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References & Coordinate Systems: Najah Saeed Abdulridha

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13 views15 pages

References & Coordinate Systems: Najah Saeed Abdulridha

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hussainmahdijari
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© © All Rights Reserved
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BUOG

w w w. b u o g . e d u . i q

References & Coordinate Systems


PETE414 , 1st Semester
2nd _November_2021

Prepared by
Najah Saeed Abdulridha
[email protected] www.buog.edu.iq
Objectives

2
Introduction
To design a well plan it is necessary to know the exact position of both
the Origin and the Target on the earth surface and in the subsurface,
respectively.

As well as the desired well path, among other geological & boundaries
information.

Surface and subsurface locations of well must be represented on a MAP


and located by means of their distances to the reference axis of a grid
system superimposed over the Earth map, by using a given System of
Coordinates.

Maps used in directional drilling are flat, but the earth is an


oblate spheroid.
How to represent the position of a physical point on or in the spherical
earth on a flat piece of paper.
 There must be compromises to obtain an acceptable solution ?
 There will always be some error ?
3
What s the Shape of Earth ?

4
What s the Shape of Earth ?

• We think of the earth as a sphere


• It is actually a spheroid, slightly larger in
radius at the equator than at the poles

 The reason we use an ellipsoid and not a


perfect sphere is because the Earth spins

Spherical Oblate Spherical=Spheroid=Ellipsoid Lumpy Potato


Earth
Geodesy
References
is the study of the shape of the earth . It provides concept of latitude and longitude.
Geoid:
is a model of the Earth's surface , the shape that the surface of the oceans would take
under the influence of Earth's gravity and rotation alone, in the absence of other
influences such as winds and tides.
Earth References:
 Topographic Surface
(also known as "topographic height") Topographers measure the Earth's height
using either satellite or aerial photography. This model's elevation values are
calculated relative to the average sea level in various places across the planet.
 Ellipsoid Surface:
is the definition of the earths “spherical” shape.
 Geodetic Datum:
Mathematical surface that closely fits the mean sea level surface throughout the
area of interest.

6
Geodetic Datum

A geodetic datum consists of the following parameters:


• A definition of the ellipsoid model of the earth
• A definition of how the ellipsoid is oriented to the earth's surface
• A definition of a unit of length
• An official name
• The region or regions of the earth's surface for which the datum is
intended to be used

7
Geodetic Datum
Geodetic Datum
Many nations established their own regional datum
 Used various national standards and procedures
 Different time frames
 Calculated ellipsoids that fit well locally

9
Geodetic Datum

10
Nahrwan Datum 1934
 The first geodetic network of Iraq was created by the English
oil companies in 1934 and called the name:
(Nahrwan Datum 1934)
 On this network as a label Nahrawan is the reference.
 in this region the system of coordinates adoption of this network in drawing all first
property maps of Iraq and used up to the present time.
 Its known maps Alcadstro in addition to other different maps have been benefit from
it in the planning of infrastructure projects.

 First British network of Iraq1934


 Second British network of Iraq 1967
 Polish geodetic control networks of Iraq 1974-1979
 Iraqi geospatial reference system 2004 – 2016
 IRAQI GEOSPATIAL REFRENCE SYSTEM (IGRS).
 ED50 (Iraq)

For More details check the Knowledge Extra reading Tap No.2
IRAQI GEOSPATIAL REFRENCE SYSTEM (IGRS)
 First British network of Iraq1934
 Second British network of Iraq 1967
 Polish geodetic control networks of Iraq
 1974-1979
 Iraqi geospatial reference system
 2004 – 2016
 ED50 (Iraq)
Traditional Horizontal Datums
Example:
How well can we hit Minsk, USSR with a missile from Kansas?

Minsk (Pulkovo, 1942)


N 53° 52' 57.78" E 028° 01' 58.00"

Minsk (NAD-27)
N 53° 53' 02.76" E 028° 01' 43.06”

 Latitude = ~ 5”,  Longitude = ~15”


Around 313 meters of error
Map Coordinates Systems-Grid systems
To plan a well, the surface and target locations must be defined as coordinates on a
map. A map is a flat depiction of points on the globe. A grid system is placed on top of
the map projection. The grid system allows any location on earth to be expressed as
Cartesian coordinates. The coordinates are the distances from the two intersecting
lines on the grid that define the grid origin. In the figure, the coordinates of point A
are latitude 6 degrees 40 minutes and 30 seconds North (6° 40' 30” N) and longitude
17 degrees 58 minutes and 45 seconds East (17° 58' 45” E).

14
Types of Grid Systems
There are many types of coordinate systems. Each one produces a
unique set of coordinates for any location on a map. Th slides covers
five types of coordinate systems used by directional drillers .

1. Geographical Coordinates System


2. Projected Coordinates System.
3. Local Coordinates System.

15

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