UNIT – I

INTRODUCTION TO IOT AND USE CASES

INTERNET OF THINGS
IOT: The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected
physical devices that can communicate and exchange data with each other over
the internet.
These devices, often embedded with sensors, software, and other
technologies, can range from everyday household items to sophisticated
industrial tools.

Figure: Internet of Things

It refers to the interconnectedness of physical devices, such as appliances
and vehicles, that are embedded with software, sensors, and connectivity which
enables these objects to connect and exchange data. This technology
allows for the collection and sharing of data from a vast network of devices,
creating opportunities for more efficient and automated systems.

Figure: Internet of Things

HISTORY OF IOT
Here you will get to know about how IOT is involved and also from the
explanation of each will let you know how IOT plays a role in these innovations
• 1982 – Vending machine:
The first glimpse of IoT emerged as a vending machine at
Carnegie Mellon University was connected to the internet to report its
inventory and status, paving the way for remote monitoring.
• 1990 – Toaster:
Early IoT innovation saw a toaster connected to the internet,
allowing users to control it remotely, foreshadowing the convenience of
smart home devices.
• 1999 – IoT Coined (Kevin Ashton):
Kevin Ashton coined the term “Internet of Things” to describe
the interconnected network of devices communicating and sharing data,
laying the foundation for a new era of connectivity.
• 2000 – LG Smart Fridge:
The LG Smart Fridge marked a breakthrough, enabling users
to check and manage refrigerator contents remotely, showcasing the
potential of IoT in daily life.
• 2004 – Smart Watch:
The advent of smartwatches introduced IoT to the wearable
tech realm, offering fitness tracking and notifications on-the-go.
• 2007 – Smart iPhone:
Apple’s iPhone became a game-changer, integrating IoT
capabilities with apps that connected users to a myriad of services and
devices, transforming smartphones into hubs.
• 2009 – Car Testing:
IoT entered the automotive industry, enhancing vehicles with
sensors for real-time diagnostics, performance monitoring, and remote
testing.
• 2011 – Smart TV:
The introduction of Smart TVs brought IoT to the living room,
enabling internet connectivity for streaming, app usage, and interactive
content.
• 2013 – Google Lens:
Google Lens showcased IoT’s potential in image recognition,
allowing smartphones to provide information about objects in the physical
world.
• 2014 – Echo:
Amazon’s Echo, equipped with the virtual assistant Alexa,
demonstrated the power of voice-activated IoT, making smart homes more
intuitive and responsive.
• 2015 – Tesla Autopilot:
Tesla’s Autopilot system exemplified IoT in automobiles,
introducing semi-autonomous driving capabilities through interconnected
sensors and software.

Figure: History of IOT

KEY COMPONENTS OF IOT:
Devices/Sensors:
These collect data from the environment. Examples include temperature
sensors, motion detectors, and smartwatches.
Connectivity:
Devices need to communicate with each other, typically through Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, or other wireless technologies.
Data Processing:
Once data is collected, it needs to be processed. This can happen on the
device itself (edge computing) or in the cloud.
User Interface:
The processed data is then presented to users through applications or
dashboards, allowing for monitoring and control.

BENEFITS OF IOT:
• Efficiency: Automates routine tasks, saving time and resources.
• Data-Driven Decisions: Provides real-time data for better decision-
making.
• Convenience: Enhances user experience by allowing
remote control and monitoring.
• IoT is transforming various sectors by enabling smarter, more
efficient systems.

