PROGRAMMING WITH PYTHON

PWP - 22616

UNIT-V
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING IN
PYTHON

Mr. Naresh A. Kamble

 POINTS TO BE COVERED
• CREATING CLASSES AND OBJECTS
• METHOD OVERLOADING AND OVERWRITING
• DATA HIDING
• DATA ABSTRACTION
• INHERITANCE AND Child CLASSES
• CUSTOMIZATION VIA INHERITANCE SPECIALIZING
INHERITED METHOD

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 POINTS TO BE COVERED
• INTRODUCTION
• CLASS
• OBJECTS

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 CLASSES & OBJECTS

• Python is an object oriented programming language.

• Almost everything in Python is an object, with its properties

and methods.

• A Class is like an object constructor, or a "blueprint" for

creating objects.

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 CLASSES & OBJECTS
Think of a class as a blueprint of a house. It
contains all the details about floors, doors,
windows etc. Based on this description we
build the house. House is an object

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 CLASSES & OBJECTS
• CLASS
• A class is a user-defined blueprint or prototype from which objects
are created.
• Classes provide a means of bundling data and functionality
together.
• Creating a new class creates a new type of object, allowing new
instances of that type to be made.
• Each class instance can have attributes attached to it for
maintaining its state.
• Class instances can also have methods (defined by their class) for
modifying their state.
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 CLASSES & OBJECTS
• IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CLASS

• Classes are created by keyword class.

• Variables are called as attributes.

• Attributes are the variables that belong to a class.

• Attributes are always public and can be accessed using the

dot (.) operator.

• Eg.:- Myclass.Myattribute

• Functions are called as methods.

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CLASSES & OBJECTS

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 CLASSES & OBJECTS
• OBJECT

• An Object is an instance of a Class.

• A class is like a blueprint while an instance is a copy of the

class with actual values.

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 CLASSES & OBJECTS
• An object consists of :

• State: It is represented by the attributes of an object. It also

reflects the properties of an object.

• Behavior: It is represented by the methods of an object. It

also reflects the response of an object to other objects.

• Identity: It gives a unique name to an object and enables one

object to interact with other objects.
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CLASSES & OBJECTS

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CLASSES & OBJECTS

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 CLASSES & OBJECTS
• THE self METHOD
• Class methods must have an extra first parameter in the method
definition.
• We do not give a value for this parameter when we call the
method, Python provides it.
• If we have a method that takes no arguments, then we still have to
have one argument.
• When we call a method of this object as myobject.method(arg1,
arg2), this is automatically converted by Python into
MyClass.method(myobject, arg1, arg2) – this is all the special self
is about.
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CLASSES & OBJECTS

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CLASSES & OBJECTS

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 CLASSES & OBJECTS
• THE __init__ METHOD

• It is a special method that automatically gets called every time

objects are created.

• The __init__ method is similar to constructors in C++ and Java.

• Constructors are used to initializing the object’s state

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CLASSES & OBJECTS

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 INHERITANCE
• DEFINITION

Inheritance allows us to inherit attributes and

methods from a parent class to child classes.

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 INHERITANCE
• PROPERTIES OF INHERITANCE

• It allows to derive a new class from old class.

• The old class is called as base class or parent class.

• The new class is called as derived class/subclass or child class.

• Inheritance allows subclasses to inherit all the variables and

methods to their parent class.

• Reusability of code is best advantage of inheritance.

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 INHERITANCE
• TYPES OF INHERITANCE

• SINGLE INHERITANCE

• MULTIPLE INHERITANCE

• MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE

• HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE

• HYBRID INHERITANCE

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 INHERITANCE
• SINGLE INHERITANCE

• It includes only one parent class and one child class.

PARENT CLASS

CHILD CLASS
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 INHERITANCE
• SYNTAX

• SINGLE INHERITANCE

class SubClassName (ParentClass1[,ParentClass2,….,])

‘Optional class documentation string’

class_suite

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 INHERITANCE
• WRITE A PROGRAM

• Create two classes named Student() and Test() and student

information and marks. You can take input from user.

