PAN-DETERMINISM’S VIEW OF FREEDOM AS AN 1.

) ABANDONED TO BE FREE
ILLUSION
Abandonment – the existential condition of
being thrown into one’s existence with nothing to
cling to as a guide.
Pan-Determinism
- Our existence is not our choice. Rather, it was a
 A view that rejects the claim that a human person is matter of destiny. We are destined to live in this
free world.
 States that a human person is not free bc his/her
Having Freedom Means Being Abandoned in 2 Things:
conditions, actions, & behavior are determined by
his/her: A. – it is not our choice to exits; but we exist, and it is not
our choice to experience life struggles but we
 Biological Determinism – our actions, experience such things.
behavior, & how we make decisions are - When we experience life struggles, we longed for
gently controlled by our biological makeup someone to talk to but, there are times when no
(genes). one is available.
 Psychological Determinism – are influenced - This is the time when you realized that the only
by the mental states particularly the one who can help you is you alone.
unconscious level of mind. - On the other hand, sometimes, you can talk your
 Sociological Determinism – are influenced by frustrations with other people such as family, and
the external conditions (surrounding friends and they can give you
environment) - But still, in the end, it’s you, and you alone who
will decide and face your own problem.
B. – you are free but you didn’t choose freedom; it is a
HUMAN PERSON AS A SELF-DETERMINING BEING human condition you are thrown into an affiliated for
living in this world.
– you are abandoned to be free to choose, face and
create you life the way you want it to be.
Self-Determination

 The innate capacity of the human person to determine

his/her decisions & actions & ultimately his/her own 2.) FREEDOM IN DESPAIR
life amidst containing conditions.
According to Sartre, we are what our actions are. Our actions
AGAINTS PSYCHOLOGICAL DETERMINISM define who we are.

 It is true that there are mental states and that our past What we are is not dependent on the consequences of our
experiences, drives hopes, desires, wishes, etc. may actions but on the totality of our actions itself.
affect our decisions, actions, and behaviors.
 But as a human person, we have the capacity to
choose what is right, we have the power to be aware,
Life in Action
to process, weigh things and to use them on our
advantage than being driven by them. - It is on the manner we engage with life that
matters.
Conditioning – process of training or accustoming a person or
- Therefore, when we fail, it is not directly the end.
animal to behave in a certain way or to accept certain
It is in our ability to create and recreate
circumstances.
ourselves.
 Determines his/her thoughts

FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY

HUMAN PERSON CONDEMED
 Freedom Implies Responsibility
Existence Precedes Essence - Because human person is free, he/she is
responsible not only for yourself but also for
 Existence – refers to the totality of how a person has others and ultimately for humanity.
lived his/her life.
 Essence – the nature of the human person that  Freedom is Doing What is Good and Matter of
makes his/her distinct from other beings. Duty
- We come to exist first then as we explore the - Freedom is not an act of doing anything one
world, we are able to find the meaning, purpose, wants. It is not freedom, it is slavery to one’s
& value our life. appetite or emotion.
- Freedom is also not doing things because they
are beneficial; it is doing things because they
ought to be done.
  According to Immanuel Kant, as an autonomous LOVE
(independent and having the power to make your own
decision) rational being, a person acts freely only if - Is the guiding principle of humanity toward his
he/she acts for the sake of duty in accordance with self-perception and happiness- his ultimate
moral laws. destiny.
 Hence, a human person has two obligations.
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS- establishes the existence of God
1. To obey the distance of his/her reason; and
as a FIRST CAUSE of all God’s creations.
2. to obey the decrees of moral law.
HUMAN BEINGS have the unique power to change
themselves and things around them for the better.
 Freedom – consists of going beyond
situations such as physical or economic. For
instance, students can be young and poor, JEAN PAUL SARTRE – “Individual Freedom”
but they can still pursue their dreams of
becoming a doctor, teacher, or a stage actor. - The person is the desire to be God the desire to
 Critical Thinking – is an important tool exist as a being which has its sufficient ground in
toward freedom and truth itself (en sui casa)
“TITIKALAGAS, TITIKAPADLAS”

