ENGINEERING GRAPHICS II

(GET 203)

True Lengths and Auxiliary Views

BY
M.W. KAREEM, M.Y. KOLAWOLE, A.S. OLAWORE AND M.A. ALADODO
Orthographic Projection of Lines

First angle orthographic projection

 True Length
Any line that is parallel to a fold line will appear in its true
length in the next successive view adjoining that fold line.

To find the true length of any line:

Step 1:
Draw a fold line parallel to the line of which the true length
is required. This can be done at any convenient distance.
Step 2:
Label the fold line "A" for auxiliary view.
 True Length
Step 3.
Extend projection lines from the end points of the line being
projected into the auxiliary view. These must always be at
90o to the fold line.

Step 4.
Transfer the end point distances from the fold line in the
second preceding view from the one being drawn, to locate
the corresponding end points in the view being drawn.
 True length

First auxiliary elevation

 True length

Auxiliary elevation
True length

First auxiliary elevation

True length

Second auxiliary elevation

 Auxiliary View
The conventional orthographic views, viz, front, top and side
views may not be sufficient always to provide complete
information regarding the size and true shape of the object.
Especially when it contains surfaces inclined to the principal
planes of projections.
The true shape of an inclined surface can only be obtained
by projecting it on to an imaginary plane which is parallel to
it.
The imaginary plane is called an auxiliary plane and the view
obtained on it is called the auxiliary view.
 An auxiliary view serves three purposes:

• It illustrates the true size of a surface.

• It illustrates the true shape of a surface, including all true

angles and/or arcs.

• It is used to project and complete other views.

 Auxiliary Views
An auxiliary view is an orthographic view that is projected
onto any plane other than one of the six principal views.

Auxiliary view is generally a

partial view of an object showing
only the inclined surface. At
times, it is referred to as normal
view
Surface ABCD is in an inclined
plane. Therefore, an observer can
never see the true size (shape) in
any of these views (Front, Side
elevation and plan).
Orthographic principal views
 Auxiliary Views Cont’d
In a multiview drawing, a true
size and shape plane is shown
only when the line of sight
(LOS) used to create the view
is perpendicular to the
projection plane.

To show the true size and shape of

surface ABCD, an auxiliary view can be
created by positioning a line of sight
perpendicular to the inclined plane,
then constructing the new view.
Orthographic views with auxiliary view
 Methods of Constructing Auxiliary Views
Two methods of creating auxiliary views are:
1) Fold-line method and
2) Reference plane method
However, fold-line would be emphasised

Fold-line method
In fold-line method, the object is suspended in a glass box to
show the six principal views, created by projecting the object
onto the planes of the box. The box is then unfolded, resulting
in the six principal views. However, when the six views are
created, surface ABCD never appears true size and shape
Methods of Constructing Auxiliary Views

Orthographic with six principal views

Methods of Constructing Auxiliary Views

The box has a special or auxiliary

plane that is parallel to inclined
surface ABCD. The line of sight
required to create the auxiliary
view is perpendicular to the new
projection plane and to surface
ABCD.
 Classification of Auxiliary Views
Two methods of creating auxiliary views are:
1) Primary auxiliary view and
2) Secondary auxiliary

Primary auxiliary
This is when the auxiliary plane is inclined to two of the
principal planes but perpendicular to the third plane.

Secondary auxiliary
This is when the auxiliary plane is inclined to all the three
principal planes. Such planes are called oblique or skewed
surfaces.
Auxiliary Views Cont’d

Orthographic views with auxiliary view

Auxiliary Views Cont’d

First and Third Angles Orthographic

views with auxiliary view
 Draw an Auxiliary View of a Round Surface

Draw light projection lines 90° from the inclined surface.

Construct the reference line parallel to the inclined surface at any
convenient distance.
Label the points that are on the reference line; in this example, a and g.
Draw light projection lines from the 12 points in the right-side view to
the inclined edge in the front view.
Project these same 12 points directly up to the auxiliary view
from the inclined edge in the front view. Again, notice points a and g are
on the reference line.
In the right-side view, measure the distance each point is from the
reference line. Transfer each of these distances from the right-side view
reference line to the auxiliary view reference.
Auxiliary of a Round Surface Cont’d

Orthographic views with auxiliary view

 Auxiliary Views
Steps
1. Draw a centre line parallel to line AB as part of an
auxiliary view.
2. Project points A and B onto this line and onto the centre
lines of the plan and end elevation.
3. Take any horizontal section XX between A and B and
draw a circle in the plan view of diameter D.
4. Project the line of section plane XX onto the end
elevation.
5. Project the point of intersection of line AB and plane XX
onto the plan view.
6. Mark the chord-width, W on the plan, in the auxiliary
view and the end elevation. These points in the auxiliary
view form part of the ellipse.
7. Repeat with further horizontal sections between A and
B, to complete the views as shown.
Auxiliary Views
Assignment

Reproduce the engineering

block as shown. Draw the
auxiliary view of the inclined
portion of the block. Hint: the
block has hexagonal recess
and the accepted scale is
flexible.
Assignment

Reproduce the engineering

block as shown. Draw the
orthographic projection and
auxiliary view of the inclined
portion of the block. Note:
Scale is at the discretion of the
modeller
Assignment

Copy and complete the

orthographic projection of
block shown and produce the
auxiliary view of the block.
Note: Scale is at the discretion
of the modeller