TECHNICAL DRAWING

Introduction
Course Name: TECHNICAL DRAWING

Course Code: AS 8102

Course Aim
This course will equip students with basic
skills required in engineering drawings,
electrical circuit diagrams, and
communication.
 Introduction
Assessment Methods
Coursework: 40%
Assignments 10%
Test 1 15%
Test II 15%
Final Examination: 60%

L .N. Kariwa
 Introduction
• Introduction: Purpose of drawing in
food industry,
• Drawing instruments; types of
instrument, use of drawing instruments
and materials.
• Lettering and types of lines: Standard
paper sizes, drawing layout methods,
lettering, types of lines and application.
• Title blocks and boundary,
 Introduction
Scale: Reducing, enlarging, one to one,
Plain and diagonal scales.
Geometrical Construction: Bisection and
division of lines and angles, perpendicular,
triangles, arcs, tangents, polygons
Pictorial Projection: Axonometric
(isometric, diametric, etc), oblique (cabinet,
cavalier, etc) and perspective projection
 Introduction
• Orthographic Projection: Principles
of orthographic projections, First and
Third angles projections, Projection
symbols.
• Dimensioning: Basic dimension rules;
types of dimensions and dimensioning
of angles, arcs; circles repeated
features; chamber, spot facing, squares,
polygon.
 Introduction
• Drawing Conventions: Conventions in
screw threads, fasteners, springs, spur
gears and shafts.
• Developments: Types of developments:
Cone, pyramid, oblique, cylinder, square,
rectangular and prisms; Application of
development
• Electrical symbols
 References
• Boxall V. E, (1972), Engineering Drawing and
materials, Latest Edition.
• Morling K., Geometric and Engineering Drawing,
Latest Edition.
• Firth C. B. and A. V. Willington, Engineering
Drawing Technology, McGraw Hill, Latest Edition.
• Fred T. E. and C. J. Vierck, Engineering Drawing
and Graphic Technology, McGraw Hill, Latest
Edition.
• Jackson, E. Advanced Level Technical Drawing,
Longman, Latest Edition.
Introduction to Technical drawing
Engineering drawing is a universal language
and very important in today’s technological
world.

From the design phase to the construction

phase, Engineering drawings are used to
communicate ideas, concepts, and instructions
from the drafter to the reader.
Introduction to Technical drawing
Drafting is a graphic form of communication that
allows people to share their ideas with others
regardless of language barriers.

Every line and symbol used in engineering drawing

has a specific meaning throughout the world.

All occupations require the ability to interpret

graphic forms of communication.
Why Engineering Drawing
Food Industry
Sugar Industry
Graphic Language
Drawing Instrument
Set square, protractor and compass
Pencil
Good pencils of reasonable length are essential for
producing neat accurate constructions, sketches and
drawings.
The grade of pencil which should be used depends
to a large extend on the quality of the drawing paper
available, but as a general recommendation HB and
F (medium grade pencils) are suitable for sketching
and outlining H and 2H (slightly harder pencils) are
suitable for producing geometrical construction and
machine drawings.
 Drawing Pencils
Drawing Pencils

Wooden pencils – are graded and designated by numbers and letters

Mechanical clutch pencils – allowed
Thus B, 2B, 3B… are soft pencil becoming softer as the number prefix
ascends
• HB and F – Medium grade
• H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H – increasing order of
hardness.
HB pencils – to be practiced in this course.
 Drawing Pencils

The end of the pencil tells you what

kind of lead it is.
Mechanical Clutch Pencil
Set square
It is a three-sided ruler, which
typically has two equal sides
meeting at a 90 degree angle and to
a third side at 45, 30, including 60
degree angles. It is usually made of
plastic and comes in different sizes.
If in use, the base of the triangle
must rest on the blade of the T
square. Drawing a line always
starts from the point near the base
going upward.

Commonly used triangles are:

• A. 30 degrees X 60 degrees
• B. 45 degrees X 45 degrees
To draw the line parallel to a given line
with a specified distance
Given distance = r

r
Compass
This drawing instrument is
used when drawing arcs
and circles. It is used in a
similar way to a divider. It
is composed of one with
the lead leg and the needle
point leg being held
together with a handle.
Divider
Using the Compass
Start circle. Apply enough pressure to the needle, holding
compass handle between thumb and index fingers.

Complete circle. Revolve handle clockwise.

Drawing Board and T-Square
Draw a Horizontal Line
1. Press the T-square head against the left edge of the table.
2. Smooth the blade to the right.
Draw a Vertical Line
1. Set T-square as before. Place any triangle on T-square edge.

2. Slide your left hand to hold both T-square and triangle in

position.
Drawing Table
Protractor
It is a semi-circular
instrument divided into
180 equal parts, each of
which is called a
degree. It is used to
determine gradations of
the degrees when
measuring arcs, angles
and circles. High
quality protractor is
usually made of plastic.
Eraser
This is used to clean the
dirt off the drawing. A soft
eraser is advantageous in
removing smudges and
pencil marks, whereas, a
harder eraser is useful for
making changes and
correcting errors in the
drawing.
Engineering Drawing

Drawing Sheet
Drawing papers
Drawing papers are sized
according to ISO “A” series.
There prefixed from the largest to
the smallest.
It is essential that the drawing
paper size is observed before using
it so as to adhere to the standards.
Drawing papers

Description Length Width

A0 1188 mm 841 mm
A1 840 mm 594 mm
A2 594 mm 420 mm
A3 420 mm 297 mm
A4 297 mm 210 mm
Drawing Sheet : Standard size

Trimmed paper of A4

a size A0 ~ A4.
A3

Standard sheet size A2

A4 210 x 297
A3 297 x 420 A1
A2 420 x 594
A1 594 x 841
A0 841 x 1189

A0
(Dimensions in millimeters)
Engineering Drawing

Drawing Scale
Drawing Scales :
Length, size
Scale is a ratio between the linear dimension of a drawn
representation of an object and the actual object.

1 : 2

10

20
Drawing Actual
Drawing Scales : Designation

Designation of a scale consists of the word “SCALE”

followed by the indication of its ratio, as follows

SCALE 1:1 for full size

SCALE X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
SCALE 1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales

Drawing scale is commonly found in a title block.

Drawing Scales : Standard scale

Standard reducing scales are

1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100

Standard enlarging scales are

2:1, 5:1, 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1
Engineering Drawing

Lettering
 Recommendation

Text’s style on the drawing Examples

must have the following
GOOD
2 properties
Not uniform in style.
Legibility
- Shape Not uniform in height.
- Space between letters
- Space between words Not uniformly vertical.

Uniformity Not uniform in

- Size (or text height) thickness of stroke.

- line thickness Inappropriate space

between letters
 Basic Strokes

Straight Slanted Horizontal Curved

Examples
“I” letter “A” letter “B” letter
4 5
1 1 2 1

3 6

3
2
Upper case letter and Numerals
 Engineering Drawing
Basic Line Types & Application
Basic Line Types and Application
Basic Line Types and Application
Example : Line conventions in engineering drawing
Example; Use of various lines
Title Block and Margin
This standard is specifically applicable
for technical drawings in education
practice.
In every engineering drawing, a Title
Block is included at the bottom right-
hand corner.
The Title Blocks are locally standardized
but should be designed in such a way that
it can be easily understood.
Margin
10 mm

20mm

10 mm

10 mm
Drawing Sheet : Margin and Title block

15

Border
lines
A3 297 x 420

Drawing space

Title block
Drawing Sheet : Title Block

A4 297 x 210

Title block
Title Block
Example

Title Block on A3
 Parts List
• The Parts List is an essential component in any
assembly drawing. It is usually drawn on top of the
Title Block. The parts list must have the same width
as the title block, i.e 180 mm. The height depends on
the number of items to be included. The following
data can be mentioned in the parts list;
Parts List
 Units of Measure
International systems of units (SI) –
which is based on the meter.
Millimeter (mm) - The common SI unit
of measure on engineering drawing.
Individual identification of linear units
is not required if all dimensions on a
drawing are in the same unit (mm).
The drawing shall however contain a
note: