GUIDELINE FOR

ELECTRICAL TESTING ON
POWER TRANSFORMER
Electrical Testing on Power Transformers in Distribution Network, TNB
1. General

In TNB Distribution Network, electrical tests are grouped in two tiers known as Basic Electrical and Advanced
Electrical Tests. Electrical testing is carried out on in-service transformers in distribution network under the
following conditions:

 As condition-based maintenance testing to complement oil analysis, thermographic or ultrasonic scanning on

transformers showing problems, degradation or occurrence of incipient faults.

 As diagnostic testing to identify type, location and severity of faults.

 As verification on the functionality and integrity of transformers after tripping before re-energization.

 As validation on the performance and condition of the transformer before and after completion of
maintenance work.

1.1. Basic Technical Requirements

The accuracies of the test results are crucial to the operation of in-service power transformers. Errors and
inaccurate results will mislead the diagnostic interpretation and affect the mitigative action taken. Therefore, it is
vital that all technical personnel must have the competency with the right knowledge and experience in conducting
the tests. The test equipment must also comply with the minimum technical requirement, calibrated and listed in
Attachment A for approval prior to use on TNB transformers. Careful planning when conducting electrical tests is
also important in order to produce accurate results and avoid unnecessary stresses to the transformer windings.
Even though transformers may be tested with alternating current (ac) or direct current (dc), dc exerts additional
stress to the transformer and therefore dc tests should be performed towards the end in the sequence of tests.

1.2. Health, Safety & Environmental Requirements

Considerations of safety in electrical testing apply not only to technical personnel, but also to the test equipment
and apparatus being tested. Test personnel are responsible for determining and complying with appropriate TNB
safety, environmental and health regulation as well as national laws and regulatory requirements applicable.

When working on a transformer, all types of electrical and non-electrical hazards such as falling from heights,
outdoor environment, and confined spaces should be considered when planning the work and completing the
tasks. Electrical equipment should be considered energized until it is proven de-energized and grounded. No person
should begin work on de-energized parts until this verification has been completed. Before any testing work is
performed, an electrically safe work condition shall be evaluated. When testing, precautions shall be taken to
prevent personnel from contacting energized circuits.

Safety must be carefully considered before disconnecting test leads. Energy stored in the transformer windings
from the applied direct current can create large discharge voltage. A discharge circuit must be employed that can
dissipate the stored energy quickly. To dissipate residual charges, all terminals should be discharged to ground after
test voltages have been removed.

The direct current applied during test such as winding resistance measurement may cause the core to magnetize
(polarize). A magnetized core can cause high inrush currents when the transformer is energized. To help reduce
damage to the transformer and associated protection systems, the core must be demagnetized prior to applying
full alternating current (ac) voltage.

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2. Basic Electrical Tests

2.1. Turns Ratio

The transformer turns ratio test detects shorts between turns or layers of the same coil, which indicates insulation
failure between the turns. These tests are performed with the transformer de-energized and may show the
necessity for an internal inspection or removal from service.

Figure 2-1: Example of Turn Ratio Test Equipment

2.1.1. Basic Equipment Specification

Table 2-1: Equipment Specification for Turn Ratio

Item Specification

1. Maximum voltage 100 Vdc

2. Output current 1A

2.1.2. Test Procedure

1. This test should be performed on de-energized transformer.

2. Switching should be done by Authorized Person (AP) in accordance with TNB Distribution Division Safety Rules.
Before going into operation, local safety regulations and safety precautions for the protection against direct or
indirect contact of live parts shall be met accordingly.

3. Make sure that zero voltage condition exists. The bushing/ transformer tail terminations of high voltage and
low voltage terminals must be isolated from the connection lines.

4. Ensure that the application of the diagnostic voltage does not lead to flashovers to other nearby items which
are in service.

5. Identify the configuration and vector group of the transformer before connecting the test lead of the Turns
Ratio Meter to the test transformer.

6. Connect the coloured measuring leads of Turns Ratio Meter to the respective bushing terminals as shown in
Figure 2-2.

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 Figure 2-2: Test Connections for Delta-Star Transformer

7. Earth the test equipment to substation earth

8. Start the measurement.

9. When the measurement is completed, record the measured value in the appropriate test sheet.

2.1.3. Test Results Interpretation

Table 2-2 : Result and Action for Turn Ratio

Condition
Result Interpretation
Indicator

% deviation < 0.3 Good

PASS
Deviations at tap positions still within range.
0.3 ≤ % deviation < 0.5 Fair

0.5 ≤ % deviation < 0.7 Poor FAIL

Deviations at majority of tap positions within the same
phase. Possible winding, tap winding or tap changer contact
% deviation ≥ 0.7 Bad problem

Note: Priority for action taken should be given to equipment with lowest (worst) condition indicator.

2.2. Dielectric Dissipation Factor (Tan δ)

The dielectric loss in an insulation system is the power dissipated by the insulation when subjected to an applied
alternating voltage. The electrical insulation has a measurable quantity of dielectric loss, regardless of its condition.
Good insulation usually has a very low loss. A high loss may indicate problems in the insulation structure. Normal
ageing of an insulating material will also cause dielectric loss to increase. Contamination of insulation by moisture
or chemical substances may cause losses to be higher than normal. Loss factor is a dimensionless ratio expressed in
percent which gives an indication of the condition of insulation. It is measured in terms of power factor or
dissipation factor (tan δ).

