Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi

Teacher’s Content

 The Post Modern Period  Literary Term  Literary Quotation

Content Discussion-
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ -
Zvui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †QvUMí :
01. Queen Victoria Gi g„Zz¨i ci †_‡K wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i i. “Indian Camp” (1926) [short story]
cÖvi¤¢ ch©šÍ mgq‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨ Modern Period e‡j|
ii. Cats in the Rain
02. wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i (1939-1945 mvj) ci †_‡K eZ©gvb
mgq‡K post-modern Period e‡j| Toni Morrison (1931)
01. Toni Morrison (born Chloe Aredelia Wofford;
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) February 18, 1931) is an American novelist,
01. wZwb 1954 mv‡j Nobel Prize jvf K‡ib| editor, and professor.

02. Zvui cÖ_g Dcb¨vm n‡jv The Sun Also Rises (37th BCS) 02. Among her best known novels are The Bluest
Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon and Beloved
03. Zvui Av‡iKwU weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm n‡jv A Farewell to Arms
03. She won the Pulitzer Prize and the American
04. A Farewell to Arms Dcb¨v‡mi Pwiθ‡jv n‡jv Book Award in 1988 for Beloved and the Nobel
Lieutenant Frederic Henry, Catherine Barkly, Prize in 1993.
Forguson, Lieutenant Rinaldi 04. She won the Pulitzer Prize and the American
05. The Sun Also Rises Dcb¨v‡mi Pwiθ‡jv n‡jv Robert Book Award in 1988 for Beloved and the Nobel
Cohn, Lady Brett Ashley, Jake Barnes, Pedro Prize in 1993.
Romero
Novels :
06. Zvui Ab¨vb¨ weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm¸‡jv n‡jv The Sun also
01. The Bluest Eye, 02. Sula
Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell
Tolls, The Old Man and the Sea. 03. Song of Solomon 04. Beloved
Zvui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Dcb¨vm : 05. Mercy
i. The Old Man and the Sea (1951) [Dcb¨vm] GB
MÖ‡š’i Rb¨ wZwb 1954 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| William Cuthbert Faulkner (1897-1962)
ii. The Sun Also Rises (1926) [`¨v mvb Aj‡mv ivBGRm]
[Dcb¨vm] dKbv‡ii mvwnZ¨Kg© -
iii. A Farewell to Arms (1929) [‡dqviI‡qj Uz Avigm] dKbvi †gvU 19wU Dcb¨vm I eû †QvU Mí †j‡Lb| Zvui †ek wKQz
[Dcb¨vm] Kve¨MÖš’I Av‡Q| Zvui me‡P‡q weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm¸wj n‡jv `¨ mvDÛ
iv. For Whom the Bell Tolls (1951) A¨vÛ `¨ wdDwi (1929), A¨vR AvB †j WvBs (1930), jvBU Bb
[di ûg `¨v †ej Ujm] [Dcb¨vm] AMv÷ (1932), Avemv‡jvg, Avemv‡jg| (1936, Ges w`
v. The Torrents of Sprint (1951) [Dcb¨vm] Avbf¨vsKBkW (1938)|
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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
cyi¯‹vi - Kve¨MÖš’ -
1949 mv‡j wZwb mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi AR©b K‡ib| 1955 01. Vision in Spring (1921)
mv‡j Av †dej bv‡g cÖ_g wek¦hy×Kvjxb d«v‡Ýi Dci †jLv
02. The Marble Faun (1924)
Dcb¨vmwUi Rb¨ RvZxq eB cyi¯‹vi Ges cywjrRvi cyi¯‹vi jvf
K‡ib| 03. A Green Bough (1933)
dKbv‡ii ¯^v¯’¨ `ye©j n‡Z _v‡K Ges †ek K‡qKevi †Nvov †_‡K
04. This Earth, a Poem (1932)
c‡o wM‡q A‡bK¸wj AvNvZ cvb| GgbB GK AvNv‡Zi Rb¨
nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© nIqvi ci nvU© A¨vUv‡K© 1962 mv‡ji 6 RyjvB 05. Mississippi Poems (1979)
wZwb gviv hvq| 06. Helen
Dcb¨vm -
01. The Sound and the Fury (1929) Robert Frost
01. ievU© d«÷ 1974 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi New England bvgK
02. Abslom, Absalom! (1936) RvqMvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡K ejv nq Av‡gwiKvi †kÖô
Kwe|
03. If I Forget Thee Jerusalem (The Wild Palms/Old
Man) (1939) 02. †cÖwm‡W›U †K‡bwW Zvui m¤ú‡K© e‡jwQ‡jb, the great
American poet of our time.
04. The Hamlet (1940)
03. Zv‡K ejv nq Nature poet, regional poet etc.
05. A Fable (1954) 04. wZwb Pvievi cywjrRvi cyi¯‹vi [Pulitzer Prizes] jvf K‡ib|

06. The Mansion (1959) Zvui Kve¨MÖš’¸‡jvi bvg I KweZv-

†QvU Mí - 01. A Boy’s Will GB eB‡qi GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv Mowing
[gwqs]|
01. “Landing in Luck” (1919) 02. North of Boston GB MÖ‡š’i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv¸‡jv n‡jv-
02. “The Hill” (1922) a. “Mending Wall”
b. The Death of the Hired Man
03. “New Orleans”
GB KweZvq wZwb evm¯’v‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb Gfv‡e-
04. “Mirrors of Chartres Street” (1925) Home is the place where, when you have to go
05. “Damon and Pythias Unlimited” (1925) there, They have to take you in.
c. Home Hurial
06. “Jealousy” (1925)
d. The Mountain
07. “Cheest” (1925) e. After Apple-Picking
08. “Out of Nazareth” (1925) 03. From Mountain Interval.

