Sharing & Case Study of

PQ Measurement & Monitoring

for

DEC Executive Program

By:

Ir. Mohd Aizzuddin Md Muhsin

Senior Engineer (Power Quality-East)
Asset Planning & Operation
Distribution Network
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Presentation Contents

 Unit PQ Operation
 Overview of Power Quality
 PQ Regulation & Requirement
 PQ Measurement & Monitoring
 Case Study
 CSI PQ
Unit PQ Operation, Asset Planning Operation

Ir. Loo Chin Koon

Principal Engineer
(PQ-Metr0)

Ir. Mohd Azhan Mohd Khairul Arifin Ir. Mohd Aizzuddin Mohd Hafiz Mohd Sabhi
Kadir Mohd Sharim Md Muhsin Mohd Latif Mohd Ghani
Senior Engineer Senior Engineer Senior Engineer Technician (PQMS) Technician (PQMS)
(PQ-South) (PQ-North) (PQ-East)
 Our Role & Responsibility :

 Manage PQ Load Side Study & Solution.

 Manage PQ Service for Load Side & Solution- Voltage sag
 EMC Management for new supply.
 Provide technical services for PQMS administrator.
 Services & Advisory

Khairul Ariffin bin Mohd Sharim

Jurutera Kanan Kualiti Kuasa (Utara)
[email protected] Ir. Mohd Aizzuddin bin Md Muhsin
Jurutera Kanan Kualiti Kuasa (Timur)
012-3013912 [email protected]
019-7798119

Ir. Loo Chin Koon

Jurutera Utama Kualiti Kuasa (Metro)
[email protected] Ir. Mohd Azhan bin Kadir
Jurutera Kanan Kualiti Kuasa (Selatan)
019-3898725 [email protected]
013-6642291
Normal Utility Grade Power:
Sometimes voltage waveforms are not sinusoidal

Sinusoidal voltage waveform

Nonsinusoidal voltage waveforms

33kv

11kv

275kv & 132 kv 400v &230v

Types of Power Quality Disturbances
Voltage Dips / Sags

Momentary Interruptions Short

duration
Voltage Swells voltage
disturbances
Voltage Transients

Harmonic Distortion
Notches
Continuous
Voltage fluctuations voltage
disturbances
Frequency Deviations

Unbalance
 Definitions of Power Quality

 IEEE Std 1100: Power quality is the concept of

powering and grounding sensitive equipment in a
matter that is suitable to the operation of the
equipment.

 IEC 61000-2-1: Power quality is defined as

conducted electromagnetic disturbances present
in electrical supply network in the frequency
range from 0 to 10 kHz, with an extension up to
148.5 kHz.
What is Power Quality Issues?

Any power problem manifested in

voltage, current, frequency
deviations that results in failure or
misoperation of customer
equipment
Common Symptoms of Power Quality
 Power Quality disturbances only affect some equipment and not
whole building complex.

 EMO shutdown
 Unbalance sensor trip
 Circuit breakers open
 ACB or MCB nuisance tripping
 Sensor faults or errors
 Damaged to control cards
 Damaged to capacitor banks
 ASD shutdown
 Computer system shutdown or re-boots
 Loss of equipment’s internal communication network
 Subsystems get out of synchronization
 Others

 Typically problems: Lights blink & equipment tripped

Categories of PQ : IEEE 1159
Definitions of voltage magnitude events
as used in IEEE Std. 1159-1995
Transient

Swell Overvoltage

110%
Normal operating voltage*
90%
Event Magnitude

Notch/transient

Voltage sag Under voltage

10%
Momentary Temporary Sustained interruption

0.5 cycle 3 sec 1 min

or 10 ms
Event Duration
* Normal Operating Voltage – IEC 60038
Summary of PQ Waveforms-IEEE Std 1159
Steady State Voltage Regulations

Voltage Regulations
Voltage Level % Variation (Normal) % Variation (Contigency)
400 & 230 Volt - 6% to + 10% - 6% to + 10%
6.6, 11, 22 & 33 kV ± 5% ± 10%
132 & 275 kV - 5% to + 10% ± 10%
500 kV ± 5% - 5% to + 10%
LV Nominal Voltage

240 & 415 V 230 & 400 V

Tolerance : -10 % to +5% Tolerance : -6% % to +10%

Range: Range:
1Φ - 216 ~ 252 V 1Φ - 216 ~ 253 V
3Φ - 373 ~ 435 V 3Φ - 376 ~ 440 V
REGULATORY & REQUIREMENTS
The Distributors
 Investigate complaints
 Make proposal to
reduce frequency &
magnitude of the events