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 Figure 2-3 : Example of DDF Tan δ Test Equipment

2.2.1. Basic Equipment Specification

Table 2-3 : Equipment Specification (Tan δ)

Item Specification

Voltage 12 kVac

1. Maximum Value Current 300 mA

Frequency 400 Hz

2. Corrected Temperature Reading 20°C

2.2.2. Test Procedure

1. This test should be performed on de-energized transformer.

2. Switching should be done by Authorized Person (AP) in accordance with TNB DN Safety Rules. Before going into
operation, local safety regulations and safety precautions for the protection against direct or indirect contact
of live parts shall be met accordingly.

3. Make sure that zero voltage condition exists. The bushing/transformer tail terminations of high voltage and
low voltage terminals must be isolated from the connection lines.

4. Short all three phases (on HV side) and all 3 phases (on LV side, including neutral bushing).

5. For the measurement of HV Winding to Ground and HV Winding to LV Winding, connect the test equipment as
shown in Figure 2-4.

Figure 2-4 : Test Connections for HV Winding to Ground and HV Winding to LV Winding

6. For Low Voltage Winding to Ground, connect the test instrument as shown in Figure 2-5.

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 Figure 2-5 : Test Connections for LV Winding to Ground

7. Earth the test instrument to substation earth.

8. Enter the temperature taken from the respective transformer winding temperature indicator into the test
equipment as the temperature of the measured paper winding insulation.

9. All winding should be tested according to the test mode and configuration as summarised in Table 2-4.

Table 2-4 : Test Mode and Test Configuration

Test Configuration
No Test Mode Measure
Energize UST Ground
High Voltage Low Voltage
1 GSTg CH -
Winding Winding
High Voltage
2 UST CHL - -
Winding
Low Voltage High Voltage
3 GSTg CL -
Winding Winding

10. Set the injection voltage as per shown in Table 2-5.

Table 2-5 : Step Test Voltage for Tan δ

Transformer Type Primary/ Secondary Winding Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
MV - MV Both 1 kV 5 kV 10 kV

Primary 1 kV 5 kV 10 kV
MV - LV
Secondary 100 V 200 V 500 V

11. Start and record the measurement.

12. The measured value must be corrected (see note 1 below) to the base temperature 20°C according to IEEE
C.57.12.90 as the following:

Fp20 = FpT x K

Where,
Fp20 = Power factor corrected to 20°C
FpT = Power factor measured at T
T = Test temperature
K = Correction factor as per examples in Table 2-6 and Table 2-7

13. Discharge transformer after testing completed.

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 Table 2-6 : Example of Tan Delta Correction Factor
Test Temperature, T (°C) Correction Factor, K
10 1.25
15 1.11
20 1.00
25 0.89
30 0.80
35 0.71
40 0.65

Note 1: The appropriate Multiplier or Correction Factor based on the test temperature of the transformer and the
type of oil preservation of the oil-filled transformer must be selected in order to obtain an accurate result. All
power transformers in distribution network are of oil-filled with two types of oil preservation systems:

 Free Breathing Conservator Type

 Sealed Conservator Type using airbag, bladder or diaphragm.

For example, based on the Table 2-7 below for converting DDF at test temperature of 30°C to DDF at 20°C, the
Correction Factors that shall be used are 0.63 and 0.80 for free breathing open conservator type and sealed
conservator type respectively.

Table 2-7: Example for Correction Factors based on temperature and types of transformer preservation system

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2.2.3. Test Results Interpretation

Table 2-8 : Result and Action for DDF Tan δ (Main Tank)

Result Condition Indicator Interpretation

% tan δ < 1.0 Good

PASS
Normal to moderate conditions.
1.0 ≤ % tan δ < 1.5 Fair

1.5 ≤ % tan δ < 2 Poor FAIL

Presence of moisture or contaminants in winding
% tan δ ≥ 2 Bad insulation, oil or bushing

Note: Priority for action taken should be given to equipment with lowest (worst) condition indicator.

2.3. Excitation Current Measurement

Excitation Current Measurement has been effective in finding abnormal core grounds, winding faults such as short
and open circuits, and Tap Changer contact problems. For Three Phase Transformers, depending upon the
transformer winding connections, Excitation Current test results present typical patterns: Between phases - Two
similar highs (outer limbs) and one low (middle limb).

2.3.1. Equipment Specification

The same test equipment for the Tan Delta Test is used.

2.3.2. Test Procedure

1. This test should be performed on de-energized transformer.

2. Switching should be done by Authorized Person (AP) in accordance with TNB DN Safety Rules. Before going
into operation, local safety regulations and safety precautions for the protection against direct or indirect
contact of live parts shall be met accordingly.

3. Make sure that zero voltage condition exists. The bushing/ transformer tail terminations of high voltage and
low voltage terminals must be isolated from the connection lines.

4. Connect the measuring leads of Tan Delta equipment to the respective bushing shown in Figure 2-6.

5. Start the measurement. Testing shall be conducted for each tap in each phase (HV winding only)

6. Record the measurement.

7. Discharge transformer after testing completed.

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 Figure 2-6 Excitation Current measurement test connection

2.3.3. Test Results Interpretation

Table 2-9 : Result and Action for Excitation Current Measurement

Condition
Result Interpretation
Indicator

dev between two high readings < 10% Good

PASS
10% ≤ dev between two high readings < Normal to moderate conditions
Fair
15%
15% ≤ dev between two high readings <
Poor
20% FAIL
Possible core ground or winding faults
dev between two high readings ≥ 20% Bad

Note: Priority for action taken should be given to equipment with lowest (worst) condition indicator.

2.4. Winding Resistance

Winding resistance can detect broken conductor strands, loose connections, and bad contacts in the tap changer.
The resistance is measured on all taps of a tapped winding to ensure that the on-load tap changer does not open
circuit during the tap changing operation.

Because the winding resistance of most large transformers is of a relatively low value the four terminals method is
used. The voltage leads must be connected directly across the terminals of the transformer to eliminate the effect
of the current lead resistance.

