MATHEMATICS : ALGEBRA AND TRIGONOMETRY

This Is The Book Given By Govt. of Pakistan.

th
To The Students Of 11 Class.
 Algebra and Trigonometry

Mathematics
11

Punjab Curriculum & Text Book Board, Lahore

 All rights reserved with Punjab Curriculum and Text Book Board, Lahore.
Prepared by: Punjab Curriculum and Text Book Board, Lahore.
Approved by: Federal Ministry of Education, Curriculum Wing, Islamabad
Vide its letter no. F.1-5/3003-Maths:Dated June 10, 3005

Contents
Chapter # Title Page #
1 Number Systems 01
2 Sets, Functions and Groups 29
3 Matrices and Determinants 80
4 Quadratic Equations 139
5 Partial Fractions 178
6 Sequences and Series 189
7 Permutation, Combination and Probability 230
8 Mathematical Induction and Binomial Theorem 256
9 Fundamentals of Trigonometry 285
10 Trigonometric Identities Sum and Difference of Angles 313
11 Trigonometric Functions and their Graphs 337
12 Application of Trigonometry 352
13 Inverse Trigonometric Functions 387
14 Solution of Trigonometric Equations 401
Answers 408
Authors:
 Prof. Shamshad
Muhammad Lodhi (late)
Cresent Model School, Lahore.
 Prof. Muhammad Sharif Ghouri
Islamia Collage, Mathematic Department, Railway Road, Lahore
 Prof. Sanauallah Bhatti
Ex-Chairman University of Punjab, Lahore
 Prof. Khalid Saleem
Mathematic Department Govt. Collage University, Lahore
Editor:
 Mzhar Hayat (S.S.PTCB)
Supervision:
 Muhammad Akhtar Shirani (S.S.PTCB)
 Madiha Mehmood (S.S.PTCB)
Publisher:
 Bunyad Literacy Community Council Lahore
Printer:
 Zahid Bashir Printers Lahore
Date of Printing Edition Impression No. of Copies Price
October 2016 10,000 145.00/-
1 Number Systems

1.1 Introduction
In the very beginning, human life was simple. An early ancient herdsman
compared sheep (or cattle) of his herd with pile of stones when the herd left for
grazing and again on its return for missing animal. In the earliest systems probably
the vertical strokes or bars such as I, II, III etc., were used for numbers 1, 3, 3, 9
etc. The symbol “IIIII” used for many people including the ancient Egyptians for
number of fingers of one hand.
Around 5000 B.C, the Egyptians had a number system based on 10.
The symbol for 10 and for 100 was used by them. A symbol is repeated as many
times as it was needed. For example, the numbers 13 and 339 were interpreted as
and were used by them. The symbol was interpreted as
100+100+100+10+10+1+1+1+1. Different people invented their own symbols for
numbers. But these notations provide to be inadequate with advancement of
societies and were discarded. Ultimately the set { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , … } with the base 10
was adopted as the counting set (also called the set of natural numbers). The solution
of the equation “x+3=3” is not possible in the set of whole numbers, so the set of
natural numbers was extended to the set of whole numbers. No number in the set of
whole numbers “W ” could satisfy the equation “x+9=3 ”or “ x+a=b”, if “a>b”, and a
, b W. The negative integers -1, -2, -3, … were introduced to form the set of
integers Z = {0,±1,±2,±3,…}.
Again the equation of the type 3x=3 or bx=a where a , b Z and b 0
had no solution in the set Z, so the numbers of the form where a , b Z and b
0, were invented to remove such difficulties. The set Q={ |a , b Z^ b 0} was
named as the set of rational numbers. Still the solutions of equations such as x2 = 3 or
x2 = a (where a is not a perfect square) was not possible in the set of Q. So the
irrational number of the type √ or √ where a is not a perfect square were
introduced. This process of enlargement of the number system ultimately led to the
set of numbers R = Q Q’ (Q’ is a set of irrational numbers) which is used most
frequently in everyday life.

1.2 Rational Numbers and Irrational Numbers

We know that a rational number is a number which can be put in the form of

where p,q Z^q 0. The numbers √ ,3.7,9 etc., are rational numbers. √ can
be reduced to form where p,q Z and q 0 because √ =4= .

Irrational numbers are those numbers which cannot be put into the form

where p,q Z^q 0. The numbers √ , √ , ,√ are irrational numbers.

√

1.2.1 Decimal Representation of Rational and Irrational Numbers

1)Terminating Decimals: A decimal which only has a finite number of digits in its
decimal part, is called “Terminating Decimal”. Thus 303.09, 0.0000915,
100000.91337895 are the example of terminating decimals.

2)Recurring Decimals: This is another type of rational numbers. In general, a

recurring or periodic decimal is a decimal in which one or more numbers repeated
indefinitely.