09. “The Kingdom of God” (1925) Walt Whitman [1819-1892]

10. “The Rosary” (1925) Iqvë ûBUg¨vb hy³iv‡óªi js AvBj¨v‡Ûi GKwU Mwie cwiev‡i
11. “The Cobbler” (1925) Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| `vwi`ª¨Zv ˆkk‡e wZwb nv‡i nv‡i †Ui †c‡qwQ‡jb|
12. “Chance” (1925) Zv‡K ejv nq MYZ‡š¿i Kwe| gvby‡li AwaKv‡ii e¨vcv‡i wZwb

13. “Sunset” (1925)

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ m‡PZb| Zvi m¤^‡Ü ejv nq- If he had any
love, it was America-the America of his dreams. His best known works :
1. The Adventures of Augie March.
2. Henderson the Rain King.
wb‡¤œ Zvui mvwnZ¨Kg©¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
3. Herzog, Mr. Sammler’s Planet.
01. Franklin Evans (1842)
4. Seize the Day.
02. Leaves of Grass (1855) 5. Humboldt’s Gift.
03. Drum-Taps (1865)
04. Memoranda during the War Samuel Barclay Beckett (1906-1989)
05. Specimen Days 1969 mv‡ji †bv‡ej Rqx mvwnwZ¨K m¨vgy‡qj e¨v‡KU GKRb
06. Democratic Vistas (1871) Av‡jvwPZ AvBwik bvU¨Kvi Kwe| wZwb †ewkifvM mgqB c¨vwi‡m
KvwU‡q‡Qb| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci Zvui iwPZ bvUK I‡qwUs di M‡Wv
Zvui D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KweZv¸‡jv n‡jv- (Waiting for Godot) AZ¨šÍ Av‡jvwPZ Ges RbwcÖq GKwU
01. O Captain! My Captain! GB KweZvwU wZwb Aveªvnvg bvUK| bvUKwUi cÖ_g jvBb Nothing to be done AZ¨šÍ
wjsK‡bi g„Zz¨‡Z cÖKvk K‡iwQ‡jb| †h‡nZz wZwb MYZ‡š¿i RbwcÖq|
Kwe wQ‡jb ZvB ¯^fveZB Aveªvnvg wjsK‡bi GKRb AÜ f³
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ -
wQ‡jb| wcÖq †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui g„Zz¨‡Z wZwb †kvKvnZ wQ‡jb
Mfxifv‡e|  Samuel Beckett weL¨vZ wQ‡jb Zvui bvUK Waiting for
Godot Gi Rb¨|
02. Crossing Brooklyn Ferry GB KweZvwU‡Z wZwb AZxZ,  Waiting for Godot nq GKwU Absurd Play. His
eZ©gvb Ges fwel¨r‡K PgrKvifv‡e GKm~‡Î Ave× work offers a bleak, tragicomic outlook on
K‡iwQ‡jb| human nature, often coupled with black comedy
and gallows humour. He got Nobel Prize for
Arthur Miller 1915-2005 literature in 1969.

Arthur Miller was an American playwright, 1. Murphy (1938)

essayist, and prominent figure in twentieth-century 2. Molloy (1951)
American theatre. Among his plays are- All My 3. Malone Dies (1951)
Sons (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949), The
4. The Unnamable (1953)
Crucible (1953) and A View from the Bridge (1955,
revised 1956). He also wrote the screenplay for the 5. Waiting for Godot (1953)
film the Misfits (1961). 6. Watt (1953)
7. Endgame (1957)
Av_©vi wgjv‡ii weL¨vZ bvUK¸‡jv n‡jv-
01. All My Sons (1947) 8. Krapp’s Last Tape (1958)
02. Death of a Salesman (1949) 9. How It Is (1961)
Saul Bellow (1915-2005)
Ted Hughes (1930-1998)
Saul Bellow (1915-2005) gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi GKRb L¨vwZgvb
Jcb¨vwmK| wZwb Bûw` es‡kv™¢zZ| wØZxq wek¦hy× cieZx©Kv‡ji ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ -
me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gvwK©b †jLK‡`i g‡a¨ wZwb Ab¨Zg| 1976 i. wZwb wQ‡jb England Gi GKRb weL¨vZ Kwe I wkï
mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi jvf K‡ib| Widely regarded mvwnwZ¨K|
as one of the 20th century’s greatest authors, Bellow ii. Nature I Animals wb‡q Zvui A‡bK KweZv i‡q‡Q|
has huge literary influence.
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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
iii. wZwb 1984-1998 mvj ch©šÍ wQ‡jb weªwUk ivR Kwe (Poet 1. He was awarded Nobel Prize in 1983.
Laureate). Zv‡K wesk kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg †kÖô Kwe g‡b Kiv nq|
iv. cy‡iv bvg Edward James Hughes 2. His principal works are Lord of the Flies (1954),
v. Famous poems are Pike (cvBK; gvQ), Jaguar The Inheritors, Free Fall (1959), The Spire
(Rv¸qvi; evN), Relic etc. (1964), The Pyramid (1967), Darkness Visible
(1979) and The Scorpion God (1971).
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980)
1. wZwb wQ‡jb divwm Philosopher, Novelist, Literary
Boris Pasternak (1890-1960)
Critic I playwright.
Brief History: He (1890-1960) was a Russian poet,
2. wZwb wesk kZ‡Ki †kÖô Aw¯ÍÍZ¡ev`x (Existentialism), novelist, and literary translator. He was awarded the
gvK©mev`x (Marxism) †jLK wQ‡jb| Nobel Prize in Literature in 1958.
3. †¯^”Qvq †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi Z¨vM Kiv e¨w³‡`i g‡a¨ wZwb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ -
GKRb| wZwb 1964 mv‡j GwU Z¨vM K‡ib| G QvovI wZwb
†Kv‡bv AvbyôvwbK cyi¯‹vi MÖnY K‡ibwb| 1. Boris Pasternak wQ‡jb GKRb American Writer and
Teacher.
Notable works:
2. wZwb 1958 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ Novel Prize jvf K‡ib|
01. Nausea
02. The Road to Freedom Poetry collections : Books of prose:
03. Being of Nothingness
My Sister, Life Childhood
04. The Wall
On Early Trains Doctor Zhivago
Gunter Grass (1927-2015)
Twin in the Clouds Safe Conduct
01. wZwb GKRb Rvg©vb Novelist, Poet, Artist and Sculptor.
When the Weather Clears Second Birth
02. wZwb †cvjv‡Û Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib| 1944 mv‡j wnUjv‡ii Waffen-
ss (c¨viv wgwjUvwi) evwnbx‡Z cÖwkÿY †bb| wØZxq wek¦hy× †kl
n‡j hy×e›`x wn‡m‡e †Rj Lv‡Ub I 1964 mv‡j Qvov cvb| Pearl S. Buck (1892-1973)
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ -
03. wZwb †dvW© dvD‡Ûk‡bi Avgš¿‡Y 1986 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k
G‡mwQ‡jb| 1. Pearl S. Buck wQ‡jb GKRb American Writer and teacher.
2. wZwb 1958 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ Novel Prize jvf K‡ib|
04. wZwb 1991 mv‡j mvwn‡Z¨ †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb|
His well-known works :
Autobiographies Novels
Notable Novels :
1. The Tin Drum (his first and famous novel) My Several Worlds The Good Earth
2. Cat and Mouse
A Bridge For Passing Dragon Seed
3. Dog Years.
The Big Wave The Rainbow
William Gerald Golding (1911--)
Amitav Ghosh (1956---)
eZ©gvb mg‡qi Dcb¨v‡mi K_v g‡b n‡jB William Gerald
Golding-Gi bvg g‡b covi K_v| Golding was born in 1911 1. Amitav Ghosh KjKvZvi evOvwj cwiev‡i Rb¥ †bIqv
in England. GKRb Indian-American †jLK|