Figure 2-7 : Example of Winding Resistance Test Equipment

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July 2021
2.4.1. Equipment Specification

Table 2-10 : Equipment Specification for Winding Resistance

Item Specification
Voltage 36 Vdc
1.Maximum Value
Current 10 A
2. Resistance Range 1 µΩ ~ 500 Ω
3. Corrected Reading 75°C

2.4.2. Test Procedure

1. This test should be performed on de-energized transformer.

2. Switching should be done by Authorized Person (AP) in accordance with TNB DN Safety Rules. Before going
into operation, local safety regulations and safety precautions for the protection against direct or indirect
contact of live parts shall be met accordingly.

3. Make sure that zero voltage condition exists. The bushing/transformer tail terminations of high voltage
and low voltage terminals must be isolated from the connection lines.

4. Depending on the winding connection, connect the measuring leads of Winding Resistance Meter to the
respective bushing as shown in Figure 2-8 or Figure 2-9. (see note 2).

Figure 2-8 : Test Connections for Delta-Connected Winding

Figure 2-9 : Test Connections for Star-Connected Winding

5. Earth the test equipment to substation earth.

6. Before performing test on HV winding, raise and lower tap positions of the Tap Changers from the lowest
to the highest positions repetitively few times to ensure good contacts at all tap positions.
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 7. Put to the lowest tap position (Tap 1) - full winding.

8. Enter the temperature taken from HV winding temperature indicator into the test equipment as the
temperature of the measured winding resistance.

9. Start the test and record the measurement. Testing shall be conducted for each tap in each phase of the
HV winding

10. Enter the temperature taken from LV winding temperature indicator into the test equipment as the
temperature of the measured winding resistance.

11. Start the test and record the measurement. Testing shall be conducted for each phase of the LV winding
(see note 3).

12. Discharge and demagnetize transformer through the bushing terminals after testing completed.

Note 2: Unless otherwise stated on the transformer nameplate, most of step-down transformers in the distribution
network are of Delta-Star with Dyn11 vector group. Therefore, in order to obtain the correct phase winding
measurement especially on the Delta connected windings, test leads (H1, H2 and H3) shall be correctly connected
as shown below.

Figure 2-10 : Connection diagram of Delta windings of Dyn11 transformers

Note 3: Graphical representation of the measurement for each phase at all tap positions shall be plotted in the test
report as shown below.

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2.4.3. Test Results Interpretation

Table 2-11 : Result and Action for Winding Resistance

Result of % difference between phases Condition

Interpretation
or from factory tests Indicator

% difference < 3 Good

PASS
Normal to moderate conditions
3 ≤ % difference < 5 Fair

5 ≤ % difference < 7 Poor FAIL

Deviations at majority of tap positions within the same
phase. Possible winding, tap winding or tap changer
% difference ≥ 7 Bad contact problem

Note: Priority for action taken should be given to equipment with lowest (worst) condition indicator.

2.5. Insulation Resistance

Insulation Resistance technique basically measures the current flowing through a dielectric or insulation structure
when a dc voltage is applied. Measurements of the transformer insulation resistance were performed between
high voltage winding and low voltage/earth winding respect to ground. To verify the degradation or contamination
of the insulation, connect high voltage winding /low voltage winding and earth with respect to ground. The
requirement of the test is satisfied if the readings compared to the factory test and have not defer to much from
the factory test. Apply voltage according to Table 2-13.

Figure 2-11 : Example of Insulation Resistance Test Equipment

2.5.1. Equipment Specification

Table 2-12 : Equipment Specification for Insulation Resistance

Item Specification
Voltage 5 kVdc
1. Maximum Value Current 2 mA
Resistance 5 TΩ (digital meter)

Table 2-13 : Applied Test Voltage Based on Rated Voltage Equipment

Rated Voltage Equipment < 600 V 12 kV 24 kV 36 kV

Test Voltage 500 Vdc 2.5 kVdc 5.0 kVdc 5.0k Vdc

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2.5.2. Test Procedure

1. This test should be performed on de-energized transformer.

2. Switching should be done by Authorized Person (AP) in accordance with TNB DN Safety Rules. Before going into
operation, local safety regulations and safety precautions for the protection against direct or indirect contact
of live parts shall be met accordingly.

3. Make sure that zero voltage condition exists. The bushing/transformer tail terminations of high voltage and
low voltage terminals must be isolated from the connection lines.

4. Short all three phases (on HV side) and all 3 phases (on LV side, including neutral bushing)

5. Connect the measuring leads of Insulation Resistance Meter to the respective bushings. Test Connections for
High Voltage Winding Terminal to Ground Terminal shown in Figure 2-12. Test Connections for Low Voltage
Winding Terminal to Ground Terminal shown in Figure 2-13. Test Connections for High Voltage Winding
Terminal to Low Voltage Winding Terminals shown in Figure 2-14.

6. Start and record the measurement. Wait for the measurement to stabilize.

7. Discharge transformer after testing completed.

Figure 2-12 : Test Connections for HV Winding Terminal to Ground Terminal

Figure 2-13 : Test Connections for LV Winding Terminal to Ground Terminal

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 Figure 2-14 : Test Connections for HV Winding Terminal to LV Winding Terminal

2.5.3. Test Results Interpretation

The results of insulation resistance measurement between high voltage winding to ground, high voltage winding to
low voltage winding and low voltage winding to ground should meet the minimum requirement of
300 MΩ, whilst the minimum requirement for transformer tails is 1000 MΩ.

However, the other interpretation for Insulation Resistance measurement is by using Polarization Index (PI) method
that can be referred to below.

