Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

1. Analyze how Ethereum Virtual machine handles the transactions in

Ethereum Blockchain.

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the runtime environment for executing smart
contracts in the Ethereum blockchain. It plays a crucial role in processing transactions
and running decentralized applications (DApps) on the Ethereum network. It is a stack-
based machine that operates on a stack of data.
To handle transactions, the EVM first verifies that the transaction is valid. This includes
checking that the sender has enough ETH to pay the transaction fee and that the
transaction is not fraudulent.
Once the transaction is verified, the EVM executes the smart contract that is associated
with the transaction. This involves running the smart contract's code and updating the
state of the blockchain accordingly.
The EVM uses a number of different opcodes to execute smart contracts. These
opcodes include operations for arithmetic, logic, control flow, and memory access.
The EVM maintains a state that is updated as each transaction is executed. The state
includes information such as the balances of all accounts, the storage of all smart
contracts, and the code of all smart contracts.
The EVM is a very powerful machine that can be used to create a wide variety of
applications. It is also a very secure machine, as it is very difficult to hack or exploit.
Here is an example of how the EVM handles a transaction:
1. A user sends a transaction to a smart contract to transfer 10 ETH to another
account.
2. The transaction is added to the mempool.
3. A miner adds the transaction to a block.
4. The block is added to the blockchain.
5. The EVM executes the transaction.
6. The EVM updates the state to reflect the transfer of 10 ETH from one account
to the other.
The EVM is a powerful tool that enables developers to create a wide variety of
decentralized applications. It is also a very secure system, as it is protected by the
Ethereum blockchain.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

2. Outline how Ethereum supports Decentralized Applications and Decentralized

Autonomous Organizations.

Ethereum supports Decentralized Applications (DApps) and Decentralized

Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) in a number of ways:
Decentralized Applications (DApps):
• Smart contracts: Ethereum is a smart contract platform, which means that it
allows developers to create self-executing contracts that are stored on the
blockchain. Smart contracts can be used to create a wide variety of DApps, such
as decentralized exchanges, marketplaces, and games.
• EVM: The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a decentralized computer that
executes smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. The EVM is what makes
it possible for DApps to run on Ethereum.
• Solidity: Solidity is the programming language that is used to write smart
contracts on Ethereum. Solidity is a high-level language that is easy to learn
and use.
• Community: Ethereum has a large and active community of developers and
users. This community provides support and resources for DApp and DAO
developers.
Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs):
• DAOs: DAOs are organizations that are governed by smart contracts. DAOs
allow users to make decisions and manage funds without the need for a central
authority.
• Smart Contracts for Governance: DAOs are typically governed by smart
contracts that define the organization's rules and decision-making processes.
These rules are transparent and immutable.
• Token-Based Voting: Many DAOs use tokens (often ERC-20 tokens) to
represent voting power and ownership in the organization. Token holders can
vote on proposals using their tokens, giving them a say in the DAO's operations.
• Autonomous Execution: Once a proposal is approved through a vote, the
corresponding smart contract can autonomously execute the proposed action,
such as transferring funds to a project, hiring individuals, or making strategic
decisions.
• Upgradability: DAOs can be designed with upgradeable smart contracts,
allowing for iterative development and improvements in response to changing
community needs.
Ethereum supports Decentralized Applications (DApps) and Decentralized
Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) by providing a robust and secure platform for smart
contract execution, transparent data storage, user-controlled identities, and a wide
range of decentralized services. DApps leverage smart contracts for their functionality,
while DAOs use Ethereum's governance features to enable community-driven
decision-making and resource management.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