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
2. wZwb English Fiction wj‡L weL¨vZ n‡q‡Qb| Allegory: an allegory is a narrative in which the
characters often stand for abstract concepts. An
Notable Works : allegory generally teaches a lesson by means of an
1. The Circle of reason (First Novel) interesting story.
2. The Shadow Lines. (Novel) Alliteration: the repetition at close intervals of
consonant sounds for a purpose. For example:
3. Sea of poppies, River of Smoke, Flood of Fire wailing in the winter wind.
(Those are known as Ibis Trilogy)
Arundhuty Roy (1961....) Allusion: a reference to something in literature,
history, mythology, religious texts, etc., considered
1. Suzanna Arundhati Roy GKRb fviZxq †jwLKv whwb common knowledge.
Zvi Novel-the God of Small Things Gi Rb¨ Ambiguity: Double or even multiple meaning.
weL¨vZ; GB eBwU Semi-autobiographical Ges Gi
†ewkifvM Ask Ry‡o Zvi ˆkke AwfÁZvi eY©bv †`Iqv Analogy: a point by point comparison between two
n‡q‡Q| dissimilar things for the purpose of clarifying the
less familiar of the two things.
2. wZwb 1997 mv‡j Man Booker Prize (The God of
Small Things) Gi Rb¨ †c‡q‡Qb| Antagonist: the character or force that opposes the
3. wZwb Nuclear weapons I Industrization-Gi protagonist. (It can be a character, an animal, a
we‡ivwaZv K‡i wj‡L‡Qb Listening to Grasshoppers: force, or a weakness of the character.)
“Field Notes on Democracy”.
Apostrophe: the device, usually in poetry, of
Notable Works : calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person,
1. The God of Small Things (1997) or to a place, thing, or personified abstraction either
2. New York Times to begin a poem or to make a dramatic break in
thought somewhere within the poem.
Salman Rushdi 1947
01. wZwb GKRb British Indian Novelist whwb Bomlay ‡Z Assonance: the repetition at close intervals of
Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| vowel sounds for a purpose. For example: mad as a
hatter.
02. wZwb Rv`y ev¯Íeev` Magical Realism Gi mv‡_
HwZnvwmK K_vmvwn‡Z¨i Historical Fiction Gi mgš^q Ballad: a narrative poem that was originally meant
mvab K‡i‡Qb| to be sung. Ballads are generally about ordinary
people who have unusual adventures, with a single
03. wZwb 1981 mv‡j m¤§vbRbK Booker Prize ‡c‡q‡Qb| tragic incident as the central focus. They contain
Notable Works : dialogue and repetition, and imply more than they
01. Midnight’s Children (Own Booker Prize and actually tell.
literary notability)
Cacophony: Harsh, clashing, or dissonant sounds,
02. Shame (Political turmoil in Pakistan)
often produced by combinations of words that
03. Satanic Verses– (Most Controversial) and (Muslims require a clipped, explosive delivery, or words that
accused it of lapse my mocking their faith.) contain a number of plosive consonants such as b,
d, g, k, p, and t; the opposite of EUPHONY.
Common Literary Terms

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
Catalog: a long list of anything; an inventory used Convention: In general, an accepted way of doing
to emphasize quantity or inclusiveness. things.

Character: the vehicle (person, animal, creation) Denotation: the precise, literal meaning of a word,
that moves the story forward. A character may be without emotional associations or overtones.
main or minor, depending on his or her role in the
work of literature. While some characters are two- Denouement: the final unraveling or outcome of
dimensional, with one or two dominant traits, a the plot in drama or fiction during which the
fully developed character has a unique complex of complications and conflicts of the plot are resolved.
traits. A) dynamic characters often change as the
plot unfolds. B) static characters remain the same. Diction: word choice

Characterization: refers to the techniques

employed by writers to develop characters. 1) The Enjambment: the carrying of sense and
writer may use physical description. 2) Dialogue grammatical structure in a poem beyond the end of
spoken by the character and by other characters one line, COUPLET, or STANZA and into the next.
reveals character traits. 3) A character’s action may
be a means of characterization. 4) The reactions of Epigram: any witty, pointed saying. Originally an
another character may also be revealing. 5) A epigram meant an inscription, or epitaph usually in
character’s thoughts arid feelings are also a means verse, on a tomb. Later it came to mean a short
of characterization. poem that compressed meaning and expression in
the manner of an inscription.
Climax: the point at which the conflict of the story
begins to reach a turning point and begins to be Epigraph: a motto or quotation that appears at the
resolved. beginning of a book, play, chapter, or poem.
Occasionally, an epigraph shows the source for the
Conceit: an elaborate figure of speech comparing title of a work. Because the epigraph usually relates
two very dissimilar things. to the theme of a piece of literature, it can give the
reader insight into the work.
Conflict: the struggle between two opposing forces
that is the basis of the plot. 1) internal conflict Epitaph: the inscription on a tombstone or
character struggling with him/her self, 2) external monument in memory of the person or people
conflicts – character struggling with forces outside buried there. Epitaph also refers to a brief literary
of him/her self. For example. Nature, god, society, piece that sums up the life of a dead person.
another person, technology, etc.
Euphony: A succession of sweetly melodious
Connotation: the associations, images, or sounds; the opposite of CACOPHONY. The term is
impressions carried by a word, as opposed to the applied to smoothly flowing POETRY or PROSE.
word’s literal meaning.
Exposition: background information at the
Consonance: the close repetition of identical beginning of the story, such as setting, characters
consonant sounds before and after differing vowel and conflicts. In a short story the exposition appears
sounds. in the opening paragraphs; in a novel the exposition
is usually part of the first chapter.

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
Fable: a brief tale told to illustrate a moral. Metonymy: a figure of speech that substitutes the
name of a related object, person, or idea for the
Falling Action: events that lead to a resolution after subject at hand.
the climax.
Mood: the feeling, or atmosphere, that a writer
Figurative Language: language employing figures creates for the reader. Connotative words, sensory
of speech; language that cannot be taken literally or images, and figurative language contribute to the
only literally. mood of a selection, as do the sound and rhythm of
the language.
Flashback: a scene, or an incident that happened
before the beginning of a story, or at an earlier point Motif: A unifying element in an artistic work,
in the narrative. especially any recurrent image, symbol, theme,
character type, subject or narrative detail.
Foil: a character who provides a striking contrast to Narrator: the person from whose point of view
another character. events are conveyed.

Foreshadowing: a writer’s use of hints or clues to First person: the narrator is a character in the story,
indicate events that will occur later in the narrative. uses the pronoun “I.”
The first person narrator does not have to be the
Hyperbole: an exaggeration for emphasis or main character in the story.
humorous effect.
Third person: is indicated by the pronouns he, she
Imagery: words and phrases that create vivid and they. The third person narrator is not a
experiences or a picture for the reader. participant in the action and thus maintains a certain
distance from the characters.
Irony: a contrast between appearance and actuality:
A) In third person omniscient point of view, the
Verbal irony: a writer says one thing, but means narrator is all-knowing about the thoughts and
something entirely different. feelings of the characters.

Situational irony: occurs when something happens B) The third person limited point of view deals
that is entirely different from what is expected. with a writer presenting events as experienced
by only one character. This type of narrator does
Dramatic irony: occurs when the reader knows not have full knowledge of situations, past or
information that the characters do not. future events.
C) In third person objective the story conveys
Literal: A word for word interpretation for what is only the external details of the characters—never
written or said. their thoughts or inner motivations.

Metaphor: a figure of speech in which a Onomatopoeia. The formation or use of words.

comparison or analogy is made between two Such as: buzz, or cuckoo, whose meaning is
seemingly unlike things, as in the phrase “evening suggested by the sound of the word itself. (boom,
of life.” click, plop)

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
Oxymoron: a figure of speech in which two with an inciting moment, an action or event that sets a
contradictory words or phrases are combined in a conflict of opposing forces into motion.
single expression, giving the effect of a condensed
paradox: “wise fool,” “cruel kindness.” Satire: a literary technique in which foolish ideas or
customs are ridiculed for the purpose of improving
Paradox: a statement or situation containing society.
obvious contradictions, but is nevertheless true.
Setting: the time and place in which the action of a
Parallelism: the use of similar grammatical form story occurs.
gives items equal weight, as in Lincoln’s line “of the
people, by the people, for the people.” Attention to Simile: a figure of speech in which two seemingly
parallelism generally makes both spoken and written unlike things are compared. The comparison is
expression more concise, clear and powerful. made explicit by the use of a word or phrase such
as: like, as, than, similar to, resembles, or seems—
Parody: an imitation of a serious work of literature as in: He was strong as a bull.
for the purpose of criticism or humorous effect or
for flattering tribute. Soliloquy: A dramatic convention in which a
character in a play, alone on stage, speaks his or her
Personification: a figure of speech in which human thoughts aloud. The audience is provided with
qualities or characteristics are given to an animal, information about the characters’ motives, plans,
object, or concept. and state of mind.

Plot: the plan of action or sequence of events of the Stream of Consciousness: the technique of
story. presenting the flow of thoughts, responses, and
sensations of one or more characters is called
Point of view: the vantage point, or stance from stream of consciousness.
which a story is told, the eye and mind through
Style: the way in which a piece of literature is written.
which the action is perceived. (See also narrator.)
Style refers not to what is said, but how it is said.
Protagonist: the central character in a story; the one Suspense: the tension or excitement felt by the
upon whom the actions center. The protagonist reader as he or she becomes involved in the story.
faces a problem and must undergo some conflict to
Syllogism: a logical argument based on deductive
solve it.
reasoning.
Pun: A form of wit, not necessarily funny, involving a Symbol: a person, object, idea or action that stands
play on a word with two or more meanings. for something else. It is usually something literal
that stands for something figurative. For example:
Resolution: the final unwinding, or resolving of the Roads can stand for choices.
conflicts and complications in the plot.
Synecdoche: a figure of speech in which a part of
something stands for the whole thing.
Rhyme scheme: the pattern of end rhyme in a poem.
Syntax: sentence structure (see handout).
Rising Action: That part of the plot that leads through
Theme: the central idea in a literary work. The
a series of events of increasing interest and power to
theme is usually an idea about life or about people.
the climax or turning point. The rising action begins
Writers sometimes state the story’s theme outright,
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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
but more often they simply tell the story and let the
reader discover the theme. Therefore, theme is an Understatement: a type of verbal IRONY in which
idea revealed by the events of the story; plot is something is purposely represented as being far less
simply what happens in the story; it is not the theme. important than it actually is; also called meiosis.

Tone: the writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a

subject.

Teacher-Students Work

01. A pattern of accented and unaccented c. metaphor d. none

syllables in lines of poetry 09. A poem that tells a story with plot, setting,
a. rhyme scheme b. meter and characters
a. lyric b. free verse
c. alliteration d. none
c. narrative d. none
02. The repetition of similar ending sounds
a. alliteration b. onomatopoeia
c. rhyme d. none
03. Applying human qualities to non-human
things
a. personification b. onomatopoeia
c. alliteration d. none
04. The repetition of beginning consonant sounds
a. rhyme b. onomatopoeia
c. alliteration d. none
05. A comparison of unlike things without using
a word of comparison such as like or as
a. metaphor b. simile
c. personification d. none
06. The comparison of unlike things using the
words like or as
a. metaphor b. simile
c. personification d. none
07. Using words or letters to imitate sounds
a. alliteration b. simile
c. onomatopoeia d. none
08. a description that appeals to one of the five senses
a. imagery b. personification

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
10. A poem with no meter or rhyme 21. With what did Forster Forster achieve his
a. lyric b. free verse greatest success?
c. narrative d. none a. Arctic Summer fear b. Where Angels to Tread
11. A poem that generally has meter and rhyme c. A Passage to India d. A Room with a view
a. lyric b. free verse 22. “Howards End” is a novel by—
c. narrative d. none a. E. M. Forster b. James Joyce
12. Which is not a poetry form? c. Rudyard Kipling d. Thomas Hardy
a. epic b. tale c. ballad d. sonnet 23. What is the unpublished complete novel by
13. Which of the following is not an English poet? E. M. Forster—
a. Victor Hugo a. Howards end b. Apassage to India
b. Alexander Pope c. Arctic Sumner d. Maurice
c. John Milton 24. Who wrote ‘Where Angels Fear to Tread’?
d. Samuel Taylor Coleridge a. James Joyce b. Rudyard Kipling
14. Which of the following play was written in c. E. M. Forster d. Oseph Conrad
1601? 25. Who wrote the famous novel, “A Passage to
a. Othello b. Hamlet India”?
c. King Lear d. Macbeth a. Rudyard Kipling b. James Joyce
15. Who wrote the novel ‘Mrs. Dalloway’? c. E. M. Forster d. Thomas Hardy
a. Kipling’s b. Maughan’s 26. Who wrote the famous short story, “The Ant
c. Virginia Woolf d. James Joyce’s aud the Grasshopper”?
16. Who is the writer of the novel “To the Light a. E. M. Forister b. M. K. Rawlings
house”? c. Joseph Conrad d. W.Somerset Maugham
a. Virginia Woolf b. Maughan’s 27. ‘Luncheon’ is a famous short story written by-
c. James Joyce’s d. Kipling’s a. James Joyce b. W.B. Yeats c. Joseph Courad
17. The literary technique ‘Interior Monologue’ d. William Somerset Maugham
is seen in — writing. 28. ‘Of Human Bondage’ is written by--
a. James Joyce’s b. Virginia Woolfs a. Virginia Woolf b. Somerset Maugham
c. Maughan’s d. Kipling’s c. L. A. G Strong d. T. S. Eliot
18. Who wrote “The Voyage Out”? 29. Maugham explains his philosophy of life in—
a. Jame Joyce’s b. Kipling’s a. The Summing Up b. Liza of Lambeth
c. Virginia Woolf d. Maughan’s c. Cakes and Afe d. Razor’s Edge
19. “A Pasage to India” is written by- 30. What is the last major novel of William
a. E. M. Forster b. Rubyard Kipling Somerset Maugham?
c. Galls Worthy d. A. H. Auden a. The Summing Up b. Razor’s Edge
20. What was the unfinished novel by E. M. c. Liza of Lambeth d. Cakes and Afe
Forster? 31. Who was born in France but wrote his works
a. A Room with a view b. Arctic Summer in English?
c. Arctic Summer fear d. Where Angels to Tread a. William Somerset Maugham
b. James Joyce

