 Noun: A word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

 Example: "dog," "city," "happiness"

 Pronoun: A word that takes the place of a noun.

 Example: "he," "they," "it"

 Verb: A word that expresses an action or a state of being.

 Example: "run," "is," "think"

 Adjective: A word that describes or modifies a noun.

 Example: "happy," "blue," "tall"

 Adverb: A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, often ending in -ly.

 Example: "quickly," "very," "silently"

 Preposition: A word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other words
in a sentence.

 Example: "in," "on," "at"

 Conjunction: A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses.

 Example: "and," "but," "or"

 Interjection: A word or phrase that expresses strong emotion or surprise.

 Example: "Wow!," "Oh no!," "Hooray!

A noun is a word that identifies a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are fundamental building
blocks of language, used to name various entities.

More Examples of Nouns

1. People:
o Examples:
 "teacher"
 "doctor"
 "friend"
2. Places:
o Examples:
 "school"
 "beach"
 "Japan"
3. Things:
o Examples:
 "computer"
 "table"
 "car"
4. Ideas/Qualities:
o Examples:
 "courage"
 "justice"
 "beauty"

Example Sentences

1. People:
o "The doctor gave me some advice."
2. Places:
o "We visited the beach during our vacation."
3. Things:
o "I need a new computer for my work."
4. Ideas:
o "Her courage inspired everyone around her."

Summary

Nouns can be specific (proper nouns) or general (common nouns), and they can refer to tangible
objects (concrete nouns) or abstract concepts (abstract nouns). If you have specific categories in
mind or need more examples, just let me know!
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. Pronouns help avoid repetition
and make sentences clearer and more concise. Here are the main types of pronouns along with
definitions and examples:

Types of Pronouns

1. Personal Pronouns:
o Definition: Refer to specific persons or things.
o Examples:
 Subject: "I," "you," "he," "she," "it," "we," "they"
 Object: "me," "you," "him," "her," "it," "us," "them"
o Example Sentence:
 "She gave me the book."
2. Possessive Pronouns:
o Definition: Indicate ownership.
o Examples:
 "mine," "yours," "his," "hers," "its," "ours," "theirs"
o Example Sentence:
 "This book is mine."
3. Reflexive Pronouns:
o Definition: Refer back to the subject of the sentence.
o Examples:
 "myself," "yourself," "himself," "herself," "itself," "ourselves,"
"themselves"
o Example Sentence:
 "She taught herself how to play the piano."
4. Demonstrative Pronouns:
o Definition: Point to specific things or people.
o Examples:
 "this," "that," "these," "those"
o Example Sentence:
 "That is my favorite movie."
5. Interrogative Pronouns:
o Definition: Used to ask questions.
o Examples:
 "who," "whom," "what," "which," "whose"
o Example Sentence:
 "Who is coming to the party?"
6. Relative Pronouns:
o Definition: Introduce relative clauses and relate to a noun mentioned earlier.
o Examples:
 "who," "whom," "whose," "which," "that"
o Example Sentence:
 "The teacher who helps me is very kind."
7. Indefinite Pronouns:
o Definition: Refer to non-specific persons or things.
 o Examples:
 "anyone," "everyone," "someone," "no one," "some," "many," "few"
o Example Sentence:
 "Everyone enjoyed the concert."

Summary

Pronouns are essential for making communication smoother and avoiding redundancy. They can
refer to specific people or things, indicate possession, and serve various grammatical purposes. If
you have any specific questions or need more examples, just let me know!

A verb is a word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. Verbs are essential
components of sentences as they convey what the subject is doing or experiencing.

