EXERCISE At ' Very short anateeriobjorting questions (Eta 5 Vpahistte he following ditegrite 1 i J Foy wo fea wy fae 5 r CUS J sin x sec? yy B40 f eae (i) fsin? x cosec® x dx a fo ly - (iit) {Sax a fay (i) cn J ea 7 1 ¢ fi con 2x + Bein x Gi {ia a 40 f pte te | ate J 5 ae | (NCERT) BW ferred ay (it) f Sd (yf BH Answors rave (ii) 2Yy + 6 2 (iy v¥e (iii) secx+C (J 5. i) Zor Gi) PL ae 5% (ii) +c i log Fe log 3 4. @seex4 ce (i) tanx +e (iii) sin x +C 5. (i) logx 4c (i) 28240 8.1.2 Some properties of indefinite integrals ‘The following properties help us in re integrals, Property 1. a (f7@) dx) = fix). ducing a number of problems to elementary standard Proof. Let f f(x) dx = F(x) 0 Then by definition, 4 (FQ) =f@). : ‘Substituting the value of F(x) from (i), we get 4 (Je) dx) =f), as required. Property 2. [ k f(x) dx =k [40 dx, where k is a constant. Proof. Since 4. (k ffx) da) =k 4 ( fx) dx) = Kf) @y property 1 Therefore, by definition of integral, [ kf(x) dx =k f f(x) dx, 0s required, Understanding ISC Mathematies-XII (IDINTE MRATIOM § Pons FOO 4 folie dns seen $C mH nrat i (20% an x ys wnat Geax = les x tC +c nt ol? 2a =z cos ton) = 1 2 FINE 5 Qciw—! os, * fa vduw se GO +e ene = \aqan'nw § See ene i¢ qn Ces palogar s = Sin O = 5 dz POAC Lega” = legen J simran = — Cen +e¢ log a = ea,™ Log em § geet d=. tamnac Sh, log A= \ = Fcosefudn = — cohmac. ee beg a ga” = Seg § deem pAanns dus Seeute P : ‘ Cepec% cata: PIR TCC + C ous AG ! can FINS \ J— ye ; ee ee choun” be bc ool Ltm®troperty Jinn efter ae ° Jaana ¥ f heerde a a Brot, nee EL (furierae ‘ [yevaed Fs (frye) « “fran ALO heey (By preporty Db Vieretine toy definition ed titeyrat, Jura nines [yterdes [herds troy ; Arty, & The propentien 2 aiid 3 cum be generaliaed fo a finite number of fanetions fe ody aiid reat mumibers by ky, ooo by giving, JayAuos Hyde Ayo dewl, fhoydeeky [horde ot [fcode RLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Lsample 4. Pratnate the following integrate ) JO <7 sine Hae win f(a Sar. Solution.) [x9 ~7sin x4 2dr = 3 fx8de-7 fain ede +2 fide 23.28 -7.-cosn) ede Ce Lab yreose 2x4 Wi f {ve ~ sy) as «f(x fen 2 er 2 free frtde-2f Vue rin fA an —- a aa 72S tC Tae eS Example 2. Loaluate the following integrals: ; J @x2 430 -3x)dx i J PASO a, Solution.() [227 4.3) (0-34) dr = J ex? 6x9 63-90) de a 2frdr-o frdess fidr-9 fede get 292 ete 26x97 F 2 yp Baty da-Zxt +e ease oe 6415-2 -5P ay diy F222 B aan fMGERES 1 S40 ~ 20-51% lat wo frm a oasfrar-2f sfevrae Lid of fgets:putfiyeoes 2s Gr CaO 16+ f+ CHO +8 conte bed 119 ay ayerts 4-2 Faample 14, 1FF() =a sin x + boos x, f'(0) = 4, f(0) = Sand s(5 | = 5, find f(x) asinx + bcos x. Solution. Given (0) = PO)=4sax0+bxl=dob= P(x)=asinx+4cosx By def. f(x) = [ (@sinx +4 cos x) dx =~acosx+4sinx+C. Now f(0) =3=3-ax14+4x0+C=3=5-a+C=3 -ax044x14+C=55C=1, f From (i),-a+1=3=5a=-2. laws Ps BrP +4 sebtzab flr) =2cosx+4sinx+1. on u EXERCISE 8.2 Very short answerlobjective questions (1 to 21) : Evaluate