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Operating Systems

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Fadila MEZRAG
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7 views

Operating Systems

Uploaded by

Fadila MEZRAG
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating Systems

Operating systems are the software that most people use on personal and business
computers. Here’s a look at the three main ones: Windows, macOS, and Linux.

1. Windows

Windows, created by Microsoft, is the most widely used desktop operating system in the
world. It has changed a lot since it was first introduced in 1985:

• Windows 1.0 to 3.1 (1985-1992): These early versions were the first graphical
interfaces for MS-DOS, primarily featuring windowed applications without true
multitasking.

• Windows 95/98/ME: Windows 95 brought the iconic Start menu, taskbar, and
improved multitasking. Windows 98 refined the user experience, while Windows ME
added multimedia features but was generally less stable.

• Windows XP (2001): A game-changer for stability, user experience, and support for
new technologies, XP was known for its longevity and is still remembered fondly.

• Windows Vista (2006): Although it introduced major security features and aesthetic
changes, Vista was often criticized for performance issues.

• Windows 7 (2009): Building on Vista’s improvements, Windows 7 became one of


the most beloved Windows versions due to its stability, performance, and user-
friendly features.

• Windows 8/8.1 (2012/2013): With a focus on touch interfaces, Windows 8


introduced the Start screen. However, it faced backlash for abandoning the classic
Start menu, which 8.1 partially restored.

• Windows 10 (2015): Combining the best of Windows 7 and 8, Windows 10 unified


the interface across devices and emphasized regular updates instead of new OS
releases. It remains highly popular today.

• Windows 11 (2021): Windows 11 introduced a redesigned, centered Start menu,


revamped design elements, and enhanced support for gaming and productivity. It
also includes support for Android apps and better integration with touch and pen
inputs.

Windows is the preferred operating system for businesses and supports many software
types, including those for business, engineering, gaming, and design.

2. macOS

Apple’s macOS is known for its smooth, easy-to-use design and strong connection with
other Apple devices like iPhones, iPads, and Macs. Here’s a quick look at how it has
evolved:

• Mac OS Classic (1984-2001): The original Macintosh operating system, starting with
"System 1" through "Mac OS 9," introduced the graphical interface concept to
personal computers.

• Mac OS X (2001): With a UNIX-based core, OS X provided a stable foundation that


introduced features like the Aqua interface and Dock. Versions of OS X have often
been named after big cats (e.g., Leopard, Lion) and later California landmarks (e.g.,
Yosemite, Sierra).

• macOS: In 2016, OS X was rebranded as macOS to align with Apple’s naming


conventions for other OS platforms (iOS, watchOS, etc.). Recent macOS versions
have focused on privacy, productivity, and integration features.

o Examples:

▪ Monterey: Brought new features like Universal Control, allowing a


single mouse and keyboard to control multiple Apple devices
seamlessly.

▪ Ventura: Introduced Stage Manager to help organize open apps and


files for better multitasking.

macOS has a simple design, strong security, and connects well with other Apple devices,
making it popular with creatives, developers, and Apple users.

3. Linux
Linux is unique because it’s open-source, meaning anyone can change and share it freely.
It has different versions, called "distributions" or "distros," each made for specific uses.
Here’s an overview of some major ones and the Linux system:

• Ubuntu: One of the most popular Linux distros, Ubuntu is known for its ease of use
and regular updates. It’s commonly used for desktops, servers, and IoT devices.

• Fedora: A cutting-edge distro supported by Red Hat, Fedora is known for


implementing new technologies quickly. It’s popular with developers and power
users.

• Debian: Known for its stability, Debian serves as the base for Ubuntu and is a
popular choice for both servers and desktops. It values open-source software and
tends to be conservative with updates, prioritizing stability.

• Other Distros: Linux offers a vast selection of distros suited to different needs, from
lightweight ones like Puppy Linux for older hardware to specialized options like Kali
Linux for security professionals.

Linux is open-source, meaning anyone can modify and share it freely. This makes it highly
customizable and backed by a strong community. It's widely used for servers because of its
reliability, and its user-friendly versions make it a good choice for personal computers too.

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