1.

Coordinating Conjunctions:
 Definition: Coordinating conjunctions are used to join words,
phrases, or independent clauses of equal grammatical rank.
 Common Coordinating Conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or,
Yet, So (Remember them with the acronym FANBOYS).
 Example: I like coffee, but my friend prefers tea.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
 Definition: Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a
subordinate (dependent) clause to a main (independent) clause,
creating a complex sentence.
 Common Subordinating Conjunctions: After, although, as,
because, before, if, since, unless, until, when, while, etc.
 Example: She studied hard because she wanted to pass the
exam.

In the context of a sentence, a complement is a word or group of words that

completes the meaning of a verb, adjective, or preposition. There are
different types of complements:

1. Subject Complement:
 A subject complement is a word or group of words that follows a
linking verb (such as "is," "am," "are," "was," "were," etc.) and
provides more information about the subject. It can be a
predicate nominative or a predicate adjective.
 Example (predicate nominative): She is a doctor. (The
complement "a doctor" renames the subject.)
 Example (predicate adjective): The flower smells sweet. (The
complement "sweet" describes the subject.)
2. Object Complement:
 An object complement is a word or group of words that follows
and modifies or completes the direct object of the verb.
 Example: They elected him president. (The complement
"president" describes or renames the direct object "him.")
3. Adjective Complement:
 An adjective complement is a word or group of words that
modifies an adjective.
 Example: She was very happy. (The complement "very"
modifies the adjective "happy.")
4. Adverbial Complement:
 An adverbial complement is a word or group of words that
completes the meaning of an adverb.
  Example: He painted the fence in bright colors. (The
complement "in bright colors" provides more information about
how he painted the fence.)
5. Simple Sentences:
 Definition: A simple sentence consists of one independent
clause. An independent clause contains a subject and a predicate
and expresses a complete thought.
 Example: The sun sets in the west.
6. Compound Sentences:
 Definition: A compound sentence consists of two or more
independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction (such
as and, but, or) or a semicolon.
 Example: The sun sets in the west, and the moon rises in the
east.
7. Complex Sentences:
 Definition: A complex sentence has one independent clause
and at least one dependent clause. A dependent clause cannot
stand alone as a complete sentence.
 Example: Although the sun sets in the west, the moon rises in
the east.
8. Compound-Complex Sentences:
 Definition: A compound-complex sentence consists of at least
two independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
 Example: While I enjoy watching movies, my sister prefers
reading books, and my brother likes playing video games.
9. Direct Object:
 Definition: A direct object is a noun, pronoun, or phrase that
receives the action of the verb directly. It answers the question
"what" or "whom."
 Example: She read a book. (The direct object is "a book.")
10. Indirect Object:
 Definition: An indirect object is a noun, pronoun, or phrase that
indicates to whom or for whom the action of the verb is done. It
typically comes before the direct object.
 Example: He gave her a gift. (The indirect object is "her," and
the direct object is "a gift.")
11. Object of a Preposition:
 Definition: The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun
that follows a preposition and completes its meaning.
 Example: She walked to the park. (The object of the preposition
"to" is "the park.")
12. Object Complement:
  Definition: An object complement is a word or group of words
that follows and modifies or completes the meaning of the direct
object.
 Example: They painted the door red. (The direct object is "the
door," and the object complement is "red.")

PUNCTUATIONS

Punctuation marks are symbols used in writing to clarify meaning and

indicate pauses, stops, or other grammatical structures. Here are some
common punctuation marks and their uses:

1. Period (.)
 Use: Ends a declarative sentence.
 Example: I went to the store.
2. Comma (,)
 Use: Separates items in a list, sets off introductory elements,
joins independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction, and
more.
 Example: She likes apples, oranges, and bananas.
3. Question Mark (?)
 Use: Ends an interrogative sentence.
 Example: Have you finished your homework?
4. Exclamation Mark (!)
 Use: Indicates strong emotion or emphasis.
 Example: Stop!
5. Colon (:)
 Use: Introduces a list, explanation, or quotation.
 Example: There are three things I love: music, books, and
movies.
6. Semicolon (;)
 Use: Connects closely related independent clauses.
 Example: She likes coffee; he prefers tea.
7. Quotation Marks (" ")
 Use: Indicate direct speech, titles of short works, or words used
in a non-standard way.
 Example: She said, "Hello."
8.apostrope 9.dash 10.Ellipsis