Distribution Operating Code :

6.5.4 Short Duration Voltage
Variation The Users
 6.5.4.3 Both Distributors & Users  Shall install suitable protection
shall take adequate measures to devices to limit the variations
ensure proper EMC is achieved. as required by their system.
 Shall taking consideration in
planning installation & selection
of equipment to ensure sufficient
intrinsic immunity level.
 PQ Disturbances Standard
Electricity Supply Application
Handbook
MS IEC 61000-4-11/34 & SEMI F47
STANDARD ON VOLTAGE SAG
MS IEC 61000-4-11/34 (CLASS 3) & SEMI F47

Unaffected region

Misoperation region

20 ms 200 ms 500 ms

MS IEC 61000-4-11/34 (CLASS 3)

 PQ Measurement & Monitoring
TNB do provide customer’s side PQ
related issues investigation & study
• Harmonics
• Impulse
• Voltage Swell
• Transient
• Internal Fault
Sampling rate - Voltage and current:
256 samples/cycle Inter-harmonics per IEC 61000-4-7
2560 points/10 cycles (50 Hz)
3072 points/12 cycles (60 Hz)
Transient Voltage: 5 MHz
 IEC 61000-4-30 Testing & Measurement
Techniques
Classes of Measurement Defined (Class A & S)

Class A (Advanced)
• Purpose: For precise measurement
• Application: Contractual applications, resolving disputes,
verifying compliance with standards, etc.
• Objective: All Class A instruments must produce
matching* results within the specified uncertainty for that
parameter when measuring the same signals.
* Condition: Class A measurements produce matching
results only if the user-selected parameters (threshold,
hysteresis, etc) match.

Class S (Surveys)
• Purpose: For statistical applications, with a limited subset
of parameters.
• Application: Surveys or power quality assessment. etc.
• Objective: Produce statistically useful but not necessarily
identical results.
PQ Measurement Method of Statement (MOS)
Case 1 : Water Treatment Plant
 Complaint on voltage swell issues
Case 1 : Water Treatment Plant

Laporan Kualiti Kuasa Ranhill SAJ

 Reference Nominal voltage of the PQ recorder was set at 10kV L-L instead of 11kV.
This may cause incorrect triggering of voltage swell event.
 CASE 2 : Canned Food Factory

 Penalty Surcharge Power Factor

 After commissioning solar panel
CASE 2 : Canned Food Factory
CASE 2 : Canned Food Factory
 CASE 2 : Canned Food Factory

Recorded Pow er Ref erence Timeplot: 07/26/2019 11:19:19 - 07/29/2019 01:50:00

1.03
50

0.82

0 0.62
Power

PF
0.41

-50 0.21

0.00
07/ 26/ 19 12:00:00 07/ 27/ 19 0:00:00 07/ 27/ 19 12:00:00 07/ 28/ 19 0:00:00 07/ 28/ 19 12:00:00 07/ 29/ 19 0:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
kW Avg Total kvar Avg Total

• Solution?
 CASE 3 : Hospital

 Several Equipment Failure

 Standby genset running during certain incidents
CASE 3 : Hospital
PMU A
Schematic :
33kV

PPU A

11kV

SSU A

PQR

PQR
CASE 3 : Hospital
Summary
1) Incoming 11kV
CASE 3 : Hospital
Summary
2) Low voltage 400V
CASE 3 : Hospital
Findings
 There is THD exceeding 4% at HV.
THD at 11kV

THD at 400
V
CASE 3 : Hospital
Findings
 Momentary interruption happen at LV side after the voltage
sag. 11kV

8:33:21 8:33:41

400V

8:33:25 8:33:27 8:33:44 8:33:47

 CASE 4 : Silica Plant

 Frequent Equipment & Operation malfunction

CASE 4 : Silica Plant
Schematic Supply
PMU

MPPU ZZZ
33kV

11kV

Jetty

Site

2PQR Plant

NOP
Suapbalik bekalan dari
MPPU XXX
CASE 4 : Silica Plant
Result
1) Incoming 11kV
CASE 4 : Silica Plant
Result
2) Low voltage 400V
CASE 4 : Silica Plant
Findings
 There is a voltage temporary interruption during
operation malfunction issues.

