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Load Combinations 02

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Abebe Wolde
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21 views

Load Combinations 02

Uploaded by

Abebe Wolde
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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10/30/24, 11:57 AM ChatGPT

In Eurocode, load combinations are essential for assessing structural integrity and safety under
various loading conditions. These combinations consider different load types such as Permanent
Actions (G), Variable Actions (Q), and Accidental Actions (A). Below is a comprehensive list of
possible load combinations according to Eurocode, primarily based on EN 1990 (Basis of Structural
Design) and EN 1991 (Actions on Structures).

1. Load Types as per Eurocode


Permanent Actions (G): These include dead loads, such as self-weight and other fixed loads.

Variable Actions (Q): These can vary with time, including live loads, snow loads, and wind loads.

Accidental Actions (A): These include seismic loads, impact loads, or other unexpected loads.

2. Ultimate Limit State (ULS) Combinations

General Combinations

1. ULS Combination 1:

ψ0 G + ψ1 Q
​ ​

Where ψ0 and ψ1 are partial safety factors for permanent and variable actions, respectively.
​ ​

2. ULS Combination 2 (Commonly for Structural Design):

1.35G + 1.5Q
3. ULS Combination 3 (For Wind Loading):

1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0W

Where W is the wind load.

4. ULS Combination 4 (For Seismic Loading):

1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0E

Where E is the earthquake load.

5. ULS Combination 5 (Accidental Actions):

1.2G + 1.0Q + 1.0A

Specific ULS Combinations

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6. ULS Combination for Snow and Wind:

1.0G + 1.5S + 0.6W

Where S is the snow load.

7. ULS Combination with Higher Safety for Exceptional Cases:

1.4G + 1.6Q + 0.6W


8. ULS for Piled Foundations:

1.35G + 1.5(Q + S)

3. Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Combinations

General Combinations

1. SLS Combination 1:

G + ψ1 Q
​

2. SLS Combination 2 (for frequent loading):

1.0G + 0.7Q
3. SLS Combination 3 (for quasi-permanent loading):

1.0G + 0.5Q

4. Example Combinations for Special Cases

1. Seismic Loads (EQ)

Combination for Immediate Occupancy:

1.0G + 1.0Q + 0.3EQ


Combination for Life Safety:

1.0G + 1.0Q + 1.0EQ


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2. Wind Loads (WL)

Combination for Wind and Earthquake:

1.0G + 0.5Q + 1.0W L + 1.0EQ

3. Snow Loads (S)

Combination for Snow and Wind:

1.0G + 0.5Q + 1.5S + 0.6W L

5. Notes on Load Combinations


1. Partial Safety Factors:

The factors ψ0 and ψ1 depend on the nature of the load and are specified in Eurocode
​ ​

documents.

Generally, ψ0 for permanent actions is typically set to 1.35 and ψ1 for variable actions varies
​ ​

based on the load type.

2. Special Load Combinations:

It’s essential to check the specific requirements in Eurocode parts relevant to the type of
structure being designed, as load combinations can differ based on factors such as the
intended use of the building, geographical location, and specific material properties.

3. Accidental Actions:

If applicable, consider how accidental actions like vehicle impacts, explosions, or other rare
events might alter the load combinations.

4. Auto-Generated Combinations:

Some software like ETABS can automatically generate these combinations based on user-
defined load patterns, which can save time and ensure compliance with Eurocode.

Conclusion
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These combinations provide a robust framework for structural analysis and design according to
Eurocode. By properly defining and applying these combinations, engineers can ensure that their
designs are safe, functional, and compliant with the relevant standards.

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