Cagayan State University – Carig Campus

College of Engineering and Architecture

Department of Electrical Engineering
First Semester S.Y. 2023-2024

Engineering Science 011

(MATERIAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING)

Engr. Raymond H. Lallabban

Subject Instructor
Email address: [email protected]
Mobile/Viber Number: 0917-771-9039
Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE DESCRIPTION

Course deals with the properties of engineering

materials including mechanical, acoustical, electrical,
magnetic, chemical, optical and thermal properties.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE OUTCOMES
At completing the course, the student must be able to:

Evaluate the types, properties, and characteristics of

engineering materials

Identify the different new engineering materials and

their industrial usage

Evaluate the behavior of materials subject to different

kinds of testing
ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

MODALITY OF INSTRUCTION
HYBRID MODALITY (Virtual + Physical)
(which can also be a hybrid of Synchronous and Asynchronous)

ZOOM – primary platform to be used during online classes

Physical Classes – by schedule (any Saturday of the Month)

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE COURSE COMPLETION

1. Attendance (IS A MUST)

2. Class Participation/Recitation
3. Problem Sets/Homework
4. Quizzes
5. Major Exams

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE RULES
1. PRACTICE ONLINE MEETINGS ETIQUETTE:
UNMUTE when only when called to talk otherwise, MUTE your microphone.
TURN ON camera (if available and possible) while in class
AVOID interrupting someone who is talking unless acknowledge to do so.
Use th e RAISE HAND BUTTO N if ne ce ssitate d or wh e n asking
questions/clarifications.

2. ATTENDANCE TO CLASS IS A MUST

Attendance will be strictly checked every meetings, including face-to-face
meetings.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE RULES
3. SUBMISSION OF:
PROBLEM SETS/ASSIGNMENTS
On or before the deadline.
Late submission will merit 5 point deduction from the
potential score.
SEATWORKS
On or before the required time to submit.
Late submission will merit 5 point deduction from the
potential score.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE RULES
4. SUBMISSION OF QUIZZES
ALL QUIZZES WILL BE ANNOUNCED.
Quiz will be sent/uploaded by the instructor 5 mins. before the
scheduled time of exam.
Student shall send/upload his/her answer sheet on or before the
required submission time. (Grace period may be granted subject to the instructor’s discretion)
Beyond the grace period, late submission will automatically merit
15% deduction from the potential score.
More than 1 hour late from the grace period, 30% deduction from
the potential score.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE RULES
5. ALL MAJOR EXAMS
TO BE ADMINISTERED FACE-TO-FACE

ONLY CALCULATORS SHALL BE ALLOWED DURING THE EXAM.

OPEN FORMULAS OR CHEAT SHEETS WILL NEVER BE
ALLOWED.

ANY FORM OF DISHONESTY (CHEATING, COPYING, AND/OR

AN Y SIMILAR OFFEN SE) D URIN G T HE EXAM WILL
AUTOMATICALLY RESULT TO A FAILING GRADE (REPEAT
SUBJECT)

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE RULES
6. RELEASE OF GRADES
Academic performance for each term (Midterm and Tentative
Finals) will be sent via Email. Questions/clarif ications can be
raised via Email.

Once encoded in the Registrar, Final Grade will already be

FINAL AND UNREVOCABLE.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

GRADING METRICS

REQUIREMENT PERCENTILE
Attendance/Recitation 10%
Assignments/Problem Sets 10%
Term Paper 15%
Quizzes 25%
Major Exam 40%
Total 100%

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COMPUTATION OF COURSE GRADE

MIDTERM GRADE (MG) = 30% + 70 % (Raw Midterm Grade(RMG))

RMG Sample Calculation:

Requirement Percentile Score Equivalent Rating
Attendance/ Recitation 10% 95 9.5
Assignments/Problem Sets 10% 90 9.0
Course Project and/or Term 15% 80 12
Paper (with Defense) –
FIRST DRAFT
Quizzes 25% 80 20
Major Exam 40% 70 28
Raw Midterm Grade (RMG) 78.5