“No Guideposts Along The Road Life” – The human person

 All Actions Have Consequences builds the road to the destiny of his/her choosing: he/she is the
creator
Aristotle – “The Power of Volition” - The person is provided with a supreme
opportunity to give meaning to ones life. In the
- If there were no INTELLECT, there would be no
course of giving meaning to one’s life, one fills
WILL.
the world with meaning.
- The human person who tries to escape
obligations and strives to be an ‘en soi’ (excuses ,
The will of humanity is an instrument of free choice. It is with in such as ‘I was born this way’ or ‘I grew up in a
the power of everyone to be GOOD or BAD, WORTHY or bad environment’) is acting a bas faith
WORTHLESS. (mauvais/mauvaise foi)

This is borne out by: Sartre emphasizes the importance of free individual choice,
regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce
 Our inner awareness of an aptitude to do right or our desires, beliefs and decision.
wrong;
 The common testimony of all human beings; To be human, to be conscious is to be free to imagine, free to
 The rewards and punishment of rulers; and choose and be responsible for one’s life.
 The general employment of praise and blame.
YOU ARE FREE BUT THIS FREEDOM IS ABSOLUTE (may
limitations/restrictions)

Moral Acts You could not do anything that you please WITHOUT taking
consideration the norms of your society.
- Are in power and we are responsible for them.
Character or Habit is no excuse for immoral
conduct.
- ATTENDING CLASS IS A STUDENT’S
RESPONSIBILITY, as a result, he/she is
responsible for the consequences of his/her
actions.

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS – “Love is Freedom”

- Through our spirituality, we have conscience

Whether we choose to be ‘good’ or ‘evil’ becomes
our responsibility.
- The power of change, however cannot be done
by human beings alone, but is achieved through
COOPERATION with GOD.
DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS  We are required to attain the summum bonum (the
highest good)
 Based in society ethics  Reason tells us that obedience should bring
 Consequences does not matter about the SB*
 Respect for person  But sometimes our obedience can lead to
- For oneself misinterpretation (this can lead to suffering)
- For others  The SB must involve both perfect virtue and
 You are duty bound to keep your promise TO BE perfect happiness.
FAITHFUL TO YOUR SPOUSE, even if a more
attractive person comes along.  The Highest Good and Virtue
 You are duty-bound to always telling the TRUTH,
even if its costs your job. The highest good is according to Kant found in virtue what
 DUTY is NOT based on what is PLEASANT or is virtue and what is nice?
BENEFICIAL but rather upon the OBLIGATION itself.
Virtue – “the moral strength of a human being’s will in
fulfilling his duty.”
KANTS METHAPHYSICS: 2 Faculties of the Human Mind
Nice – “principled morality”
1. Pure Reason (a prior) – structure of the mind
provides for and order of understanding.
2. Pure Intuition of Space and Time (a posteriori) –
INTERSUBJECTIVITY
provides the materials or consent from sense
perception or experience.  Deals with the human person as a subject in relation
to another.

Subject – a being who recognizes the other.

TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS
Other – refers to the other person (neighbor, stranger, or
 Teleology or consequentialism is referred to results
simply another subject than the self.
oriented ethics.
- Does not only pertain to a human being. It
 It focuses on the purpose of each action and whether
could be referred to other beings, inanimate
there is an intention or meaning for the action.
or animate (animals, plants, or the
 It deals with the consequences of an action. It
environment)
involves examining past experiences in order to figure
 The process and products of sharing experiences,
out the result of present actions.
knowledge, understandings, and expectations with
 Came from the root word “Telos”, meaning end, goal,
others.
or purpose.
 The connection of human beings with other human
 Thus, a teleologist believes that the end, goal, for
beings.
purpose of an action must be based on its
consequences. The most common though extreme
form of consequentialism, is the use of the dictum,
‘the end ___’
According to Google: Dictum is a short statement, especially one
expressing advice or a general truth: He followed the famous VIEWS OF INTERSUBJECTIVITY BY PHILOSOPHERS
American dictum "Don't get mad, get even."

Jean-Paul Gustave Ricoeur – Elucidating the concept of the

SUMMARY self and other reiterates, one should learn how to develop
oneself before one reaches out for the other.
Deontology – based on man’s absolute duty towards mankind.
- Self-care is the stepping stone for taking
Teleology – results of an action and produces *greater
care of others.
happiness and less pain
Martin Buber – he differentiates the “I and It” and the “I and
 Summum Bonum(SB) – Greater happiness
Thou”

 I – It Relationship – points to the existence of the self

Kants Moral Argument and its relation to an other, which is not necessarily
a human being (plants, animals, and objects).
 We cannot reach the *summum bonum with the  I – Thou Relationship – points to the existence of the
assistance of God. self and its relation to an other entity that has a
- We are not the cause of the world human self: another human being, or simply the
- We do not have the power to achieve “other”.
summum bonum - The (I-Thou) connotes that we must enter
- Even if we could achieve perfect morality, we into a relationship with others because
cannot guarantee connecting it with perfect reaching out for other leads to becoming a
happiness. full human being.
Emmanuel Lèvinas – the human person is intentionally - the other person does not recognize the very being of the
directed to the world; and in the face of the other, he/she does other.
not find superiority over the other.
- the other person relates with the other for the personal gain
- There is equality and inclusiveness of every and development.
individual. He encourages us to go out from
the self and opens one’s heart and minds to
see the face of the vulnerable other.
- Recognizing the sense of responsibility is the Consequences:
permanent priority in engaging oneself with
1. The freedom to express and unveil one’s
the other.
uniqueness and the truth of oneself are not
- He believes that the source of our
manifested and shared.
responsibility to the other is not based on the
2. In this kind of relationship, growth or true
moral laws or commands, but on the
personal development is impossible to attain.
encounter with the face of the other.
3. In this situation, one is corrupted by his/her owns
selfishness, and the other is yielded to live in a
manipulative and distorted world.
DIMENSIONS OF NONRELATIONAL SELF

4. The Self is the Realm of Selfishness – the “I” sees only

itself as the basis of truth and of social existence.
1. The Self in Isolation – Human beings lives in isolation
when she/he does not recognize the existence of others. Consequences:

- Human beings consciously leaves the 1. Self-centeredness hinders the establishment of

communicative situation. dialogues between or among human beings.
- He/she does not establish relational 2. Hinders a person from sharing his/her being.
communication that leads to open 3. Hinders the person from opening himself/herself
communication with others. and be transparent to the other for the true
communion of worlds, meanings, values, and self
Consequences: beings.

1. Human beings cannot unveil and discover

himself/herself.
2. There is a rupture of the possibility of life of Intersubjectivity – human relations
communication.
Martin Buber – “it is said that a man experiences his world.
What does that mean? Man travels over the surface of things
 Karl Jaspers – it is in communication that human and experiences them. He extracts knowledge about their
beings can experience self-realization. constitution from them: he wins an experience from them. He
experiences what belongs to the things.
2. The Self in the Realm of Pretentions – human beings
pretends to be another person to be accepted by others.
Starting point:
 Deception – is a hindrance toward the establishment
of communicative situation between human beings. “Humans have the natural and universal tendency to
relate, to establish attachments and seek close relationship
Consequences: with other people. Our human nature drives to reach out to
1. Deception hinders the true being from unveiling other people and interact with them in meaningful ways.”
self.
2. When a human being relates with another person
in deception, the content of the communication is
How do we relate with Others?
not the true but the seeming and imagined self.
1. Self Awareness
3. The Self in the Realm of Manipulation - occur when one
2. Transcendence
says to the other “I create your world and you must only think,
feel, and act within its boundary.”

- “your world view and your understanding about the world are Before we begin to relate with others, we must first to know the
according to world that I have created for you.” “SELF” as what the famous Socrates will say “Know Yourself”
- “you act according the image that I set. As you do it, I find If you began to know yourself by then you will know the
satisfaction and security. “OTHER”
- human being sees the other person as a mere “thing”. What is Intersubjectivity?

1. “the interaction between the self and the other’

 2. “it is the sharing the subjective states by 2 or more
individuals
3. “a unique relationship between distinct subject”

Subject – the term subjected… base on feelings or opinions

rather than facts – relating the way a person experiences
something in his/her own (a human person is a SUBJECT)

What we need to know

1. We want to know what it takes to experience the

“other” as “the other”
2. How the experience of the “other” may be needed for
the development of self-awareness.

The Difference between OTHER and THE OTHER

1. Other – Human being, an object outside of you;

a. Trees
b. Animals
c. Etc
2. The Other – human person, same being, subject;
a. Your classmate
b. Your teacher
c. Friends
d. Enemies

That’s why if you’re looking for a person in life, you’re looking

for a SIGNIFICANT OTHER.

Self-Consciousness and Dialogue

Self-Consciousness – one important and inherent aspect of

human person as thinking and acting being.
 - The awareness of one’s own body and its will of energy. Ex. - Doctors are a lot of sympathy
interactions with the environment-including - lack of goals and supposed to feel for the victims of
others. interest. empathy with their floods.
- To become ore complete, a person must Ex. - His illness patients. - I’ve always had
recognize him/herself through another self- made him - Having lived in sympathy for my
consciousness. apathetic and an orphanage, mother who
- The continues dialogues between “I’s” self- unable to do his Nick had lots of raised the three of
job. empathy for us as a single
consciousness and the other’s
children. parent.
consciousness leads to the establishment of
unity of consciousness.
- If there is unity, this summons each
consciousness to treat each other not a an The Bucket List – a number of experiences or achievements
object, but as subject as thou and not as it. that a person hopes to have or accomplish during their lifetime.

Selfhood and Dialogue Expressing Sympathy – an expression or feeling of pity and

sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky
or have in trouble and bad in condition.

Selfhood – is the state of having a distinct identity, or being an Ex. Your friends grandfather is sick, and it makes your friend
individual distinct from others; individuality. sad. You can ENTERTAIN your friend by _

- Selfhood only emerges itself in and through

dialogical situation.
- Each human being recognizes and respects, 2. Purposes of Expressing Sympathy
accepts, and affirms one another’s selfhood.
- make sad people that have a trouble or in bad condition
Freedom – is a human aspect that a person becomes become happy.
conscious of him/herself.
- make people know that we care with them
- The true expression of freedom is expressed
both for one’s self being and other’s self
being. 3. Function of the Expressing Sympathy
- Human freedom can only find its meaning in
relation to the freedom of another human - used to expressing sympathy feeling on care to someone who
being. has a problem or got an_
- Human being has to risk his/her freedom in
the dialogue or concrete relationship with
other human beings. 4. Goal of Expressing Sympathy
- It is only in risking and losing freedom in
relationship that one finds freedom and its - to offer your compassion and concern for the bereaved. You
true meaning towards the realization of can say how much you will miss the person who died or you
selfhood. can share a happy memory. The most important things to
communicate is that you care about the bereaved person and
you are available.
Truth and Dialogue

5. How Do We Show Our Sympathy

Truth – is never revealed in seclusion or isolation.
- we express it directly him/her orally, say something
- Truth about one’ self being is always supportive.
relational
- Truth is experiences and shared as human - we also can use a letter, card_
being engages him/herself in a dialogue.
- Human being has to risk the truth of his/her
being to be rejected and affected by the
other.

Have 3 Situation to Express Sympathy

Apathy Empathy Sympathy
- not interested in - refers to - to feel sorry for 1. Formal
work or school, understanding someone who 2. Neutral
feel empty and how other people experiences 3. Informal
unmotivated most feel and sharing difficulties.
of the time, lack of with them. Ex. – Michael had
Martin Buber – spoke and read Hebrew, Yiddish, Polish,
German, Greek, Latin
Summary
- Demonstrated in his own life the power of the
Jewish ideal of study as a form od prayer - Buber demonstrates that wisdom is found
and a path to wisdom. not in certitude but in seeking; not in solitude
- Promoted the “Need for mutual respect and but in relationship; not in the I-It, but in the I-
dignity among all humans.” Thou.
- “I & Thou” – best known book
- “I & It “ – objective relationship
- “I & Thou” – subjective

Buber’s Two Stances

“I-Thou” – the world of interpersonal relations. *Bucket List –

“I-It” – the world of third person realities.

Prudence and Frugality Towards Enviroment

I-Thou Dialogic Principle

- Our meaning comes our connectedness. The Prudence – the ability to govern or discipline oneself.
extent to which we are disconnected is the
extent to which we find meaningless. Frugality – careful and saving use of resources.
- The “I-It” relationship is in fact a relationship
with oneself; it is not a dialogue but a
monologue. Erich Fromm – proposed a new society that should encourage
the emergence of a new human being that will foster prudence
and frugality towards environment.
Characterizing Dialogue

- The first requirement of a genuine dialogue

Functions of Forms Envisioned Society
is listening, being open to the world,
observing, being aware of everything - The willingness to give up all forms of _
including flowers and animals, not just - Trying to reduce greed, hate, and illusions is
persons. much as possible.
- The “signs” of a dialogue are whatever - Making the full growth of oneself
happens/occurs to us which are everywhere - Not deceiving others; but also not being
but we ignore them. deceived by others, one may be called
- God is the “Who speaks” each moment innocent, but not naïve.
- We should respond (answer) when someone - Freedom to be oneself, not_
speaks to us as this is the essence of - Happiness in the process of ever growing
responsibility. aliveness, whatever the furthest point is the
fate permits one to reach.
- Developing ones capacity for love, critical
Buber’s 3 Kinds of Dialogue and unsementimal thought
- Shedding one’s narcissism and accepting
1. Genuine Dialogue – mutual living relationship that limitation are inherent in human
2. Technical dialogue – objective understanding existence.
3. Monologue Distinguished as Dialogue – like in a
debate or conversation where nothing is to be learned
or nothing is given.

Dialogue VS. Monologue

Theories
1. Dialogue – a turning towards the other, a relationship
between the I and Thou: An openness and a
movement of love. 1. Anthropocentrism (humans over
2. Monologue/”reflexion” – is withdrawing from nature/environment)
another person where dialogue becomes fiction. - Philosophical_
 - Humans are superior to nature and holds Live A Meaningful Life
that human life has insintric value while other
entities are resources that just may justifiably - One good way to welcome death is stretch
be exploited for the benefit of humankind. our arms in the same way Jesus did on the
cross.
2. Ecocentrism (nature over human beings) - The bible says that Jesus come into this
- Considers_ world to save the humanity/ He knew his
- Belief that humans must change their mission would require him suffering and
relationship to nature from on that values death, but he accepted the mission.
nature solely for its usefulness to human - Just like Jesus, there is a purpose why we
being to one that recognizes. exist. Fulfilling this purpose why we exist.
Fulfilling this purpose or mission would give
3. Deep Ecology us the same relief when Jesus said, “It is
- Focuses on ecological crisis as an outcome finished”.
of anthropocentrism. - Being able to say this world means that we
- Deep ecologist encourages humanity to shift have lived a fulfilled life and nothing more to
from anthropocentrism to ecocentrism. ask for. And because of this, death may no
longer threaten us.
4. Social Ecology
- This theory focused on the ecological crisis
as an outcome of authoritarian social Live Fully in the Present Moment
structure.
- Few people who have power over other - In the between birth and death is LIFE. Birth
people exploit the environment for profit or is an event in the past and life is in the
self-interest. present. The past can no longer be retrieved
and the future is merely possibility, only the
5. Ecofeminism present can be lived.
- this theory focus on the idea that ecological - Rather than being consumed by our fear of
crisis is a consequences of male dominance. death, the best thing to do while alive is to
- Male as anthropocentric, Female as live a full life, a life at a present, appreciating.
ecocentric. Cherishing, and enjoying everything the
world offers to preset moment.

Live Calmly – we can say that death is is a human event that

happen for a reason, that is not within our control, and that is
only our mind we can control.
Attitudes Towards Death
- If death is natural, then it must happen for a
reason_
Know Thyself
Live Courageously – confronted with courage, death does not
- For Socrates, we are afraid of death because only become bearable but is becomes a_
we think that death is evil but believing that
- The monk_
death is believing in something that we do
- Also, Jesus courageously embraced his
not know.
death because he knew he would be
- This kind of thinking is based on ignorance.
resurrected.
When we are afraid of death not because
- SOCRATES did not escape his punishment
death is evil but because we think that it is
and courageously faced his death because
evil.
he believed in the indestructability of the
- If ignorance is the root cause of the fear of
soul. Indeed, one who truly understands life
death, the only solution for this is to know
is not afraid to die. (He drunk a poison infront
thyself.
of his students even if he was guilty or
- One must be able to realize that truth
wasn’t)
rationally that our soul is temporarily residing
in the body. The Soul is _____________
temporal.
based on google: the soul is not temporal
- Gautama Buddha also believes that we are
afraid of death because of our ignorance of
our human nature.
- Because of this ignorance, we crave for life;
we cling and attach to it. And these we are
the reason that make us afraid to die and
make us suffer.