the following (1 to 20) integrals : 1. f@2+br+odx (i) [023 +1)dx. w 7 2a b 2 (0 J (Erp Jae i) S(B prt Jae (Exen I 3.0 f FSR ae (i) [@2-3sinx+5Ve)dx. — (NCERD 4. JQx-3cosx+eydx — (NCERT) «wf x1 = a) (NCERD) af ( x92 4208 ~ Fe (NCERT) (i) Sf eat Jas. (NCERT) 6. (i) fa 1x) Vx dx (ii) J vx (3x2 + 2x +3) dx. (NCERT) xy 3 n 705 Et eats hay (Isc 2018) «a f Stet has, (NCERT) 2 # Of #(2 ja (i) f (e+ JEP ax. Gt+aF ii) [ Bote IC aos CoP dx w fs (NCERT) 1. s =e (CERT) f See sree e (Exemplar) ‘ f tc (asc 2019)12. (i) [ (Sz _ tang Ate ae J 13, of Tey og (Exemplary ii) sin? x oS oae (NCERT) wo f dr, wmPe pate 0. eran 1, 0 fet6 in? x + 50s? ry jo x+5cos x dx, sin? xcos? x (Hint) 41 029 412 (241) (4-224), + BeBe (a+b) (a2 ~ab + b)) 38. () J VIF cose a, O dx= frax+bar=ffo. i dt= 1 frmat Fax +b) FQ)+C= +Cae0. Hence, we have the following important rule: Ifthe integral of a function of x is known, then if x is multiplied by a constant and to the product is added another constant, the integral is of the same form but it is divided by the coefficient of x Remark Long Division Ina rational function, if the degree of the numerator of the integrand is equal to or greater than that of the denominator, divide the numerator by the denominator until the degree of the remainder is less than that of the denominator. In this context, remember that ‘numerator ‘denominatorEXERCISE 8.3 Very shart answer fobjectine questions tol): Tall the anti-aerivatives of He fotowng (1 10 Ay functions: 1 (are bh) Gi sere erin 1 Gi) Jax (Cty 2 W Boa ) v 3. (i) tan? (2-3) (NCERT) di) 5 cosec? (2~ 7x) a. (i) ve (iy cose (3x + 2) cot (Bx + 2) : “Evaluate the following (7 t0 21) integrals : 5. (i) fer* 3dr (NCERT) Gi) [atone nc lone) de. 6. () f Viv cosx dx O 0. 1-tan? 2 8. tet (ii), [ sec? x cosec? x dx. 9. (i x ds i) x42 Of gia (i) fe 10. () { ode (ISC 2010) ee le ) ase (Exemplar) x 1. 0 a (iy [ Rede a8e- 2 yy x+2 * 2. i) f are i 1 Fs Gi Ix ii +2 ) Jena 13. () { 2th Fh Saai* (i) [ xV3x=2dx. 4. (i) cos? x dx : J (NCERT) (ii) J sin’ x dx. 15. (i) sin? (2x J sin? (2x + 5) dx (NCERT) i) f cost. x dx. (NCERI 16 of Br, (NCERT) 1- sing (i) fsinxVi-cos2x dx. 17. () fcos3xcos5x dx wf ii) | sin 2x cos 3x dx. : Short answer questions (18 to 20) : ‘i (NGERD) 8.) f sindx yy ens (i) J sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx. 19. (i) [sino xdx : (ii) J sin x cos? x dx. 20. Evaluate cos 7 Eval Jos mx cos nx ds, where m, n are positive integers, m + 1. What h if , |. What happens i!Answers | \" LB Lax : D ye r+ aC i) Aer 4x4e 2 (@)- VFI Noeaeet i 2 @sopree cd ‘ @ Stan Qx-3)-x4c (iy eor-70y +e 4 ()2Ve 40 (i. — Feosec (9x42) +C 5. @ ter 46 yl Br 2 ~ ii > (i) ganiiahee sd: 6. (23 sind @2N2 sind +c id 2(sinz cos) +C 7. (i)-tan (7-2) +C ) see +C¢ 1s 8.) Zsin2x+c (i tan x—cotx +C 1 3 i, 9.) 