IR10
PI 
IR1

where IR10 and IR1 is the insulation resistance reading at 10 min and 1 min respectively.

Table 2-14 : Result and Action for Insulation Resistance of Transformer Windings & Transformer Tail
Condition
Result Interpretation
Indicator
PI ≥ 1.5
or IR ≥ 500 MΩ (Winding) Good
or IR ≥ 1500 MΩ (Tail) PASS
1.2 ≤ PI < 1.5 Normal to moderate conditions.
or 300 MΩ ≤ IR < 500 MΩ (Winding) Fair
or 1500 MΩ ≤ IR < 1000 MΩ (Tail)
1.0 ≤ PI < 1.2
or 100 MΩ ≤ IR < 300 MΩ (Winding) Poor
FAIL
or 500 MΩ ≤ IR < 1000 MΩ (Tail)
Presence of moisture or contaminants in winding
PI < 1.0
insulation, oil or bushing
or IR < 100 MΩ (Winding) Bad
or IR < 500 MΩ (Tail)

Note: All IR readings in Table 2-14 are readings at 10 min. Priority for action taken should be given to equipment
with lowest (worst) condition indicator.

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3. Advanced Electrical Tests

Advanced electrical tests are conducted when required to complement basic electrical results.

3.1. Frequency Response Analysis

Frequency Response Analysis (FRA) or Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) can determine if windings of a
transformer have deformed, moved or shifted. The measurement is performed by applying a low voltage sinusoidal
signal at various frequencies to the one winding and measuring the transfer function response at the other winding.
Any changes in the transformer configuration will alter the impedance network, and in turn alter the transfer
function response of the transformer. Comparisons of transfer function with other phases, twin transformers or
previous readings under field condition are recommended. Any changes in transfer function will indicate
mechanical deformation of transformer winding assembly.

Figure 3-1 : Example of FRA Analyzer Test Equipment

3.1.1. Equipment Specification

Table 3-1 : Equipment Specification for FRA

Item Specification

Voltage 2.8 ~ 12 Vp-p at 50 Ω

1. Maximum Value
Frequency Range 5 Hz ~ 20 MHz

2. Waveform Sinusoidal

3.1.2. Test Procedure

1. This test should be performed on de-energized transformer.

2. Switching should be done by Authorized Person (AP) in accordance with TNB DN Safety Rules. Before going into
operation, local safety regulations and safety precautions for the protection against direct or indirect contact
of live parts shall be met accordingly.

3. Make sure that zero voltage condition exists. The bushing/transformer tail terminations of high voltage and
low voltage terminals must be isolated from the connection lines.

4. Connect the measuring leads of FRA measurement equipment to the respective bushings. For the
measurement of delta connected winding, connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3-2.

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 Figure 3-2: Test Connections for Delta Connected Winding

For the measurement of star connected winding, connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3-3.

Figure 3-3 : Test Connections for Star Connected Winding

5. Start the measurement.

6. All winding shall be tested according to Table 3-2.

Table 3-2 : Test Connection for FRA Measurement

Transformer
Configuration Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Test 6

Delta – Star A–C B–A C–B a–n b–n c–n

Star – Delta A–N B–N C–N a–c b–a c–b

Delta – Delta A–C B–A C–B a–c b–a c–b

Star - Star A–N B–N C–N a-n b–n c-n

7. Record the measurement.

8. Discharge transformer after testing completed.

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3.1.3. Test Results Interpretation

Table 3-3 : Result and Action for FRA based on comparison of Relative Factor (RF) between phases according to
Chinese Standard DL/T 911-2004
Condition
Result Interpretation
Indicator
RF at LF: 1 kHz – 100 kHz > 2.0
AND RF at MF: 100 kHz – 600 kHz > 1.0 Good Normal. No winding deformation
AND RF at HF: 600 kHz – 1 MHz ≥ 0.6

1.0 < RF at LF: 1 kHz – 100 kHz ≤ 2.0

Fair Minor winding deformation
OR 0.6 < RF at MF: 100 kHz – 600 kHz ≤ 1.0

0.6 < RF at LF: 1 kHz – 100 kHz ≤ 1.0

Poor Significant winding deformation
OR RF at MF: 100 kHz – 600 kHz ≤ 0.6

RF at LF: 1 kHz – 100 kHz ≤ 0.6 Bad Severe winding deformation

Table 3-4 : Result for FRA based on comparison of Cross-Correlation Coefficient Factor between phases
Winding Condition Assessment based on comparison between phases

Frequency Range Good Fair Poor Very Poor

No Deformation Minor Deformation Significant Deformation Severe Deformation

< 2 kHz CCF > 0.95 0.7 < CCF ≤ 0.95 0.3 < CCF ≤ 0.7 CCF ≤ 0.3

2 kHz - 20 kHz CCF > 0.95 0.7 < CCF ≤ 0.95 0.3 < CCF ≤ 0.7 CCF ≤ 0.3

20 kHz - 400 kHz CCF > 0.95 0.7 < CCF ≤ 0.95 0.3 < CCF ≤ 0.7 CCF ≤ 0.3

400 kHz - 1 MHz CCF > 0.95 0.7 < CCF ≤ 0.95 0.3 < CCF ≤ 0.7 CCF ≤ 0.3

Note: Plot and compare the responses with other phases, previous responses or the twin transformers for
analysis on the windings’ integrity.

3.2. Frequency Dielectric Spectroscopy

Polarization effects and dielectric losses are affected by various properties of the dielectric material at different
frequencies. The transformer frequency dielectric spectroscopy measures the current leakage through the
insulation and the dissipation power factor over a broad range of frequencies from a low to higher frequencies on
each winding to ground and each winding to all other windings in the transformer to evaluate the condition of the
insulation system. Power factor-frequency characteristics allow for a more complete diagnosis of the examined
insulation. At the lower frequency range, pressboard dielectric loss is the main factor; at medium frequency range,
the oil conductivity is the dominant contributor and at the higher frequency range, the pressboard and the oil
volume determine the dielectric loss.