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
c. W.B. Yeats 36. The play ‘Candida’ is by—
d. Joseph Courad a. James Joyce b. Shakespeare
32. Who wrote the famous novel ‘Liza of Lambeth’? c. G.B. Shaw d. Arthur Miller
a. Joseph Courad 37. The play Arms and the Man is by ----.
b. William Somerset Maugham a. Jame Joyce b. Samuel Beckett
c. James Joyce c. Arthur Miller d. George Bernard Shaw
d. W. B. Yeats 38. Who wrote problem plays?
33. Who wrote famous novel ‘A Portrait of An a. Samuel Becketle b. J. M. Singh
Artist as a Young Man’? c. G.B. Shaw d. Thomas Kyd
a. Joseph Conrad b. Rudyard Kipling 39. Who is famous for his ‘drama of ideas’?
c. James Joyce d. E. M. Froster a. Thomas Kyd b. G.B. Shaw
34. James Joyce’s famous novel is— c. Samuel Becketle d. J. M. Singh
a. Utopia b. Ulyssess 40. "Antony and Cleopatra" and "Macbeth"
c. The Wasteland d. Sons and Lovers was in:
35. Who wrote the collection of short stories ‘The a. 1606 b. 1607
Dubliners’? c. 1608 d. 1609
a. James Joyce b. Rudyard Kipling
c. ames Joyce d. E. M. Froster

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
BCS Previous Year Questions
01. Which of the following is not an American 06. What is a funny poem of five lines called?
poet? (44th BCS) [37th BCS]
a. Robert Frost b. W. B. Yeats a. Quartet b. Limerick
c. Emily Dickinson d. Langston Hughes c. Sixtet d. haiku
02. Who translated the ‘Rubaiyat of Omar 07. 'The Sun Also Rises' is a novel written by–
Khayyam’ into English? (41th BCS) [37th BCS]
a. Thomas Carlyle b. Edward Fitzgerald a. Charles Dickens b. Hermanne Melville
c. D. G. Rossetti d. William Thackeray c Earnest Hemingway d. Thomas Hardy
03.‘Ulysses’ is a novel written by- (43th BCS) 08. The Asian Drama MÖ‡š’i iPwqZv †K? - [23th BCS]
a. Joseph Conrad b. Thomas Hardy a. AgZ©¨ †mb b. ¸bvi wgiWvj
c. Charles Dickens d. James Joyce
c. gvB‡Kj wjdUb d. DBwjqvg i‡÷v
04. "Man is a Political animal"-- who said this?
09. If a part of speech or writing breaks the
[36th BCS] theme, it is called-- [33th BCS]
a. Dante b. Plato a. pomposity b. digression
c. Aristotle d. Socrates c. exaggeration d. anti-climax
05. "A Passage to India" is written by-[36th BCS] 10. "Gerontion" is a poem by__ ? [37th BCS]
a. E. M. Forster b. Rudyard Kipling a. T.S. Eliot b. W.B. Yeats
c. Galls Worth d. A. H. Auden c. Matthew Arnold d. Robert Browning
Answer Key to Previous Questions
01 b 02 b 03 d 04 c 05 a
06 b 07 c 08 b 09 b 10 a

Practice Questions

01. Vanity Fair is a novel by- 04. Who created the detective 'Sherlock Holmes'?
(a) Dickens (b) Thackeray (a) John Gay
(d) Scott (d) Fielding (b) W. B Somerset Maugham
02. The writer of David Copperfield is- (c) Sir A Conan Doyle
(a) Shakespeare (b) David Copperfield (d) Dylan Thomas
(c) Charles Dickens (d) Rudyard Kipling 05. Who is not Poet Laureate?
03. 'Sherlock Holmes' was written by--- (a) Alfred Tennyson (b) William Wordsworth
(a) G. K. Cheslerton (b) Macbeth
(c) Robert Browning (d) Edmund Spenser
(c) John Galsworthy (d) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
06. Who was a poet Laureate after William 14. Who is the author of the drama 'Joan of
Wordsworth? Arc?'
(a) Alfred Tennyson (b) Ben Jonson (a) G. B. Shaw (b) Lord Byron
(c) John Dryden (d) Edmund Spenser (c) Charles Dickens (d) P. B. Shelly
07. Who is the author of “The Origin of Species,” 15. 'Man and Superman' eBwU Kvi †jLv
(a) C. Darwin (b) A. Pope (a) William Shakespeare (b) G. B Shaw
(c) T. Hardy (d) O. Goldsmith (c) Leo Tolstoy (d) Gharles Dickens
08. Who is the author of "Arabian Nights"? 16. Bertrand Russell was a British---
(a) Sir Richard Burton (b) Alexander Pope (a) Journalist (b) Scientist
(c) Smith (d) None of them (c) Philosopher (d) Astronaut
09. The appropriate meaning of the word 17. The author of 'Road to Freedom' is-
'monologue' is-. (a) James Baker (b) Dr. Kissinger
(a) a long speech in a play spoken by one actor (c) Bertrand Russell (d) Lenin
especially when alone 18. History of the II world war is written by--
(b) conversation in a play (a) Keats (b) Winston Churchill
(c) a speech in a play in which a character, who is (c) Clinton (d) None of them
alone on the stae, speaks his thoughts aloud
19. Who wrote the short story 'The Gift of the
(d) a dialogue between the two actors or Magi'?
actresses in a drama
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Nixon
10. A novel is not written in ___.
(c) Jane Austen (d) O' Henry
(a) prose (b) letter form
20. O' Henry is famous for-
(c) rhyme (d) third person narrative
(a) Drama (b) Short Story
11. Kv‡K Short story Gi RbK ejv nq?
(c) Novel (d) France
(a) GW. Gjvb †cv (b) wU. GwjqU 21. Who was the greatest modern American
(c) mgvi‡mU gg (d) †`qv †bB short story writer?
12. Who among the following is a dramatist? (a) E. Hemingway (b) S. Bellow
(a) George Bernard Shaw (c) W. A Longfellow (d) O' Henry
(b) E. M. Forster 22. Who wrote the Introduction to
(c) T. S. Eliot Rabindranath Tagore's Songs Offerings?
(d) Stephen Spender (a) T. S Eliot (b) Auden
13. George Bernard Shaw is--- (c) Ezra Found (d) W. B Yeats
(a) a playwright (b) a film-maker 23. Famous Irish poet and dramatist is----
(c) a historian (d) a modern painter (a) H. G. Wells (b) Alexander
(c) Tolstoy (d) W. B. Yeats