Types of Verbs

1. Action Verbs: Describe physical or mental actions.

o Examples:
 "run"
 "jump"
 "think"
o Example Sentence:
 "She runs every morning."
2. Linking Verbs: Connect the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, which can be
a noun or an adjective.
o Examples:
 "is"
 "are"
 "seem"
o Example Sentence:
 "He is a great musician."
3. Auxiliary (Helping) Verbs: Help the main verb express tense, mood, or voice.
o Examples:
 "have," "be," "do"
o Example Sentence:
 "They are playing soccer."
4. Modal Verbs: Indicate possibility, necessity, or ability.
o Examples:
 "can," "may," "must," "should"
o Example Sentence:
 "You must finish your homework."

More Examples of Verbs

 1. Action Verbs:
o "swim"
o "write"
o "dance"
o Example Sentence:
 "They swim in the lake during summer."
2. Linking Verbs:
o "become"
o "appear"
o "taste"
o Example Sentence:
 "The soup tastes delicious."
3. Auxiliary Verbs:
o "will," "has," "was"
o Example Sentence:
 "She has completed her project."
4. Modal Verbs:
o "could," "might," "would"
o Example Sentence:
 "I could go to the party if I finish my work."

Summary

Verbs are crucial for expressing actions, linking subjects to descriptions, and forming complex
tenses. They can vary in form and function depending on their use in a sentence. If you have any
specific questions or need more examples, feel free to ask!

An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun, providing more detail
about it. Adjectives can describe qualities, quantities, colors, sizes, and more.

Types of Adjectives

1. Descriptive Adjectives: Describe the qualities or characteristics of a noun.

o Examples:
 "happy"
 "blue"
 "tall"
o Example Sentence:
 "The happy dog wagged its tail."
2. Quantitative Adjectives: Indicate the quantity of nouns.
o Examples:
 "some"
 "many"
  "five"
o Example Sentence:
 "I have three apples."
3. Demonstrative Adjectives: Point to specific nouns.
o Examples:
 "this"
 "that"
 "these"
 "those"
o Example Sentence:
 "I prefer that book."
4. Possessive Adjectives: Show ownership.
o Examples:
 "my"
 "your"
 "his"
 "her"
o Example Sentence:
 "This is my bag."
5. Interrogative Adjectives: Used to ask questions about nouns.
o Examples:
 "which"
 "what"
 "whose"
o Example Sentence:
 "Which dress do you like?"
6. Comparative and Superlative Adjectives: Compare differences between two or more
items.
o Examples:
 Comparative: "smaller," "better"
 Superlative: "smallest," "best"
o Example Sentence:
 "This book is better than that one."

More Examples of Adjectives

1. Descriptive Adjectives:
o "bright"
o "old"
o "delicious"
o Example Sentence:
 "The delicious cake was gone in minutes."
2. Quantitative Adjectives:
o "few"
o "several"
o "all"
 o Example Sentence:
 "Many students attended the lecture."
3. Demonstrative Adjectives:
o "this"
o "those"
o Example Sentence:
 "These shoes are very comfortable."
4. Possessive Adjectives:
o "our"
o "their"
o Example Sentence:
 "Is this your jacket?"
5. Interrogative Adjectives:
o "what"
o "whose"
o Example Sentence:
 "What color do you prefer?"

Summary

Adjectives enrich language by adding detail and specificity, making descriptions more vivid. If
you have any specific questions or need further examples, feel free to ask!

An adverb is a word that modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs
often provide information about how, when, where, why, or to what extent something happens.

Types of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of Manner: Describe how an action is performed.

o Examples:
 "quickly"
 "carefully"
 "smoothly"
o Example Sentence:
 "She sings beautifully."
2. Adverbs of Time: Indicate when an action occurs.
o Examples:
 "now"
 "yesterday"
 "soon"
o Example Sentence:
 "He will arrive tomorrow."
3. Adverbs of Place: Describe where an action takes place.
 o Examples:
 "here"
 "there"
 "everywhere"
o Example Sentence:
 "The children are playing outside."
4. Adverbs of Frequency: Indicate how often an action occurs.
o Examples:
 "always"
 "often"
 "never"
o Example Sentence:
 "I often go for a walk in the evening."
5. Adverbs of Degree: Describe the intensity or degree of an adjective or another adverb.
o Examples:
 "very"
 "quite"
 "too"
o Example Sentence:
 "She is very talented."