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 Figure 3-4 : Example of FDS Test Equipment

3.2.1. Basic Equipment Specification

Table 3-5 : Equipment Specification for FDS

Item Specification
Voltage 200 Vpeak
1.Measurement
Current 50 mApeak
2. Frequency 5 kHz ~ 50 µHz
3. Waveform Sinusoidal

Figure 3-5 : Typical test connection on winding to ground and between windings in the transformer

3.2.2. Test Procedure

1. This test should be performed on de-energized transformer.

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2. Switching should be done by Authorized Person (AP) in accordance with TNB DN Safety Rules. Before going into
operation, local safety regulations and safety precautions for the protection against direct or indirect contact
of live parts shall be met accordingly.

3. Make sure that zero voltage condition exists. The bushing/transformer tail terminations of high voltage and
low voltage terminals must be isolated from the connection lines.

4. Connect the measuring leads of FDS measurement equipment to the respective bushing. All bushing terminals
of one winding group, which means A, B, C (and Neutral) of high voltage winding, a, b, c (and neutral) of low
voltage winding shall be connected by a wire as shown in Figure 3-6.

Figure 3-6 : Test Connections for HV Winding Terminal to Ground Terminal and HV Winding to LV Winding

For the measurement of low voltage winding to ground, connect the equipment as shown in Figure 3-7.

Figure 3-7 : Test Connections for HV Winding Terminal to Ground Terminal and HV Winding to LV Winding

5. Touching any parts like the bushings and the transformer tank with the unscreened part of the high voltage
test cable must be avoided.

6. Start and record the measurement.

7. Discharge transformer after testing completed.

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3.2.3. Test Results Interpretation

Table 3-6 : Result and Action for FDS

Condition
Result Interpretation
Indicator

% Water content in paper ≤ 2.2 Good Dry

2.2 < % Water content in paper ≤ 3.7 Fair Moderately Wet

3.7 < % Water content in paper ≤ 4.8 Poor Wet

% Water content in paper > 4.8 Bad Extremely Wet

Note: Priority for action taken should be given to equipment with lowest (worst) condition indicator.

3.3. Hot Collar Bushing Test

Transformer bushing which is not equipped with either a test tap or a voltage tap can be tested at site by hot collar
test method. This test uses the conductive hot collar band which fits closely on to the upper porcelain surface and
the central current carrying conductor to access the condition of the section of the bushing insulation. This test can
be used to locate cracks in porcelain, degradation of insulation inside the upper section of the bushing, low
compound or liquid level, and voids in the compound. Watt losses should be analyzed not power factor. The
acceptable limit is 0.1 W.

3.3.1. Basic Equipment Specification

The same test equipment for the Tan Delta Test is used.

3.3.2. Test Procedure

1. This test should be performed on de-energized transformer.

2. Switching should be done by Authorized Person (AP) in accordance with TNB DN Safety Rules. Before going into
operation, local safety regulations and safety precautions for the protection against direct or indirect contact
of live parts shall be met accordingly. Make sure that zero voltage condition exists. The bushing/ transformer
tail terminations of high voltage and low voltage terminals must be isolated from the connection lines.

3. Clean the bushing with clean cloth and appropriate solvent. Check for surface cracks and tracking.

4. Place metal collar under the uppermost petticoat or rain shed of the bushing. The collar should be snug against
the surface of the porcelain.

5. Connect the measuring leads of Tan Delta equipment to the respective bushing shown in Figure 3-8.

6. Start and record the measurement.

7. Discharge transformer after testing completed. Repeat step 3 to 7 for the remaining bushings.

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 Figure 3-8 : Test Connections for Hot Collar Bushing Test

3.3.3. Test Results Interpretation

Table 3-7 : Result and Action for Hot Collar Bushing Test
Result Condition Indicator Interpretation

Leakage < 0.05 watt Good

Normal to moderate conditions. No repair or
replacement is required.
0.05 watt ≤ Leakage < 0.1 watt Fair

0.1 watt ≤ Leakage < 0.15 watt Poor

Repair or replace bushing.
Leakage ≥ 0.15 watt Bad

Note: Priority for action taken should be given to equipment with lowest (worst) condition indicator.

4. Test Report

All test results must be compiled in a test report for individual transformer and must follow the format as per
sample test report given in Attachment B. The test report must be verified and endorsed by the signatories
approved by Distribution Network Division, TNB.

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 Attachment A
TESTING EQUIPMENT LIST

COMPANY’S NAME: ______________________________________________________________

ADDRESS: _______________________________________________________________________
Last
Calibration
Item Equipment Name Make & Model Serial No. Calibration Remarks
Due Date
Date
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

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Company’s Stamp: ______________________________________ Date: ________________

 TESTING EQUIPMENT LIST

APPENDICES
(Calibration Certificates)
 Attachment B
TEST REPORT
Date of Issue : 2 March 2021 Report No: XXX-1234
___________________________________________________________________________

Issued By : MTM Sdn Bhd

KU 14, PT 52675, Jalan Tok Muda
Kampung Tok Muda, 45600 Kapar, Selangor

Tel No. : 03-4107 6233

TNB DN Office : TNB Distribution Network (Selangor)

Wisma TNB Subang Jaya
Aras 6, Jalan USJ 10/1A, USJ 1047620 Subang Jaya, Selangor

Site Name : PPU ABC

Transformer ID : T1

Transformer : 33/11 kV
Rated Voltage

Transformer : 30 MVA
Rated Power

Transformer Make : Wilson Transformer (1999)

& Year

Vector Group : Dyn11

Serial No. : 1234567

Date of Test : 28 February 2021

Test Conducted
Equipment Equipment Calibration
No. Name of Test
Used S/N Date
1 Tan Delta
2 Excitation Current
3 Turns Ratio
4 Frequency Response Analysis
5 Frequency Dielectric Spectroscopy
6 Winding Resistance
7 Insulation Resistance
8 Insulation Resistance (Tx tail)

Reference Test : IEEE Std C57.152-2013

Method

Tester’s Name : 28 February 2021

Tester’s Company : XYZ Corporation Sdn. Bhd.