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
24. Who translated 'Gitanjoli' of Rabindranath 32. What was the first novel of Virginia Woolf?
Tagore in English? (a) The Waves (b) To the light house
(a) W. B. Yeats (b) John Keats (c) The voyage out (d) Jacob's Room
(c) Robert Frost (d) Ralph Hodgson 33. 'To the light house' eBwUi iPwqZv †K?
25. 'The Sacred Flame' is written by--- (a) Jane Austen (b) Shakespeare
(a) William Somerset Maugham (c) S. T. Coleridge (d) Virginia Woolf
(b) G B Shaw 34. 'Lady Chatterley's Lover' is a novel written
(c) Ernest Hemingway by-
(d) Oscar Wilde (a) William Somerset Maugham
26. Who is the author of the book 'Of Human (b) Thomas Hardy
Bondage'? (c) Charles Dickens
(a) Charles Dickens (b) Somerset Maugham (d) D. H. Lawrence
(c) Jane Austen (d) D. H. Lawrence 35. The most striking feature of D.H. Lawrence's
27. What kind of literary work is "The character is that-
Luncheon" by Somerset Maugham? (a) they almost portray himself
(a) A novel (b) A short story (b) they live a very simple life
(c) A poem (d) A scientific article (c) they live a very simple life
28. What is the work of Winston Churchill? (d) they are sly of themselves
(a) History of the Second World War 36. D. H. Lawrence a famous novelist of Modern
(b) History of the English Speaking People Age is not the author of one of the four
(c) Life in Marlborough novels mentioned below:
(d) Far from the Madding Crowd (a) The Rainbow
29. In which year Winston Churchill got the b) Lady Chatterley's Lover
Novel prize in literature? (c) Sons and Lovers
(a) 1943 (b) 1945 (d) Ulysses
(c) 1948 (d) 1953 37. T. S. Eliot was born in----
30. Who was a statesman but awarded Nobel (a) Ireland (b) England
Prize in English Literature? (c) Wales (d) USA
(a) Stalin (b) Nixon 38. The literary work 'The Waste Land' is a-
(c) Churchill (d) Roosevelt (a) poem by T.S Eliot
31. One of the four mentioned below is not a (b) historical work by Charles Dickens
novelist of Victorian Age- (c) play by P.B. Shelley
(a) Charles Dickens (b) George Eliot (d) None
(c) James Joyce (d) Thomas Hardy

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
39. In which poem do you find Hindu allusion of 47. 'The Waste Land' is-
philosophy? (a) a drama (b) a poem
(a) Kubla Khan (b) The Patriot (c) a novel (d) an essay
(c) The Waste Land (d) The Cloud 48. A Russian author who refused Nobel Prize
40. Who wrote 'The waste Land'? (a) Maxim Gorky
(a) W. B. Yeats (b) Robert Forst (b) Ruskin
(c) W. H. Auden (d) T. S. Eliot (c) Alexander Solzhenitsyn
41. According to most of the critics who is not a (d) Boris Pasternak
romantic poet? 49. Dr. Zivago-eB‡qi †jL‡Ki bvg †KvbwU?
(a) John Keats (a) Boris Pasternak (b) Leo Tolstoy
(b) T. S. Eliot (c) Rabindranath Tagore (d) Dante
(c) Rabindranath Tagore 50. 'The Good Earth' has been written by-
(d) William Wordsworth (a) Viginia Wolff (b) George Eliot
42. 'Murder in the Cathedral' is written by--- (c) Charles (d) Pearl S. Buck
(a) Harold Pinter (b) T. S Eliot 51. American female novelist Pearl S. Buck got
(c) G. B. Shaw (d) Samuel Beckett Nobel Prize in 1938 for the book---
43. Who is famous for the theory of 'Objective (a) The Good Earth (b) House Divided
Co-relative'? (c) The Patriot (d) De Cameron
(a) Virginia Woolf 52. Earnest Hemingway is a famous--
(b) William Somerset Maugham (a) British novelist
(c) Edward Morgan Forster (b) Irish novelist
(d) T. S Eliot (c) American Novelist
44. Who of the following was a poet? (d) Latin American Novelist
(a) T. S Eliot (b) Charles Dickens 53. Earnest Hemingway is the author of--
(c) Jane Austen (d) G. B Shaw (a) The old man and the sea
45. T. S. Eliot is an English poet who is famous (b) the Invisible Man
for the sensuousness. What do. T. S stand
(c) Arms and the Man
for?
(d) A doll's House
(a) Thomas Stearns (b) Thompson Simson
54. Who writes 'Waiting for Godot'?
(c) Thomas Stewart (d) Thomas Stephen
(a) Bertolt Brecht (b) Samuel Beckett
46. T. S Eliot is a---- poet.
(c) Henric Ibsen (d) Samuel Bulter
(a) Romantic (b) Victorian
55. Who Wrote 'The Birthday Party'?
(c) Modern (d) Post-modern
(a) James Joyce (b) G. B. Shaw
(c) Harold Pinter (d) Jane Austen

