23EC402

ELECTROMAGNETICS
Academic Year:2024-2025 (Even Sem)

Module I: ELECTROSTATICS

Dr.S.Nithyadevi, M.E.,Ph.D., Assistant

Professor Department of ECE
Email: [email protected]

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23EC402 ELECTROMAGNETICS 2

Module 1 Contents
• Electrostatistics :
• Introduction to Co-ordinate System, Gradient, Divergence
and Divergence theorem, Curl and Stoke’s theorem,
Laplacian of a Scalar. Coulomb’s law, Electric field, Electric
potential, charge densities-line, Surface and Volume charge
densities, Electric flux, Electric flux density, Electric potential
due to dipole, Capacitance Energy density in the
electrostatic field. Laplace and Poisson’s equations-
Applications for Laplace’s equation - Capacitance - Parallel
Plate- Boundary conditions, Electric current, Current
density, Point form of Ohm’s law.

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ELETROMAGNETICS
• Study of interaction between electric charges at rest and
in motion.
• Analysis of electric and magnetic fields.

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JAMES CLERK MAXWELL

• 1831-1879 Edinburg, UK.

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HEINRICH HERTZ

1857-1894
• In 1886 Hertz was the first to prove the existence of
electromagnetic waves.
• The induction coil produced sparks at the gap in the
dipole.

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Experiment setup

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EM DEVICES – To design these

devices knowledge of EM is needed.
• Transformer
• Electric relays
• Radio / TV ,
• Telephones
• Electric motors
• Transmission lines
• Waveguides
• Antenna
• Optical fibers
• Radars
• lasers

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EMC (Electromagnetic Compatability)

TEST Applications
• Mobile Phones
• Toys
• Vehicles
• Avionics
• Medical Instruments
• Petrochemical Industries.
• ATM machines.
• Metro Train

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JOB OFFERS....
• EMC Engineer
• RF Engineer
• RF Planning & Design – Radio Network Dimensioning,
Capacity Planning, Interference analysis, Parameter Planning,
Frequency allocation etc.,
• RF Optimisation – Problem analysis, drive testing, After the
test, Checks Prior to Action,etc.,
Example : KeyStone Systech Private Limited
Secunderabad, Telangana.
• Experience: 0 - 4 years Skills: RF engineer, Telecom Engineer,
Bts Engineer, O&M Engineering,
• Job Description: Min 6 Month Experience in Telecom
Engineer.
• Job Responsibility required BTS/BSC/MSC Installation and
commissioning RF Survey/RF Planning Looking for engineer
allover Andhra Pradesh and Telengana.
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JOB Offers
• TRANSCIEVER TECHNOLOGIES Pvt. Ltd
6TH FLOOR,602 SWARNAJAYANTHI HMDA
COMPLEX, BESIDE MAITRIVANAM BUILDING,
MAITRIVANAM, ANDHRA
1.RF ENGINEER
2.DT ENGINEER (Drive Test )
3. RF DT ENGINEER

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COMPANIES HIRE YOU....

• ZTE Telecom India Pvt Ltd., Bangalore.
• Huawei Telecommunciations, Bangalore.
• Universal Telecom India, Bangalore.
• Brij Systems, Bangalore
• Nortel India Pvt Ltd.,Bangalore
• Sasken communications, Bangalore.
• Alkatel Lucent India Pvt.Ltd., Chennai.
• ALSTOM India Pvt. Ltd, Chennai.
• VISTEON Technical and Service Centre, Chennai.
• Spark Minda Technical Centre, Pune.
• Ericsson India Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore.
• Robert Bosch, Bangalore.

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TEXT BOOKS
1. Sadiku M H, "Principles of Electromagnetics" , Oxford
University Press Inc., New Delhi,2015.
2. John D Kraus and Daniel A Fleisch, “Electromagnetic
with applications”, 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2005
3. William H. Hayt, John A. Buck, “Engineering
Electromagnetic”, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2014.

• Reference Books
• David K Cheng, "Fields and Wave Electromagnetics", Pearson new international
edition , Pearson Education Limited 2013
• J. Edminister, “Schaum’s Outline of Electromagnetics”, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill,
2013
• Nathan Ida, “Engineering Electromagnetics”, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. New
• Delhi,3nd edition,2015,

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TEXT BOOK

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MARTIN COOPER - 1973

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Introduction to Coordinate Systems

• An orthogonal system is one in which the coordinate
surfaces are mutually perpendicular.
• Examples:
a. CARTESIAN OR RECTANGULAR coordinate
b. CIRCULAR or CYLINDRICAL coordinate
c. SPHERICAL coordinate

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SCALAR
• A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude.
• Example : time, mass, distance, temperature, population,
etc.,

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VECTOR
• A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and
direction.
• Example : Velocity, force, displacement, etc.,

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Field
• A field is a function that specifies a particular quantity
everywhere in a region.
• If the quantity is scalar, the field is said to be a scalar field.
• Example : Temperature distribution in a building, sound
intensity in a theatre.
• If the quantity is vector, the field is said to be a vector
field.
• Example: Velocity of raindrop in the atmosphere,
gravitational force on a body in a space.

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Review of vector algebra

• Scalar and Dot Product

• Scalar – It has only magnitude

• Dot Product- scalar (e.g. j • j = 1 )

• Field : A field is a function that specifies a particular quantity

everywhere in a region.
• If the quantity is scalar, the field is said to be a scalar field.

• Example : Temperature distribution in a building, sound intensity in a

theatre.

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Review of Vector Algebra

•

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Review of vector algebra

• Vector addition
1. Vector addition obeys the associative law
A+(B+C) = (A+B)+C

2. If A and B are two vectors C=A+B

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Review of vector algebra

• Vector addition
• Coplanar vectors are vectors lying in a common plane,

such as those shown in Figure. Both lie in the plane of the

paper and may be added by expressing each vector in
terms of “horizontal” and “vertical” components and then
adding the corresponding components.

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Review of vector algebra

• Vector addition

• Vector Addition

• If A = Ax +Ay +Az and B = Bx+By+Bz

•C=A+B

• C =( Ax+Bx ) ax+ (Ay+By ) ay +(Az+Bz ) az

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Review of vector algebra

• Vector subtraction
• The rule for the subtraction of vectors follows easily from

that for addition, for we may always express A−B as

A+(−B); the sign, or direction, of the second vector is
reversed, and this vector is then added to the first by the
rule for vector addition.

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Review of vector algebra

• Vector Multiplication
• Vectors may be multiplied by scalars. The magnitude of

the vector changes, but its direction does not when the
scalar is positive, although it reverses direction when
multiplied by a negative scalar. Multiplication of a vector
by a scalar also obeys the associative and distributive
laws of algebra, leading to

• (r + s)(A + B) = r(A + B) + s(A + B) = rA + rB + sA + sB

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Review of vector algebra

• Vector Multiplication
• Cross product of two vector is a vector quantity whose magnitude is

the area of the parallelogram formed by A and B, and is in the

direction of advance of a right handed screw as A is turned into B.
• Example : A ХB = AB sinθAB an

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UNIT VECTOR
• A vector (B) has both magnitude and direction.
• Magnitude of B is a scalar written as B or |B|.
• A unit vector aB along B is defined as a vector whose
magnitude is unity, and its direction is along B.

• aB =

• Note: |aB| =1; B = |B|aB

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Rectangular coordinate system

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Rectangular Coordinate System

• Cartesian or Rectangle coordinate system

• Rectangular coordinate system: It is the fundamental

coordinate system. It has three axis (x,y,z).

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Rectangular Coordinate System

•

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Rectangular Coordinate System

• Constant Coordinate Surfaces
• Plane surface: when z=0 we get XY Plane,
• When y=0 we get XZ Plane, when x=0 we get YZ Plane

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Rectangular Coordinate System

• Cartesian or Rectangle coordinate system

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Rectangular Coordinates
•

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CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL
CORODINATES (ρ,φ,z)
• Applied for problems having cylindrical symmetry
• A point P in cylindrical coordinate is represented as (ρ,
φ,z).
• ρ = Radius of the cylinder passing through P or The radial
distance from the z-axis.
• Φ = azimuthal angle measured from the x-axis in the
XY-Plane
• z = same as cartesian system.

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Cylindrical Coordinate System

•

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Cylindrical Coordinate System

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Cylindrical Coordinate System

• 1.4.2 Range of the variables in Cylindrical coordinate

system

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Cylindrical Coordinate System

• Constant Coordinate Surfaces.

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Cylindrical Coordinate System

• Constant Coordinate Surfaces.

• Z= Constant and Φ =constant

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Cylindrical Coordinate System

• Constant Coordinate Surfaces.

• ρ= Constant, Φ =constant and z = constant

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Rectangular Coordinate System

• Conversion from Cylindrical to Cartesian or
Rectangle coordinate system

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Point P and unit vectors in the cylindrical

coordinate system

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Range of variables (ρ,φ,z)

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Components of the vector

•

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TRANSFORMATION FROM CYLINDRICAL

TO RECTANGULAR FORM

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CYLINDRICAL TO RECTANGULAR
COORDINATE
• Cosɸ = adj side / hypo
• Cosɸ = x / ρ
• x = ρ cos ɸ
• Sin ɸ = Opp side / Hypo
• Sin ɸ = y /ρ
• Y = ρ sin ɸ
• z=z

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RECTANGULAR TO CYLINDRICAL
COORDINATE
•

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Figure 1.3 Unit Vector Transformation

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UNIT VECTOR TRANSFORMATION FROM

CYLINDRICAL TO RECTANGULAR
• ax = cosφaρ + sinφ(-aφ) = cosφaρ – sinφaφ
• ay = sinφaρ + cosφaφ
• az = a z

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Cylindrical to Rectangular

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Cylindrical to Rectangular Matrix Form

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Unit Vector Transformation from

Rectangular to Cylindrical
• aρ = cosφax + sinφay
• aφ = - sinφax + cosφay
• az = a z

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Rectangular to Cylindrical

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Rectangular to Cylindrical Matrix Form

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Rectangular to Cylindrical
• Substitute ax , ay , az in equation
A = Axax+ Ayay + Azaz and expand
• A= Ax (cosφaρ – sinφaφ ) + Ay (sinφaρ + cosφaφ ) + Az az
• A = ( Ax cosφ + Ay sinφ ) aρ + (- Ax sinφ + Ay cosφ) aφ + Az
az
• A = Aρaρ+ Aφaφ + Azaz

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SPHERICAL COORDINATE SYSTEM

(r,θ,ɸ)
• Applied with problems having a degree of spherical
symmetry.
• Point P =(r,θ,φ)
• r = Radius of a sphere centred at the origin and passing
through point P.
• θ = angle between the z axis and the position vector of P.
( called colatitude)
• ɸ is azimuthal angle measured from the x-axis as in
circular cylindrical coordinates.

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Figure 1.4 Point P and unit vectors in spherical coordinates

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Range of variables (r,θ,φ)

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Unit vectors
• Components of Vector A in spherical coordinate is A =
Arar+ Aθaθ +Aɸaɸ
• Magnitude of |A| = Arar+ Aθaθ +Aɸaɸ
• unit vectors are ar , aθ , aφ are mutually orthogonal .
• ar is along the direction of increasing radius r.
• aθ is along the direction of increasing θ
• aɸ is along the direction of increasing ɸ

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Constant coordinates
• r = constant is a sphere of radius r with its centre at the
origin.
• θ = constant is a circular cone with z-axis as its axis and
origin as its vertex.
• ɸ = constant is the semi-infinite plane as in cylindrical
system. A line or curve is formed by the intersection of
two surfaces.

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Figure 1.5 Relationships b/w space variables

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Spherical to Rectangular
• sin θ = opp side / r ;
• opp side ρ = r sinθ; (Circular cone of radius ρ )
• cosθ = addj side / hyp = z/r
• z = r cosθ
• To find x,
• cos ɸ = addj / hyp = x/ρ
• x = ρcos φ = r sinθ cosɸ
• To find y
• sin ɸ= opp side / hyp = y/ρ
• y=ρ sinφ = rsinθ sin ɸ
• z= r cos θ

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Rectangular to Spherical
Coordinate
•

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Transformation of unit vector

• Determine the product of unit vector in rectangular and
spherical coordinates.
• Dot product of any spherical unit vector with any
rectangular unit vector is the component of spherical
vector in the direction of rectangular vector.
• Dot product of az with r,θ,φ
• az • ar = cosθ
• az • aθ = -sinθ
• az • a φ = 0

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Spherical Coordinate

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Spherical to Rectangular

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Spherical to Rectangular Matrix

Form

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Rectangular to Spherical

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Rectangular TO Spherical Matrix Form

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SPHERICAL TO CYLINDRICAL

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CYLINDRICAL TO SPHERICAL

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PROBLEMS
• 1. Convert the Cartesian coordinates for (4,−5,2) into
Cylindrical coordinates.

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ANSWER

3.

ANSWER

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1.

2.

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Thank You

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