FEATURES OF IOT
The most important features of IoT on which it works are
connectivity, analysing, integrating, active engagement, and many more. Some of
them are listed below:
Connectivity:
Connectivity refers to establish a proper connection between all the things
of IoT to IoT platform it may be server or cloud. After connecting the IoT devices,
it needs a high speed messaging between the devices and cloud to enable reliable,
secure and bi-directional communication.
Analysing:
After connecting all the relevant things, it comes to real-time analysing the
data collected and use them to build effective business intelligence. If we have a
good insight into data gathered from all these things, then we call our system has
a smart system.
Integrating:
IoT integrating the various models to improve the user experience as well.
Artificial Intelligence:
IoT makes things smart and enhances life through the use of data. For
example, if we have a coffee machine whose beans have going to end, then the
coffee machine itself order the coffee beans of your choice from the retailer.
Sensing:
The sensor devices used in IoT technologies detect and measure any
change in the environment and report on their status. IoT technology brings
passive networks to active networks. Without sensors, there could not hold an
effective or true IoT environment.
Active Engagement:
IoT makes the connected technology, product, or services to active
engagement between each other.
Endpoint Management:
It is important to be the endpoint management of all the IoT system
otherwise, it makes the complete failure of the system.
For example, if a coffee machine itself order the coffee beans when it goes
to end but what happens when it orders the beans from a retailer and we are not
present at home for a few days, it leads to the failure of the IoT system. So, there
must be a need for endpoint management.
Any technology available today has not reached to its 100 % capability. It always
has a gap to go. So, we can say that Internet of Things has a significant
technology in a world that can help other technologies to reach its accurate and
complete 100 % capability as well.
Four Key Components of IOT
• Device or sensor
• Connectivity
• Data processing
• Interface
Ways of Building IOT
There are two ways of building IoT:
• Form a separate internet work including only physical objects.
• Make the Internet ever more expansive, but this requires hard-core
technologies such as rigorous cloud computing and rapid big data storage
(expensive).

Characteristics of IoT
• Massively scalable and efficient
• IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming future.
• An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP, so IoT is
made possible.
• Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they should be
automatically programmed to sleep.
• A device that is connected to another device right now may not be
connected in another instant of time.
• Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always connected. In order
to save bandwidth and battery consumption, devices will be powered off
periodically when not in use. Otherwise, connections might turn unreliable
and thus prove to be inefficient.
APPLICATIONS OF IOT:
Smart Homes: Devices like smart thermostats, lights, and security
systems that can be controlled remotely.
Healthcare: Wearable devices that monitor vital signs and send
data to healthcare providers.
Industrial IoT: Machinery equipped with sensors to monitor
performance and predict maintenance needs.
Agriculture: Sensors that monitor soil moisture and weather
conditions to optimize farming practices.
MODERN APPLICATIONS
• Smart Grids and energy saving
• Smart cities
• Smart homes/Home automation
• Healthcare
• Earthquake detection
• Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
• Smartphone detection
• Water flow monitoring
• Traffic monitoring
• Wearables
• Smart door lock protection system
• Robots and Drones
• Healthcare and Hospitals, Telemedicine applications
• Security
• Biochip Transponders (For animals in farms)
• Heart monitoring implants (Example Pacemaker, ECG real time tracking)
• Agriculture
• Industry
ADVANTAGES OF IOT
• Improved efficiency and automation of tasks.
• Increased convenience and accessibility of information.
• Better monitoring and control of devices and systems.
• Greater ability to gather and analyze data.
• Improved decision-making.
• Cost savings.
DISADVANTAGES OF IOT
• Security concerns and potential for hacking or data breaches.
• Privacy issues related to the collection and use of personal data.
• Dependence on technology and potential for system failures.
• Limited standardization and interoperability among devices.
• Complexity and increased maintenance requirements.
• High initial investment costs.
• Limited battery life on some devices.
• Concerns about job displacement due to automation.
• Limited regulation and legal framework for IoT, which can lead to
confusion and uncertainty.
TYPES OF IOT APPLICATIONS
• Customer IOT
• Industrial IOT
• Commercial IOT

1.Customer IOT:
Consumer IoT (Internet of Things) refers to connected devices designed
for the consumer market.
These devices collect and share data through an internet connection,
aiming to enhance convenience, efficiency, and personalization in everyday life.
Consumer IoT is rapidly growing, driven by the increasing number of
internet users and the demand for smart, connected devices
Here are some key aspects and applications of Consumer IoT:
Key Aspects
• Connected Devices: Includes smartphones, smart wearables (like fitness
trackers and smartwatches), and smart home devices (such as smart
thermostats, lights, and security systems).
• Data Collection and Sharing: These devices use sensors to collect data,
which is then processed and shared to provide insights and control.
• Personalization: Consumer IoT devices often offer personalized
experiences, adapting to user preferences and behaviors.
Applications of Customers IOT:
• Smart Home Automation: Devices like smart locks, smart lighting systems,
and voice-controlled assistants (e.g., Amazon Alexa, Google Home)
enhance home security and convenience.
• Health and Fitness: Wearables like fitness trackers and smartwatches
monitor health metrics such as heart rate, sleep patterns, and physical
activity.
• Entertainment: Smart TVs and streaming devices offer personalized
content recommendations and seamless integration with other smart home
devices.
• Home Safety: Smart smoke detectors, security cameras, and doorbell cams
provide enhanced safety and monitoring capabilities.
2.Industrial IoT:
(IIoT) refers to the use of connected devices, sensors, and software to
enhance industrial processes.
It aims to improve efficiency, safety, and productivity in various sectors.