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
56. Who authored that statement "Injustice 62. Who said ‘Man is political animal’?
anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere"? a. Dante b. Aristotle
(a) Harold Laski (b) Martin Luther King c. Plato d. Voltaire
(c) Tocqueville (d) Abraham Lincoln 63. ‘Man is born free and everywhere he is in
57. Who is the Composer of the famous poem chains’ – quotation of
“The Balled of Reading Goal”? a. Voltaire b. Vector Hugo
a. Oscar Wilde c. Rousseau d. Shakespeare
b. W. B. Yeats 64. ‘Oh, lift me as a wave, a leaf, a cloud; I fall
c. T. S. Eliot upon the thrones of life! I bleed.’ This
d. John Keats quotation is from P B Shelley’s-
58. ‘All the world’s a stage and all the men and a. The Cloud
women merely players’ – a quotation from b. To a Skylark
Shakespeare’s- c. Ode to the West Wind
a. Macbeth b. As you like it d. Adonis
c. Romeo and Juliet d. Tempest 65. ‘Poets are the unacknowledged legislature of
59. Who said, ‘An unexamined life is not worth the word’ who told it?
living’? a. Browning b. Tennyson
a. Socrates b. Plato c. Shelly d. Byron
c. Aristotle d. Zeno 66. Who believed that ‘poetry is the spontaneous
60. ‘Good face is the best letter of overflow of emotions’?
recommendation’ was stated by- a. Blake b. Byron
a. Queen Victoria b. Queen Elizabeth c. Wordsworth d. Keats
c. Queen Anne d. Queen Marry
61. Who authored that statement “Injustice
anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere?
a. Harold Laski b. Martin Luther King
c. Tocqueville d. Abraham Lincoln

Answer Key to Practice Questions

01 b 02 c 03 d 04 c 05 c 06 a 07 a 08 a 09 a 10 c 11 a
12 a 13 a 14 a 15 b 16 c 17 ? 18 b 19 d 20 b 21 d 22 d
23 d 24 a 25 a 26 b 27 b 28 a 29 d 30 c 31 c 32 a 33
34 d 35 d 36 d 37 d 38 a 39 c 40 b 41 b 42 b 43 d 44 a
45 a 46 d 47 b 48 d 49 a 50 d 51 a 52 c 53 a 54 b 55 c
56 b 57 a 58 b 59 a 60 b 61 b 62 b 63 c 64 b 65 c 66 c

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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi

Try Yourself
01. The atmosphere or feeling in a literary work 09. “Life is like a box of chocolates” is an
is called the: example of:
a. conflict b. protagonist a. metaphor b. simile
c. mood d. text features c. meter d. onomatopoeia
02. Pictures, side bars, bold print, graphs, charts, 10. “My cat is a log” is an example of:
and captions are examples of: a. metaphor b. simile
a. foreshadowing b. text features c. meter d. onomatopoeia
c. personification d. alliteration 11. Giving non-human objects human
03. A struggle or problem in the story for the characteristics is called:
main character is the: a. foreshadowing b. personification
a. protagonist b. metaphor c. dialect d. alliteration
c. flashback d. conflict 12. When the author takes the reader back in
04. A piece of writing that can be found in time to a memory, he/she is using the
newspapers and magazines and its purpose technique called:
is to persuade is: a. foreshadowing b. alliteration
a. editorial b. feature article c. flashback d. figurative language
c. myth d. short story 13. “Bob built a brilliant boat” is an example of:
05. A piece of writing that can be found in a. foreshadowing b. simile
newspapers and magazines and its purpose c. metaphor d. alliteration
is strictly to inform is: 14. A form of language spoken by people in a
a. editorial b. feature article particular region is called:
c. myth d. short story a. dialect b. dialogue
06. An ancient Greek story that explains natural c. fable d. meter
occurrences/happenings in the world is: 15. A brief story/poem, usually with animal
a. editorial b. feature article characters, that teaches a lesson/moral is
c. myth d. short story called:
07. The main character is the: a. folk tale b. fable
a. dialect b. meter c. haiku d. resolution
c. plot d. protagonist 16. A story composed orally and passed down by
08. A prediction or hints of what will happen is word of mouth is called a(n):
called: a. folk tale b. fable
a. foreshadowing b. personification c. haiku d. resolution
c. alliteration d. genre
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 Lecture # 16 46 Zg BCS wcÖwjwgbvwi
17. A type of literature is called: 22. “That was so good, I could smack my
a. meter b. setting Mammie!” is an example of:
c. genre d. plot a. personification b. alliteration
18. The rhythmical pattern of a poem is called: c. figurative language d. simile
a. figurative language b. dialogue 23. When, where, and the time a story takes
c. meter d. onomatopoeia place is called the:
19. A 3-line Japanese poem with 17 syllables is a. plot b. setting
called: c. resolution d. conflict
a. folk tale b. fable 24. When the climax or conflict is solved it is
c. haiku d. myth called the:
20. BAM is an example of: a. plot b. setting
a. onomatopoeia b. figurative language c. resolution d. conflict
c. genre d. plot 25. The sequence of events in a story is the:
21. When characters speak, it is called: a. setting b. conflict
a. figurative language b. dialogue c. resolution d. plot
c. dialect d. mood

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English (15+16) Page  34