SQL

Structured Query Language (SQL)

 Agenda
 Definición de SQL
 Características Oracle SQL
 Tipos de comandos
 Comandos DML
 Otras consultas
 Operadores y condiciones
 Funciones simples
 Expresiones condicionales
 Conversión explícita de tipos de dato
 Qué es SQL
 Structured Query Language (Lenguaje
estructurado de consultas)
 Lenguaje estándar de RDBMS
 Características de Oracle SQL
 Estandares:

ANSI/ISO/IEC 9075:2008, "Database Language SQL", Parts 1
("SQL/Framework"), 2 ("SQL/Foundation"), 3 ("SQL/CLI"), 4
("SQL/PSM"), 9 ("SQL/MED"), 10 ("SQL/OLB"), 11("SQL/Schemata"),
13 ("SQL/JRT"), and ANSI/ISO/IEC 9075-14:2008, "Database
Language SQL", Part 14 ("SQL/XML")

ISO/IEC 9075:2008, "Database Language SQL", Parts 1
("SQL/Framework"), 2 ("SQL/Foundation"), 3 ("SQL/CLI"), 4
("SQL/PSM"), 9 ("SQL/MED"), 10 ("SQL/OLB"), 11("SQL/Schemata"),
13 ("SQL/JRT"), and ISO/IEC 9075-14:2008, "Database Language
SQL", Part 14 ("SQL/XML")

 Como Trabaja:

Procesa conjuntos de datos como grupos en lugar de unidades
individuales

Extiende a PL/SQL

Consultas optimizadas
 Tipos de Comandos
 DML (Lenguaje de Manipulación de
Datos)

Consulta de datos

Actualizar, insertar y eliminar filas en una
tabla

 DDL (Lenguaje de Creación de Datos)


Creación, reemplazo o alteración de objetos

Control de acceso a la base y objetos
 Comandos DML
 DELETE
DELETE [FROM] table
[WHERE condition];
 INSERT
INSERT INTO table [(column [, column...])]
VALUES (value [, value...]);
 UPDATE
UPDATE table
SET column = value [, column = value, ...]
[WHERE condition];
 Comandos DML
 SELECT
SELECT * / <columna1, columna2,....>
FROM <tabla1, tabla2,.... >
[WHERE <condición>
[GROUP BY <columna1, columna2....> 
[HAVING <condición-selección-grupos> 
[ORDER BY <columna1 [DESC, columna2
[DESC...> 
 Comandos DML
 SELECT employee_id, first_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary > 10000;

 SELECT e.department_id, department_name, count(*) Cantidad,

Max(salary) "Mejor Salario", Avg(salary) Promedio
FROM employees e, departments d
WHERE email IS NOT NULL AND
hire_date >TO_DATE('01/01/1998','dd/mm/yyyy') AND
e.department_id = d.department_id AND
LOWER(d.department_name) like '%pp%'
GROUP BY e.department_id, department_name
HAVING count(*) > 2
ORDER BY e.department_id, 2 Desc;
 Otras Consultas
 Consultas Multitablas
 Subconsultas

Vistas en linea
• En Cláusula SELECT
• En Cláusula FROM

Referencias externas

Subconsultas anidadas
 Funciones Analíticas

CUBE, ROLLUP
 Operadores Set

Union, Union All, Intersect, Minus
 Otras Consultas
 Ejemplos:

SELECT employee_id, (SELECT department_name
FROM departments
WHERE e.department_id =
d.department_id) as “dept”
FROM employees e
WHERE salary > 10000;


SELECT employee_id,
FROM employees e, (SELECT department_id
FROM departments) d
WHERE salary > 10000
AND e.department_id = d.department_id;
 Otras Consultas
 Ejemplos:

SELECT deptno, job, SUM(sal) DEPTNO JOB SUM(SAL) Nivel Agrupamiento
10 CLERK
FROM employees e 1300 1
10 MANAGER 2450 1
WHERE deptno < 60 10 PRESIDENT 5000 1
GROUP BY CUBE (deptno, job) 10 8750 2
20 ANALYST
ORDER BY 1,2; 6000 1
20 CLERK 2140 1
20 MANAGER 2975 1
Reemplaza de alguna manera al 20 11115 2