Figure: Industrial Internet of Things

Here are some key aspects and applications of IIoT:
Key Aspects
• Connected Devices: Includes sensors, actuators, and smart machines that
collect and share data.
• Data Analytics: Real-time data processing and analytics to optimize
operations and predict maintenance needs.
• Automation: Enhances automation in manufacturing, logistics, and other
industrial processes.
Applications
• Smart Manufacturing: Companies like ABB use connected sensors for
predictive maintenance of robotics.
• Factory of the Future: Airbus integrates sensors and wearable technology
to streamline operations and reduce errors.
 • Supply Chain Management: Amazon uses IoT to reinvent warehousing
and improve logistics.
• Predictive Maintenance: Boeing employs IoT-driven manufacturing to
predict and prevent equipment failures.
• Smart Agriculture: John Deere uses self-driving tractors and other
connected technologies to enhance farming efficiency.
Benefits
• Increased Efficiency: Real-time monitoring and automation reduce
downtime and improve productivity.
• Cost Reduction: Predictive maintenance and optimized operations lower
operational costs.
• Enhanced Safety: Monitoring systems improve worker safety by detecting
hazards early.
3.Commercial IoT
Commercial IOT refers to the use of connected devices and sensors in
commercial settings to enhance efficiency, productivity, and user experience.
Here are some key aspects and applications of Commercial IoT:
Key Aspects
• Connected Devices: Includes sensors, smart meters, and connected
appliances that collect and share data.
• Data Analytics: Real-time data processing to optimize operations and
improve decision-making.
• Automation: Enhances automation in commercial buildings, retail, and
other sectors.
Applications
• Smart Building Solutions: IoT devices manage lighting, heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to improve energy
efficiency and comfort.
• Asset Tracking: Real-time tracking of assets and inventory in retail and
logistics to reduce losses and improve supply chain management.
• Healthcare: IoT devices monitor patient health, manage medical
equipment, and streamline hospital operations.
• Traffic Monitoring: IoT sensors and cameras monitor traffic flow and
optimize traffic signals to reduce congestion.
 • Hospitality: Smart devices enhance guest experiences in hotels by
automating room controls and providing personalized services.
Benefits
• Improved Efficiency: Automation and real-time monitoring reduce
operational costs and improve productivity.
• Enhanced Decision-Making: Data analytics provide insights that help
businesses make informed decisions.
• Cost Reduction: Optimized operations and predictive maintenance lower
costs.
• Sustainability: Smart systems reduce energy consumption and
environmental impact
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CIOT (CUSTOMER IOT) AND IIOT
(INDUSTRY IOT)

Customer IOT Industry IOT

Primarily serves individuals and IIoT targets industries and businesses,
provides convenience and lifestyle aiming to enhance efficiency,
enhancements. productivity, and safety.

CIoT improves daily life by IIoT enables predictive maintenance,

automating tasks, enhancing comfort, robotics, smart factories, and supply
and providing personalized chain optimization.
experiences.

CIoT devices often use standard Wi- IIoT devices often rely on specialized
Fi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee for networks (e.g., LPWAN, NB-IoT) due
communication. to rugged environments and remote
locations.

While security is essential, IIoT demands advanced cybersecurity

CIoT.devices may prioritize ease of. measures to protect critical
use over robust security feature infrastructure.