3. Is Ethereum public or private blockchain? Justify your answer.

Ethereum is a public blockchain. Here are the reasons to justify this classification:
Accessibility: Ethereum is open to anyone. Anyone can create an Ethereum
address, participate in transactions, and interact with decentralized applications
(DApps) without requiring permission or approval. There are no access
restrictions, and users from around the world can join the network.
Decentralization: Ethereum is maintained by a decentralized network of nodes
(computers) operated by volunteers and organizations worldwide. This
decentralized nature ensures that no single entity or group has full control over the
network, making it resistant to censorship and centralization.
Transparency: All transaction data, including the complete transaction history and
smart contract code, is stored on the Ethereum blockchain and is transparent and
accessible to anyone. This transparency is a hallmark of public blockchains,
allowing anyone to audit and verify transactions.
Security through Consensus: Ethereum relies on a consensus mechanism
known as Proof of Stake (PoS) or Proof of Work (PoW), depending on its upgrade
status.
Global Network: Ethereum is a global network, with nodes and miners located in
various geographic regions. This global presence further reinforces its public
nature.
Permissionless Innovation: Ethereum allows developers to create and deploy
decentralized applications (DApps) without needing approval or permission from a
central authority. This encourages a wide range of innovation and experimentation.
Public Cryptocurrency (Ether): Ethereum's native cryptocurrency, Ether (ETH),
is publicly traded on various cryptocurrency exchanges, making it accessible to
anyone who wants to acquire it. This open trading reflects the public nature of the
blockchain.
Ethereum is a public blockchain network that is accessible to anyone with an internet
connection. Ethereum allows anyone to create an Ethereum account, explore a world
of apps, or build their own. Ethereum is a peer-to-peer network that securely executes
and verifies application code, called smart contracts. Ethereum's smart contracts are
accessible and transparent, and its blockchain is publicly accessible, fully transparent,
and extremely secure. Ethereum transactions are recorded on a public ledger, the
Ethereum blockchain.
4. Does IOTA support feeless transactions? If yes where can we use the
IOTA.
Yes, IOTA supports feeless transactions. Unlike many other blockchain and
cryptocurrency networks, IOTA does not involve transaction fees. Instead, it uses a
unique consensus mechanism called the Tangle to validate and confirm transactions.
This is one of the key features of IOTA, and it makes it ideal for a wide range of use
cases, such as micropayments and machine-to-machine (M2M) transactions.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

IOTA is still under development, but it is already being used in a number of different
applications. Here are a few examples:

• Micropayments: IOTA can be used to make micropayments, which are small

payments that are typically made for digital content or services. For example,
IOTA could be used to pay for articles, videos, or music.
• M2M transactions: IOTA can also be used to make M2M transactions. M2M
transactions are transactions that occur between devices without human
intervention. For example, IOTA could be used to pay for services that are
provided by devices, such as charging stations or parking meters.
• Supply chain management: IOTA can be used to track the movement of
goods through a supply chain. This can help to improve efficiency and
transparency in the supply chain. Feeless transactions are attractive for tracking
goods and validating their origins at a low cost.
• Digital Identity: IOTA's feeless transactions can be used to support digital
identity systems, enabling secure and cost-effective identity verification and
management.
• Tokenization: IOTA's native token, MIOTA, can be used to represent digital
and physical assets, and token transfers on the IOTA network do not require
fees, making it attractive for asset tokenization.
• Data marketplaces: IOTA can be used to create data marketplaces where
users can buy and sell data. This can help to democratize data ownership and
make it easier for businesses to access the data they need.

IOTA is a versatile platform with a wide range of potential use cases. As it continues
to develop, we can expect to see IOTA being used in even more innovative and
transformative ways.

5. Point out how tangle structure in IOTA is different from normal block
structure in Blockchain.
The Tangle structure in IOTA is fundamentally different from the traditional block
structure found in most blockchain networks. Here are the key differences between the
two:
DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph) vs. Linear Blocks:
Tangle (IOTA): IOTA uses a DAG called the Tangle. In the Tangle, transactions are
linked in a directed acyclic graph, meaning they form a web-like structure without a
linear chain of blocks. Each new transaction in the Tangle references and approves
two previous transactions. This structure removes the need for blocks and miners.
Blockchain: Blockchains, on the other hand, use a linear chain of blocks, where each
block contains a set of transactions. Blocks are linked sequentially, forming a single
chain.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