UNION ALL 30 CLERK 950 1

30 MANAGER 2850 1
30 SALESMAN 5600 1
30 9400 2
ANALYST 6000 3
CLERK 4390 3
MANAGER 8275 3
PRESIDENT 5000 3
SALESMAN 5600 3
29265 4
 Operadores y Condiciones
 Condiciones de Comparación (=, >, >=, <,
<=, <>)
 Otros comparadores (BETWEEN ... AND...,
IN(set), EXISTS, LIKE, IS NULL)
 Condiciones lógicas (AND, OR, NOT)
 Funciones Simples
 De Texto:

LOWER, UPPER, INITCAP

CONCAT, SUBSTR, LENGTH, INSTR, LPAD,
RPAD, TRIM, REPLACE
 Numéricos:

ROUND, TRUNC, MOD
 De Fechas:

SYSDATE, MONTHS_BETWEEN,
ADD_MONTHS, NEXT_DAY, LAST_DAY,
ROUND, TRUNC
 Generales:

NVL, NVL2, NULLIF
 Funciones Simples
SELECT UPPER('hola mundo') -- Devuelve HOLA MUNDO
FROM DUAL;

SELECT LOWER('HOLA MUNDO') -- Devuelve hola mundo

FROM DUAL;

SELECT RPAD('Hola Mundo', 50, '.') SELECT LPAD('Hola Mundo', 50, '.')
FROM DUAL; FROM DUAL;

SELECT RTRIM ('Hola Mundo ') SELECT LTRIM (' Hola Mundo')
FROM DUAL; FROM DUAL;
SELECT TRIM (' Hola Mundo ')
FROM DUAL;
 Funciones Simples
INSTR(<char>, <search_string>, <startpos>, <occurrence> )
SELECT INSTR('AQUI ES DONDE SE BUSCA', 'BUSCA', 1, 1 )
FROM DUAL;

SELECT LENGTH('HOLA MUNDO')

FROM DUAL;
SELECT REPLACE ('HOLA MUNDO','HOLA', 'VAYA')-- devuelve VAYA
MUNDO
FROM DUAL;
SELECT SUBSTR('HOLA MUNDO', 6, 5) -- Devuelve MUNDO
FROM DUAL;
 Funciones Simples
SELECT MOD(20,15) -- Devuelve el modulo de dividir 20/15
FROM DUAL

SELECT TRUNC(9.99)
FROM DUAL;

SELECT TRUNC(SYSDATE)
FROM DUAL;

SELECT ROUND(9.99, 1)
FROM DUAL;

SELECT SYSDATE
FROM DUAL;

SELECT CO_PRODUCTO, NVL(PRECIO, 0)

FROM PRECIOS;
 Expresiones Condicionales
 CASE:
CASE expr
WHEN comparison_expr1 THEN return_expr1
[WHEN comparison_expr2 THEN return_expr2
WHEN comparison_exprn THEN return_exprn
ELSE else_expr]
END

SELECT department_id,
CASE department_id
WHEN 50 THEN 'cincuenta'
WHEN 90 THEN 'noventa'
ELSE 'el resto'
END texto
FROM employees
ORDER BY 1
 Expresiones Condicionales
 CASE:
CASE
WHEN condition1 THEN return_expr1
[WHEN condition2 THEN return_expr2
WHEN condition3 THEN return_exprn
ELSE else_expr]
END

SELECT department_id,
CASE
WHEN department_id = 50 THEN 'cincuenta'
WHEN department_id = 90 THEN 'noventa‘
WHEN salary > 1000 THEN 'cobra poco'
ELSE 'el resto'
END texto
FROM employees ORDER BY 1
 Expresiones Condicionales
 DECODE:
DECODE(col | expression, search1, result1
[, search2,
result2,...,]
[, default])
SELECT department_id,
decode(department_id, 50, 'cincuenta', 90,
'noventa', 'el resto')
FROM employees
ORDER BY 1
Conversión Explícita de Tipos de Dato

TO_NUMBER TO_DATE

NUMBER CHARACTER DATE

TO_CHAR TO_CHAR
Conversión Explícita de Tipos de Dato

SELECT TO_DATE('01/12/2006','DD/MM/YYYY')
FROM DUAL; Conversión con formato de día y hora.

SELECT TO_DATE('31/12/2006 23:59:59', 'DD/MM/YYYY HH24:MI:SS')

FROM DUAL;

SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE, 'DD/MM/YYYYY')

FROM DUAL;
SELECT TO_CHAR (10)
FROM DUAL;
SELECT TO_NUMBER ('10')
FROM DUAL;
FIN