A smart thermostat that adjusts room Monitoring equipment in a factory to

temperature based on user preferences prevent breakdowns and optimize
production
CIoT applications include smart home IIoT is used in manufacturing,
devices (e.g., smartwatches, smart logistics, agriculture, utilities, and
thermostats), wearables, fitness more
trackers, and other personal gadgets.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IOT AND IIOT:

IOT IIOT
It focuses on general applications It focuses on industrial applications
ranging from wearables to robots & such as manufacturing, power plants,
machines. oil & gas, etc.
Its implementation starts with small It uses critical equipment & devices
scale level so there is no need to worry connected over a network which will
about life-threatening situations. cause a life-threatening or other
emergency situation on failure
therefore uses more sensitive and
precise sensors.
It deals with small scale networks. It deals with large scale networks.
It offers easy off-site programming. It can be programmed remotely i.e.,
offers remote on-site programming.
It handles very high volume of data. It handles data ranging from medium
to high.
It requires identity and privacy. It requires robust security to protect
the data.
It needs moderate requirements. It needs stringent requirements.
It having short product life cycle. It having very long life cycle.
It is less reliable. It has high- reliability.
BUILDING BLOCKS OF [INTERNET OF THINGS] IOT

➢ The basic building blocks of the IoT

system are sensors, processors, gateways, and applications Each of the
blocks has its own characteristics to form a dynamic IoT system.

Figure: Building blocks of IoT (Internet of Things)

Figure: IoT Layout

Sensors
The sensor is the front end of the IoT system. The main aim of the sensor
is to collect data from the environment sensors or give out data to the environment
(actuators) from its surrounding (actuators). Sensors are identified with a unique
IP address therefore they can be easily determined over a large network.

Sensors are active in nature because they collect real-time data. They can
either work on their own or work by the user depending on their needs.

Examples of sensors are gas sensors, water quality sensors, moisture

sensors, etc.

Processors
Processors are the brain of the IoT system.

The main function is to process the data captured by the sensors and
process them so as to extract valuable data from the enormous amount of raw data
collected.

Processors mostly work on a real-time basis and can be easily controlled

by applications. These are also responsible for securing the data – that is
performing encryption and decryption of data.

Embedded hardware devices, microcontrollers, etc are the ones that

process the data because they have processors attached to them.

Gateways
The main function of the gateway is to route the processed data and send it
to the location for proper utilization.

Examples of a gateway are LAN. WAN PAN. LAN, WAN, PAN, etc are
examples of network gateways.

Applications
Applications are important for the proper utilization of all the data
collected. These cloud-based applications are responsible for rendering effective
meaning to the data collected.
 Applications are controlled by users and are a delivery point for particular
services. Examples of applications are home automation apps, security systems,
industrial control hubs, etc.

Working with IoT Devices

• Collect and Transmit Data: For this purpose sensors are widely used they
are used as per requirements in different application areas.
• Actuate device based on triggers produced by sensors or processing
devices: If certain conditions are satisfied or according to user’s
requirements if certain trigger is activated then which action to perform
that is shown by Actuator devices.
• Receive Information: From network devices, users or devices can take
certain information also for their analysis and processing purposes.
• Communication Assistance: Communication assistance is the
phenomenon of communication between 2 networks or communication
between 2 or more IoT devices of same or different networks. This can be
achieved by different communication protocols like: MQTT, Constrained
Application Protocol, ZigBee, FTP, HTTP etc.

Figure: Working of IOT

HOW DOES INTERNET OF THING (IOT) WORK
The working of IoT is different for different IoT echo system
(architecture). However, the key concept of there working are similar.
The entire working process of IoT starts with the device themselves,
such as smartphones, digital watches, electronic appliances, which securely
communicate with the IoT platform.
The platforms collect and analyze the data from all multiple devices
and platforms and transfer the most valuable data with applications to devices.

Figure: IOT Architecture

USE CASES OF IOT IN VARIOUS INDUSTRY DOMAINS:

The Internet of Things,(IoT)is the concept of connecting physical
objects to the Internet so that they can be either controlled or monitored remotely,
with the goal of gaining insights that help improve personal or business outcomes.
There is a wide variety of ways the IoT can add value to businesses and the
world, and a multitude of applications of IoT technologies in many different
industries. The main IoT use cases across industries including:
➢ Healthcare
➢ Utilities and Energy
➢ Manufacturing
➢ Real Estate
➢ Transportation and Logistics
➢ Government / Public Sector
➢ Retail
IoT use cases in healthcare
• On-premise patient experience:
Show current load of emergency rooms or general practice rooms to
reduce wait times. This helps increase revenue and improve the patient
experience.
• Patient monitoring / chronic disease management:
Monitor health and activity for chronic disease management and
wellness (fitness trackers, other consumer wearables). Also known
as telehealth, Real-Time Health Systems (RTHS), or "IoMT" – the Internet
of Medical Things.
All to reduce readmission rates and improve health outcomes. This
helps increase revenue, lower cost, lower business risk, and improve
patient experience.
• Independent living:
Enable elderly with conditions such as dementia to live alone via
drug management, bed sensors, and GPS or movement trackers, to reduce
readmission rates and improve health outcomes.
Provide them with easy-to-use modern tablets for simple
communication needs. This helps increase revenue, lower cost, lower
business risk, and improve patient experience.
• Drug management:
Control the amount of drugs taken to reduce readmission rates and
improve health outcomes. This helps increase revenue, lower cost, lower
business risk, and improve patient experience.
• Remote monitoring of medical hardware:
Ensure proper performance of medical equipment to predict
maintenance before costly repair or replacement and increase machine
utilization. This helps reduce cost.
 • Smart beds:
Monitor beds at home or in hospital for movement, wetting, and
similar, and give patients a way to call for help or control the bed, to
provide a better patient experience and gather valuable health-related
information to improve treatments. This helps reduce cost and improve
patient experience.
• Staff operations:
Equip hospital staff (doctors, nurses, administration, cleaning) with
connected devices (e.g., tablets) to improve staff efficiency. This helps
lower cost and improves the employee experience.
• Remote surgery:
Perform surgery on a patient even though they are not physically in
the same location as the doctor, to increase availability of surgical services.
This helps lower cost and increase revenue.
IoT use cases in utilities and energy
• Solar/wind monitoring:
Monitor solar and wind energy generation to detect any failure or
abnormal decrease in energy efficiency. This helps reduce cost and prevent
a potential business disruption, i.e., lowers business risk.
• Solar/wind control:
Control the positioning of panels and turbines to optimize location,
for maximum power production. This helps increase revenue.
• Water monitoring:
Monitor water levels, pressure, turbidity, Ph, salinity, ORP, flow,
etc., to prevent overflows, track drinking water supply, and monitor the
waste water network and treatment operations. This helps reduce cost and
lowers business risk.
• Backup power monitoring:
Monitor backup power levels to prevent complete service
breakdown due to failure of battery back-up. This helps lower business
risk.
 • Storage (tanks) monitoring:
Monitor oil and gas storage tanks to improve efficiency and cost
effectiveness over manual checks. This helps reduce cost.
• Electricity poles monitoring:
Monitor major tilting as a result of strong wind, traffic accidents,
earth movements, etc. to be able to conduct preventive maintenance. This
helps reduce cost and lowers business risk.
• Connected circuit breakers:
Add connectivity to circuit breakers to gain new capabilities for
metering, analysing power usage at the edge, and selectively cutting
electricity to power-hungry appliances to prevent blackouts. This helps
increase revenue and reduce cost.
• Connected meters:
Monitor and optimize infrastructure in real time to detect leaks and
breakdowns, automate billing, and remotely activate and deactivate
services. This helps reduce cost, increase revenue, lower business risk, and
improve customer experience.
• Field operations:
Equip service technicians with connected hardware, e.g. tablets, to
improve worker efficiency. This also helps improve employee experience.
• Residential demand response:
Monitor demand to prevent breakdown of network, and optimize
usage of network. This helps reduce cost, increase revenue, and lower
business risk.
IoT use cases in manufacturing
• Asset or fleet tracking in supply chain:
Oversee components of the supply chain (raw materials, containers,
and finished goods) to optimize logistics, maintain stocks of work in
progress, and disclose thefts and violations.
Raise technicians’ safety, bring down inventory damage, reduce
insurance payments. This helps reduce cost and lower business risk.
 • Predictive maintenance:
Monitor state of manufacturing equipment and field devices to
predict maintenance before costly repair or replacement. Increase machine
utilization. This mainly helps reduce cost.
• Remote production control:
Oversee machinery in the process of production centrally to ensure
safe automated production, monitor workers, track personnel location.
Remotely manage factory units. This mainly helps reduce cost.
• Connected operations:
Connect machines / equipment to disparate operational data centres
and unify them to identify problems quicker and improve operational
performance.
Enable real-time data visibility across assorted manufacturing
systems. Enable connected operational intelligence. This mainly helps
reduce cost.
• Compliance monitoring of equipment:
Monitor equipment in real-time to increase compliance and safety
adherence. This helps lower business risk.
• Field operations:
Equip service technicians with connected devices to improve worker
efficiency. This helps reduce cost and improve the employee experience.
• Digital twins:
Work with digital replicas of equipment and goods. Monitor new
equipment in a virtual environment before putting it to market, or simulate
a lifespan of machines, Check updates.
All to predict potential issues and bottlenecks before putting a new
machine into production. This helps reduce cost and increase revenue.
IoT use cases in real estate
• Air quality monitoring:
Monitor air quality in different rooms to improve tenant safety. This
helps reduce cost, increase revenue, and improve tenant experience.
• Predictive maintenance:
Monitor state of building assets (lighting, HVAC, energy, elevator,
doors, ...) to predict maintenance before costly repair or replacement. This
helps reduce cost.
• Remote lighting control:
Allow tenants and building staff remote control of lighting to
increase energy efficiency, increase operational efficiency, improve tenant
experience and productivity. This also helps reduce cost.
• Waste management:
Monitor state of garbage disposal areas to improve operational
efficiency and improve tenant experience.
• Parking management:
Monitor available parking space and entrance/exits of parking lots
or garages to improve operational efficiency, improve tenant experience,
and reduce staff.
• Remote temperature control:
Monitor, manage, and control heat, ventilation, and air conditioning
to increase energy efficiency and improve tenant experience.
• Smart security:
Monitor and control connected locks, and install video surveillance
of critical areas to reduce staff and lower business risk.
• Occupancy density monitoring:
Monitor occupancy density at work desks and key in-office work
areas to increase employee productivity, improve tenant and employee
experience, and reduce cost.
• Field operations:
Equip facility managers with connected devices to improve worker
efficiency.
 • Digital signage:
Install digital billboards, bulletin boards, or kiosks to facilitate
visitor check-in, ensure tenant safety, update tenants on critical information
or general news. This helps lower business risk and improves tenant
experience.
• Self-touring / building access:
Equip rental property with connected locks or lock boxes to reduce
touring effort and cost and improve renter experience. This helps reduce
cost and improve the rental experience.
• Smart home:
Connect devices in your home to improve lifestyle, enhance security,
reduce energy consumption. This helps reduce cost and improve living
experience.
IoT use cases in transportation & logistics
• Fleet management:
Get real-time fleet information (e.g., the location, or the condition of
important parts of vehicles like tire pressure or coolant level) with
customized dashboards.
Monitor truck loads. Monitor driver behaviour and performance.
This lets you make real-time business decisions and achieve operational
efficiency.
Lower maintenance cost, lower fuel consumption, improve
regulatory compliance, and speed up accident response.
• Micromobility:
Monitor a fleet of scooters or e-bikes deployed to cities or campuses
for battery status, location, or tampering, to offer improved mobility for
your constituents.
This helps reduce cost, increase revenues, lower your business risk,
and improve your constituent experience.
 • Smart inventory and warehouse management:
Get real-time information across the warehouse, distribution, and
production center. Optimize space and locate packages in the most optimal
place.
Optimize stocking levels and thus management of small storage
space. Reduce cost of inventory and improve predictive maintenance.
Reduce the management of errors with the inventory.
• Supply chain management and asset tracking:
Track and authenticate products and shipments, and monitor the
storage conditions of products.
Identify theft or shipment delays and optimize your logistics and
quality management.
This helps reduce cost and improves your overall operational
efficiency.
• Worker safety:
Monitor compliance in hazardous environments (i.e., radiation
exposure) as well as COVID-19 contact tracing.
Reduce safety violations by better understanding how long workers
are exposed to harmful chemicals, viruses, or hazardous environments.
This lowers business risk and improves employee experience.
• Predictive maintenance:
Monitor state of warehouse equipment to predict maintenance
before costly repair or replacement. This helps reduce cost.
IoT use cases in government / public sector (“smart cities”)
• Public space surveillance:
Monitor public spaces, including military and border patrol as well
as emergency response operations through connected security cameras,
and interpret data through modern AI solutions, mainly to increase public
safety.
• Road & traffic management:
Obtain data from CCTV feeds and transfer vehicle-related data to
city traffic control centers, to have better-organized traffic systems that
result in a smoother flow of traffic and fewer idle automobiles, buses, and
trucks stuck in traffic jams.
Achieve shorter run times, more efficient use of natural resources
(e.g., gas), and lower pollution.
• Infrastructure monitoring & control:
Monitor and control infrastructure, such as railways, roads, bridges,
airport facilities, busses, trains, energy facilities, traffic lights, lights,
garbage cans.
Reduces repair & maintenance costs, improves citizen experience.
• Parking management:
Monitor available parking space and entrance/exits of parking lots
or garages to manage demand and optimize space utilization.
Offer personalized parking guidance and a way to reserve a spot.
Enable dynamic parking prices and detect overstay violations.
This helps increase city revenues and improve the citizen
experience.
• Digital signage:
Provide crime alerts, disaster and emergency information,
wayfinding services in public buildings and streets, interactive educational
and art exhibits; improve interoffice and interdepartmental
communication; decrease perceived wait times in places like passport and
DMV offices – all to provide information to communities, enhance cultural
experiences, or even to save lives and protect citizens.
• Public transportation:
Monitor vehicle location, engine status, and traffic density;
implement real-time security surveillance; offer passenger Wi-Fi;
implement automated passenger ticketing and digital signage in buses,
trains and stations – all to improve routing or dispatching efficiency, reduce
repair & maintenance cost, and improve citizen experience, while
increasing revenue.
 • Disaster prevention:
Monitor temperature, water levels, or seismic activity to combat
forest fires and protect land, safeguard power plants, save lives / rescue
people, and plan for the future.
• Waste management:
Monitor state of garbage disposal areas to reduce truck rolls,
improve operational efficiency and citizen experience.
IoT use cases in retail
• Automated Checkout:
Equip brick & mortar staff with portable POS terminals or weave the
checkout process into the shopping process itself through smart store and
shelf sensors, connected cameras, and AI.
Improves the shopper's experience and staff efficiency, prevents
theft, converts more shoppers in crowded situations, and save son labor.
This reduces cost, increases revenue, and improves the customer
experience.
• Connected POS machines:
Equip POS terminals with reliable cellular connectivity to improve
reliability and remotely control functionality.
• Store layout and shopper experience optimization:
Use in-store experience and movement data collected from smart
sensors, connected cameras, and AI to better organize store layout, predict
wait times, optimize time spent at fitting rooms, and create a system of
intelligent suggestions.
• Predictive equipment maintenance:
Monitor equipment in real time and notify managers in case of likely
malfunctioning, to prevent waste, and reputational and monetary losses.
• Inventory management / optimization:
Connect vending machines or other consumer-facing dispensing
devices to predict restocking needs and adjust pricing more frequently;
understand and optimize consumption.
• Store management optimization:
Automate packaging services, SKU accounting, and inventory
monitoring to reduce shrinkage, navigate the inventory easier, and
generally improve store efficiency.
• Supply chain optimization:
Gain visibility into product movement, conditions, and location
through the entire supply chain process to predict precise delivery times.
Test different vendors and compare them for efficiency.
 PART – A
1. State IoT.
2. Give any Five IOT devices with we using in Daily Life.
3. List the importance of IoT
4. List out Basic Components of IoT
5. Relate some examples of IoT applications.
6. Define Consumer IoT
7. List the advantages of Consumer IoT
8. Define Industrial Internet.
9. List the advantages of Industrial IoT.
10.Compare Consumer IoT and Industrial IoT
11.Construct the block for CIoT and Iiot
12.What is the difference between IoT and IIoT
13.Recall the building blocks in IoT
14. List the cases of IoT in various industry domains.
15. Give types of IoT Applications
16. Give some Points about merits of IoT
17. Explain Disadvantage of IoT
PART – B
1. Construct the fundamental building blocks in IOT with its characteristics.
2. Explain the characteristics of Consumer IOT and its advantages.
3. Explain the characteristics of Industrial IOT and its advantages.
4. Give the Difference between Customer IoT and Industrial IoT.
5. Illustrate the cases of IoT in industrial Domain.