Scalability:
Tangle (IOTA): The Tangle is often touted as a more scalable solution compared to
traditional blockchains. As more transactions are added to the Tangle, it becomes
easier to process additional transactions. This is because every new transaction
directly approves two previous transactions, which helps distribute the workload across
the network.
Blockchain: Blockchains can face scalability challenges, as they rely on miners to
create new blocks. As the number of transactions increases, it can lead to congestion
and increased transaction fees.
Consensus Mechanism:
Tangle (IOTA): IOTA uses a consensus mechanism known as the "Coordinator”. The
Coordinator helps provide additional security in the early stages of the network but
does not require miners to solve complex mathematical problems for consensus. The
Tangle's consensus is more about transaction validation through the approval of
previous transactions.
Blockchain: Most blockchain networks use Proof of Work (PoW) or Proof of Stake
(PoS) consensus mechanisms, which involve miners or validators solving
cryptographic puzzles or staking tokens to add new blocks to the chain.
Security and Double Spending:
Tangle (IOTA): The Tangle aims to prevent double spending through a "cumulative
weight" mechanism, where more honest transactions referencing a particular
transaction make it more likely to be considered valid. This approach is different from
the blockchain's reliance on miners' computational power for security.
Blockchain: Blockchains rely on the longest chain rule or the chain with the most
computational work as the valid chain, making it more difficult to perform a successful
double spend.
Transaction Finality:
Tangle (IOTA): Transactions in the Tangle do not have immediate finality. The
confidence in the validity of a transaction increases as more transactions reference
and approve it, which may take some time.
Blockchain: In blockchains, once a transaction is confirmed in a block and several
subsequent blocks are added to the chain, the transaction is considered finalized.
6. Explain the concept of Practical Byzantine fault tolerance and its relevance to
solving the problem.

Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT) is a consensus algorithm that can tolerate
Byzantine faults. A Byzantine fault is a type of failure where a node in a distributed
system can fail in any arbitrary way, including behaving maliciously.
pBFT works by requiring each node in the system to sign all messages that it sends.
This allows other nodes to verify the authenticity of messages and to detect malicious
behavior.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

pBFT also uses a view change protocol to deal with faulty nodes. If a node detects
that another node is faulty, it can initiate a view change. This will result in all nodes in
the system switching to a new leader and restarting the consensus process.
Here is a simplified diagram of how pBFT works:

1. The client sends a request to the primary node.

2. The primary node broadcasts the request to all of the other nodes.
3. Each node validates the request and signs its response.
4. The primary node collects the responses from all of the other nodes.
5. The primary node aggregates the responses and sends a commit message
to all of the other nodes.
6. Each node validates the commit message and applies the request to its
local state.
7. Once a majority of nodes have applied the request, the request is
considered to be committed.
pBFT is a powerful consensus algorithm that can be used to build reliable and
secure distributed systems. It is particularly well-suited for applications where
Byzantine faults are a concern, such as financial systems and voting systems.
Relevance to solving the problem:
pBFT is relevant to solving the problem of Byzantine faults because it provides a
way for distributed systems to reach consensus even when some of the nodes in
the system are faulty. This is important because Byzantine faults can occur in any
distributed system, and they can have serious consequences if they are not
handled properly.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

7. Define Byzantine Generals Problem and explain how Blockchain technology

provided solution to it.

The Byzantine Generals Problem is a classic problem in distributed computing and

consensus algorithms. It describes a scenario in which a group of generals, each
commanding a portion of a Byzantine army, must coordinate their attack or retreat
plans. However, some of the generals may be traitors who send conflicting orders,
and the problem is to ensure that loyal generals reach a consensus despite the
presence of traitors. Here's an explanation along with a diagram:

Byzantine Generals Problem:

Imagine a group of Byzantine generals, each

stationed in a camp surrounding a city they
wish to attack. They need to decide
collectively whether to attack or retreat. To
communicate, they send messengers to each
other. However, some of the generals are
traitors, and they may send conflicting orders.
The loyal generals must reach a consensus
on whether to attack or retreat, and they need
to do so in a way that ensures that a clear
majority agrees on the decision.

The BGP is a difficult problem to solve because it requires the generals to be able
to trust each other, even if some of them are traitors.
Blockchain technology provides a solution to the BGP by providing a decentralized
ledger that is tamper-proof and transparent. This means that all of the generals can
see all of the messages that have been sent, and they can be confident that the
messages have not been tampered with.
• Each general has a node on the blockchain network.
• Each general sends their proposed plan of action to the blockchain network.
• All of the generals then vote on the proposed plans of action.
• The plan of action with the most votes is chosen.
This process ensures that all the generals agree on the same plan of action, even if
some of the generals are traitors.
Blockchain technology is a powerful tool for solving distributed consensus problems,
such as the BGP. It is used in a variety of applications, including financial systems,
voting systems, and supply chain management systems.
Here are some of the benefits of using blockchain technology to solve the BGP:
 Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

• Security: Blockchain technology is very secure, making it difficult for traitors

to tamper with the system.
• Transparency: All the messages on a blockchain network are public and
transparent, which helps to prevent fraud and corruption.
• Efficiency: Blockchain technology can be used to solve the BGP in an efficient
way.
Overall, blockchain technology is a promising solution to the BGP. It is a secure,
transparent, and efficient way to reach consensus in a distributed system.
8. Is Hyperledger public or private blockchain? Justify your answer.

Hyperledger is a framework for developing private and permissioned blockchains. This

means that Hyperledger blockchains are not open to the public, and only authorized
users can access and participate in the network.

There are a number of reasons why organizations choose to use private Hyperledger
blockchains. Some of the benefits of private Hyperledger blockchains include:

• Privacy: Private Hyperledger blockchains are more private than public

blockchains, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. This is because only authorized
users can access and participate in the network.
• Security: Private Hyperledger blockchains are more secure than public
blockchains. This is because the network is controlled by a limited number of
trusted entities.
• Mode of Peer Participation: Hyperledger uses a permissioned network of nodes
that are authorized to participate in the network and validate transactions.
• Consensus Mechanism: Hyperledger uses a pluggable consensus mechanism
that allows users to choose the consensus algorithm that best suits their needs.
• Cryptocurrency: Hyperledger does not have its own cryptocurrency.
• Performance: Private Hyperledger blockchains can be more efficient than public
blockchains. This is because the network is not open to the public, and there are
fewer nodes to process transactions.

Some examples of organizations that are using Hyperledger blockchains include:

• IBM: IBM is using Hyperledger Fabric to develop a blockchain-based supply chain

management system.
• JPMorgan Chase: JPMorgan Chase is using Hyperledger Fabric to develop a
blockchain-based payment system.
 Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

• Walmart: Walmart is using Hyperledger Fabric to track the movement of food

through its supply chain.
Hyperledger Fabric is a private and confidential blockchain framework managed by
the Linux Foundation. It is designed for use in enterprise-level applications and is
characterized by its modular architecture, permissioned network, and smart contract
functionality, known as “chain code”. Hyperledger Fabric allows users to customize their
blockchain network to suit their specific needs and provides a high degree of
confidentiality, flexibility, resiliency, and scalability.
9. Illustrate the basic components and architecture of Hyperledger Fabric.

Hyperledger Fabric is a modular and highly configurable permissioned blockchain

platform for developing enterprise-level blockchain applications. Its architecture is
designed to provide a flexible and robust foundation for a wide range of use cases. Here
is a basic overview of the components and architecture of Hyperledger Fabric, along with
a simplified diagram:

Components of Hyperledger Fabric:

Membership Services (CA): This component manages digital identities within the
network, including user registration and management. Hyperledger Fabric relies on a
Certificate Authority (CA) to provide security through public key infrastructure (PKI).

Peers: Peers maintain a copy of the ledger and execute transactions. There are two types
of peers: endorsing peers, which simulate and endorse transactions, and committing
peers, which validate and commit transactions to the ledger.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

Endorsing Peer: Specialized peer also endorses transactions by receiving a transaction

proposal and responds by granting or denying endorsement. Must hold smart contract.

Committing Peer: Maintains ledger and state. Commits transactions. May hold smart
contract (chaincode).

Ordering Service: The Ordering Service is responsible for grouping and ordering
transactions into blocks. It ensures that transactions are processed in a consistent order
across all nodes in the network.

Ledger: The ledger stores all transactions in an immutable, append-only format. It

consists of two parts: the world state database (maintains the current state of assets) and
the blockchain (contains the transaction history).

Chaincode (Smart Contracts): Chaincode, also known as smart contracts,

encapsulates the business logic of the application. It is executed by endorsing peers
during the transaction validation process.

Client Applications: These are the external applications that interact with the network to
submit transactions and query the ledger.

The Hyperledger Fabric architecture is based on a separation of concerns. This means

that each component of the network has a specific role to play, and the components are
loosely coupled. This makes the network more scalable and resilient to failures.

Here is a brief overview of how the different components of Hyperledger Fabric interact
with each other:

3. A client submits a transaction to a peer.

4. The peer validates the transaction and forwards it to the orderer.
5. The orderer orders the transaction and delivers it to all of the peers in the network.
6. The peers execute the transaction and update the blockchain ledger.
7. The peers return the results of the transaction to the client.

Hyperledger Fabric is a powerful and versatile blockchain platform that can be used to
develop a wide variety of applications. It is particularly well-suited for applications that
require privacy, security, and performance.
 Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

10. Analyze the integration of legacy systems with Blockchain technology using
Hyperledger.

Integrating legacy systems with blockchain technology, particularly using Hyperledger,

can be a complex yet highly valuable endeavor for organizations. Hyperledger offers a
range of blockchain frameworks and tools, such as Hyperledger Fabric, Hyperledger
Sawtooth, and Hyperledger Besu, which are designed to be flexible and capable of
interfacing with legacy systems.

Integrating legacy systems with blockchain technology using Hyperledger can be

challenging, as legacy systems may have different architectures, formats, and protocols
than blockchain data. However, there are strategies and tools to bridge the gap between
blockchain data and legacy systems and overcome some common obstacles.

Steps for Integrating Legacy Systems with Blockchain (Using Hyperledger):

Assessment and Planning: Identify the legacy systems that need integration and
evaluate the use cases where blockchain can provide significant benefits.

Data Mapping and Transformation: Ensure that data from legacy systems is
compatible with blockchain data structures. This might involve data mapping, format
conversions, and data cleaning.

APIs and Middleware: Develop APIs and middleware that facilitate communication
between the legacy systems and the blockchain network. These intermediaries ensure
that data can flow between the two environments.

Smart Contracts: Create smart contracts that define and automate the business logic
for transactions involving legacy systems. This can include rules for data validation,
authorization, and data access.

Security Considerations: Assess the security of both legacy systems and the
blockchain network. Ensure that proper access controls, encryption, and authentication
mechanisms are in place.

Testing and Simulation: Thoroughly test the integration in a controlled environment

before deploying it in a production setting. This helps identify and rectify issues early.

Deployment and Monitoring: Deploy the integrated solution, monitor its performance,
and manage the production environment. Regularly update and maintain the integration.

However, careful planning, development, and testing are essential to ensure the
successful integration of these systems.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

11. Compare and contrast Hyperledger Fabric with other enterprise

blockchain platforms, such as Ethereum.

Feature Hyperledger Fabric Ethereum

Consensus Pluggable consensus mechanism, Proof-of-Work (PoW), transitioning
mechanism including Raft and Solo. to Proof-of-Stake (PoS).
High performance, with the ability Lower performance, with the ability
Performance to process thousands of to process tens of transactions per
transactions per second. second.
Ethereum has its own native
cryptocurrency called Ether (ETH), Hyperledger Fabric does not have
Cryptocurrency
which is used to pay for transaction its own cryptocurrency.
fees and incentivize miners.
Hyperledger Fabric uses a
Ethereum uses a peer-to-peer
permissioned network of nodes
Mode of Peer network of nodes to validate
that are authorized to participate in
Participation transactions and maintain the
the network and validate
blockchain.
transactions.
Supports private and permissioned Does not natively support privacy,
networks, with features such as but solutions like zero-knowledge
Privacy
private channels and confidential proofs and layer-2 scaling
transactions. technologies can be implemented.
Supports a variety of programming
Programming
languages, including Go, Java, and Supports Solidity.
language
JavaScript.
Supports smart contracts, but they Supports powerful smart contracts
Smart
are not as powerful as Ethereum that can be used to create a
contracts
smart contracts. variety of applications.
Mature platform with a large
Less mature platform, but with a
Maturity community of users and
rapidly growing community.
developers.
Ideal for enterprise use cases, such
Ideal for decentralized applications
Use cases as supply chain management,
(DApps) and financial applications.
trade finance, and healthcare.

Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum are both powerful enterprise blockchain platforms.
However, they have different strengths and weaknesses. Hyperledger Fabric is a good
choice for enterprises that need a high-performance and privacy-focused platform.
Ethereum is a good choice for enterprises that need a platform with powerful smart
contract capabilities and a large community of users and developers.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

12. What is a "coin drop" strategy in the context of cryptocurrencies? Describe

how does a coin drop works to distribute tokens or cryptocurrencies to a wider
audience.
A coin drop strategy, also known as an airdrop, is a marketing tactic used by
cryptocurrency projects to distribute tokens or cryptocurrencies to a wider audience.
Airdrops can be used to promote awareness of a new project, reward early adopters,
or incentivize users to perform certain actions, such as signing up for a newsletter or
following the project on social media.

