ENGINE CLASSIFICATION

ABE 111
Intended Learning Outcomes
1. Identify the different classification of an engine according to
the following:
a. fuel used
b. ignition system
c. methods of cooling
d. cylinder arrangement
e. number of cylinder or pistons
f. valve arrangement
2. Familiarize with the different engine terminologies.
CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY FUEL USED

• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)-Methane (CH4)

• Gasoline – Octane(C8H18)

• Diesel – Cetane (C16H34)

CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY IGNITION SYSTEM

• Spark-ignition Engine
• Compression-ignition Engine
CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY IGNITION SYSTEM
Spark-ignition Engine Compression-ignition Engine

• uses a spark plug which gives off spark • engine uses an injection pump and
to complete the combustion of gasoline pressurized nozzles that feed diesel fuel
or LPG and oxygen from air to the chamber of combustion
• systems generally rely on a
combination of a lead–acid battery and • only air is introduced and compressed
an induction coil to provide a high- in the chamber, and the fuel, as finely
voltage electric spark atomized liquid, is injected shortly
• take in a mixture of air and gasoline before the piston reaches the top dead
and compress it to not more than 1.28 center
MPa
• a low compression ratio must be used • the temperature of the compressed air
to prevent the temperature at the end is higher than the ignition temperature
of compression from rising to the of the fuel, and the latter begins to burn
ignition temperature of the charge without any outside means of igniting it.
CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY IGNITION SYSTEM
Other Characteristics of a Diesel Engine
• diesel engines are generally heavier,
noisier, and more powerful at lower speeds
than gasoline engines
• more fuel-efficient in most circumstances
and are used in heavy road vehicles, some
automobiles (increasingly so for their
increased fuel efficiency over gasoline
engines).
• gasoline engines are used in most other
road vehicles including most cars and
motorcycles.
Comparison between Spark-ignition Engine and
Compression-ignition Engine
Characteristics SI CI
Heat of compression
Ignition Spark
Compression of air
Fuel Type Gasoline, CNG, LPG, hydrogen Diesel, biodiesel
Compression ratio 5-8 to 1 14-22 to 1
25-30% 30-36%
Thermal efficiency
Lower thermal efficiency Higher thermal efficiency
Fuel induction Carburettor Injector
Air-fuel ratio 12-15 to 1 15-100 to 1
Fuel consumption High Low
Exhaust gas
1300°F 900°F
temperature
Comparison of between Spark-ignition Engine and
Compression-ignition Engine
Characteristics SI CI
Starting
Easy Hard
characteristics
CO produced High Less
Soot and Nitrogen
compounds Low High
produced
Engine wt/hp Low High
Hp and torque High at higher RPM High at low RPM
generated Less torque at low RPM More torque at low RPM
Noise and Vibration Quiter and smoother Louder and more vibrations
Initial cost low High
 Advantages of a Spark-ignition Engine
• Lower Noise: SI engine tend to be quitter in operation compared to CI
engines.
• Smooth Operation: They provide smoother and more refined power
delivery, ideal for passenger vehicles.
• Lighter Weight: SI engine are generally lighter than CI engines,
contributing to better fuel efficiency.
• Quick Start: They start quickly and can reach their optimal operating
temperature faster.
• Lower Initial Cost: SI engines are often more cost-effective to
manufacture and maintain.
• Less Vibrations: They produce fewer vibrations, enhancing driving
comfort.
 Advantages of a Spark-ignition Engine
• Easier Cold Weather Operation: SI engines perform better in cold
weather conditions.
• Variety of Fuel Options: SI engines can run on a wide range of fuels,
including gasoline, ethanol and natural gas.
• Lower Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Emissions: SI engines typically emit lower
levels of NOx, contributing to better air quality.
• Well-suited for Light to Medium-duty Applications: They are
commonly used in passenger cars, motorcycles, and smaller power
equipment.
 Disadvantages of a Spark-ignition Engine
• Lower Thermal Efficiency: SI engines are generally less thermally
efficient than CI engines.
• Higher Fuel Consumption: They tend to consume more fuel for the
same power output compared to CI engines.
• Limited Torque at Low RPM: SI engines may lack torques at low
revolutions per minute (RPM), affecting their performance in heavy-
duty applications.
• Higher CO2 Emissions: They can produce higher carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions per unit of power produced.
• Knocking. SI engines are prone to knocking when lower-octane fuels
are used, potentially damaging the engine.
• Shorter Engine Life: They may have a shorter overall lifespan
compared ti CI engines, especially in high stress application.
Advantages of a Compression-ignition Engine
• Higher Fuel Efficiency: CI engines are more fuel efficient than SI
engines, resulting in better mileage.
• Greater Torque: They produce higher torque at lower RPM, making
them suitable for heavy-duty applications.
• Longer Engine Life: CI engines typically have a longer lifespan due to
robust construction.
• Lower CO2 Emissions: They emit fewer carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
per unit of power produced.
• Efficient at High Loads: CI engines excel under heavy loads, making
them ideal for industrial and commercial use.
• Better Fuel Economy: CI engines use less fuel for the same amount of
work, reducing operating costs.
 Disadvantages of a Compression-ignition Engine
• Noisy Operation: CI engines are often louder and
produce more noise compared to SI engines.
• Slower Cold Starts: They can be slower to start in cold
weather conditions.
• Higher NOx Emissions: CI engines can produce more
nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.
• Limited Fuel Variety: They primarily run on diesel fuel,
limiting fuel choices.
 THERMODYNAMIC PRINCIPLE
Otto Cycle Diesel Cycle
 CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY METHODS OF
COOLING

Direct Cooling or Air Cooling

• uses air as medium of cooling system
• does not requires other component parts but fins in the cylinder head
is provided for air to pass through
 CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY METHODS OF
COOLING

Indirect Cooling or Liquid Cooling

• A liquid (coolant) is used as medium of cooling system of the engine.
• This requires other component parts to function the cooling system
 CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY METHODS OF
COOLING

Combination of Liquid and Air

Cooling
• Thermosiphon - has different
parts such as the radiator, fan,
lower tank, upper tank, lower
hose pipe connection, upper
hose pipe connection, and
cylinder water jacket
 CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY METHODS OF
COOLING

Combination of Liquid and Air

Cooling
• Forced-circulation system – it is
consist of a water pump,
radiator, water jacket, fan,
thermostat valve,
CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY CYLINDER
ARRANGEMENT

Horizontal Engine
Vertical Engine

V-Shaped
Engine
CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY NUMBER OF
CYLINDERS
Single Cylinder Engine Multi-Cylinder Engine
• engine consists of only • consists of 2 or more
one cylinder and is numbers of cylinders
usually referred as small • engine on this classification
engine has a firing order
(sequential firing occurred)
and running mate
(simultaneous movement of
at least 2 cylinders of an
engine)
CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY VALVE
ARRANGEMENT
I-Head L-Head
• has all the intake and exhaust • has all the intake and exhaust valves
valves placed or installed or located on one side of cylinder block
mounted in the cylinder head
• the valves are directly operated by
• the valves are operated by rocker tappets or cam followers
arms actuated directly by camshaft
and from the crankshaft.
F-Head or T-Head
• the arrangements follow the letter
it represents
CLASSIFICATION OF AN ENGINE BY VALVE
ARRANGEMENT
 THE VALVE SYSTEM
• valve system is provided for driving
engine valves arranged in an internal
combustion engine
• All four-stroke internal combustion
engines employ valves to control the
admittance of fuel and air into the
combustion chamber
• Two-stroke engines use ports in the
cylinder bore, covered and uncovered
by the piston, though there have been
variations such as exhaust valves
• the valves are grouped into 'inlet
valves' which admit the entrance of
fuel and air and 'outlet valves' which
allow the exhaust gases to escape
AUXILIARY SYSTEMS AND FUNCTIONS
Fuel and Air System
• meter correct amount of fuel as
demanded by the engine load
• accurately time the beginning and
ending of fuel injection
• inject fuel in combustion chamber
against high pressure in the
cylinder
• atomize the fuel and assist in
mixing with air.
 LUBRICATION SYSTEM
• the main purpose of lubricant (oil) in an engine either of ICE or ECE is for smooth
operation (minimize friction between one part to another) of their moving parts
• Internal combustions engines require lubrication in operation that moving parts
slide smoothly over each other
• seals the cylinder of an engine and keeps the parts clean

Properties of Lubricant
• Viscosity – is the degree of fluidity of a lubricant.
• Oiliness – is that property which at slow speeds or high loads gives one lubricant
a lower coefficient of friction than another lubricant of same viscosity.
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
LUBRICATION SYSTEM
 FUEL SYSTEM
Function Parts
to store and supply fuel to the • Fuel tank
cylinder chamber where it can All tanks have a fuel filler tube, a fuel outlet
line to engine and vent system. All fuel tanks
be mixed with air, vaporized must be vented.
and burnt to produce the • Fuel lines
mechanical energy Steel lines and flexible hoses carry the fuel from
the tank to the engine.
• Fuel pump
inject fuel in combustion chamber against high
pressure in the cylinder
• Fuel filter
The fuel filter is used to protect all engine parts
from clogging.
Thank you!