Chapter 4 Mathematical

Functions, Characters, and Strings

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 Objectives
● To solve mathematics problems by using the methods in the Math class (§4.2).
● To represent characters using the char type (§4.3).
● To encode characters using ASCII and Unicode (§4.3.1).
● To represent special characters using the escape sequences (§4.4.2).
● To cast a numeric value to a character and cast a character to an integer (§4.3.3).
● To compare and test characters using the static methods in the Character class (§4.3.4).
● To introduce objects and instance methods (§4.4).
● To represent strings using the String objects (§4.4).
● To return the string length using the length() method (§4.4.1).
● To return a character in the string using the charAt(i) method (§4.4.2).
● To use the + operator to concatenate strings (§4.4.3).
● To read strings from the console (§4.4.4).
● To read a character from the console (§4.4.5).
● To compare strings using the equals method and the compareTo methods (§4.4.6).
● To obtain substrings (§4.4.7).
● To find a character or a substring in a string using the indexOf method (§4.4.8).
● To convert a hexadecimal character to a decimal value (HexDigit2Dec) (§4.5.2).
● To format output using the System.out.printf method (§4.6).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Mathematical Functions
Java provides many useful methods in the
Math class for performing common
mathematical functions.

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 The Math Class
❖ Class constants:
❑ PI
❑ E
❖ Class methods:
– Trigonometric Methods
– Exponent Methods
– Rounding Methods
– min, max, abs, and random Methods

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Trigonometric Methods
❖ sin(double a) Examples:

❖ cos(double a) Math.sin(0) returns 0.0

❖ tan(double a) Math.sin(Math.PI / 6)
returns 0.5
❖ acos(double a) Math.sin(Math.PI / 2)
❖ asin(double a) returns 1.0
Math.cos(0) returns 1.0
❖ atan(double a) Math.cos(Math.PI / 6)
returns 0.866
Radians Math.cos(Math.PI / 2)
So Convert Degree to returns 0
radians
toRadians(90)
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 Exponent Methods
❖ exp(double a) Examples:
Returns e raised to the
power of a. Math.exp(1) returns 2.71
❖ log(double a) Math.log(2.71) returns 1.0
Math.pow(2, 3) returns 8.0
Returns the natural
logarithm of a. Math.pow(3, 2) returns 9.0
Math.pow(3.5, 2.5) returns
❖ log10(double a) 22.91765
Returns the 10-based Math.sqrt(4) returns 2.0
logarithm of a. Math.sqrt(10.5) returns 3.24
❖ pow(double a, double b)
Returns a raised to the
power of b.
❖ sqrt(double a)
Returns the square root of a.
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Rounding Methods
❖ double ceil(double x)
x rounded up to its nearest integer. This integer is
returned as a double value.
❖ double floor(double x)
x is rounded down to its nearest integer. This integer is
returned as a double value.
❖ int round(float x)
Return (int)Math.floor(x+0.5).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Rounding Methods
Examples
Math.ceil(2.1) returns 3.0
Math.ceil(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.ceil(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.ceil(-2.1) returns -2.0
Math.floor(2.1) returns 2.0
Math.floor(2.0) returns 2.0
Math.floor(-2.0) returns –2.0
Math.floor(-2.1) returns -3.0
Math.round(2.6f) returns 3
Math.round(-2.0f) returns -2

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 min, max, and abs
❖ max(a, b)and min(a, Examples:
b)
❖ Returns the maximum or Math.max(2, 3) returns 3
minimum of two
parameters.
Math.max(2.5, 3) returns
3.0
❖ abs(a) Math.min(2.5, 3.6)
❖ Returns the absolute returns 2.5
value of the parameter.
Math.abs(-2) returns 2
❖ random() Math.abs(-2.1) returns
❖ Returns a random 2.1
double value
in the range [0.0, 1.0).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 The random Method
Generates a random double value greater than or equal
to 0.0 and less than 1.0 (0 <= Math.random() < 1.0).