5x4 Flog |2x-3] +C Ww Flog |3x-1] +C 10. @log |x +1] + +c (i Jat x4 Bog [x +1] +C 1. @ 2-2 42-1 pogines tec (i) 2x8-432—74 4 12log [x42] +C 6 8 8 #16 s 3 12, 2+ 292- Gr N1+C “ Flax +3)92+ NP] +C 13. @ 2 @e-192+ 2B=T +c Go Z@r-29+ Sexr-29/2 +e 14. () L@x+sin2x) +C G9) L(ax-Bsin2x+ sina) +C 1 e 15. (i) 3 Gx -sin Ax + 10)) +C J ax + Bsin 4x + sin Bx) +C Rea ; 16. (2(tang+ 5005) +c (i) ig @x-sin 29 +C intel 7. (sin 8x + Asin 2x) +C i) 4 Geos x-cos52) +C 1 i) = ~6 cos 2x) +C 18. (9 2@ cosx- cos 3x) +C i) ¥ cos 6x-3 cos 4x-6¢0s28) nee eae Sat C 0 Bg eax a sin2x + 9sin4s—sin 63) *C Gi) Fy M2x—3sin 2x3 sin dx + sin x) 1 sini me, sitt= OH) + C; i (eo 19. ¢8.2.2 Two special forms (foo . Theorem 1, f (FO)! (0) d= or +Cne-1. Proof. Put f(x) = = f"(x) dx = dt, yen _ fay Jaco poyde= fords Ro c= LO + ti e) Hence, if the integrand is the product of a power of a function 1 fa ein ie a i Es the integral is obtained by increasing the index of power of f(x) by1 and dividing and adding C. Note that the above formula fails when = =1, and we have : Theorem 2. fe dx = log |f(a)| + C, fla) #0. Proof, Put f(x) =t => f'(x) dx = dt, £0) gy = fa ee ete Hence, if the numerator is the derivative of the denominator, then the integral is log \deniominatorl + C. = log lil + C= log If(x)l+C. Example 1. Evaluate the following integrals: @ fx@x2-7oar fears Dv exe ldx. se PE orn Solution. (i) We note that A ox-7= 2x = 10x, Jx@x2-78ax= 4 [email protected] ax use fro" rGodx ob GEnY on 16.2 m7 Wo 7 C= RO-77 4c. Gi) Wenote that 4 (x24 x+1)=2%41, Jers VP eeel dr = Jet+x+2ere 1dr a2 2 i = Se cetera nsec. | z 3 2 Example 2. Evaluate the following integrals: 6x2 41 fat o late @rk-p* fx ay Solution. (i) We note that 4 oe (4x3 42-5) =4.3x2 49 12x242, dx, 6x7 41 Swe Tower =F] 4x4 42x-5)9 a2 +2)de 2 1G 42x-5)2 2 SEss ke A Farrar ae tC Understanding ISC Mathematics-X1I (11)Solution. (j) { 1 tan x SE a af cosa caine cosx+sinx Roe +6) = 06° (-0) = vce) 1 Fe OB ae + B14. (ii) J —__sin2x = 2sin xcos x P cok xs Painty = fp Agneoss x a cost x +P sin? x dx J 25 eosin xc08.x cos? x + bP sin? x ag F608? x + B? sin? 2) = 02.2 cos x (sin x) + B?.2 sin x cos x = 2(02 ~ a2) sin x cos x) log 1a? cos? x +b? sin2x1+C. The above formula fails when a= +b. Ifa = J sin 2x ax =f nz @ cos? x +B sin? x (cos? x + sin? x) +b, then Very short answer] objective questions (1 to 13) : Evaluate the following (1 to 21) integrals: 1. @ JP C423 dx (i) fox+ay Je? vax ae, 2. @ JxQ2+3)9/2dx wf oe ‘ti 3. dx wf ten" = (A) f eX (a + bef dx : Wi) jee%ae : . 9 | ae Co) fet Be tee ge Integrals Letw poets (in 2) te «0 [en ‘. wa fw? tr 20 sin (ax 4b) dr A fin veo! ate a) foot xeoset rd 8 feeSxtanrdr ens 5 i a 9. (9 f viane (1+ tan? dx @ fae (op tame pe o f Far wo. () f Sear cotr cose [Hint () = = ee Vane sinxVsinx un. 0 f Seer V+ 2eosx 2 OS Ger 13. (@ [e+ Pe ae Short answer questions (14 to 21) : 14. @ ftantxde (i) cottxdx. [Hint. ( tant x = tan? x. tan® x = tan? x (sec? x — 1) = tan? x. sec? x — tan?x.] 1+ tanx 1+ sin2x 5 0 | iagsecs 0 [Sat tan x sec? x 3 16 0) Sa ww Sia 2cosx~3sinx 17. (p f Reese aene w f x+tanx ; 1 18.) f Se ae J Soge® ea i (ore 19. = of gn Go J thas. {Hint. (ii) Divide numerator and denominator by e*.] 