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 INHERITANCE
• MULTIPLE INHERITANCE

• It includes more than one parent class and the child class
inherits all properties of both parent class.

PARENT CLASS-1 PARENT CLASS-2

CHILD CLASS
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 INHERITANCE
• MULTIPLE INHERITANCE
• When a class is derived from more than one base class it is called
multiple Inheritance. The derived class inherits all the features of
the base case.
Class Base1:
Body of the class
Class Base2
Body of the class
Class Derived(Base1, Base2):
Body of the class
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 INHERITANCE
• MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE

• In this inheritance a child class can act as parent class for

another child class

PARENT CLASS

CHILD CLASS-1

CHILD CLASS-2 40
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 INHERITANCE
• WRITE A PROGRAM

• Create three classes named Student(), Test() and Result() and

student information and marks. You can take input from user.

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 INHERITANCE
• HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE

• It includes multiple inheritance from same parent class.

PARENT CLASS-1 PARENT CLASS-2

CHILD CLASS 1 CHILD CLASS 2

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 INHERITANCE
• HYBRID INHERITANCE

• If multiple inheritance occurs in a program then it is called

hybrid inheritance.

PARENT CLASS-1 PARENT CLASS-2

CHILD CLASS 1 CHILD CLASS 2

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 INHERITANCE
• SUPER FUNCTION IN INHERITANCE

• It directly calls the parent class method.

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 COMPOSITION CLASSES
• COMPOSITION CLASSES

• In this concept, a class has references to one or more objects of

other classes as an Instance variable.

• Here, by using the class name or by creating the object we can

access the members of one class inside another class.

• It enables creating complex types by combining objects of different

classes.

• It means that a class Child can contain an object of another class

Parent.

• This type of relationship is known as Has-A Relation. 59

 COMPOSITION CLASSES
• The class name Child and Parent represents Has-A relation
between both of them.

CHILD CLASS

HAS A

PARENT CLASS
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 COMPOSITION CLASSES
• In the above example, we created two classes Parent and Child to show the
Has-A Relation among them.

• In the Parent class, we have one constructor and an instance method m1().

• Similarly, in Child class, we have one constructor in which we created an object

of Parent Class. Whenever we create an object of Child Class, the object of the
Parent class is automatically created.

• Now in m2() method of Child class we are calling m1() method of Parent Class
using instance variable obj1 in which reference of Parent Class is stored.

• Now, whenever we call m2() method of Child Class, automatically m1()

method of Parent Class will be called.

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 COMPOSITION CLASSES
• COMPOSITION CLASSES VS INHERITANCE

What should be used more INHERITANCE or

COMPOSITION ?

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 METHOD OVERLOADING
• Methods in Python can be called with zero, one, or more
parameters.

• This process of calling the same method in different ways is

called method overloading.

• Two methods cannot have the same name in Python; hence

method overloading is a feature that allows the same
operator to have different meanings.
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 METHOD OVERLOADING
• Now in above example, consider if you have to take any one
of following choice
– Only 1 input value

– Only 2 input values

– All 3 input values

• Then the program should give output in any choice and

should not give a traceback error.

• Reuse same code and modify necessary things to get desired

output.
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 METHOD OVERLOADING
• Example:
• Write a python program using Method Overloading Method to find
– Area of Rectangle

– Area of Square

• Create only one class and define only one method in that class and
generate output in following manner.
– Nothing to Print – if no arguments are passed

– Area of Square: - if only one argument is passed

– Area of Rectangle: - if two arguments are passed

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 METHOD OVERRIDING
• Method overriding is an ability of any object-oriented
programming language that allows a subclass or child class to
provide a specific implementation of a method that is already
provided by one of its super-class(s) or parent class(s).

