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digital line coding (2)

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digital line coding (2)

Uploaded by

a7madsala7ussain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Slemani Polytechnic University Academic Year

Technical College of Engineering 2023-2024

Communication department Third stage

Line coding
ex no.1
2023-2024

 Prepared by:
 Yusuf Ahmed
 Yusuf Ali
 Botan Asead
 Karzan Jamal
Theory :
Line coding is a fundamental concept in digital communication systems. It
involves converting digital data, typically represented as binary signals (0s
and 1s), into a specific format suitable for transmission over
communication channels. This conversion is necessary because raw
binary data is not directly suitable for transmission due to its
characteristics. During line coding, each bit or group of bits from the
digital data stream is mapped to a corresponding signal element. The
signal elements can be voltage levels, pulse amplitudes, or other
variations depending on the chosen line coding scheme. This mapping
process ensures that the transmitted signal possesses certain desirable
properties, such as limited bandwidth, easy synchronization at the
receiver, and noise immunity. In summary, line coding is the process of
converting digital data into a format suitable for transmission over
communication channels. It ensures efficient use of bandwidth, facilitates
clock recovery at the receiver, enhances error detection capabilities, and
helps in maintaining signal integrity, all of which are crucial for reliable
communication in digital systems.

Efficiency: Line coding ensures efficient use of the available bandwidth by


converting digital signals into waveforms suitable for transmission.
Clock Recovery: Many line coding schemes have built-in mechanisms for
recovering the clock signal, simplifying the receiver's task in synchronizing
with the transmitted data.
Error Detection: Certain line coding schemes, such as Manchester
Encoding and Differential Manchester Encoding, have inherent error-
detection capabilities, enhancing the reliability of data transmission.
Spectral Efficiency: Line coding techniques can improve spectral
efficiency, allowing more data to be transmitted within the available
bandwidth.
Ethernet: In Ethernet networks, line coding techniques like Manchester
Encoding and 4B/5B encoding are used to convert digital data into signals
transmitted over the network medium.
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line): DSL uses line coding to transmit digital data
over traditional telephone lines, allowing high-speed internet access.
Fiber Optic Communication: Line coding plays a crucial role in fiber optic
communication systems, converting digital signals into light pulses for
transmission through optical fibers.
Serial Communication: Line coding is used in serial communication
interfaces such as RS-232 and USB to convert parallel data from devices
into serial signals for transmission.
Wireless Communication: Line coding is also used in wireless
communication systems to convert digital signals into waveforms suitable
for modulation and transmission.
Procedure:

Test (A): Generation of Unipolar NRZ Signals.


1. We set up the experiment as shown below. The random integer generator can be used
to generate binary and M-ary digital messages.

2. We observed the generated signal for the following simulation parameters:

M-ary number, M=2 (binary), Bit rate, Rb =1kbps


This is the result for the above block diagram setting:

3. We observed the generated signal for the following simulation parameters :


M-ary number, M=8 (multilevel) , Symbol rate RS =1ksymbol/s
This is the result for the above block diagram setting:

Test (B): Generation of Polar NRZ Signals.

1. We set up the experiment as shown :

2. We observed the generated signal for the following simulation parameters:


M-ary number, M=2 (binary), Bit rate Rb =1kbps

This is the result for the above block diagram setting

3. We observed the generated signal for the following simulation parameters :


M-ary number, M=8 (multilevel), Symbol rate RS =1ksymbol/s
This is the result for the above block diagram setting:

Test (C): Generation of Unipolar RZ Signals.


1. We set up the experiment as shown below. The pulse generator must have the same rate
as the message signal and it should have a duty cycle of 50%.
2. We observed the generated signal for the following simulation parameters:
M-ary number, M=2 (binary), Bit rate Rb =1kbps.

This is the result for the above block diagram setting:


Test (D): Generation of Polar RZ Signals.

1. Set up the experiment as shown below. The pulse generator must have the same rate as
the message signal and it should have a duty cycle of 50%.

2. We observed the generated signal for the following simulation parameters:


M-ary number, M=2 (binary), Bit rate Rb =1kbps.
This is the result for the above block diagram setting:
Test (E): Spectra of Line codes.

1. Set up the experiment as shown below.

2. We used the following simulation parameters for the Random Integer Generator:
M-ary number, M=2 (binary), Bit rate Rb =1kbps.
This is the result for unipolar NRZ shown below:

The first-null bandwidth is 1khz as sown in above figure.


In theoretical Bw = 1Rb = 1Khz

This is the result for polar NRZ shown below:

The first-null bandwidth is 1khz as sown in above figure.


In theoretical Bw = 1Rb = 1Khz
This is the result for unipolar RZ shown below

The first-null bandwidth is 2khz as sown in above figure.


In theoretical for nipolar RZ is Bw = 2Rb = 2Khz
Because since waveform returs zero in half and the Tb/2 so the Bw = 1/Tb/2 = 2/Tb
And Rb = 1/Tb so 2/Tb = 2Rb.

This is the result for polar RZ shown below

The first-null bandwidth is 2KHz as sown in above figure.


In theoretical for nipolar RZ is Bw = 2Rb = 2Khz
Because since waveform returns zero in half and the Tb/2 so the Bw = 1/Tb/2 = 2/Tb
And Rb = 1/Tb so 2/Tb = 2Rb.
Discussion:

1. Definition and Differences:

- Unipolar NRZ (Non-Return to Zero): This encoding scheme represents


binary 1 with a positive voltage and binary 0 with zero voltage. It's
straightforward but prone to DC offset.

- Polar NRZ (Non-Return to Zero): Similar to Unipolar NRZ, but uses both
positive and negative voltages to represent binary 1 and 0. It mitigates the
DC offset issue.

- Unipolar RZ (Return to Zero): Each bit period is divided into two halves.
Binary 1 is represented by a positive pulse in the first half, and binary 0 is
represented by zero voltage. It has better synchronization but requires
more bandwidth.

- Polar RZ (Return to Zero): Similar to Unipolar RZ, but uses positive and
negative pulses to represent binary 1 and 0. It offers good synchronization
and avoids DC offset.

2. Bandwidth:

- Unipolar NRZ and Polar NRZ: Bandwidth is equal to the bit rate.

- Unipolar RZ and Polar RZ: Bandwidth is equal to twice the bit rate.
3. Frequency Response and Impulse:

- Unipolar NRZ: In the frequency domain, there's an impulse at zero


frequency due to the non-zero average voltage level.

- Polar NRZ: No impulse at zero frequency due to the zero average voltage
level.

- Unipolar RZ: Impulse at zero frequency due to the non-zero average


voltage level, and another impulse at the frequency corresponding to the
first null.

- Polar RZ: No impulse at zero frequency or the first null frequency due to
the zero average voltage level.

By considering these aspects, we can understand how each line coding


technique operates and how they differ in terms of bandwidth utilization
and frequency domain characteristics.

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