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Chapter 1 Sec6

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Chapter 1 Sec6

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ling53578
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Differentiation

The Chain Rule


Objectives
◼ Find the derivative of a composite function using the Chain Rule.
◼ Find the derivative of a function using the General Power Rule.
◼ Simplify the derivative of a function using algebra.
◼ Find the derivative of a trigonometric function using the Chain Rule.
◼ Differentiate natural exponential functions.
◼ Find derivatives of functions involving the natural logarithmic
function.
◼ Differentiate exponential functions that have bases other than e.

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The Chain Rule

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The Chain Rule
We have yet to discuss one of the most powerful
differentiation rules—the Chain Rule.

This rule deals with composite functions and adds a


surprising versatility to the rules discussed in the two
previous sections.

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The Chain Rule
For example, compare the functions shown below.
Those on the left can be differentiated without the Chain
Rule, and those on the right are best differentiated with the
Chain Rule.

Basically, the Chain Rule states that if y changes dy/du


times as fast as u, and u changes du/dx times as fast as x,
then y changes (dy/du)(du/dx) times as fast as x.
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The Chain Rule

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The Chain Rule
When applying the Chain Rule, it is helpful to think of the
composite function f ◦ g as having two parts– an inner part
and an outer part.

The derivative of y = f (u) is the derivative of the outer


function (at the inner function u) times the derivative of the
inner function.

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Example 2 – Decomposition of a Composite Function

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The General Power Rule

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The General Power Rule
The function y = [u(x)]n is one of the most common types of
composite functions.

The rule for differentiating such functions is called the


General Power Rule, and it is a special case of the Chain
Rule.

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The General Power Rule

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Example 4 – Applying the General Power Rule

Find the derivative of f(x) = (3x – 2x2)3.

Solution:
Let u = 3x – 2x2.

Then f(x) = (3x – 2x2)3 = u3


and, by the General Power Rule, the derivative is

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Simplifying Derivatives

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Simplifying Derivatives
The next three examples illustrate some techniques for
simplifying the “raw derivatives” of functions involving
products, quotients, and composites.

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Example 7 – Simplifying by Factoring Out the Least Powers

Find the derivative of


Solution:

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Example 8 – Simplifying the Derivative of a Quotient

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Example 9 – Simplifying the Derivative of a Power

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Trigonometric Functions and the
Chain Rule

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Trigonometric Functions and the Chain Rule

The “Chain Rule versions” of the derivatives of the six


trigonometric functions are as follows.

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Example 10 – The Chain Rule and Trigonometric Functions

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Trigonometric Functions and the Chain Rule

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Derivatives of Exponential
Functions

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Derivatives of Exponential Functions
One of the most intriguing (and useful) characteristics of
the natural exponential function is that it is its own
derivative.

In other words, it is a solution to the differential equation


y' = y. This result is stated in the next theorem.

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Example 3 – Differentiating Exponential Functions

Find the derivative of each function.

a. y = e2x-1 b. y = e-3/x

Solution:

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The Derivative of the Natural
Logarithmic Function

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The Derivative of the Natural Logarithmic Function

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Example 3 – Differentiation of Logarithmic Functions

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The Derivative of the Natural Logarithmic Function

Because the natural logarithm is undefined for negative


numbers, you will often encounter expressions of the form
The next theorem states that you can differentiate
functions of the form as though the absolute value
notation was not present.

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Example 7 – Derivative Involving Absolute Value

Find the derivative of


f(x) = ln |cosx |.

Solution:
Using Theorem 5.4, let u = cos x and write

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To differentiate exponential and logarithmic functions to
other bases, you have three options:

(1) use the definitions of ax and loga x and differentiate


using the rules for the natural exponential and
logarithmic functions,

(2) use logarithmic differentiation, or

(3) use the following differentiation rules for bases other


than e given in the next theorem.
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Example 3 – Differentiating Functions to Other Bases

Find the derivative of each function.

a. y = 2x

b. y = 23x

c. y = log10 cos x

d.

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Example 3 – Solution
a.

b.

c.

d. Before differentiating, rewrite the function using


logarithmic properties.

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Example 3 (d) – Solution (cont)
d. (cont) Next, apply Theorem 5.13 to differentiate the
function.

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Example 5 – Comparing Variables and Constants

a. [ee] = 0

b. [ex] = ex

c. [xe] = exe –1

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Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions

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Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The derivative of the transcendental function f(x) = ln x is


the algebraic function f'(x) = 1/x.

You will now see that the derivatives of the inverse


trigonometric functions also are algebraic (even though the
inverse trigonometric functions are themselves
transcendental).

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Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The next theorem lists the derivatives of the six inverse


trigonometric functions. Note that the derivatives of arccos
u, arccot u, and arccsc u are the negatives of the
derivatives of arcsin u, arctan u, and arcsec u, respectively.

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Example 4 – Differentiating Inverse Trigonometric Functions

The absolute value sign is not necessary because e2x > 0.


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