To participate in a coin drop, users typically need to provide their cryptocurrency

wallet address. The project will then send a predetermined number of tokens or
cryptocurrencies to each participant's wallet.

Coin drops can be a very effective way to distribute tokens or cryptocurrencies to

many people quickly and easily. However, it is important to note that not all coin drops
are legitimate. Some scammers may use coin drops to collect users' wallet addresses
or to distribute worthless tokens.

Here are some of the benefits of using a coin drop strategy:

• Increase awareness: Coin drops can help to increase awareness of a new

cryptocurrency project. By distributing tokens or cryptocurrencies to a large
number of people, projects can generate buzz and excitement around their
project.
• Reward early adopters: Coin drops can be used to reward early adopters
of a cryptocurrency project. This can help to build a strong community
around the project and encourage people to use and support the project.
• Incentivize users: Coin drops can be used to incentivize users to perform
certain actions. For example, a project might offer a coin drop to users who
sign up for their newsletter or follow them on social media.
13. Describe how currency multiplicity relates to the idea of having multiple
forms of money circulating within an economy.

Currency multiplicity refers to the idea of having multiple forms of money circulating
within an economy. This can include both official currencies issued by governments
and non-official currencies issued by private entities or communities.

Here are some ways in which currency multiplicity relates to the idea of having
multiple forms of money circulating within an economy:

• Currency multiplicity can lead to increased competition among different forms

of money, which can result in greater efficiency and innovation in the financial
system.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

• Currency multiplicity can provide greater flexibility and diversity in the financial
system, allowing individuals and businesses to choose the form of money that
best suits their needs.
• Currency multiplicity can also lead to greater complexity and confusion in the
financial system, as different forms of money may have different values,
exchange rates, and acceptance levels.
• Blockchain technology, such as Hyperledger, can provide a solution to the
problem of currency multiplicity by creating a common platform for different
forms of money to interact and exchange value.
• Hyperledger Fabric, for example, can be used to create a permissioned
blockchain network that allows different organizations to issue and exchange
their own digital currencies, while maintaining privacy and security.
• Hyperledger Fabric can also be used to create smart contracts that automate
the exchange of different forms of money, such as fiat currencies,
cryptocurrencies, and loyalty points.
Currency multiplicity refers to the idea of having multiple forms of money circulating
within an economy. Currency multiplicity can lead to increased competition, flexibility,
and diversity in the financial system, but it can also lead to greater complexity and
confusion. Blockchain technology, such as Hyperledger, can provide a solution to the
problem of currency multiplicity by creating a common platform for different forms of
money to interact and exchange value. Hyperledger Fabric can be used to create a
permissioned blockchain network that allows different organizations to issue and
exchange their own digital currencies, while maintaining privacy and security.

14. Describe how Campus Coin uses blockchain technology to create a more
efficient and transparent payment system for universities.

Campus coin: A campus coin is a digital token that is specifically designed for use
on a college or university campus. Campus coins can be used to purchase goods
and services at campus businesses, such as bookstores, dining halls, and vending
machines. They can also be used to pay for tuition and fees.

• Convenience: Campus coins can be used to make payments quickly and

easily, without having to carry cash or credit cards.

• Discounts: Some businesses on campus may offer discounts to students and

staff who pay with campus coins.

• Rewards: Some campus coin programs may offer rewards to students and
staff who use campus coins, such as points that can be redeemed for prizes
or discounts.
Ethereum – Hyperledger Fabric UNIT-IV

• Financial inclusion: Campus coins can help to promote financial inclusion by

providing students and staff with access to digital payments, even if they do
not have a bank account or credit card.

Campus coins are still a relatively new concept, but they have the potential to
revolutionize the way that students and staff interact with the campus economy.

• Here are some examples of how campus coins are being used today: The
University of California, Berkeley has a campus coin called the Berkeley
Token. The Berkeley Token is used to pay for goods and services at a variety
of businesses on campus, including the bookstore, dining halls, and vending
machines.

• The University of Pennsylvania has a campus coin called the PennCoin. The
PennCoin is used to pay for goods and services at a variety of businesses on
campus, including the bookstore, dining halls, and transportation services.

• The University of Waterloo has a campus coin called the WatCard. The
WatCard is used to pay for goods and services at a variety of businesses on
campus, including the bookstore, dining halls, and transportation services.

Campus coins are a promising new technology that has the potential to make the
campus economy more efficient and inclusive.