• When a method in a subclass has the same name, same

parameters or signature and same return type(or sub-type) as
a method in its super-class, then the method in the subclass
is said to override the method in the super-class.
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 DATA HIDING
• Data hiding is a concept which underlines the hiding of data or
information from the user.

• Data hiding is also known as information hiding.

• It includes object details such as data members, internal work.

• Data hiding excludes full data entry to class members and defends
object integrity by preventing unintended changes.

• Data hiding also minimizes system complexity for increase robustness

by limiting interdependencies between software requirements.

• In class, if we declare the data members as private so that no other

class can access the data members, then it is a process of hiding data.
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 DATA HIDING
• ADVANTAGES OF DATA HIDING:

• It helps to prevent damage or misuse of volatile data by hiding

it from the public.

• The class objects are disconnected from the irrelevant data.

• It isolates objects as the basic concept of OOP.

• It increases the security against hackers that are unable to

access important data.

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 DATA HIDING
• DISADVANTAGES OF DATA HIDING:

• It enables programmers to write lengthy code to hide

important data from common clients.

• The linkage between the visible and invisible data makes the
objects work faster, but data hiding prevents this linkage.

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 DATA ABSTRACTION
• The process by which data and functions are defined in such a
way that only essential details can be seen and unnecessary
implementations are hidden is called Data Abstraction.

• The main focus of data abstraction is to separate the interface

and the implementation of the program.

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 DATA ABSTRACTION
• In Python, abstraction can be achieved by using abstract
classes and interfaces.

• A class that consists of one or more abstract method is called

the abstract class.

• Abstract methods do not contain their implementation.

• Abstract class can be inherited by the subclass and abstract

method gets its definition in the subclass.

• Abstraction classes are meant to be the blueprint of the other

class.
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 DATA ABSTRACTION
• An abstract class can be useful when we are designing large
functions.

• An abstract class is also helpful to provide the standard

interface for different implementations of components.

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 DATA ABSTRACTION
• SYNTAX

We import the ABC class from the abc module.

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 DATA ABSTRACTION
• ABSTRACT BASE CLASSES

• An abstract base class is the common application program of

the interface for a set of subclasses.

• It can be used by the third-party, which will provide the

implementations such as with plugins.

• It is also beneficial when we work with the large code-base

hard to remember all the classes.
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 DATA ABSTRACTION
• WORKING OF THE ABSTRACT CLASSES

• Unlike the other high-level language, Python doesn't provide

the abstract class itself.

• We need to import the abc module, which provides the base

for defining Abstract Base classes (ABC).

• The ABC works by decorating methods of the base class as

abstract.
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 DATA ABSTRACTION
• WORKING OF THE ABSTRACT CLASSES

• It registers concrete classes as the implementation of the

abstract base.

• We use the @abstractmethod decorator to define an abstract

method or if we don't provide the definition to the method, it
automatically becomes the abstract method

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 DATA ABSTRACTION
• EXPLANATION OF CODE

• In the above code, we have imported the abc module to

create the abstract base class.

• We created the Car class that inherited the ABC class and
defined an abstract method named mileage().

• We have then inherited the base class from the three

different subclasses and implemented the abstract method
differently.

• We created the objects to call the abstract method.

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 DATA ABSTRACTION
• TRY YOURSELF

• Write a python program to display sides of following polygons

• Triangle, Pentagon, Hexagon, Square

• Simply display message of sides for each polygon e.g. for

triangle – “Triangle has 3 sides”

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 DATA ABSTRACTION
• EXPLANATION OF CODE
• In the above code, we have defined the abstract base class named Polygon
and we also defined the abstract method.

• This base class inherited by the various subclasses.

• We implemented the abstract method in each subclass.

• We created the object of the subclasses and invoke the sides() method.

• The hidden implementations for the sides() method inside the each
subclass comes into play.

• The abstract method sides() method, defined in the abstract class, is never
invoked.
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