20. of dx (i JR a. 0 fae © | arent Answers 1 O EG + xe (i) 262 +ax+aPAec, I iektvecsncccttce 1a anattcmnartcccerd iv2 Wars ay246 ae 5 +S (i) 22 EHF 4S. o- - - My oH TC (iy Aor yee, aati 5 @ 4 boy? 6 diy: Haagen ee 3 rege Esha c (i) (+ log. x +C. © Fant y72 46 (i) LK (sin axyt +. iG ; (ii) ~ L cost (ax + 6) +C. i) = } cot4x+C. 9.) 2 (an 339/2 3 (tan x)3/24.C (ii) - log 11 + cos. x1+C 10. ()-—2 ein “eo m 2 . isin x (ii) Teasz’ +C. Ti. (i) @-N3+2e08x +¢ (i) aes cose +C. 2. : OiapearS (eee ee: tan? x4 2tanx5 13. () Lr +134 i 1 ? © ~ aa * 1 14. () 5 tanPx-tanx+x4+C (i) ~ Foot x-+cotx+x+C. 15. (i log |x +log secx| +C (i) log |x +sin?x| +C. 1 16. ()— Flog |1~tan?x| +C (i) Plog (1 +26) +. 7. @ Flog 13 cos x +2sin x1+C (ii) log Isin? x + cos x +714C. 18. (i) log |3?~2og cos | +C (ii) log Nlog x1+C. 19. (i) log Ix? - log x1 +C (ii) log le*-e-*1+C. 20. (i) log (e* +1) +C i) wa log la cos?x + bsin?xI+C,a#b;fora=b, & sin?x+C. 21. (f) log |sin x + cosx| +C (i tog |cosx+sinx| +C. 8.2.3 Selection of proper substitution There areno hard and fast rules for making suitable substitutions. Its the experience which guides lus best for the selection of a proper substitution. However, some useful suggestions are given below: 1. If the integrand contains a t index is f(x), put f() = t ratio of f(x) or logarithm of f(x) or an exponential function in which the wy1 (id) foot x a, shore nis a positive od integer put sin x roen integer, put tan x= 1 (iy f x ds, where m is @ posi (ie) [cosect x dx, where m is a positive even integer, put cot x = 1 (0) faint x cost xd, where pis pstice old integer, put cos x = (eo) nr x cst aa, whore spite ol integer, put sin x = 4. To eauate [21 (09 a or ff (9 dr put = 5. To eouuate [ Fx, (ax + 9)" dx, p> 1, am integer, put (ax + py! = t 6, To coaluate { (cos x + sin x) f (sin 2x) ds, put sin x ~ cos x = t and to evaluate J (cos x sin x) f (sin 2x) dx, put sin x + cos x = t. Example 1. Evaluate the following integrals: @ fx sin (xt) dx (9, J cosec? (sin x) cos x dx. Solution. (i) Put x4 ==> 4x3 dx = dt > x3dx = 1 gp yt sin t dt Fool) 4c (NCERT)x, pute = jon of e%, 2H 2, Ifthe integrand is yational fanction of 3. To evaluate: er ns ¥ put 608 (i sions ts inlegen where 11 is positive odd intest in x= wer, pu si J dv, where 1s a positive odd iTS aie - ul tan x = be ger, pr f sere n is a positive event intes ii) f see x dx, w % ah dx, where n i ren i put cob x = t it integer P Jeosecm x dr, where 1 is a positive even" est (iv) F cose” x dx, ba at iti integer, put cos X (0) f sin? x cost x dx, where p is positive oad intes (0) er, pul sin x = (i) J sin? x cos? xds, where q is positice odd integer P : Lf (xt) dex, put xt = be . 4. To evaluate J x! f (x) dx o ft f(x") Fs xt pe =e 5. To coaluate J F(x, (ax + p)™) dx, p > 1, an integer, put (a. 5. To 5 in x = = t and to evaluate 6. To conluate f (cos x + sin x) f (sin 2x) dx, put sin x — cos x J (cos x ~ sin x) f (sin 2x) de, put sin x + cos x = te i 2 7. Tocvaluate [ divide numerator and denominator by cos: and then put tan x, asin? x + bcos? x ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1, Evaluate the following integrals: @ [x3 sin (xt) de ii) f cosee? (sin x) cos x dx, Solution. () Putx4= 15423 deo dt > x3 dy = sat tt, & JP sinecde= fins, jadt= £fsin at c -4 ) Putsin x= t= cos x dg = O89 += Peas (et) 4c. dt, Jerse sin) cos nde Peample 2 Eoatuate the "Following integra Sin (tan-1. 0 [eae (id) 2¢teu-a ga “tn Se tae encerngare i If f tant tution. () PUL Sol fx age put f yasiede= ; ay, we get k= on comparing ( and ) coe eon” ay ee ex by etan? x tan?s py-seext) (ORR oe (eoch 1) EMP ES ‘ = tan? x se eat vax fneeaee I18 front dx = Jrantxsec? (For the first integral puttanx=! fara [recedes [1 3 28 tan xt tan xtC = Stan? x 3 atx de =atan?x+btanx+ex+C But f tai On comparing (1) and (2), we Bet -landc=1. Very short answerlobjective questions (1 to 6): Evaluate the following (1 to 23) integrals: 1. [2x sin (2 +1) dx (NCERT) (i) J x9 cos (x4)dx. sop ende tpn o fee ) jae dx Gin f soe ax @) f Fe aide fe 3. (i) [sin x.€05* dx ii ae : i) fa. |. @ fsinxsin (cosx)dx — (NCERT) Gi (se 2 (x4 sect (x4 + 3)dx. Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (11)5 @ J rat) as Git) [2x sec (x2 +5) tan (x2 45) des Hint. (iii) Put see(x? +5) 6. (i) f SMB) 4 J See ax Short answer questions (7 to 1D : 9% ( J eX cosec? (e%) dx 10. (i) J x2 e® sin(e)dx 1. Je sin3 (x2) cos (x2) dx Long answer questions (12 to 23): 12. @ fsind Qx +1) dx (NCERT) 13. ( f sin’xdx 4. J gee dx 15. (i [cose x log (cosec x - cot x) dx 16. (i) f sectx dx ! ce wr. [eee (NCERT) 8. Ol pa 19. a fat of gam! 20. of axdV5—2 dx Hint. () PutS-2? t (Exemplar) x nOlerge Hint. (9 Put Vx =! ieee? sin? qi je ‘es » dx (i) J sine( \ae (ISC 2017) 240 cy fe (og) Wo jean a) ae +e gimtan lx @ [a (x+1er Joeees Gi feo rs (i) J tan? 2x sec 2x de. (NCERT (ii) J sin? x cost x dx. (Isc 2020) (i Jsinx cot? x dx. (NCERT) sin x cos? x @ J etx tog( tan= A i a o Ia (ii) J tan? x sect x dx. (Exemplar) _) f cosx—sinx Wo | rgaa (i) f xe +2 dx. (NCERT) ‘ ae dx. af Gent i ax (NCERT) Sm a r a Wo J ry dx, oon d ext 1 (io put xf =the x= bea2, 23. Hint. Gy Pur vi4 arte o fa Gi f sh dx. Hint. (9) Put a? + 0? sin? x Answers 4 2 3. 4, 8. 9%. 10. " x (cos (x? +1) +E @2sin Ve +C (e008 +C (8 cos (cos x) +C 1 1 4 tant +c @ = -tane + (= cos (log x) +C ema @ew-tec (cot (*) +C @-} cos (e*) +C 11. () 2 sint (x2) + 12. } cos (2x41) + 13. (i) -cos x + cos? x — 16. @tanx+ F tanix+C @ F tan6 (Jz) +c Paint a dy ww i) @é Gi) 14. (i) 2Vsinx ~Zsin'/2.x eC Ve etoxe(P- wy f TE idl. 1p eo dy = AP = a Ww 4 Asin x4 +C a -2cosv¥ +C Gi) 2tan Vx + et log Ate) +C Fran (x4 +3) +C (i) fain(2 ans (ii) - cot (log x) +C Wi - ; cos (2 tan} x) +C ) wa wo Wi) J COs Ax+ D+ 1 coshx + 5 cos? x+C eee tan (xe*) —xe*+C $.@ log x~ sin 2 log x)) +C 2 sec? 2x- A sec 2x + 6 2 (Exemp (iv) -2 cot Vx + 2)_1ac Gi) 4 sec3 (x7 +5) +C Be 3 (i) Leos? x- 2 cos x +€ (ii) -cosec x- sin x +C (ii) -} costx+ 3 log (1 +cos?x)+C (i) @) 2 15. () 4 (log (cose x-cot 3)?+C i 3(t0e(t0n)) a a 1 =tan3 x + —tandx+ 3 5 x+C log |sin x + cos x] +C DeMe Amend ve ty 2 PP hor 27 4 4 4 4 ty, 1 . a , a9 yD Om goatee 06 tH) AEE NO 4 am oy 4 4 y BD Ne ayia a VWI 46 M Day | dy Ne faves 5 an tala’ ide tog ples | eC “) ‘fe Jog|h 6x4 re WB (24 Wa. SOI O04 I/O Olay 4 cs I 4 Y V4 WYP oan de ve 2m, () roecea at} ° 1 ed VP ) WV i snr ny * © “ Afr] fe 43 FOUR STANDARD INTHGRALS 1. flan x dy = tog Jeon xl Cor log |we x] +6 2 Seat x dv « tog Jain ane % faces dm fog \nee x4 tan x14€ oF log |tan( } +0 4. feonee x dx = log \conee x= cot x| 4 C oF log |tan | +c, Proof. 1. ftan x dew f MO ty m= f HE dy om cone (put con x © 1 => =win x dx © dl) =f tate -log [ft] + C= Hog feos x14 C 1 = log lal +C = -(log 1 = log|sce x|) + C = ~(0 - log|sec x|) + C = log|sec x] + C. coux 2. foot x dx = f 8 de (put sin x = f => cos x dx = dt) = f tat = log Jf] + C = log Isin x1 + soc? secx + tanx gy. ( secxtanx sec? x gy 3. Joce x dx = f seer er ianx “J ~secx rane (put sec x + tan x = f => (sec x tan x + sec? x) dx = dt) = f 4at = og |t| + C= log |sec x + tan x] +C tOr ton( 2 | +c. sec? = f rensecxcut x + cosec? x gy ” cosec x — cot x dx = log (put cosec x — cot x = f => (-cosec x cot x + cosec? x) dx = dt) = J dat = tog |t] + C= log Jose x ~ cot x] +C F Jeosee x dx (cividing rum,and deno.by cos?) : 1 ge ' oe ee tang] 4c, fan | ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 7 Example 1. Evaluate the following integrals : 2 sinx sin(x~ a) ( f tan(s - 42) dx wf aw & (iii) aera & (NCERT) Solution. (i) f tan (3 -4x)dx =— spices — 491 +c = Flog Ios (3-4x)1+C. sin 4 ip din EE a) © \aeie* Sd cantare Fain eaten = f SBE tecosa—cos(x+apsine 4. oa able wa)ey = aoe = J Cos a ~ sin a.cot (x'+ @)) de Ss eee ee en eeChm oo i. (ama atau Log \cos% \ +c Log \sec™| +¢ = (cot dx = Log \tinx| +c | > \secx dx = Log \ran Z +3) [ te = Log (Set +tannr) 4 ¢ | a. ( ewrec x. dx a 1 eg ran %\ +c = Leg (essecx cotod) +e fae S \ j Bala )- din (1B ie es els “ \ being de pornbe iS pe Seay OrB — Ob YN SYS Se Sh Pon ures ven bens, + \-Sa Crd) Coat 8 sire DOOM ob Co: HE 4 me rye dusts bo th CWFO) by Tor Ee eomen ; serrate seem eermntctineasiimesosenstn: (2-2 n_\+ V2 log |see( 42) 42 2vi sin} EXERCISE 8.6 ewer J objective questions ( wing (1 to 8) integrals ¢ 1 to 3)! Very short @ Eoatuate the follow 1. @ fran 2-30 ax (in foot 7x-4#) dx. 1 WJ Gaxecx 3. aft — a wi f sin2X dy sofa ae Long answer questions (4 t0 9): sin w [5 4 OS Ra-w © (cee) cat) Hint. () sinx=sin(x—@ a +a) dx a 3. Of =aoeaep @ | SE=mese-H sin (x — @) sin (x ~ B) dx. = sin(x- a) cos @ + cos (xa) sin a op ded sin BHD ay, cee J Sin@—a)sin(@e-B) sina -B) J sin (x — @) sin (x — * 1 5 sin@@—b-x—a) yy ax _ 1p _sin@@=b- = 8) © | sxecijese =” ae cos (x — a) cos (x — b) 6 of i) J tan? x dx. sc mET HERETO Hint.) [ ———"—___ - _1___j _s@ 0-5-0) of Gin@=a)eos(e—b) cos(a—by sin(x —a)cos(x— b) 7 sin 2x aa © S aaSteinae TaSeainde @ 5 ras eB Hint. (i) sin 2x = sin (5x - 3x) = sin 5x cos 3x — cos 5x sin 3x. (i J au ? x 4 cos? x sinxcos?x sin x cos? x = sec x tan x + cosec x. Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (11)dx 8. OS gfzame ( ftnrans 4 inane Tsim 2x ~ si = x a AS "eon (Fox) coat 2 4 3] an( x2] dx, _v2sin x x 9. f—7— py sol e-3 dx = ax+ blog Answers a) 3 log Ieos (2-3x)14C +C, find the values ofa and b, cd (ii) 5 Jog Isin (7x-4)1+C 1 th 0 2. (i) 5 los |cosec 2x ~ cot 2x] +C (iy log |cosee 2x — cot 2x] +C (log Icoseex—cot x| + 2cosx+C (ii) + tog |sec 2x + tan 2x] +C Flog | ' oe Isin x-a)1+C (ii) x c08 «sin a log loos (x + a)1+C 5. (i) ———~log sin@-)| 6 i 1 cos(x a) 7 wD J 1) Fa=yBlcoste= oy] *S sin(x — ah & O Saab era OB sae +c (ii) Han? x log leos 1+ C 7. @ 4 log isin 3x1~ 2 log isin 5x1+C (ii) sec x + log Icosec x cot x1+C oree(+2)-co(«+ 4] +c 8. () V2 log see( E+E} tan($+3] +C @) Gyles 8.4 SEVEN MORE STANDARD INTEGRALS 24 4. fateecirs Z4C€ Tae dx = loge + OF | + c 1 Ot: | L fag a sind 2+, |[x1<4 3 [ogee Ix < dx = Asee 1B 40x74 6 | re rd [>a geo gle 2 1 oH Bie rae xa 2i(¢a-aa)*2. Since 3, Put x= asin ¢ => dx = accos ft and f= J acs [ogre fa 24 C = fidrete c= sin’ G acost ivtdi= | coer eae a. putea tan too dx 2a sect t dt and = a 2 asec? 1 2¢dt= ae dt =f sect Tsectt ax | rate Se ee Lanti+c. alfideieece pian A+ a a = sec! = pur x= a see fae dy =a sec ftan t dt and F= aa tant 1 asecttantdt 1 tant gp d= Sogpee ts receltet al tant 1 OF ce sect = +6. =A fide cite 5 A 6. Put x=atant = dx=asec? tdt and tant = ale asec? tdt Sar ax =f [x2 + a? Vet tan? +a = log Isec t + tan Hl + Cy = log |rant-+ Vian? #3] + [xt vx? +02] bees ey 2 set aye [sect dt sect 2 x, fe 24 JS 41 a Var = log +C, = log = log [x+va +a + Gy (Here we have replaced the constant C, - log a by another constant Cc) 7, Put x =a sec t => dx =a sec t tan f dt and sec t = ~ a asect tant dt sect tant 3 f Tes a a jer * lea ai dt = f sec t dt = log Isec t + tan fl + Cy = log |sect + Veee? #3 +Ghog] « 25a] +c, = 109 + aloe [re SP! ac 1. In all the abowe seven integrals; a > 0 2 Wwe replace x by rs a i 1s obtained im all the above see en here «is any real number, then the corresponding results obtaine integrals are also true For example, f pete a sini £22) 4c. q ( ae fo? ~ (rs ay For, if we put X*a=y = dr = dy, then J 1 1 y Fermoy 2 = fc ty = sit Lc Ve -Geap J Ve 2 @ = sin (4) +c 3. Before applying the above formulae (1 to 7), make the coefficient of x2 unity (numerically). ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Evaluate the following integrals : 0 fot 4x9 ff. of x? unity) Solution. f $= (to make coeff. of x? unity] [fate Bt 4 (in J bare fae = 2f tro 9 ae ae 2 - Slog (2-2) +c. oar +9. shyla] 75 *e 2+ je [F3 following integrals: ae Example 2. Evaluate the following w0 {ott (an J BEE ae of eat ONCERT? Eee p25 (to make coeff. of 27 unity) sion Stee I TTS) abe