MIDTERM GRADE (MG) = 30% + 70 % (78.5)

= 84.95%
ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COMPUTATION OF COURSE GRADE

TENTATIVE FINAL GRADE (TFG) = 30% + 70 % (Raw Final Grade(RFG))

RFG Sample Calculation:

Requirement Percentile Score Equivalent Rating
Attendance/ Recitation 10% 80 8
Assignments/Problem Sets 10% 85 8.5
Course Project and/or Term 15% 85 12.75
Paper (with Defense) – LAST
DRAFT
Quizzes 25% 75 18.75
Major Exam 40% 65 26.0
Raw Final Grade (RFG) 74.00

TENTATIVE FINAL GRADE (TFG) = 30% + 70 % (74)

= 81.8 %
ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COMPUTATION OF COURSE GRADE

FINAL COURSE GRADE (FCG) = 30% (MG) + 70 % (TFG)

FROM THE EXAMPLE:

MG = 84.95
TFG = 81.8

FCG Sample Calculation

FCG = 30% (84.95) + 70 % (81.8)

FCG = 82.74 %

REFLECTED IN YOUR PORTAL = 83.00%

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE OUTLINE
Course Outline

1. Nature of Materials
1.1. Types of Engineering Materials
1.2. Engineering Materials Composition
1.3. Chemical Bonding

2. Properties and Characteristics of Materials

2.1. Physical
2.2. Mechanical
2.3. Chemical
2.4. Thermal
2.5. Magnetic
2.6. Optic

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE OUTLINE
Course Outline (cont..)

3. Material Testing
3.1. Tension Test
3.2. Compression Test
3.3. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
3.4. Beam Deflection
3.5. Shear/Torsion Test

4. Fracture Toughness and Fatigue of Engineering

Materials
4.1. Impact Testing
4.2. Destructive Testing
4.3. Fatigue Testing

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE OUTLINE

Course Outline (cont..)

5. Corrosion Prevention and Control

5.1. Significance and Purpose
5.2. Electrochemical Nature of Aqueous Corrosion
5.3. Corrosion Rate Determinates
5.4. Galvanic and Concentration Cell corrosion

6. Non-Destructive Testing
6.1. Magnetic Particle
6.2. Ultrasonic Testing
6.3. Penetrant Testing
6.4. Radiographic Testing

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

COURSE OUTLINE

Course Outline (cont..)

7. Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals

8. Ceramics
9. Polymers
10. Composite Materials
11. Nano and Bio Materials
12. Selection/ Reuse and Recycling of Materials

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Timeline Course Outline

Week No. Topic Lecture/Quiz/Exam Remarks
Week 1 (Sept. 4-9) No meeting (ADJUSTMENT PERIOD)
Week 2 (Sept. 11-16) 1. Nature of Materials Online Pure Online
2. Properties and
Characteristics of Materials
Lecture
Week 3 (Sept. 18-23) 2. Properties and Online Pure Online
Characteristics of
Materials Lecture

3. Material Testing
Week 4 (Sept 25- Oct.01) 4. Fracture Toughness Online Hybrid
and Fatigue of Lecture (Sept 25)
Engineering Materials
F2F Lecture
(Oct. 01)

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Reference Textbooks

 Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers,

8th Ed. By Shackelford

 Material Science and Engineering, 9th Ed., by

Callister and Rethwisch

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:
1) Describe the subject of materials science and engineering
as a scientific discipline
2) Cite the primary classification of solid materials.
3) Give distinctive features of each group of materials.
4) Cite one material from each group. Give some applications
of different types of materials.
5) Evaluate how much you know, how much you do not know
about materials.
6) Establish the importance of materials science and
engineering in selection of materials for various application

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

What are Materials?

Materials. Substance of which something is composed or made.

We obtain materials from earth crust and atmosphere.