It will be shown in (the chapter on sequences and series) that a recurring decimal
can be converted into common fraction. So every recurring decimal represents a
rational number:

A non-terminating, non-recurring decimal is a decimal which neither

terminates nor recurring. It is no possible to convert such a decimal to a common
fraction. Thus a non-terminating, non-recurring decimal represents a Irrational
number.
Example 1:
i) .35 (= ) is a rational number.
ii) .333… (= ) is a recurring decimal, it is a rational number.
iii) 3.3 (= 3.333…) is a rational number.
iv) 0.193857193857 (= ) is a rational number.
v) 0.0100100001000001… is a non-terminating, non-periodic decimal,
so it is an irrational number.
vi) 319.13113311113333… is also an irrational number.
vii) 1.3193135… is an irrational number.
viii) 7.3305080… is an irrational number.
ix) 1.709975997… is an irrational number.
x) 3.191593659… is an important irrational number called (Pi )
which donates the constant ratio of circumference of any circle of the
length of its diameter i.e.,

An approximate value of is , a better approximation is

and a still better approximation is 3.14159. The value of correct to 5
lac decimal places has been determined with the help of computer.
Example 2: Prove √ is an irrational number.
Solution: Suppose, if possible,√ is a rational number so that it can be written in the
form of p/q where p, q Z and q 0. Suppose further that p/q is in its lowest form.
Then √ = p/q, (q 0)
Squaring both sides we get;

2= or = 2
(1)
 The R.H.S of this equation has a factor 2. Its L.H.S must the same factor.
Now a prime number can be a factor of a square only if it occurs at least twice in
the square. Therefore, should be of the form 4 so that the equation (1) takes
the form:

4 =2 …(2)

i.e., 2 = …(3)

In the last equation, 2 is a factor of L.H.S. Therefore, should be of the form

4 so that equation 2 takes the form

2 =4 i.e., =2

From equations (1) and (2),

p=2
and from equations (3) and (4)

q=2

This contradicts the hypothesis that is in its lowest form.

Hence √ is irrational.

Example 3: Prove √ is an irrational number.

Solution: Suppose, if possible,√ is a rational number so that it can be written in the

form of p/q where p, q Z and q 0. Suppose further that p/q is in its lowest form.
Then √ = p/q, (q 0)
Squaring both sides we get;
 3= or = 3
(1)

The R.H.S of this equation has a factor 3. Its L.H.S must the same factor.
Now a prime number can be a factor of a square only if it occurs at least twice in
the square. Therefore, should be of the form 9 so that the equation (1) takes
the form:

9 =3 …(2)

i.e., 3 = …(3)

In the last equation, 3 is a factor of L.H.S. Therefore, should be of the form

9 so that equation 3 takes the form

3 =9 i.e., =3 …(4)

From equations (1) and (2),

p=3
and from equations (3) and (4)

q=3

This contradicts the hypothesis that is in its lowest form.

Hence √ is irrational.

Note : Using the same method we can provide the irrationality of

√ , √ ,…, √ where n is any prime number
1.3 Properties of Real Numbers
We already familiar with the set of real numbers and most of their
properties. We now state them in a unified and systematic manner. Before starting
them we give a preliminary definition.
Binary Operation : A binary operation can be defined as a function from A x A into
A, but for the present discussion, the following definition would serve the purpose.
A binary operation in a set A is a rule usually denoted by that assigns to any pair of
elements of A, taken in definite order, another element of A.
Two important binary operations are addition and multiplication in the set of real
numbers. Similarly, union and intersection are binary operations which are subsets
of the same Universal set.
R usually denotes the set of real numbers. We amuse that two binary
operations addition (+) and multiplication (. Or x) are defined in R . Following are
the properties or laws for real numbers.
1. Addition Laws : -
i) Closure Law of Addition
a, b R, a+b R ( stands for “for all”)
ii) Associative Law of Addition
a, b, c R, a+(b+c) = (a+b)+c
iii) Addictive Identity
a R, 0 R, such that a+0=0+a=a
0(read as zero) is called the identity element of addition
iv) Addictive Inverse
a R, (-a) R, such that
a+(-a) = 0 = (-a)+a
v) Commutative Law of Addition
a, b R, a+b = b+a
2. Multiplication Laws : -
vi) Closure Law of Multiplication
a, b R, a.b R (a.b is usually written as ab)
vii) Associative Law of Multiplication
a, b, c R, a (bc) = (ab) c
viii) Multiplicative Identity
a R, 1 R, such that a.1 = 1.a = a
1 is called the multiplicative identity of real numbers.
ix) Multiplicative Inverse
a(≠0) R, (-a) R, such that a. = .a = 1( is also written as )
x) Commutative Law of Multiplication
a, b R, ab = ba
3. Multiplication - Addition Laws
xi) a, b, c R
a(b+c) = ab + ac (Distributivity of Multiplication over addition)
(a+b) c = ac + bc
In addition properties above properties R processes the following properties.
i) Order properties (described below)
ii) Completeness axiom which will be explained in higher classes.
The above properties characterizes R i.e., only R possess all these
properties. Before of stating the order axiom we state the properties of equality of
numbers.
4. Properties of Equality
Equality of numbers denoted by “=” possess the following properties:-
i) Reflexive property a R,a=a
ii) Symmetric property a, b R , a = b b = a
iii) Transitive property a, b R , a = b ^ b = c a = c
iv) Addictive property a, b, c R , a = b a + c = b + c
v) Multiplicative property a, b, c R , a = b ac = bc ^ ca = cb
vi) Cancellation property w.r.t. addition
a, b, c R , a + c = b + c a = b
vii) Cancellation property w.r.t. Multiplication:
a, b, c R , ac = bc a = b, c ≠ 0.