**Cause of this event is due to autorecloser operation at incoming line of MPPU Zzz.
CASE 4 : Silica Plant
Findings
 Voltage THD level exceeding limit 4%@11kV & 5%
@ 400V. THD at
11kV

THD at 400
V
CASE 4 : Silica Plant
Findings
 There is voltage variation issues at low voltage
exceeding +10% limit we monitor as per ST
requirement for LV at 230 V (+10% ,-6%)
CASE 4 : Silica Plant
Summary Findings
PQ
Standard /
No measurement Result Remark
Reference
& testing
1. Voltage sag IEC 61000- Voltage sag exposure 1 event at 11kV was below IEC
4-34 Class 3 of 40 events (39 61000-4-34 Class 3 curve- but
@11kV & 1 @400V) no misoperation reported.

2. Frequency ESAH Within limits ± 1% of 50 Hz

3. Steady state ESAH LV over limits + 10 % and – 6 % of 230 V
voltage variation +11% ± 5% of 11kV
4. THD voltage ESAH Maximum THD over 5% at <400V & 4% at 11kV
limit
THD avg, 11kV=
2.99%,
THD avg, 400V=
4.2%
5. Unbalanced ESAH Within limits < 2%
6. Flicker ESAH Within limits Voltage level <132kV
Pst (short term) <1.0
Plt (long term) <0.8
 CASE 5 : Mahkamah
• Customer experience temporary
blackout/outage
• Suspect Voltage Sag cases
• Almost everyday incident since couple of
week.
• Sudden interruption during siding
mahkamah.
• Pc/projector restart
CASE 5 : Mahkamah

1st Sampling 21/3/19 to 4/4/19

• Voltage Variation not comply
• 1,626 voltage swell recorded
• 132 current above 250Amp (Nominal 160Amp) Max 600Amp
Recorded Volts/Amps/Hz Reference Timeplot: 03/21/2019 11:07:32 - 04/04/2019 10:27:57

240 300

Amps RMS
220
Volts RMS

200
200

180 100

160
03/ 23/ 19 0:00:00 03/ 26/ 19 12:00:00 03/ 30/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 02/ 19 12:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
A RMS Avg A A RMS Avg B A RMS Avg C A RMS Min A A RMS Min B A RMS Min C A RMS Max A A RMS Max B A RMS Max C

Recorded Pow er Ref erence Timeplot: 03/21/2019 11:07:32 - 04/04/2019 10:27:57

0.98

80.0 0.91

0.84
Power

60.0

PF
0.77
40.0
0.70

20.0
0.62
03/ 23/ 19 0:00:00 03/ 26/ 19 12:00:00 03/ 30/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 02/ 19 12:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
kW Avg Total PF Avg Total
CASE 5 : Mahkamah
Selected Recorded Event Zoomed Detail: - Phase A, B, C Event, Amplitude = 599.85
1500

300

1000
200

100 500
66.0 A
10:50:01.760

Amps
0
Volts

93.1 A
0
10:50:01.840
-100
-500
-200

-300 -1000

-400
-1500
10:50:01.750 10:50:01.760 10:50:01.770 10:50:01.780 10:50:01.790 10:50:01.800 10:50:01.810 10:50:01.820 10:50:01.830 10:50:01.840 10:50:01.850
HH:MM:SS.m m m
A Waveform Avg A A Waveform Avg B A Waveform Avg C

Selected Recorded Event Zoomed Detail: - Phase A, B, C Event, Amplitude = 599.85

400

300

200

100 205.93 V
10:50:01.760
Volts

0 327.92 V
10:50:01.840

-100

-200

-300

-400
10:50:01.750 10:50:01.760 10:50:01.770 10:50:01.780 10:50:01.790 10:50:01.800 10:50:01.810 10:50:01.820 10:50:01.830 10:50:01.840 10:50:01.850
HH:MM:SS.m m m
V Waveform Avg AN V Waveform Avg BN V Waveform Avg CN
CASE 5 : Mahkamah

2nd Sampling 4/4/19 to 11/4/19

• Voltage Variation comply
• 11 Voltage swell recorded
• No Transient above 250Amp

Recorded Volts/Amps/Hz Reference Timeplot: 04/04/2019 15:02:12 - 04/11/2019 10:36:43

200

250.0

Amps RMS
150
Volts RMS

100
245.0

50
240.0
04/ 05/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 06/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 07/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 08/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 09/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 10/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 11/ 19 0:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
A RMS Avg A A RMS Avg B A RMS Avg C A RMS Min A A RMS Min B A RMS Min C A RMS Max A A RMS Max B A RMS Max C

Recorded Pow er Ref erence Timeplot: 04/04/2019 15:02:12 - 04/11/2019 10:36:43

0.94

80.0 0.91

0.88
Power

60.0

PF
0.86
40.0
0.83
20.0
0.80
04/ 05/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 06/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 07/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 08/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 09/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 10/ 19 0:00:00 04/ 11/ 19 0:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
kW Avg Total PF Avg Total
CASE 6 : Automated Vision Inspection Provider
Factory
CASE 6 : Automated Vision Inspection Provider