Examples :

o
Silicon and Iron constitute 27.72 and 5.00 percentage of
weight of earths crust respectively.

o
Nitrogen and Oxygen constitute 78.08 and 20.95 percentage
of dry air by volume respectively.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Table 1.1. 
The Most Common Elements in Planet Earth’s Crust and Atmosphere by Weight
Percentage and Volume

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Materials are...
engineered structures...not blackboxes!
Structure...has many dimensions...

Structural feature Dimension (m)

atomic bonding < 10 -10
missing/extra atoms 10 -10
crystals (ordered atoms) 10 -8-10-1
second phase particles 10 -8-10-4
crystal texturing > 10 -6

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Materials Science and Materials Engineering

Materials Science
and Engineering
Materials Resultant Material
Science knowledge of the Engineering
structure,
Basic Applied
properties,
knowledge knowledge of
processing,
of materials materials
performance of
engineering
materials

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Figure 1.4: This diagram illustrates how materials science and engineering form a bridge of
knowledge from the basic sciences to the engineering disciplines (Reprinted with permission from National
Academy of sciences, courtesy of National Academic Press.)

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Materials Science and Materials Engineering

Materials science basic knowledge about the

deals with
internal structure, proper ties and processing of
materials.

Materials engineering deals with the application of

knowledge gained by materials science to convert
materials to products.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Structure, Processing, & Properties

• Properties depend on structure

ex: hardness vs structure of steel

Hardness (BHN)

Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a)

and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition,
and from Fig. 11.13 and associated
discussion, Callister 6e.
Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24;
and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.

• Processing can change structure

ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6

Ni
5
3 2 at%


+ 3.
Cu Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 6e.
4 Ni
at% (Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,

(10 -8 Ohm-m)
2. 1 6
Cu + Ni Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); and
Resistivity, 1 2 at% C.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,
3 1.
d C u+ Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,
e
o rm McGraw-Hill Company, New York,
def Ni
2
1 2 at% 1970.)
1 .
Cu +
1 Cu
Pure
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)

• Adding “impurity”
impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
resistivity
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
resistivity

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
--Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. --It decreases when
you add zinc!

Fig. 19.0, Callister

6e.
(Courtesy of
Lockheed
Missiles and Space
Company, Inc.)

Adapted from
Fig. 19.4W, Callister 6e.
(Courtesy of Lockheed Adapted from Fig. 19.4, Callister 6e.
Aerospace Ceramics (Fig. 19.4 is adapted from Metals Handbook:
Systems, Sunnyvale, CA) Properties and Selection: Nonferrous alloys
(Note: "W" denotes fig. and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed., H. Baker,
is on CD-ROM.) (Managing Editor), American Society for
Metals, 1979, p. 315.)

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
--Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by --Adding 3 atomic % Si makes Fe a
recording head. better recording medium!

Fe+3%Si

Magnetization
Fe

Magnetic Field
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, and
A.S. Tetelman, The Principles of
Fig. 20.18, Callister 6e.
Engineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,
(Fig. 20.18 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin, 1973. Electronically reproduced
Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

OPTICAL
Transmittance
Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque
depending on the material structure.

polycrystal: polycrystal:
single crystal low porosity high porosity

Adapted from Fig. 1.2,

Callister 6e.
(Specimen preparation,
P.A. Lessing; photo by J. Telford.)

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
--causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!
10 -8 as-is
held at

crack speed (m/s)

160C for 1hr
before testing
10 -10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23C

increasing load
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and
Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505,
Adapted from Fig. 17.0, Callister 6e. John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel,
(Fig. 17.0 is from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Brown Boveri Co.)
Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)

--material: 4m
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

Adapted from Fig. 11.24,

Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.24 provided courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing Commercial
Airplane Company.)

