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1 views30 pages

Distributed

Uploaded by

mohamedtraka321
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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D ISTRIBUTED

ATABASES
Ahmed Hussien Abdo
Reg. Num. : 2212630
Prof. Mohamed Kholief
INTRODUCTION

• Distributed computing system

• Consists of interconnected nodes

• Nodes cooperate to perform tasks efficiently

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WHAT CONSTITUTES A
DISTRIBUTED DATABASE?
• Connection of database nodes over a computer
network

• Logical interrelation of connected databases

• Possible absence of homogeneity among nodes

• Distributed database management system


(DDBMS) manages the distributed database

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CENTRALIZED DATABASE AND DISTRIBUTED
DATABASE

20XX Pitch deck title 4


TRANSPARENCY
•Transparency refers to hiding
implementation details from end users for a
seamless experience.
• Types of transparency:
• Data organization transparency
• Location transparency
• Naming transparency
• Replication transparency
• Fragmentation transparency
• Horizontal fragmentation
• Vertical fragmentation
• Design transparency
• Execution transparency
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DISTRIBUTED DATABASES

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AVAILABILITY AND
RELIABILITY
 Availability: The probability that the distributed
system is continuously available during a
specified time interval.

 Reliability: The probability that the distributed


system is running (not down) at a certain point
in time.

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SCALABILITY AND
PARTITION TOLERANCE

• Horizontal scalability: expanding the number of nodes

• Vertical scalability: expanding capacity of individual


nodes

• Partition tolerance: system continues operating during


network partitioning

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AUTONOMY
• Determines the extent to which nodes can operate
independently

• Design autonomy: independence of data model and


transaction management techniques

• Communication autonomy: determines sharing of information


between nodes

• Execution autonomy: independence of user actions

9
ADVANTAGES OF
DISTRIBUTED DATABASES
 Improved ease and flexibility of application
development: Development can occur at geographically
dispersed sites.

 Increased availability: Faults are isolated to their site of


origin, ensuring availability.

 Improved performance: Data localization reduces


network traffic and latency.

 Easier expansion via scalability: Adding nodes or


increasing individual node capacity is easier compared
to non-distributed systems.

10
DATA FRAGMENTATION, REPLICATION,
AND ALLOCATION TECHNIQUES

• Fragments: Logical units of the database that are


distributed across nodes.

• Horizontal fragmentation (sharding): Dividing a relation


into subsets of tuples based on conditions or other
methods.

• Vertical fragmentation: Dividing a relation vertically by


columns, keeping only certain attributes.

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HORIZONTAL FRAGMENTATION (SHARDING):
• Horizontal fragmentation (sharding) divides a relation into subsets of tuples, called shards, by

specifying conditions on attributes or other methods. It groups rows to create these subsets.

12
VERTICAL FRAGMENTATION:
• Vertical fragmentation involves dividing a relation by columns, keeping only
certain attributes of the relation.

13
Vertical

20XX Pitch deck title 14


Horizontal

20XX Pitch deck title 15


DATA FRAGMENTATION, REPLICATION,
AND ALLOCATION TECHNIQUES
CONT’D
• Complete horizontal fragmentation
• Apply UNION operation to the fragments to reconstruct
relation
• Complete vertical fragmentation
• Apply OUTER JOIN operation to reconstruct relation

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• Complete vertical fragmentation
• Apply OUTER JOIN operation to reconstruct
relation

Age
25
30

User
Ahmed
Mohamed

Complete Vertical Fragmentation: Fragment 1: B1


Fragment 2: B2
Reconstructed Relation after applying OUTER JOIN operation: R = B1 ⨝ B2

User Age
Ahmed 25
Mohamed 30
20XX Pitch deck title 17
• Apply UNION operation to the fragments to
reconstruct relation

User Age
Mohamed 30

User Age
Ahmed 25

Complete Horizontal Fragmentation: Fragment 1: A1


Fragment 2: A2
Reconstructed Relation after applying UNION operation: R =
A1 ∪ A2

User Age
Ahmed 25
Mohamed 30

20XX Pitch deck title 18


MIXED FRAGMENTATION:
Combination of horizontal and vertical fragmentations

19
DATA FRAGMENTATION, REPLICATION,
AND ALLOCATION TECHNIQUES
CONT’D
• Replication and allocation: Strategies for storing
fragments and replicas across nodes for performance
and availability.
• Fully replicated distributed database: Whole
database is replicated at every site.

• Nonredundant allocation: Each fragment is stored at


exactly one site.

• Partial replication: Some fragments are replicated


while others are not.

20
DATA FRAGMENTATION, REPLICATION,
AND ALLOCATION TECHNIQUES
CONT’D
• Data allocation involves assigning each
fragment of data to a specific site within a
distributed system. The choices for allocation
are determined based on the system's
performance and availability objectives.

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TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
SYSTEMS

• Homogeneous DDBMS

• Heterogeneous DDBM

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TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
SYSTEMS

• Homogeneous DDBMS: Uniform software across


nodes.

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TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
SYSTEMS
• Heterogeneous DDBMS: Nodes with different software
and configurations.

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TYPES OF DISTRIBUTED DATABASE
SYSTEMS
• Multi database system and federated database system
(FDBS) with shared global schema.

• Federated database management systems issues:


Differences in data models, constraints, query
languages, and semantic heterogeneity.

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CLIENT-SERVER DATABASE ARCHITECTURE

It consists of clients running client software, a set of


servers which provide all database functionalities
and a reliable communication infrastructure.

29
CLIENT-SERVER DATABASE ARCHITECTURE

It consists of clients running client software, a set of


servers which provide all database functionalities
and a reliable communication infrastructure.

30

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