More Examples of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of Manner:
o "loudly"
o "happily"
o "eagerly"
o Example Sentence:
 "He spoke loudly during the presentation."
2. Adverbs of Time:
o "later"
o "recently"
o "now"
o Example Sentence:
 "I will call you later."
3. Adverbs of Place:
o "nearby"
o "above"
o "far away"
o Example Sentence:
 "She looked around the room."
4. Adverbs of Frequency:
o "rarely"
o "seldom"
o "usually"
o Example Sentence:
 
"They rarely eat out."
5. Adverbs of Degree:
o "extremely"
o "almost"
o "completely"
o Example Sentence:
 "I am completely satisfied with the results."

Summary

Adverbs add richness to sentences by providing context and detail about actions, qualities, or
other adverbs. They help convey how, when, where, and to what extent something happens. If
you have any specific questions or need further examples, just let me know!

A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and other
words in a sentence. Prepositions often indicate direction, location, time, or the relationship
between ideas.

Common Prepositions

1. Location: Indicate where something is.

o Examples:
 "in"
 "on"
 "under"
 "between"
o Example Sentence:
 "The cat is on the roof."
2. Direction: Indicate where something is going.
o Examples:
 "to"
 "toward"
 "through"
o Example Sentence:
 "She walked to the store."
3. Time: Indicate when something happens.
o Examples:
 "at"
 "before"
 "after"
 "during"
o Example Sentence:
 "We will meet after lunch."
 4. Relationship: Show connections between ideas or items.
o Examples:
 "of"
 "for"
 "about"
o Example Sentence:
 "This book is about history."

More Examples of Prepositions

1. Location:
o "above," "below," "beside"
o Example Sentence:
 "The picture is hanging above the couch."
2. Direction:
o "into," "around," "past"
o Example Sentence:
 "The dog ran around the park."
3. Time:
o "since," "until," "by"
o Example Sentence:
 "She has lived here since 2015."
4. Relationship:
o "with," "without," "against"
o Example Sentence:
 "He is friends with everyone."

Summary

Prepositions are crucial for indicating relationships between elements in a sentence. They can
describe location, direction, time, and more. If you have any specific questions or need further
examples, feel free to ask!

A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence.

Conjunctions help to create more complex and fluid sentences by linking ideas together.

Types of Conjunctions

1. Coordinating Conjunctions: Connect words, phrases, or independent clauses of equal

importance. The most common coordinating conjunctions can be remembered by the
acronym FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
o Examples:
 "and"
  "but"
 "or"
 "for"
 "nor"
 "yet"
 "so"
o Example Sentence:
 "I wanted to go for a walk, but it started to rain."
2. Subordinating Conjunctions: Connect an independent clause with a dependent clause,
showing the relationship between them (such as cause and effect, time, condition, etc.).
o Examples:
 "although"
 "because"
 "if"
 "when"
 "since"
o Example Sentence:
 "Although it was raining, we decided to go hiking."
3. Correlative Conjunctions: Work in pairs to connect equivalent elements in a sentence.
o Examples:
 "either...or"
 "neither...nor"
 "not only...but also"
 "both...and"
o Example Sentence:
 "You can either have coffee or tea."

More Examples of Conjunctions

1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
o "and," "but," "or"
o Example Sentence:
 "She likes to read, and he enjoys writing."
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
o "because," "while," "until"
o Example Sentence:
 "I will stay here until you return."
3. Correlative Conjunctions:
o "not only...but also," "both...and"
o Example Sentence:
 "Not only is she a great singer, but also a talented dancer."

Summary

Conjunctions are essential for connecting ideas in writing and speech, making sentences clearer
and more coherent. If you have any specific questions or need further examples, feel free to ask!
An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses strong emotion or sudden exclamation.
Interjections are often standalone and can convey feelings such as surprise, joy, excitement, or
anger. They are typically followed by punctuation, such as an exclamation mark or a comma.

Common Interjections

1. Expressions of Surprise or Excitement:

o Examples:
 "Wow!"
 "Hooray!"
 "Yay!"
o Example Sentence:
 "Wow! That was an amazing performance!"
2. Expressions of Emotion:
o Examples:
 "Oh!"
 "Ouch!"
 "Yikes!"
o Example Sentence:
 "Ouch! That hurt!"
3. Expressions of Agreement or Disagreement:
o Examples:
 "Yes!"
 "No!"
 "Uh-huh!"
o Example Sentence:
 "Yes! I would love to go!"
4. Expressions of Attention or Hesitation:
o Examples:
 "Hey!"
 "Um..."
 "Well..."
o Example Sentence:
 "Um... I'm not sure about that."

More Examples of Interjections

1. Expressions of Joy:
o "Yippee!"
o "Hooray!"
o Example Sentence:
 "Yippee! We won the game!"
2. Expressions of Fear or Shock:
o "Eek!"
 o"Oh no!"
oExample Sentence:
 "Eek! I didn't see that coming!"
3. Expressions of Relief:
o "Phew!"
o "Ah!"
o Example Sentence:
 "Phew! I thought I was going to be late."

Summary

Interjections add emotion and emphasis to language, allowing speakers and writers to convey
feelings quickly and effectively. If you have any specific questions or need further examples, feel
free to ask!

Present Tenses

1. Present Simple
2. Present Continuous (Present Progressive)
3. Present Perfect
4. Present Perfect Continuous

Past Tenses

5. Past Simple
6. Past Continuous (Past Progressive)
7. Past Perfect
8. Past Perfect Continuous

Future Tenses

9. Future Simple
10. Future Continuous (Future Progressive)
11. Future Perfect
12. Future Perfect Continuous

Present Simple
Definition

The Present Simple tense is used to describe habitual actions, general truths, and scheduled
events. It conveys actions that are regular or constant.

Form

 Affirmative: Subject + base form of the verb (+ s or es for third-person singular)

 Negative: Subject + do/does not + base form of the verb
 Question: Do/Does + subject + base form of the verb?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o I/You/We/They + base form
o He/She/It + base form + s/es

Example:

o "He plays football."

2. Negative:
o I/You/We/They + do not + base form
o He/She/It + does not + base form

Example:

o "She does not like coffee."

3. Question:
o Do + I/you/we/they + base form?
o Does + he/she/it + base form?

Example:

o "Do you read books?"

Usage

1. Habitual Actions: Describes actions that occur regularly.

o Example: "I go to the gym every day."
2. General Truths: Statements that are universally accepted.
o Example: "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius."
3. Scheduled Events: Events that are part of a timetable.
o Example: "The train leaves at 9 AM."
Examples

 Affirmative: "She works in a bank."

 Negative: "They do not watch TV in the morning."
 Question: "Does he play guitar?"

Key Points

 Use the base form of the verb for most subjects, but add -s or -es for third-person singular (he,
she, it).
 Common time expressions include "always," "usually," "often," "sometimes," and "never."

Present Continuous (Present Progressive)

Definition

The Present Continuous tense is used to describe actions that are happening at the moment of
speaking or actions that are ongoing. It can also indicate future plans.

Form

 Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing

 Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb + -ing
 Question: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb + -ing?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o I + am + verb + -ing
o He/She/It + is + verb + -ing
o You/We/They + are + verb + -ing

Example:

o "She is reading a book."

2. Negative:
o I + am not + verb + -ing
o He/She/It + is not + verb + -ing
o You/We/They + are not + verb + -ing

Example:

o "They are not playing soccer."

