,j; c-e;d-i,j
b) E f) 100 km 36. Match List-1 with List-2
c) F g) 65 - 75 km List-1 List-2
Name of device use
d) F2 h) 170 - 190 km
a) Antenna e) sends out information
1) a-g; b-f; c-h; d-e 2) a-h; b-g; c-e; d-f
b) Transmitter f) picksup information
3) a-g; b-h; c-f; d-e 4) a-g; b-h; c-e; d-f
c) Receiver g) converts energy in
33. Match layer of ionosphere and frequencies
one form to another
most affected form
a) D e) helps surface waves and reflects d) Transducer h) radiates signal
HF i) recieves signal
b) E f) efficiently reflects HF waves 1) a-e; b-g,h;c-f;d-h 2) a-h,i;b-e;c-f;d-g
c) F g) partially absorbs HF 3) a-f; b-e;c-f,i;d-h 4) a-h;b-g,i;c-f;d-e
d) F2 h) reflects LF and absorbs MF 37. Match List-1 with List-2
1) a-g; b-f; c-h; d-e 2) a-h; b-e; c-g; d-f List-1 List-2
3) a-h; b-e; c-f;d -g 4) a-e; b-h; c-g; d-f Name Frequencies most
34. Match the frequency band with the type of affected
use service frequency band a) Part of e) VHF(upto
a) AM broadcast e) 88 - 108 MHz stratosphere(D) several GHz)
b) satellite f) 896 - 935 MHz b) Part of f) reflects LF
communication mesophere ( F1 )
c) FM broadcast g) 540 - 1600 kHz c) Part of g) Partially absorbs HF
d) Cellular mobile h) 3.7 - 6.5 GHz thermosphere( F2 )
1) a-g; b-h; c-f; d-e 2) a-h; b-g; c-e; d-f d) Troposphere h) Efficiently reflects HF
3) a-f; b-h; c-e; d-g 4) a-g; b-h; c-e; d-f 1) a-e;b-f,g,h;c-i;d-h 2) a-f;b-f,g,h;c-f;d-e
3) a-f,g,h;b-g;c-i;d-e 4) a-g;b-f,g,h;c-f;d-e

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38. Match List-1 with List-2 7. bandwidth of signal = 2fm
List-1 List-2
Type of propagation Frequencies it µ2
8. = 1+
a) sky waves e) 1.5 MHz ic 2
b) space wave f ) 20 MHz
c) ground wave g) 30MHz 9. 1% of 1012 Hz = 1010 Hz
d) micro wave h) 50MHz
1010
i) 3 GHz Number of channels = = 1.25 ×10 6
8 ×10 3
1) a-e,i;b-e;c-h;d-i 2) a-f,g;b-h;c-e;d-i
3) a-i,g;b-e;c-h;d-f 4) a-g;f-h;c-i,b;d-e
10. m = m12 + m22 + m32
LEVEL - IV - KEY
 µ2 
= c 1 +
2 
1) 2 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4 5) 3 6) 1 P
11. t P

7) 2 8) 3 9) 2 10) 2 11) 1 12) 4
13) 3 14) 3 15) 4 16) 1 17) 3 18) 2 12. eqn of AM voltage is given by
19) 4 20) 1 21) 1 22) 2 23) 1 24) 1
25) 1 26) 1 27) 4 28)1 29) 1 30) 1 e = Ac (1 + µ sin ωm t ) sin ωc t
31) 3 32) 1 33) 2 34) 4 35) 1 36) 2
∴ Ac = 5 v
37) 3 38) 2
13. µ = 0.6 ×100 = 60%
LEVEL - IV - HINTS
ω 1000π
 µ2  14. f m = 2mπ = 2π = 500
2. Pt = Pc  1 + 
 2 
ωc 5 × 106 π
15. fc = =
2π 2π
 ( 0.75) 2 
= 600 1 + 
 2  = 768.5W 16. USB = f c + f m

LSB = f c − f m
2
 it 
2
µ2  8.93  µ2 17. eqn of AM voltage is given by
3.   =1 + ⇒  = 1 +
 ic  2  8  2
e = Ac (1 + µ sin ωm t ) sin ωc t
⇒ µ = 0.701 = 70.1%
∴ A c = 10 V
2
Pt  it  µ = 0.8
2
P  9.6  18.
4. =  ⇒ t =  = 14.4kw
Pc  ic  10  8 
ωc 3 × 106 π
19. f c = =
2π 2π
∴ Pm = 14.4 −10 = 4.4 kW
20. E min = (1 − µ ) A c , E max = (1 + µ ) A c
10
5. µ=
20 ωm 2000π
21. fm = =
2π 2π
6. USB = f m + f c
22. bandwidth =2 f m
LSB = f m − fc

NARAYANAGROUP 67