Overview : 18-11-2019 10:40:00 - 10-01-2020 11:50:00

100% Limit

x% Limit

AN BN CN AN BN CN AN BN CN AN BN CN
Voltage Variations Unbalance Events
Frequency Voltage Harm onics Flicker

• Every year need to change capacitor bank

CASE 6 : Automated Vision Inspection Provider

VOLTAGE
Recorded Volts/Amps/Hz Reference Timeplot: 18-11-2019 10:40:00 - 10-01-2020 11:55:44
250

200
Volts RMS

150

100

50

0
23-11-19 0:00:00 30-11-19 0:00:00 07-12-19 0:00:00 14-12-19 0:00:00 21-12-19 0:00:00 28-12-19 0:00:00 04-01-20 0:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
V RMS Avg AN V RMS Avg BN V RMS Avg CN V RMS Min AN V RMS Min BN V RMS Min CN V RMS Max AN V RMS Max BN V RMS Max CN

CURRENT
Recorded Volts/Amps/Hz Reference Timeplot: 18-11-2019 10:40:00 - 10-01-2020 11:55:44

245.0 500

240.0 400

Amps RMS
Volts RMS

235.0 300

230.0 200

225.0 100

23-11-19 0:00:00 30-11-19 0:00:00 07-12-19 0:00:00 14-12-19 0:00:00 21-12-19 0:00:00 28-12-19 0:00:00 04-01-20 0:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
A RMS Avg A A RMS Avg B A RMS Avg C A RMS Min A A RMS Min B A RMS Min C A RMS Max A A RMS Max B A RMS Max C
CASE 6 : Automated Vision Inspection Provider

THDv
Recorded THD Reference Timeplot: 18-11-2019 10:40:00 - 10-01-2020 11:55:44
3.00

2.50
% THD

2.00

1.50
23-11-19 0:00:00 30-11-19 0:00:00 07-12-19 0:00:00 14-12-19 0:00:00 21-12-19 0:00:00 28-12-19 0:00:00 04-01-20 0:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
V THD Avg AN V THD Avg BN V THD Avg CN

THDi
Recorded THD Reference Timeplot: 18-11-2019 10:40:00 - 10-01-2020 11:55:44

50.0

40.0
% THD

30.0

20.0

10.0
23-11-19 0:00:00 30-11-19 0:00:00 07-12-19 0:00:00 14-12-19 0:00:00 21-12-19 0:00:00 28-12-19 0:00:00 04-01-20 0:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
A THD Avg A A THD Avg B A THD Avg C
CASE 6 : Automated Vision Inspection Provider

Energy kW
Recorded Pow er Reference Timeplot: 18-11-2019 10:40:00 - 10-01-2020 11:55:44
1.10

300
0.88

200
0.66
Power

PF
100
0.44

0
0.22

-100
0.00
23-11-19 0:00:00 30-11-19 0:00:00 07-12-19 0:00:00 14-12-19 0:00:00 21-12-19 0:00:00 28-12-19 0:00:00 04-01-20 0:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
kW Avg Total

PF
Recorded Pow er Reference Timeplot: 18-11-2019 10:40:00 - 10-01-2020 11:55:44
1.02

300
0.82

200
0.61
Power

PF
100
0.41

0
0.20

-100
0.00
23-11-19 0:00:00 30-11-19 0:00:00 07-12-19 0:00:00 14-12-19 0:00:00 21-12-19 0:00:00 28-12-19 0:00:00 04-01-20 0:00:00
Click on any axis and drag to scroll
PF Avg Total
CASE 6 : Automated Vision Inspection Provider
PQ MEASUREMENT DEMO
• Phase difference between V & I in AC Power System (Resistive ”unity”,
Inductive ”lag” ,Capacitive ”lead”)
Power Factor / Displacement Power Factor
Overall score CSI TNB
Overall CSI Score vs PQ score

10.0
CSI TNB CSI PQ
8.6 8.7
9.0
8.0 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.1
8.0 7.5 7.6

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0 7.9 8.3 8.3

7.5 7.8 7.8 7.7
7.2 7.3
3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

*Start from 2020,category for PQ related score had been change from Advisory Service on Power Quality to Power
Quality.
Score by area
CSI PQ ADVISORY Question
CSI PQ ADVISORY Question
CSI PQ Question (New-2020 Onward)
 Questions

 Scoring one of northern state

What Customer Say