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

o
Metals
o
Polymers
o
Advanced Materials
o
Semiconductor
o
Smart Materials
o
Nanotechnology
o
Composite
o
Ceramics
o
Biomaterials
ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Materials Properties Examples

Metal • Good conductivity of heat and electricity • Ferrous - Iron and
• Not transparent to visible light Steels
• Polished surface has lustrous appearance • Non ferrous – Aluminum,
• Strong aluminum alloy, Titanium
alloy etc
• Deformable (machinable)
• Extensive use in structure
Polymer • Large molecular structure • Plastic
• Low densities • Rubber
• Flexible (compare to other material) • Adhesive
• Low electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramics / glasses • Strong and hard • Clay
• Low thermal conductivity and electrical • Cement
conductivity (extensive use as refractory • Glasses
material)
• Brittle
• Resistant to harsh environment
• Resistant to high temperature

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Material Properties Example

Composite • Combination of more than one material • Fiberglass
type and displays combination of the best • Concrete
characteristics • Plywood
• Light weight
• Hard, strong, very stiff
• high temperature resistance materials
Semiconductor/ • Electrical properties are intermediate • Germanium;
electronic between insulator and conductor • Silicon;
• Able to convert electrical signal • Gallium arsenide

Biomaterials • Components implanted into the human • Metal

body for replacement of disease or • Ceramics
damaged body parts • Polymer
• Non-toxic • Composite
• Biocompatible with body tissues • Semiconductor
ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Types of Materials
•
Metallic Materials
 Composed of one or more metallic elements.
 Example:- Iron, Copper, Aluminum.
 Metallic element may combine with
nonmetallic elements.
 Example:- Silicon Carbide, Iron Oxide.
 Inorganic and have crystalline structure.
 Good thermal and electric conductors.

Metals and Alloys

Ferrous Nonferrous
Eg: Steel, Eg:Copper
Cast Iron Aluminum

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024


Metallic Materials 

The aircraft turbine engine shown is made principally of metal alloys. The latest high-
temperature, heat resistant, high-strength nickel-base alloys are used in this engine.
This engine has many advanced, service-proven technologies to enhance operational
performance and durability. These include second-generation single-crystal turbine
blade materials, powder metal disks, and an improved full authority digital electronic
control
ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024


Metallic Materials 

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Polymeric (Plastic) Materials

o Organic giant molecules and mostly noncrystalline.
o
Some are mixtures of crystalline and noncrystalline
regions.
o
Poor conductors of electricity and hence used as
insulators.
o
Strength and ductility vary greatly.
o
Low densities and decomposition temperatures.
Examples :
Poly vinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyester.
Applications:
Appliances, DVDs, Fabrics etc.
ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Ceramic Materials
o Metallic and nonmetallic elements are chemically bonded together.
o Inorganic but can be either crystalline, non-crystalline or mixture of
both.
o High hardness, strength and wear resistance.
o Very good insulator. Hence used for furnace lining for heat treating
and melting metals.
o Also used in space shuttle to insulate it during exit and reentry into
atmosphere.
o Other applications : Abrasives, construction materials, utensils etc.

Example:

Porcelain, Glass, Silicon nitride.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

(a) Examples of a newly

developed generation of
engineered ceramic
materials for advanced
engine applications. The
black items include engine
valves, valve seat inserts,
and piston pins made of
silicon nitride. The white
item is a port-manifold liner
made of an alumina ceramic
material
(b) Potential ceramic component
applications in a
turbocharged diesel engine
High-performance ceramic ball bearings and races
are made from titanium and carbon nitride
feedstocks through power metal technology

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Composite Materials
o Mixture of two or more materials.
o Consists of a filler material and a binding material.
o Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other.
o Mainly two types :-
o Fibrous: Fibers in a matrix
o Particulate: Particles in a matrix
o Matrix can be metals, ceramic or polymer

Examples :
Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy matrix)
Concrete ( Gravels or steel rods reinforced in cement and sand)

Applications:
Aircraft wings, and engine, construction.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Composite materials

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Composite materials

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Composite materials

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Composite materials

Overview of the wide variety of composite parts used in the Air Force’s C-17
transport. This airplane has a wingspan of 165ft and uses 15,000Ib of
advanced composite
ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Electronic Materials


Not Major by volume but very important.

