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22 views16 pages

For Exam

Gsyusi

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REAP Code: 1011 Kukas, Jaipur-302028 | Tel. Ph, 0143-2820700 + Toll Free: 1800 102 1044 EXPERIMENT NO. 1 OBJECTIVE: Introduction to Embedded Systems and their working. Theo Computers have evolved from few, huge mainframes shared by many people, and mini ‘computers that were smaller but still shared to today's PCs—millions in number, miniscule in size compared to the mainframes, and used by only one person at a time, The next generation could be invisible, with billions being around and each of us using more than one at a time. Welcome to the world of embedded systems, of computers that will not look like computers and won't function like anything we're familiar with. What is an Embedded System? As the name signifies, an embedded system is ‘embedded’ or built into something else, which is a non-computing device, say a car, TV, or toy. Unlike a PC, an embedded computer in a non-computing device will have a very specific function, say control a car, or display Web Pages on a TV screen. So, it need not have all the functionality and hence all the components that a PC has. Similarly, the operating system and applications need not perform all the tasks that their counterparts from the PC sphere are expected to. An embedded system is an electronic system that has a software and is embedded in computer hardware. It is programmable or non- programmable depending on the application. An embedded system is defined as a way of working, organizing, performing single or multiple tasks according to a set of rules. In an embedded system, all the units assemble and work together according to the program. Examples of embedded systems include numerous products such as microwave ovens, washing machine, printers, automobiles, cameras, etc. These systems use microprocessors, microcontrollers as well as processors like DSPs. The important characteristics of an cmbedded system are speed, size, power, reliability, accuracy, adaptability. Therefore, when the embedded system performs the operations at high speed, then it can be used for real -time applications. The Size of the system and power consumption should be very low, then the system can be easily adaptable for different situations An Embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software. As with any electronic system, this system requires a hardware platform and that is built with a microprocessor or microcontroller. The Embedded system hardware includes elements like user interface, Inpu/output interfaces, display and memory, etc. Generally, an embedded system comprises power supply, processor, memory, timers, serial communication ports and system application specific circuits. ARYA College of Engineering (ACE) PREVIOUSLY KIOVIM AS ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (AIET). 4, mnwseR + Main Campus, SP-40, RIICO Industrial Area, Delhi Road, + wwwaryacollegejprcom ARYA College of Engineering (ACE) PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (AIET) =, tiaten™ + Main Campus, $?-40, RIICO Industrial Area, Delhi Road, + wwwaryacollegejpr.com REAP Code: 1011 __Kuikas, Jaipur-302028 | Tel. Ph. 0141-2820700 + Toll Free: 1800 102 1044 Characteristics of an embedded The important ¢ ‘ics of an embedded system are: ¥ Speed (bytes/sec): should be high speed ¥ Power (watts): low power dissipation Y Size and weight: as far as possible small in size and low weight v Accuracy (%error): must be very accurate v v stem: aracteri Adaptability: high adaptability and accessibility Reliability: must be reliable over a long period of time So an embedded system must perform the operations at a high speed so that it can be readily used for real time applications and its power consumption must be very low and the size of the system should be as far as possible small and the readings must be accurate with minimum error. The system must be easily adaptable for different situations, Categories of Embedded Systems: Embedded systems can be classified into the following four categories based_on_their functional and performance requirements a. Stand — alone embedded system b. Real ~ time embedded system — hard real — time system and soft real - time system ¢. Networked embedded system and Mobile embedded system a, Stand — alone embedded system A stand — alone embedded system works by itself. It is a self-contained device which does not require any host system like a computer. It takes either digital or analog inputs from its input ports, calibrates, converts and process the data and outputs the resulting data to its attached output device, which either displays data or controls or drives the attached devices. Temperature measurement system, video game consoles, MP3 players, digital cameras and microwave ovens are the examples for this category b. Real-time embedded system An embedded system which gives the required output in a specified time or which strictly follows the deadlines for completion of a task is known as a real time embedded system. ¢. Soft real time embedded system A real time system in which the violation of time constraints will cause only the degraded quality but the system can continue to operate is known as a soft real time system. In soft real time system the design focus is to offer a guaranteed bandwidth to each real — time task and to distribute the resources to the task. Examples a microwave oven, washing machine, tv remote etc. d. Hard —real time embedded System ‘A real time system in which the violation of time constraints will cause critical failure and loss of life or property damage or catastrophe is known as hard ~ real time system. These ARYA College of Engineering (ACE) sisted TW ‘PREVIOUSLY KNOW AS ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY CANE) Meee ay 4 Main Campus, SP-40, RICO Industrial Area, Dethi Road, + wwwaryacollege|pr.com Kukas, Jalpur-302028 | Tel. Ph, 0141-2820700 + Toll Free: 1800 102 1044 systems usually interact directly with physical hardware instead of through a human being. The hardware and software of hard ~ real time systems must allow a worst-case execution WCET) analysis is that guarantees the execution be completed within a strict dead-line. The chip selection and RTOS selection became important factors for hard- real time system design. Examples: deadline is a missile control embedded system., delayed alarm during a gas Icakage, car air bag control system, a delay response in pace ~ makers, failure in RADAR functioning, ete., €. _ Networked embedded systems The networked embedded systems are related to a network with network interfaces to access the resources. The connected network can be a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) or the internet. The connection can be either wired or wireless. ‘The network embedded system is a fast growing area in an embedded system application. The embedded web server is such a system where all embedded device are connected to a web server and can be accessed and controlled by any web browser. Examples; a home security system is an example of a LAN networked embedded system where all sensors (¢.2., monitor detectors, light sensors, ot smoke sensors) are wired and running on the TCP/IP protocol. f. Mobile embedded system The portable embedded devices like mobile and cellular phones, digital cameras, MP3 players, PDA (Personal Digital Assistants) are the examples for mobile embedded systems. The basic limitation of these devices is the limitation of memory and other resources. Based on the performance of the microcontroller they are also classified into i Small scale embedded system: ‘An embedded system supported by a single 8 — 16 bit microcontroller with on ~ chip RAM and ROM designed to perform simple task in a small scale embedded system ii. Medium scale embedded system: ‘An embedded system supported by 16-32 bit microcontroller / microprocessor with external RAM and ROM that can perform more complex operations is a Medium scale embedded system ifi, Large scale embedded system: ‘An embedded system supported by 32 ~ 64 multiple chips which can perform distributed jobs are considered as a large-scale embedded system roduction about embedded systems have studied successfully. Result: The i ARYA College of Engineering (ACE) PREVIOUSLY KHOWH AS ARVA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOSY (AIET) rman + Main Campus, $P-40, RIICO Industrial Area, Delhi Road, + wwwaryacclle ++ Toll Free: 1800 102 1048 EXPERIMENT NO. 1 OBJECTIVE: _ Introduction to Embedded Systems and their working. S.No. ‘Sample viva questions | I | Explain what is embedded system in a computer system? | ‘An embedded system is a computer system that is part of a larger system or} machine. It is a system with a dedicated function within a larger electrical or mechanical system. _ Essential components of embedded system includes Hardware, Processor, Memory, Timers, /O circuits, System application specific circuits, Sofware. Itensures the availability of System Memory It checks the Processor Speed availability ‘The need to limit power lost when running the system continuously Real Time Operating System It runs a process as per scheduling and do the switching from one process to another | ‘Mention what are the essential components of embedded system? | | Mention how 1/0 devices are classified for embedded syste The VO devices of embedded system are classified into owo categories Serial Parallel + Asynchronous eypae, toute, Modem Pinner. Medeen = single bit Rotation, Threshold sensors uteene ateernat drcte Explain what are real-time embedded systems? Te ai . Gay ARYA College of Engineering (ACE) g PREVIOUSLY OWN AS ARVA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING @ TECHMIOLOGY CAIET) — ,gegny aire New Dl) SPREE. Main Campus, SP-40, RICO Industrial Area, Delhi Road, + www.aryacollegejpr.com REAPCode 40m Kukas,Jalpur-302028 | Tel. Ph, 0142-2820700 + Toll Free: 1800 102 1044 EXPERIMENT NO. 1 OBJECTIVE: Introduction to Embedded Systems and their working. - ‘Sample viva questions a] Explain what is embedded system in a computer system? | ‘An embedded system is a computer system that is part of a larger system or machine, It is a system with a dedicated function within a larger electrical or mechanical system. 2 | Mention what are the essential components of embedded system? Essential components of embedded system includes Hardware, Processor, Memory, Timers, /O circuits, System application specific circuits, Software. Itensures the availability of System Memory It checks the Processor Speed availability | The need to limit power lost when running the system continuously Real Time Operating System | It runs a process as per scheduling and do the switching from one process tol another 1 | i i | | | 1 | 3 | Mention how I/O devices are classified for embedded system? The I/O devices of embedded system are classified into two categories Serial Parallel me ‘ii a a rt stint slriasent | sia ‘i | | | | sinetanies pation, rnrainol Fearsome: pines entarnat eresd | | | | | = saute bie Vp from ABC, sensors, LCD, Printer 4_| Explain what are real-time ‘embedded systems? at Engine fy q Pode 101 ARYA College of Engineenny Vy") ‘PREVIOUSLY KNOWN AS ARYA INSTITUTE OF ERONMEERING & TECHNOLOGY (AIET) (asratad to TY Approved by NTE, New Osh) ‘Main Campus, SP-40, RICO Industrial Area, Delhi Road, + www.aryacollegeipr.com Kukas, Jaipur-302028 | Tel. Ph, 0141-2820700 «Toll Free: 1800 102 1044 Realtime embedded systems are computer systems that monitor, respond or control an extemal environment. This environment is connected to the computer sys S| Why embedded system is useful? ors, sensors, and ather input-output interfaces. Jem through a With embedded system, it is possible (o replace dozens or even more of hardware logic g 6 List out some Som es. input buffers, timing circuits, output drivers, ete, with relatively| cheap microprocessor i | the commonly found errors in Embedded $ ne of the commonly found errors in embedded systems are | * Damage of memory devices tic discharges and transient current # Address line malfunctioning due to a short in circuit | Data lines malfunctioning | «Due to garbage or errors some memory locations being inaccessible in| | | List | storage | Inappropriate insertion of memory devices into the memory slots | Wrong control signals | ‘out various uses of timers in embedded system? | | Timers in embedded system are used in multiple ways \ | «Real Time Clock (RTC) for the system | «Initiating an event after a preset time delay 8 |W Initiating an even after a comparison of preset times Capturing the count value in timer on an event Between two events finding the time interval Time slicing for various tasks ‘Time division multiplexing Scheduling of various tasks in RTOS fat are the challenges in programming embedded systems compared t¢ general-purpose computers? 9 | Deseribe the pros 10 | Explain the ARYA College of Engineering (ACE) Taft to TU PREVIOUSLY XHOWH AS ARYA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY CAIET) yay airs New Oo an 4 Main Campus, SP-40, RICO Industrial Area, Delhi Road, + wwwaryacollegeiprcom REAP Code : 101 Kukas, Jaipur-302028 | Tel. Ph, 0141-2820700 «# Toll Free: 1800 102 1044 EXPERIMENT NO. 2 Jing different addressing modes and OBJECTIVE: Data transfer in block transfer. Theory: Any instruction given to the microcontroller contains two parts: an opcode and an operand. The opcode is responsible for telling the microcontroller what to do, whereas the operand holds the data on which the operations are to be performed. The 8051 microcontroller has an S-bit opcode which gives it the ability to handle 2A8(255) instructions. The operands, on the other hand, can be of 0 bytes, 1 byte or 2 bytes, In this article, we will be talking about the data transfer instructions in 8051 that are a subset of the instructions it offers. These instructions are responsible for moving data from one place to another in the microcontroller. So when the microcontroller turns on the program counter holds the starting address (0000H). The programmer can change this starting address, but if no changes are made, then the microcontroller puts this address on the address bus. The address bus locates the memory location on the ROM and gets the instruction Then the microcontroller increments the program counter according to the size of the instruction. Once the instruction is retrieved, itis placed in the instruction register. Afterward, the instruction decoder decodes the instruction, and the control unit generates the control signals accordingly. Now that you are familiar with the working of the 8051 let us get to understanding its data transfer instructions it offers. Data transfer instructions are responsible for transferring data between various memory storing elements like registers, RAM, and ROM. The execution time of these instructions varies based on how complex an operation they have to perform. In the table given below, we have listed all the data transfer instruction. In the table [A]= Accumulator; [Ra]=Register in RAM; DPTR=Data Pointer; PC=Program Counter Operation Mnemonics Description | | MOV A, Ro (Ro) Register to register MOV Rn, A (RnI

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