No. 1, Jalan Dua, Taman Industri Tiga, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor

Verified & Approved : Name of Signatory (Approved by DN, TNB)

Sign & Stamp : Signatory Sign & Stamp

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Date of Issue : 2 March 2021 Report No: XXX-1234
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Section Sub- Contents Page

section No.
1 MEASUREMENT & TEST RESULTS 3 - 12
1.1 Measurement of Uncertainty 3
1.2 Dielectric Dissipation Factor (Tan Delta) Test 3
1.2.1 Connection Diagram 3
1.2.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity 3
1.2.3 Test Measurement Results 3
1.3 Hot Collar Bushing Test 4
1.3.1 Connection Diagram 4
1.3.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity 4
1.3.3 Test Measurement Results 4
1.4 Excitation Current Test 5
1.4.1 Connection Diagram 5
1.4.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity 5
1.4.3 Test Measurement Results 5
1.5 Turns Ratio Test 6
1.5.1 Connection Diagram 6
1.5.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity 6
1.5.3 Test Measurement Results 6
1.6 Frequency Response Analysis 7
1.6.1 Connection Diagram 7
1.6.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity 7
1.6.3 Test Measurement Results 7
1.7 Frequency Dielectric Spectroscopy 9
1.7.1 Connection Diagram 9
1.7.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity 9
1.7.3 Test Measurement Results 9
1.8 Winding Resistance Test 10
1.8.1 Connection Diagram 10
1.8.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity 10
1.8.3 Test Measurement Results 10
1.9 Insulation Resistance Test (Winding) 11
1.9.1 Connection Diagram 11
1.9.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity 11
1.9.3 Test Measurement Results 11
1.10 Insulation Resistance Test (Transformer Tail) 12
1.10.1 Connection Diagram 12
1.10.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity 12
1.10.3 Test Measurement Results 12

2 TEST RESULT INTERPRETATION & SUMMARY 13 -14

2.1 Dielectric Dissipation Factor (Tan Delta) Test 13
2.2 Hot Collar Bushing Test 13
2.3 Excitation Current Test 13
2.4 Turns Ratio Test 13
2.5 Frequency Response Analysis 13
2.6 Frequency Dielectric Spectroscopy 13
2.7 Winding Resistance Test 13
2.8 Insulation Resistance Test (Winding) 14
2.9 Insulation Resistance Test (Transformer Tail) 14

APPENDICES (TEST SHEETS) 15 - 30

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Date of Issue : 2 March 2021 Report No: XXX-1234
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1 MEASUREMENT AND TEST RESULTS

1.1 Measurement of Uncertainty

Measurement Expanded Uncertainty

Tan Delta ± 0.0058 %
Turn ratio ± 0.049 %
Winding Resistance ± 0.0010 Ω
Insulation Resistance ± 9.3 MΩ

1.2 Dielectric Dissipation Factor (Tan Delta) Test

1.2.1 Connection Diagram

(Diagram to be shown)

1.2.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity

Ambient Temperature : 30 oC
Relative Humidity : 70 %
Oil Temperature : 60 oC
Winding Temperature (HV) : 65 oC
Winding Temperature (LV) : 68 oC

1.2.3 Test Measurement Results

% tan
Insulation Voltage Current Power % tan Corr. Cap
No. δ
Tested (V) (mA) (W) δ factor (nF)
(20oC)
1000 0.7275 0.00783 1.0766 0.64 0.6890 2.31250
1 CH 5000 3.6407 0.20800 1.1427 0.64 0.7313 2.31443
10000 7.2858 0.85460 1.1730 0.64 0.7507 2.31612
1000 3.2400 0.00564 0.1741 0.64 0.1114 10.3150
2 CHL 5000 16.2100 0.14082 0.1738 0.64 0.1112 10.3174
10000 32.4230 0.56588 0.1745 0.64 0.1117 10.3174
1000 3.5683 0.01232 0.3453 0.64 0.2210 11.3566
3 CL 5000 17.8520 0.31074 0.3481 0.64 0.2228 11.3596
10000 35.6920 1.28882 0.3611 0.64 0.2311 11.3602

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1.3 Hot Collar Bushing Test

1.3.1 Connection Diagram

(Diagram to be shown)

1.3.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity

Ambient Temperature : 33 oC
Relative Humidity : 72 %
Oil Temperature : 60 oC
Winding Temperature (HV) : 66 oC
Winding Temperature (LV) : 69 oC

1.3.3 Test Measurement Results

HV Bushing Test Voltage (V) Current Power Cap (pF)

Location (µA) (mW)
RED OVERALL 10000 40.989 11.900 13.0400
YELLOW OVERALL 10000 38.371 7.400 12.2080
BLUE OVERALL 10000 37.794 5.300 12.0280

LV Bushing Test Voltage (V) Current Power Cap (pF)

Location (µA) (mW)
RED OVERALL 10000 52.294 19.700 16.6350
YELLOW OVERALL 10000 49.745 33.100 15.7950
BLUE OVERALL 10000 51.350 13.200 16.3420
NEUTRAL OVERALL 10000 53.208 56.900 16.8370

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1.4 Excitation Current Test

1.4.1 Connection Diagram

(Diagram to be shown)

1.4.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity

Ambient Temperature : 30 oC
Relative Humidity : 68 %
Oil Temperature : 48 oC
Winding Temperature (HV) : 52 oC
Winding Temperature (LV) : 52 oC

1.4.3 Test Measurement Results

Tap Measured Valued (mA)

Position
A B C
1 92.581 65.032 89.837
2 94.327 66.555 91.512
3 96.160 67.980 93.293
4 98.482 69.730 95.551
5 100.630 71.363 97.643
6 103.280 73.336 100.240
7 106.100 75.509 103.020
8 109.120 77.828 105.960
9 112.330 82.200 109.160
10 116.940 84.446 113.900
11 119.620 86.532 116.560
12 122.970 89.107 119.850
13 126.060 91.542 122.910
14 129.850 94.514 126.660
15 133.940 97.796 130.690
16 138.330 101.670 135.070

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1.5 Turns Ratio Test

1.5.1 Connection Diagram

(Diagram to be shown)

1.5.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity

Ambient Temperature : 32 oC
Relative Humidity : 65 %
Oil Temperature : 52 oC
Winding Temperature (HV) : 56 oC
Winding Temperature (LV) : 57 oC

1.5.3 Test Measurement Results

TURNS RATIO TEST

Tap Primary Calculated A B C
Position Voltage Ratio Measured Measured Measured
% Dev. % Dev. % Dev.
ratio ratio ratio
1 36306 5.7167 5.7084 0.1454 5.7082 0.1489 5.7083 0.1472
2 35755 5.6300 5.6192 0.1910 5.6192 0.1910 5.6198 0.1803
3 35204 5.5432 5.5416 0.0287 5.5413 0.0341 5.5416 0.0287
4 34653 5.4564 5.4531 0.0611 5.4529 0.0647 5.4527 0.0684
5 34102 5.3697 5.3739 -0.0787 5.3746 -0.0918 5.3750 -0.0992
6 33551 5.2829 5.2859 -0.0566 5.2861 -0.0603 5.2856 -0.0509
7 33000 5.1962 5.1962 -0.0009 5.1971 -0.0182 5.1970 -0.0163
8 32449 5.1094 5.1070 0.0468 5.1074 0.0390 5.1076 0.0351
9 31898 5.0226 5.0181 0.0902 5.0186 0.0803 5.0191 0.0703
10 31347 4.9359 4.9290 0.1392 4.9299 0.1210 4.9298 0.1230
11 30796 4.8491 4.8512 -0.0431 4.8512 -0.0431 4.8516 -0.0513
12 30245 4.7624 4.7628 -0.0094 4.7628 -0.0094 4.7629 -0.0115
13 29693 4.6754 4.6846 -0.1960 4.6843 -0.1896 4.6846 -0.1960
14 29142 4.5887 4.5953 -0.1444 4.5951 -0.1400 4.5958 -0.1553
15 28591 4.5019 4.5067 -0.1063 4.5067 -0.1063 4.5070 -0.1130
16 28040 4.4152 4.4177 -0.0576 4.4178 -0.0599 4.4182 -0.0690

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1.6 Frequency Response Analysis

1.6.1 Connection Diagram

(Diagram to be shown)

1.6.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity

Ambient Temperature : 31 oC
Relative Humidity : 71 %
Oil Temperature : 47 oC
Winding Temperature (HV) : 54 oC
Winding Temperature (LV) : 56 oC

1.6.3 Test Measurement Results

RED HV YELLOW HV BLUE HV

FRA Response of High Voltage Winding

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Date of Issue : 2 March 2021 Report No: XXX-1234
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RED LV YELLOW LV BLUE LV

FRA Response of Low Voltage Winding

RED HV (LV SHORTED) YELLOW HV (LV SHORTED) BLUE HV (LV SHORTED)

FRA Response of High Voltage Winding with Shorted Low Voltage Winding

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1.7 Frequency Dielectric Spectroscopy

1.7.1 Connection Diagram

(Diagram to be shown)

1.7.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity

Ambient Temperature : 33 oC
Relative Humidity : 72 %
Oil Temperature : 60 oC
Winding Temperature (HV) : 66 oC
Winding Temperature (LV) : 69 oC

1.7.3 Test Measurement Results

Insulation Moisture Content (%) Condition

CHL 0.7 Dry
CH 3.8 Wet
CL 1.8 Dry

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1.8 Winding Resistance Test

1.8.1 Connection Diagram

(Diagram to be shown)

1.8.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity

Ambient Temperature : 31 oC
Relative Humidity : 72 %
Oil Temperature : 53 oC
Winding Temperature (HV) : 56 oC
Winding Temperature (LV) : 57 oC

1.8.3 Test Measurement Results

Measurement of Winding Resistance (mΩ)

DELTA (HV Side: 33kV)
Resistance Measured Value to Resistance Corrected Value to 75
Tap 36 ºC ºC % Dev.
Position
AB BC CA AB BC CA
1 115.100 115.300 115.300 131.664 131.893 131.893 0.17
2 111.600 111.600 111.900 127.661 127.661 128.004 0.27
3 108.700 108.800 109.000 124.343 124.458 124.686 0.28
4 105.400 105.400 105.700 120.568 120.568 120.911 0.28
5 102.500 102.500 102.800 117.251 117.251 117.594 0.29
6 99.130 99.150 99.420 113.396 113.419 113.728 0.29
7 95.820 95.920 96.080 109.610 109.724 109.907 0.27
8 92.520 92.540 92.810 105.835 105.858 106.166 0.31
9 88.580 88.600 88.730 101.328 101.351 101.499 0.17
10 92.520 92.640 92.910 105.835 105.972 106.281 0.42
11 95.470 95.560 95.800 109.209 109.312 109.587 0.35
12 98.730 98.810 99.090 112.938 113.030 113.350 0.36
13 101.600 101.700 101.900 116.221 116.336 116.565 0.30
14 104.900 105.000 105.300 119.996 120.111 120.454 0.38
15 108.300 108.300 108.500 123.886 123.886 124.114 0.18
16 111.600 111.600 111.800 127.661 127.661 127.889 0.18
Measurement of Winding Resistance (mΩ)
WYE (HV Side: 11kV)
Resistance Measured Value to Resistance Corrected Value to 75
Tap
36 ºC ºC % Dev.
Position
AB BC CA AB BC CA
7 4.506 4.481 4.503 5.154 5.126 5.151 0.56

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1.9 Insulation Resistance Test (Winding)

1.9.1 Connection Diagram

(Diagram to be shown)

1.9.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity

Ambient Temperature : 32 oC
Relative Humidity : 75 %
Oil Temperature : 55 oC
Winding Temperature (HV) : 57 oC
Winding Temperature (LV) : 59 oC

1.9.3 Test Measurement Results

Insulation Resistance Measurement HV Side (MΩ)

Primary to
Duration Primary to Secondary to
Secondary
(minutes) Earth (5kV) Earth (5kV)
(5kV)
1 2891 225 887
10 4510 319 1188
P.I (10/1) 1.56 1.42 1.34

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1.10 Insulation Resistance Test (Transformer Tail)

1.10.1 Connection Diagram

(Diagram to be shown)

1.10.2 Measurement of Temperature & Humidity

Ambient Temperature : 33 oC
Relative Humidity : 74 %
Oil Temperature : -
Winding Temperature (HV) : -
Winding Temperature (LV) : -

1.10.3 Test Measurement Results

Insulation Resistance Measurement HV Side (GΩ)

Duration
R (1kV) Y (1kV) B (1kV)
(seconds)
30 1.08 2.25 4.79
60 1.19 2.23 3.69
D.A.R (60/30) 1.10 0.99 0.77

Insulation Resistance Measurement LV Side (GΩ)

Duration
R1 (1kV) R2 (1kV) R3 (1kV)
(seconds)
30 11.78 5.33 13.89
60 13.43 5.44 14.03
D.A.R (60/30) 1.14 1.02 1.01

Insulation Resistance Measurement LV Side (GΩ)

Duration
Y1 (1kV) Y2 (1kV) Y3 (1kV)
(seconds)
30 5.16 8.15 7.32
60 5.78 8.31 7.76
D.A.R (60/30) 1.12 1.02 1.06

Insulation Resistance Measurement LV Side (GΩ)

Duration
B1 (1kV) B2 (1kV) B3 (1kV)
(seconds)
30 6.88 6.76 5.46
60 3.37 7.77 6.28
D.A.R (60/30) 0.49 1.15 1.15

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Insulation Resistance Measurement LV Side (GΩ)

Duration
Neutral (1kV)
(seconds)
30 19.65
60 22.40
D.A.R (60/30) 1.14

2 Result Interpretation & Summary

i. The results of dielectric dissipation power factor measurement (at 20oC) between high voltage
winding to ground [CH], high voltage winding to low voltage winding [CHL] and low voltage
winding to ground [CL] are within the specified limit according to IEEE Std C57.152-2013.

ii. The results of hot collar measurement for high voltage bushings are within the specified limit
according to IEEE C57.152-2013.

iii. The results of excitation current measurement demonstrated a pattern of two high and one low
reading was obtained on the transformer and in accordance with IEEE Std C57.152-2013.

iv. The results of turn ratio measurement show that the voltage ratio of the winding is withinthe
tolerance of ± 0.5% of the calculated / declared ratio according to IEEE Std C57.152-2013.

v. The results of winding resistance measurement at high voltage winding and low voltage winding
shows that the difference in resistance readings are within the specified limit of 5% according to
IEEE C57.152-2013.

vi. The results of insulation resistance measurement between high voltage winding to low voltage
winding and low voltage winding to ground meets the minimum requirement of 400MΩ. However,
the insulation resistance measurement between high voltage to ground below the minimum
requirement of 400 MΩ.

vii. Table below shows the results of polarization index measurement according to IEEE C57.152-
2013
Connection Polarization Index Condition
Primary to Secondary 1.56 Fair
Primary to Ground 1.42 Fair
Secondary to Ground 1.34 Fair

viii. The results of insulation resistance measurement of transformer tail for high voltage sideand low

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voltage side for each phase meet the minimum requirement of 1000MΩ.

ix. The FRA response of individual winding structure of the transformer shows that there is no
significant deviation in the responses as compared between phases, and this indicatesthat the
transformer core and winding structure assembly is in satisfactory condition.

x. The estimated moisture content in the cellulose insulation between high voltage winding to low
voltage winding [CHL] is 0.7%, moisture content in the cellulose insulation between low voltage
winding to ground [CL] is 1.8% and moisture content in the cellulose insulation between high
voltage winding to ground [CH] is 3.8%. The results suggestedthat the insulation system of the
transformer was in dry condition, according to IEEE Std C57.152-2013. (Note: For moisture
assessments, the insulation CHL is of highest importance. An assessment is possible for CH and
CL, but may not be as accurate or meaningful as for CHL).

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Date of Issue : 2 March 2021 Report No: XXX-1234
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APPENDICES
(Test Sheets)

Page 15 of 15