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CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

INTRODUCTION
 Growth and reproduction are characteristics of living cells.
 The mechanisms of division and multiplication of cells together constitute cell reproduction
 The cycles of growth and division allow a single cell to form a structure consisting of
millions of cells.
CELL CYCLE
 Cell division, DNA replication, and cell growth have to take place in a coordinated way to
ensure correct division and formation of progeny cells.
 It is the life period of a cell during which a cell synthesizes DNA (replication), grows in size
and divides into two daughter cells.
Phases of cell cycle
 The duration of cell cycle can vary from organism to
organism.
 Cell cycle is divided into two basic phases: Interphase and M
phase
 The M Phase represents the phase when the actual cell
division or mitosis occurs and the
interphase represents the phase between two successive M
phases.
 The M Phase starts with the nuclear division, corresponding to the separation of daughter
chromosomes known as karyokinesis and usually ends with division of cytoplasm known as
cytokinesis
 The interphase, commonly called the resting phase, is the time during which the cell is
preparing for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication in an orderly
manner.
 The interphase is divided into three S phase (Synthesis)
further phases:  During S or synthesis phase, the amount
1) G1 phase (Gap 1) of DNA per cell doubles, but there is no
2) S phase (Synthesis) increasein the chromosome number.
3) G2 phase (Gap 2)  In animal cells, during the S phase, DNA
G1 phase (Gap 1) replication begins in the nucleus, and the
 G1 phase corresponds to the interval centrioleduplicates in the cytoplasm.
between mitosisand initiation of DNA G2 phase (Gap 2)
replication.  Cell growth continues.
 Cell is metabolically active and grows in Synthesis of RNA and proteins continues
size but doesnot replicate its DNA. and cell is prepared for mitosis phase.
G0 Phase
 Some cells do not show division. E.g. heart cells.
 Many other cells divide only occasionally to replace damaged or dead cells.
 The cells that do not divide further exit G1 phase and enter an inactive stage called
quiescent stage (G0).
 In animals, mitotic cell division is seen only in the diploid somatic cells.

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 In plants mitosis takes place in both haploid and diploid cells.

MITOSIS
 It is a process of cell division where chromosomes replicate and get equally distributed into
two daughter cells. Hence, it is also called equational division.
 The process of mitosis keeps the chromosome number equal in daughter as well as parental
cell.
 Mitosis usually takes place in somatic cells.
 Mitosis is divided into four stages of nuclear division (Karyokinesis):
1. Prophase 3.Anaphase
2. Metaphase 4.Telophase
1.PROPHASE
 Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, which follows the S and G2 phases of interphase.
 The centrosome moves towards opposite poles of the cell.
 Each centrosome radiates out microtubules called asters.
 The two asters together with spindle fibres forms mitotic apparatus.
 Chromosomal material condenses to form compact mitotic chromosomes.
 Chromosomes are seen to be composed of two chromatids attached together at thecentromere.
2.METAPHASE
 Metaphase chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids, which are held together by the
centromere.
 Small disc-shaped structures, where spindle fibres attach to the surface of the centromeresare
called kinetochores.
 Chromosomes are arranged at the centre of the cell with the help of spindle fibres.
 This arrangement is called metaphase plate formation.

 The plane of alignment of the chromosomes at metaphase is referred to as the metaphaseplate.

3.ANAPHASE
 Centromere splits and daughter chromosomes move towards two opposite poles.
 The centromere of each chromosome is towards the pole with the arms of the chromosome
trailing behind.
4.TELOPHASE
 Chromosomes finally reach their respective poles.
 The chromosomes begin to de-condense and return into a undifferentiated mass.
 Nuclear envelope assembles around each chromosome clusters.
 Golgi bodies and ER complex, which had disappeared after prophase start to reappear.
 
 CYTOKINESIS
Cytokinesis involves the division of cytoplasm of a cell.
 In animal cells, a furrow develops in the plasma membrane, which gradually deepens and

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ultimately joins in the centredividing the cell cytoplasm into two.

 It is achieved in plant cell by cell plateformation.
 The formation of the new cell wall beginswith the formation of a simple precursor,called cell-
plate that represents the middle lamella between the walls of two adjacent cells.
 When karyokinesis is not followed by cytokinesis, a multinucleated condition arises. This iscalled
Syncytium.
Example- liquid endosperm in coconut.
MEIOSIS
 The cell division that reduces the number of chromosome into half and results in the production
ofhaploid daughter cells..
 It helps in production of haploid phase in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organism.
 It involves following events.
1.Two sequential cycles of nuclear and cell division called meiosis I and meiosis II but single
cycleof DNA replication.
2.It involves pairing of homologous chromosome and exchange of genetic material between them.
3.Four haploid daughter cells are formed at the end of meiosis II.
 The phases of meiosis are as shown below
MEIOSIS-I  PACHYTENE
1.Prophase I  Exchange of genetic material between non-
It comprises of 5 stages: sister chromatids of homologous
LEPTOTENE chromosome occurs(crossing over).
 During Leptotene, the chromosome becomes  The crossing over is enzyme – mediated
distinct and visible under microscope. process which involves enzyme recombinase.
 Compaction of chromosome continues DIPLOTENE
throughout the leptotene phase.  It is recognized by dissolution of
ZYGOTENE synaptonemal complex and tendency to
 Pairing of homologous chromosomes called separation of bivalent except at the site of
synapsis occurs. crossing over.
 A pair of synapsed homologous  The X-shaped structures formed during
chromosomes is called bivalent. separation are known as chiasmata.
 Synapsis occurs with help of complex DIAKINESIS
cytochemical substance called synaptonemal  Terminalisation of chiasmata can be
complex. observed.
By the end of this stage, the nucleolus
disappears and the nuclear envelope breaks

2. .Metaphase I
 The bivalents align at the equatorial plate.
 Microtubules from the opposite poles attach to the pairs of homologous chromosomes.
3. Anaphase I
 The two chromosomes of each bivalent separate and move to the opposite ends of the cells.
 The sister chromatids are attached to each other.
4. Telophase
 Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappears and cytokinesis follows.

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 This is called as diad of the cells.

 The stage between two meiotic divisions is called interkinesis and it is short lived, that follows
Meiosis II.
MEIOSIS II
1.Prophase II 3.Anaphase II
 The chromosomes begin to condense  Chromatids separate by splitting of
accompanied by the dissolution of the centromere.
nuclear membraneand the  As a result, chromatids move towards
disappearance of the Golgi apparatus their respective poles in the cell.
and ER complex. 4.Telophase II
2.Metaphase II  The two groups of chromosomes get
 Chromosomes align at the equator. enclosed by a nuclear envelope.
 Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of  Cytokinesis follows resulting in the
sister chromatids at each pole. formation of tetrad of cells i.e., four
haploid daughter cells.
Significance of mitosis
 Results in formation of diploid genetically identical daughter cells.
 Growth of the body takes place by mitosis.
 Cell repair and replacement of damaged cells or tissues.
 Maintenance of nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio.
 Vegetative reproduction in plants takes place by mitosis.
Significance of meiosis:
 It results in reduction of chromosome number by half in gametes, which again doubles
duringfertilization.
 Therefore, it helps to conserve the chromosome number of species from generation to
generation.
 Crossing-over, occurring in pachytene stage of meiosis I, is a source of genetic variation in
sexually reproducing organisms.The variation thus formed helps in evolution

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