Examples:

In general,

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Character Data Type
Four hexadecimal
char letter = 'A'; (ASCII) digits.
char numChar = '4'; (ASCII)
char letter = '\u0041'; (Unicode)
char numChar = '\u0034';
(Unicode)

NOTE: The increment and decrement operators can

also be used on char variables to get the next or
preceding Unicode character. For example, the
following statements display character b.
char ch = 'a';
System.out.println(++ch);
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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ASCII Code for Commonly Used
Characters

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Escape Sequences for Special
Characters

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Appendix B: ASCII Character Set
ASCII Character Set is a subset of the Unicode from \u0000
to \u007f

ASCII Code for letter A

is 65
ASCII Code for letter a is
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 Casting between char and
Numeric Types
int i = 'a'; // Same as int i = (int)'a';

char c = 97; // Same as char c = (char)97;

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Comparing and Testing
Characters
if (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z')
System.out.println(ch + " is an uppercase
letter");
else if (ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z')
System.out.println(ch + " is a lowercase
letter");
else if (ch >= '0' && ch <= '9')
System.out.println(ch + " is a numeric
character");

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Methods in the Character
Class

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 The String Type
The char type only represents one character. To
represent a string of characters, use the data type
called String. For example,

String message = "Welcome to Java";

String is actually a predefined class in the Java library

just like the System class and Scanner class. The String
type is not a primitive type. It is known as a reference
type.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Simple Methods for String
Objects

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Simple Methods for String
Objects
The syntax to invoke an instance method is

referenceVariable.methodName(arguments).

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Getting String Length
String message = "Welcome to Java";
System.out.println("The length of " + message + "
is "
+ message.length());

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Getting Characters from a
String

String message = "Welcome to Java";

System.out.println("The first character in
message is "
+ message.charAt(0));
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Converting Strings
"Welcome".toLowerCase() returns a new string,
welcome.
"Welcome".toUpperCase() returns a new string,
WELCOME.
" Welcome ".trim() returns a new string,
Welcome.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 String Concatenation
String s3 = s1.concat(s2); or String s3 = s1 + s2;

// Three strings are concatenated

String message = "Welcome " + "to " + "Java";

// String Chapter is concatenated with number 2

String s = "Chapter" + 2; // s becomes Chapter2

// String Supplement is concatenated with

character B
String s1 = "Supplement" + 'B'; // s1 becomes
SupplementB
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Reading a String from the
Console
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter three words separated by
spaces: ");
String s1 = input.next();
String s2 = input.next();
String s3 = input.next();
System.out.println("s1 is " + s1);
System.out.println("s2 is " + s2);
System.out.println("s3 is " + s3);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Reading a Character from
the Console
Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a character: ");
String s = input.nextLine();
char ch = s.charAt(0);
System.out.println("The character entered is
" + ch);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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Comparing Strings

OrderTwoCities Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Obtaining Substrings

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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Finding a Character or a
Substring in a String

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Finding a Character or a
Substring in a String
int k = s.indexOf(' ');
String firstName = s.substring(0, k);
String lastName = s.substring(k + 1);

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Conversion between Strings
and Numbers
int intValue = Integer.parseInt(intString);
double doubleValue = Double.
parseDouble(doubleString);

String s = number + "";

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
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 Formatting Output
Use the printf statement.
System.out.printf(format, items);
Where format is a string that may consist of
substrings and format specifiers. A format
specifier specifies how an item should be
displayed. An item may be a numeric value,
character, boolean value, or a string. Each
specifier begins with a percent sign.

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 Frequently-Used
Specifiers
Specifier Output Example
%b a boolean value true or false
%c a character 'a'
%d a decimal integer 200
%f a floating-point number 45.460000
%e a number in standard scientific notation 4.556000e+01
%s a string "Java is cool"

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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 FormatDemo

The example gives a program that uses printf to

display a table.

FormatDemo Run

Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eleventh Edition, (c) 2018 Pearson Education, Ltd.
All rights reserved.
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