3. Question:
 o Am + I + verb + -ing?
o Is + he/she/it + verb + -ing?
o Are + you/we/they + verb + -ing?

Example:

o "Are you coming to the party?"

Usage

1. Actions Happening Now: To describe what is happening at the moment of speaking.

o Example: "I am typing an email."
2. Ongoing Actions: To indicate actions that are ongoing but not necessarily happening at
the moment.
o Example: "She is studying for her exams this week."
3. Future Plans: To express planned future events.
o Example: "We are visiting my grandparents this weekend."

Examples

 Affirmative: "He is cooking dinner right now."

 Negative: "I am not watching TV at the moment."
 Question: "Is she playing the piano?"

Key Points

 The present continuous is formed with the verb to be (am/is/are) + the -ing form of the main
verb.
 Common time expressions include "now," "right now," "at the moment," "currently," and "this
week."

Present Perfect

Definition

The Present Perfect tense is used to describe actions that occurred at an unspecified time in the
past or that started in the past and continue into the present. It emphasizes the connection
between the past and the present.

Form

 Affirmative: Subject + has/have + past participle

 Negative: Subject + has/have not + past participle
 Question: Has/Have + subject + past participle?
Structure

1. Affirmative:
o I/You/We/They + have + past participle
o He/She/It + has + past participle

Example:

o "They have traveled to Spain."

2. Negative:
o I/You/We/They + have not + past participle
o He/She/It + has not + past participle

Example:

o "She has not finished her homework."

3. Question:
o Have + I/you/we/they + past participle?
o Has + he/she/it + past participle?

Example:

o "Have you seen this movie?"

Usage

1. Unspecified Time: To indicate actions that occurred at an unspecified time before now.
o Example: "I have eaten sushi."
2. Life Experiences: To describe experiences up to the present.
o Example: "She has visited several countries."
3. Recent Actions: To indicate actions that have recently occurred, often with present
relevance.
o Example: "He has just finished his assignment."
4. Actions with Present Results: To show that a past action has results in the present.
o Example: "They have lost their keys." (They cannot find them now.)

Examples

 Affirmative: "I have learned a lot this year."

 Negative: "He has not called me back."
 Question: "Have they completed the project?"

Key Points

 The present perfect is formed with has (for third-person singular) or have (for all other subjects)
plus the past participle of the verb.
  Common time expressions include "ever," "never," "just," "already," "yet," "for," and "since."

Present Perfect Continuous

Definition

The Present Perfect Continuous tense is used to describe actions that began in the past and
have continued up to the present, emphasizing the duration of the action. It can also indicate
actions that have recently stopped but still have an effect on the present.

Form

 Affirmative: Subject + has/have been + verb + -ing

 Negative: Subject + has/have not been + verb + -ing
 Question: Has/Have + subject + been + verb + -ing?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o I/You/We/They + have been + verb + -ing
o He/She/It + has been + verb + -ing

Example:

o "They have been studying for three hours."

2. Negative:
o I/You/We/They + have not been + verb + -ing
o He/She/It + has not been + verb + -ing

Example:

o "She has not been feeling well lately."

3. Question:
o Have + I/you/we/they + been + verb + -ing?
o Has + he/she/it + been + verb + -ing?

Example:

o "Have you been working here long?"

Usage

1. Duration of Actions: To emphasize how long an action has been happening.

o Example: "I have been reading this book for two weeks."
2. Recent Actions with Present Relevance: To indicate actions that have recently stopped
but still affect the present.
o Example: "He has been running a lot, so he's very fit."
3. Repeated Actions: To describe actions that have been occurring repeatedly over a
period.
o Example: "They have been attending yoga classes regularly."

Examples

 Affirmative: "I have been learning Spanish for five years."

 Negative: "He has not been studying enough for his exams."
 Question: "Have they been playing soccer every weekend?"

Key Points

 The present perfect continuous is formed with has been (for third-person singular) or have been
(for all other subjects) plus the -ing form of the verb.
 Common time expressions include "for," "since," "lately," "recently," and "all day/week/month."

5. Past Simple

Definition

The Past Simple tense is used to describe completed actions that occurred at a specific time in
the past.
Form

 Affirmative: Subject + past form of the verb

 Negative: Subject + did not + base form of the verb
 Question: Did + subject + base form of the verb?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o "She visited her grandmother."
2. Negative:
o "They did not go to the party."
3. Question:
o "Did you finish the project?"

Usage

 Completed actions at a specific time (e.g., yesterday, last week).

 Events in a sequence.
 Duration of an event in the past.

Examples:

 "He watched a movie last night."

 "I did not see her at the event."
 "Did they travel to France last year?"

6. Past Continuous (Past Progressive)

Definition

The Past Continuous tense describes actions that were ongoing at a specific moment in the past
or actions that were interrupted by another action.

Form

 Affirmative: Subject + was/were + verb + -ing

 Negative: Subject + was/were not + verb + -ing
 Question: Was/Were + subject + verb + -ing?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o "I was studying when the phone rang."
 2. Negative:
o "They were not watching TV."
3. Question:
o "Were you working yesterday?"

Usage

 Ongoing actions at a specific time in the past.

 Background actions that were happening when another action occurred.

Examples:

 "She was reading a book while he was cooking dinner."

 "I was not sleeping when you called."
 "Was he playing soccer when it started to rain?"

7. Past Perfect

Definition

The Past Perfect tense is used to indicate that an action was completed before another action
took place in the past.

Form

 Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle

 Negative: Subject + had not + past participle
 Question: Had + subject + past participle?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o "She had finished her homework before dinner."
2. Negative:
o "They had not visited Paris before last summer."
3. Question:
o "Had you ever seen a dolphin before that trip?"

Usage

 To show that one past action occurred before another.

 To clarify the sequence of events.

Examples:
  "By the time we arrived, they had already left."
 "I had not heard that song before."
 "Had she called you before she left?"

8. Past Perfect Continuous

Definition

The Past Perfect Continuous tense emphasizes the duration of an action that was ongoing
before another action in the past.

Form

 Affirmative: Subject + had been + verb + -ing

 Negative: Subject + had not been + verb + -ing
 Question: Had + subject + been + verb + -ing?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o "He had been working there for five years when he got promoted."
2. Negative:
o "They had not been studying for long before the test."
3. Question:
o "Had you been waiting long when the bus arrived?"

Usage

 To show that an action was ongoing before another action and to emphasize duration.

Examples:

 "She had been practicing for hours before the competition."

 "I had not been feeling well before I visited the doctor."
 "Had they been living there for a long time when you met them?
9. Future Simple

Definition

The Future Simple tense is used to describe actions that will happen at a later time.

Form

 Affirmative: Subject + will + base form of the verb

 Negative: Subject + will not + base form of the verb
 Question: Will + subject + base form of the verb?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o "She will visit her friend tomorrow."
2. Negative:
o "They will not go to the party."
3. Question:
o "Will you join us for dinner?"

Usage

 To express a decision made at the moment of speaking.

 To predict future events.
 To express promises or offers.

Examples:

 "I will call you later."

 "He will not attend the meeting."
 "Will they finish the project on time?"

10. Future Continuous (Future Progressive)

Definition

The Future Continuous tense describes actions that will be ongoing at a specific time in the
future.
Form

 Affirmative: Subject + will be + verb + -ing

 Negative: Subject + will not be + verb + -ing
 Question: Will + subject + be + verb + -ing?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o "I will be studying at 8 PM."
2. Negative:
o "They will not be watching TV."
3. Question:
o "Will she be joining us for lunch?"

Usage

 To indicate actions that will be in progress at a specific future time.

 To emphasize the duration of an action.

Examples:

 "He will be working late tomorrow."

 "I will not be attending the conference."
 "Will you be traveling this summer?"

11. Future Perfect

Definition

The Future Perfect tense is used to describe actions that will be completed before a specific
time in the future.

Form

 Affirmative: Subject + will have + past participle

 Negative: Subject + will not have + past participle
 Question: Will + subject + have + past participle?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o "By next year, I will have graduated."
2. Negative:
 o "They will not have finished the report by the deadline."
3. Question:
o "Will she have completed her project by then?"

Usage

 To indicate that an action will be completed before another specified time in the future.

Examples:

 "We will have arrived by noon."

 "He will not have read the book before the class."
 "Will you have submitted your application by Friday?"

12. Future Perfect Continuous

Definition

The Future Perfect Continuous tense emphasizes the duration of an action that will continue up
until a specific point in the future.

Form

 Affirmative: Subject + will have been + verb + -ing

 Negative: Subject + will not have been + verb + -ing
 Question: Will + subject + have been + verb + -ing?

Structure

1. Affirmative:
o "By the end of this year, I will have been working here for ten years."
2. Negative:
o "They will not have been living here for long by then."
3. Question:
o "Will she have been studying for three hours by 5 PM?"

Usage

 To indicate that an ongoing action will continue up until a specific point in the future,
emphasizing duration.

Examples:

 "By next month, I will have been training for the marathon for six months."
  "He will not have been working here for a year by April."
 "Will you have been practicing for the exam long enough?"

 Nouns: Names of people, places, things, or ideas (e.g., cat, city, freedom).
 Pronouns: Words that replace nouns (e.g., he, she, it, they).
 Verbs: Action or state of being words (e.g., run, is).
 Adjectives: Words that describe nouns (e.g., blue, tall, interesting).
 Adverbs: Words that describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very).
 Prepositions: Words that show relationships between nouns/pronouns and other words
(e.g., in, on, at).
 Conjunctions: Words that connect phrases or clauses (e.g., and, but, or).
 Interjections: Words that express emotion (e.g., wow, ouch).

 Simple Sentences: Contains a subject and a verb (e.g., "The dog barks.").
 Compound Sentences: Contains two independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g.,
"I like coffee, and she likes tea.").
 Complex Sentences: Contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause
(e.g., "Although it was raining, we went for a walk.").
 Compound-Complex Sentences: Contains two or more independent clauses and at least
one dependent clause (e.g., "Although it was raining, we went for a walk, and we enjoyed
it.").

3.

 Present Simple: "She walks."

 Past Simple: "She walked."
 Future Simple: "She will walk."
 Present Continuous: "She is walking."
 Past Continuous: "She was walking."
 Future Continuous: "She will be walking."
 Present Perfect: "She has walked."
 Past Perfect: "She had walked."
 Future Perfect: "She will have walked."

4.

 Subjects and verbs must agree in number (singular/plural).

 o Singular: "The cat runs."
o Plural: "The cats run."

 Periods: End declarative sentences.

 Commas: Used to separate items in a list, after introductory phrases, or before
conjunctions in compound sentences.
 Semicolons: Connect closely related independent clauses.
 Colons: Introduce lists or explanations.
 Quotation Marks: Indicate direct speech or quotations.

 Run-On Sentences: Two or more independent clauses improperly joined.

o Incorrect: "I love to write I write every day."
o Correct: "I love to write. I write every day."
 Sentence Fragments: Incomplete sentences lacking a subject or verb.
o Incorrect: "Because I was tired."
o Correct: "I went to bed early because I was tired."
 Misplaced Modifiers: Words or phrases that are not placed correctly in relation to the
word they modify.
o Incorrect: "She almost drove her kids to school every day."
o Correct: "She drove her kids to school almost every day."

 Clarity: Use clear and concise language.

 Variety: Vary sentence structure to keep the reader engaged.
 Active Voice: Use active voice for stronger sentences (e.g., "The committee approved the
plan" vs. "The plan was approved by the committee").