Silicon is a common electronic material.

Its electrical characteristics are
changed by adding impurities.


Examples:- Silicon chips,
transistors

Applications :- Computers, Integrated
Circuits, Satellites etc.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Competition Among Materials

o Materials compete with each other to exist in Example:-

new market

o Over a period of time usage of different

materials changes depending on cost and
performance.

o New, cheaper or better materials replace the old

materials when there is a breakthrough in
technology

Figure 1.14
Predictions and use of
materials in US automobiles.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Competition Among Materials

Breakdown of weight percentage of major materials used in the average

1985 U.S. automobile

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Competition Among Materials

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Recent Advances and Future Trends

Nanomaterials
 Smaller than 100 nm particle size.
 Materials have special properties.
 Very hard and strong characteristics.

 Research in progress.
 Example: Carbon nanofiber reinforced plastic:
very light but stronger than metals.

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/
www.ml.afrl.af.mil/stories/mlb-00378.html

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Recent Advances and Future Trends

Smart Materials

React to environment Stimuli.

Change their properties by sensing external
stimulus.
 Examples: Shape memory alloys – used in the artery
stents.
 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) devices.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Future Trends

Polymeric (Plastic Materials)


Fastest growing basic material (9% per year).

After 1995 growth rate decreased due to
saturation.

Different polymeric materials can be blend
together to produce new plastic alloys.

Search for new plastic continues.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Future Trends
Ceramic Materials
o
New family of engineering ceramics are produced last
decade
o
New materials and applications are constantly found.
o
Now used in Auto and Biomedical applications.
o
Processing of ceramics is expensive.
o
Easily damaged as they are highly brittle.
o
Better processing techniques and high-impact
ceramics are to be found.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Future Trends

Composite Materials
 Fiber reinforced plastics are primary products.
 On an average 3% annual growth from 1981 to 1987.

 Annual growth rate of 5% is predicted for new

composites such as Fiberglass-Epoxy and Graphite-
Epoxy combinations.
 Commercial aircrafts are expected to use more and
more composite materials.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Future Trends

Smart Materials

• Change their properties by sensing external stimulus.

 Shape memory alloys: Strained material reverts back to
its original shape above a critical temperature.
 Used in heart valves and to expand arteries.

 Piezoelectric materials: Produce electric field when

exposed to force and vice versa.
 Used in actuators and vibration reducers.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Future Trends

Electronic Materials
Use of electronic materials such as silicon increased rapidly from 1970.
 Electronic materials are expected to play vital role in
“Factories of Future”.
 Use of computers and robots will increase resulting in
extensive growth in use of electronic materials.
 Aluminum for interconnections in integrated circuits might be
replaced by copper resulting in better conductivity.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Recent Advances and Future Trends

Nanomaterials
Smaller than 100 nm particle size.
 Materials have special properties.
 Very hard and strong characteristics.
 Research in progress.
 Example: Carbon nanofiber reinforced plastic: very light
but stronger than metals.

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Future Trends

Powder Metallurgy

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Future Trends

Forging

1-11 ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Case Study – Material Selection

Problem: Select suitable material for bicycle frame and fork.

Carbon fiber
Steel and Aluminum Ti and Mg
Wood Reinforced
alloys alloys alloys
plastic

Low cost but Light and Very light and Light, moderately Slightly better
Heavy. Less strong. But strong. No Strong. Corrosion Than Al
Corrosion Cannot be corrosion. Resistance. alloys. But much
resistance shaped Very expensive expensive expensive

Cost important? Select steel

Properties important? Select CFRP

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Materials in electronic and electrical

Chapte
r 1 - 65

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Materials in medical – hip bone transplant

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Materials in sports and

recreation

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Materials in aerospace and transportation

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Cagayan State University – College of Engineering and Architecture S.Y. 2023-2024

Materials in civil and structural

ES 011_MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING