Agricultural and Biosystems

Power Engineering
ABE 111
ENGINE
ABE 111
 ENGINE

• from a Latin word using old French language “ingenium” meaning

ability
• a piece of machinery- self propelled
• a machine that converts chemical energy of fuel to thermal energy
and to mechanical energy.
 Heat Engines
• In general, a heat engine is a device that converts chemical energy
to heat or thermal energy and then to mechanical energy or to
electrical energy.
• Many heat engines operate in a cyclic manner, adding energy in the
form of heat in one part of the cycle and using that energy to do
useful work in another part of the cycle.
• For example, as is typical in all conventional thermal power
plants the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam
turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.
• Steam generators, steam turbines, condensers and feedwater
pumps constitute a heat engine, that is subject to the efficiency
limitations imposed by the second law of thermodynamics.
 Thermal Efficiency and the Second Law
• An ideal heat engine is an imaginary engine in which energy extracted as
heat from the high-temperature reservoir is converted completely to work.
• But according to the Kelvin-Planck statement, such an engine would violate
the second law of thermodynamics, because there must be losses in the
conversion process.
• The net heat added to the system must be higher than the net work done by
the system.
• Kelvin-Planck statement:
• “It is impossible to construct a device which operates on a cycle and produces
no other effect than the production of work and the transfer of heat from a
single body”.
Heat Engine Cycle

• engine typically uses energy provided in

the form of heat to do work and then
exhausts the heat which cannot be used
to do work
• first law is the application of
conservation of energy to the system
• the second sets limits on the possible
efficiency of the machine and
determines the direction of energy flow
 The PV Diagram
• The PV diagram provides the framework for
the analysis of any heat engine which uses
a gas as a working substance
• The area inside the loop is a representation
of the amount of work done during a cycle.
Some idea of the relative efficiency of an
engine cycle can be obtained by comparing
its PV diagram with that of a Carnot cycle,
the most efficient kind of heat engine cycle.
How an Engine Works?
Rotary Motion

Heat Generation
(Spark : Gasoline/LPG)
(Closed Compression)

Mixing Device
Carburetor : Gasoline
Functional Systems
Injection Pump : Diesel
Converter : LPG

Air
(Gas)

Fuel
(Liquid)
Engine Classifications
1. place/chamber of combustion of fuel
2. cycle of operation
3. fuel used
4. ignition system
5. methods of cooling
6. cylinder arrangement
7. number of cylinders or pistons
8. valve arrangement
Classification of Engine by Place/Chamber of Combustion

External Combustion Engine (ECE)

• It uses outside mechanism for combustion
then introduced the combusted gas to the
engine for piston movement
• High pressure steam compels the motion of
the piston. An example of this kind of engine is
a steam turbine
• The steam produced in the boiler is introduced
to the chamber, whereby forcing the piston to
move
Classification of Engine by Place/Chamber of Combustion

External Combustion Engine (ECE)

• The best example for external
combustion engine is steam
engine.
• The thermal efficiency of external
combustion engine is usually in the
range of 15 to 20%, which is very
low compared to the internal
combustion engine.
Source: FlexBooks. (May 24, 2019). CK-12 Physical Science for Middle School
Classification of Engine by Place/Chamber of Combustion

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

• is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an
oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working
fluid flow circuit.
• the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by
combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine
• the force is applied typically by the combustion of fuel mixed with air is confined in
internal part of the engine that pushes the piston movement
• simplicity of operation and lightweight are the deciding factors
• in farms, simplicity and low cost of operation are governing the adoption of gas and oil
engines in preference to steam engines and electric motors
Classification of Engine by Place/Chamber of Combustion

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

• In this type of engine the burning or combustion of the fuel takes place inside the engine
cylinder.
• There are two ways in which combustion takes place in the cylinder:
i) By rapid explosion of air-fuel mixture within the cylinder, when it is ignited by a spark, is
called constant volume combustion (C.V.C.).
ii) Combustion takes place by slow burning when the fuel is injected into highly compressed
heated air contained in the cylinder. This is called constant pressure combustion (C.P.C.),
because when the combustion takes place, the pressure in the cylinder is almost constant.

• Most of the engines used in tractors, automobiles, combine harvesters, oil engines and
traction vehicles are of this type.
Classification of Engine by Place/Chamber of Combustion

ECE VS. ICE

Advantages of ICE over ECE
• It is more effective
◦ ICE: 15 -30 % thermal efficiency
◦ ECE: 5-20 % thermal efficiency;
• Less time and work necessary preliminary to starting;
• Weigh less per horsepower;
• More compact;
• Less cost per horsepower;
• Less time and attention required while in operation;
• Can be made in variety of sizes; and
• Has greater range of adoptability.
 Essential Components of an ICE
a. Cylinder h. Connecting rod
b. Cylinder block i. Crankshaft
c. Cylinder head j. Camshaft
d. Valves k. Flywheel
e. Piston l. Crankcase
f. Piston ring m.Intake manifold
g. Piston pin n. Exhaust manifold
 Essential Components of an ICE
• Cylinder
-this is where the fuel is introduced for burning. It confines
the piston for its reciprocating motion

• Cylinder Block
-this confines the expanding gases and is also known as the
combustion chamber

• Cylinder Head
-seals off the top of the cylinder. It also houses the valves
• Valves
a. Intake Valve – allows the fresh charge of air-fuel
mixture or air into the combustion chamber.
b. Exhaust Valve – allows the spent gasses to escape
to the atmosphere via the exhaust manifold.
• Piston
- this is a component of reciprocating engines that
transmits forces to the other parts of the engine

• Piston Rod or Connecting Rod

-this transmits power from the piston to the
crankshaft. It converts the reciprocating motion into a
rotary motion

• Piston Ring
a. Compression Ring – retain compression
b. Oil Ring – reduces cylinder wall contact
thereby reducing friction loss.

• Piston Pin
-joins the connecting rod and the piston
• Crankshaft
-the linear motion of a piston must be
converted into rotation
-receives power from the piston and transmits
power to the other parts for useful work
-is typically connected to a flywheel to reduce
the pulsation characteristic of the four-stroke cycle
• Camshaft
-a shaft to which a cam is fastened or of which a
cam forms an integral part
-the cam lobes force the valves open by pressing
on the valve, or on some intermediate mechanism as they
rotate
• Flywheel
- It is a disk or wheel attached to the crank, forming an
inertial mass that stores rotational energy

- absorbs power on the power stroke and gives off

energy during the idle stroke

- rotational inertia of the flywheel also allows a much

slower minimum unloaded speed and also improves the
smoothness at id
• Crankcase
• houses the crankshaft and
serves as reservoir of
the lubricating oil

Intake Manifold
• it is the inlet duct for fuel and air
or air for diesel engine

Exhaust Manifold
• this serves as the outlet duct
for exhaust gasses
Classification of Engine According to Cycle of Operation

• Two Stroke Cycle Engine

• Four Stroke Cycle Engine

Classification of Engine According to Cycle of Operation

• Two Stroke Cycle Engine

- When the cycle is completed in one
revolution (360⁰) of the crankshaft or two strokes
of the piston.
- It does not possess a valve system
(Exhaust Valve & Intake Valve) instead a presence
of reed valve that introduced the fuel and air to
the crankcase then to the combustion chamber
of an engine.
 Classification of Engine According to Cycle of Operation

• Two Stroke Cycle Engine

Operation
When the piston moves from bottom dead
center (BDC) to top dead center (TDC) the fresh
air and fuel mixture enters the crank chamber
through the intake port. The mixture enters
due to the pressure difference between the
crank chamber and the outer atmosphere
while simultaneously the fuel-air mixture
above the piston is compressed
 Classification of Engine According to Cycle of Operation
• Two Stroke Cycle Engine
First Stroke (Suction and Compression)
- When the piston moves up in the cylinder
it covers two of the ports (exhaust port and
transfer port) which are normally almost opposite
to each other. Further movement of the piston also
uncovers a third port in the cylinder called transfer
port and the charge is compressed. More fresh
mixture is drawn through this port into the
crankcase. Just before the end of this stroke, the
mixture in the cylinder is ignited in the two stroke
cycle.
 Classification of Engine According to Cycle of Operation

• Two Stroke Cycle Engine

Second Stroke (Power and Exhaust)
- When the piston goes down, it covers and
closes the suction port, trapping the mixture drawn
into the crankcase during the previous stroke then
compressing it. Further downward movement of
the piston uncovers first the exhaust port and then
transfer port. This allows the burnt gases to flow
out through exhaust port. Also the fresh mixture
under pressure in the crankcase is transferred into
the cylinder through transfer port during this
stroke. Scavenging – the process of
removal of burnt or exhaust
gases from the engine
cylinder.
Classification of Engine According to Cycle of Operation
• Four Stroke Cycle Engine
- The cycle of operation occurs at 2
revolutions (720⁰) of a crankshaft.
- It has valve systems that transmit air and
fuel mixture directly to combustion chamber of an
engine.
- The four strokes of the cycle are intake,
compression, power, and exhaust.
-Each corresponds to one full stroke of the
piston; therefore, the complete cycle requires two
revolutions of the crankshaft to complete.
Classification of Engine According to Cycle of Operation

• Intake or Induction Stroke

- an event where entrance of air and fuel
mixture or air only to the chamber.
- the piston moves downward, drawing a
fresh charge of vaporized fuel/air mixture
- also known as the suction stroke because
the piston moves to the maximum volume position
(downward direction in the cylinder)
- the inlet valve opens as a result of the cam
lobe pressing down on the valve stem, and the
vaporized fuel mixture enters the combustion
chamber
- the inlet valve closes at the end of this
stroke.
Classification of Engine According to Cycle of Operation

• Compression Stroke
- the piston rises, the poppet valve is forced
shut by the increased cylinder pressure
- Flywheel momentum drives the piston
upward, compressing the fuel/air mixture and thus
preparing it for ignition near the end of the stroke
- both valves are closed and the piston starts
its movement to the minimum volume position
(upward direction in the cylinder) and compresses
the fuel mixture
- pressure, temperature and the density of
the fuel mixture increases
Classification of Engine According to Cycle of Operation

• Power Stroke
- at the top of the compression stroke, the
spark plug fires, igniting the compressed fuel.
- The point at which the fuel ignites varies by
engine; typically it is about 10 degrees before top
dead center
- expansion of gases caused by ignition of
the fuel produces the power that is transmitted to
the crank shaft mechanism
- the piston is pushed by the gases toward
the opposite cylinder end; slightly before the
bottom dead center the exhaust valve begins to
open
Classification of Engine According to Cycle of Operation

• Exhaust Stroke
- in the end of the power stroke, the exhaust
valve opens
- the piston starts its movement in the
maximum volume position.
- the open exhaust valve allows the exhaust
gases to escape the cylinder.
- at the end of this stroke, the exhaust valve
closes, the inlet valve opens, and the sequence
repeats in the next cycle
Comparison between 2-stroke and 4-stroke Engine
Two Stroke Engine Four Stroke Engine
One power stroke for each revolution One power stroke for every two revolutions of the
crankshaft
There are inlet and exhaust ports instead of valves There are inlet and exhaust valves in the engine
Crankcase is fully closed and air tight Crankcase is not fully closed and air tight
Both sides of the piston compress the charge Top of the piston compresses the charge
Size of the flywheel is comparatively smaller Size of the flywheel is comparatively larger
Fuel is partially burnt Fuel is fully burnt
Weight of engine per hp is comparatively low Weight of engine per hp is high
Thermal efficiency is comparatively low Thermal efficiency is high
Removal of exhaust gases comparatively difficult Removal of exhaust gases is easy
Torque produced is less even Torque produced is even
Mostly high speed engines are there All types of speed are possible (high and low)
It can be operated in both directions (clocklwise or It can be operated in one direction only.
counterclockwise)
Thank you!
Compare the two types of the engine according to the number of
strokes by completing the details of the table below.
Characteristics
Number of power stroke
Power
Valve mechanism
Construction/design
Fuel consumption
Durability
Stability of rpm
Lubrication
Oil consumption
Carbon deposit inside
cylinder and
contamination of spark
plug
Weight and size
Market price
 Assignment 1
1. Explain the different classification of h.Mean Effective Pressure
an engine in terms of the following: i. Revolution
a. fuel used j. Cycle
b. ignition system k. Firing Order
c. methods of cooling l. Indicated Horsepower
d. cylinder arrangement m.Brake Horsepower
e. number of cylinder or pistons n.Friction Horsepower
f. valve arrangement o.Rated Horsepower
2. Define the following terminologies: p.Mechanical Efficiency
a. Bore q.Thermal Efficiency
b.Stroke r. Firing Order
c. Top Dead Center s. Specific Fuel Consumption
d.Bottom Dead Center
e. Engine Displacement
f. Clearance Volume
g.Compression Ratio