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Radio Control /Remote Control and ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) /OOK (On /O� Login
Keying) have been around for some time, but there is limited coherent information on Email
the subject and the associated hardware. Applications abound, including garage door
openers, keyless entry, R-C toys, etc. These all utilize one-way communications. The Password
most commonly used frequencies are 315, 330 and 434mHZ (most popular).

Numerous transmitters may actually share the same frequency and proximity, but
they coexist only because of the brevity and low repetition rate of transmissions.
Minimal information is transmitted –this consists of (8) bits of identi�cation plus (4)

1 of 23 12/5/24, 17:04
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Remember
Me

JIM KEITH (HTTPS:// Log In

WWW.ELECTROSCHEMATICS.COM/AUTHOR/J-
KEITH/) Register (https://
www.electroschematics.com/register) |
03.20.2014
Lost your password? (https://
additional bits of identi�cation or variable
www.electroschematics.com/
control data.
lostpassword)
The low data rate (4800 bits per second) is
(https://www.electroschematics.com/wp-
acceptable for identi�cation and limited
content/uploads/2014/03/Bits-and-Pieces.jpg?
control with a typical (4) byte
�t=2048%2C1536)
transmission requiring only 8mS. The
protocol in this ASK ‘party line’ Latest Article Comments
environment is very simple: �rst come, �rst serve, loudest or closest gets heard.
Audio Compression Ampli�er... (https://
Receiver address security is high, but transmission reliability is somewhat
www.electroschematics.com/audio-
compromised by RFI (Radio Frequency Interference) and potential collisions where
compressor-agc/#li-comment-1904066)
more than one transmitter may be transmitting simultaneously. Due to these "Sir, I have a question. For me to be able to use
limitations, the operator must occasionally push the button a 2nd time to open a door this circuit with a positive and negative signal"
etc.
Earthquake Detector... (https://
This discussion builds upon the previous (excellent) work of T.K. Hareendran:
www.electroschematics.com/seismic-
RF Based Wireless Remote Control System (https://www.electroschematics.com/rf-based-wirel
ess-remote-control-system/) sensor/#li-comment-1904065)
"please send me a seismic layout and explain
. It is limited to the transmitter and super regenerative receiver, but not the super
how its work .. important because i am going to
heterodyne receiver as that piece has yet to be delivered –the results of testing this
do this"
piece will be included as a subsequent comment. Future work will include an
evaluation of the Holtek encoder /decoder devices that are required to complete the Ultrasonic Sensor... (https://
system. www.electroschematics.com/ultrasonic-
sensor-circuit/#li-comment-1904063)

2 of 23 12/5/24, 17:04
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Photo of transmitters and receivers "can u give me a detailed explanation of the

circuit and if possible send the video to my gmail
-"

Ultrasonic Sensor... (https://

www.electroschematics.com/ultrasonic-
sensor-circuit/#li-comment-1904061)
"sir do u have the clear circuit diagram of
ultrasonic sensor with detailed explanation
please help"

(https://www.elec
Humidity Detector... (https://
www.electroschematics.com/humidity-
sensor-circuit/#li-comment-1904060)
"does this circuit work properly? Or is there
anything to change to make this"

View More ()

troschematics.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Bits-and-Pieces.jpg)

What is ASK /OOK?

Amplitude shift keying is simply toggling between two RF power levels that denote
serial “ones” and “zeros.” In the case of OOK, the zero is actually No carrier –for all
practical purposes in this discussion, ASK and OOK are identical. OOK is functionally
identical to CW (Continuous Wave) that has long been used for Morse code
transmissions, but at a much higher character or data rate. ASK /OOK is much cheaper
and easier to implement than the FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) modulation technique
that is commonly used for data streaming applications.
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RC Transmitters
The transmitter consists of a SAW resonator con�gured as an oscillator.
The circuits all appear to be similar, but the layout varies depending upon the
manufacturer –copies abound. The recommended supply voltage is 3 to 12V with
power and range a function of the voltage. One neat thing about the transmitter is
that they draw No (zilch) current when not operating because the keying transistor
must be On to complete the circuit. Actual CW current runs between 9mA @ 3V to
40mA @ 12V, but that is a non-issue because it runs only when the push-button is
pressed so the battery will likely never need replacing. Maximum legal RF power
output is 10mW –with input power being up to 480mW, the e�ciency must be low (or
perhaps nobody really bothers to regulate such).

Typical transmitter schematic

(https://www.elec

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troschematics.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CDT-88-Transmitter-Schematic.jpg)

Typical transmitter photo

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Typical transmitter speci�cations (compiled from numerous sources) (https://

• Dimensions: 19 x 19 x 7.6mm (excluding pins) (some are even smaller) www.electroschematics.com/truck-

• Interface: 3 or 4 pin header (0.1” pitch) bed-cargo-light-controller/)

• Frequency: 315, 330 or 433mHZ (actually 33.92mHZ –also called 434mHZ)

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• Frequency accuracy: ±150kHZ

• Supply voltage: 3 to 12V @ 9 to 40mA (when keyed) 0mA (not keyed) Most Popular Tags
• Maximum input power: 480mW @ 12V IC Datasheet (Https://
Www.Electroschematics.Com/Tag/Ic-
• Modulation technique: ASK Datasheet-Circuits/)
• Maximum data rate: 8000 bits /sec
50+ LED Light Projects & Circuits (Https://
• Antenna length: 10 to 20cM Www.Electroschematics.Com/Tag/Led-
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• Range: Up to 150M (subject to environment)
• Pinout: Pinouts vary, but are indicated on the circuit board Audio Ampli�er Circuits And Projects
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Two dimensional form factors are available for the super regenerative version: short Transmitter-Circuits/)
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4017 Circuits And Projects (Https://
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Typical super regenerative receiver speci�cations (compiled from

numerous sources)

• Dimensions:
◦ 30.5 x 14 x 9mm (short version, excluding pins)
◦ 43.4 x 11.5 x 9mm (long version)
• Interface:
◦ 4pin header (short version, 0.1” pitch)
◦ (2) 4pin headers (long version)

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• Frequency: 315, 330 or 434mHZ

• Supply voltage: 3.3 to 6V @ 6mA
• Sensitivity: -104dbm
• Bandwidth: 2mHZ (super regenerative)
• Modulation technique: ASK
• Output signal level: (Vcc -1V) /0
• Maximum data rate: 4800 bits /sec
• Antenna length: 10 to 20cM
• Range:
◦ Up to 150M (subject to environment)
◦ Up to 10M without antenna
• Pinout: Pinouts vary, but are indicated on the circuit board

Super regenerative receiver function

How it works is that the gain of the resonant stage continues to increase until the
point of oscillation –at this point the oscillator self-quenches so that the oscillations
die out for a period of time after which the cycle repeats. At the point of self-
quenching, the detector output changes states as if there was an actual signal
received. This results in a noisy output when no signal is being received and the serial
signal synchronization device (decoder) is always working hard to synchronize on a
legitimate signal and is subject to missing the �rst byte.

Other types of modulation schemes such as FSK provide a much cleaner output, but
require a clear channel –however that is another discussion.

Super heterodyne receiver speci�cations (Wenshing RS-434N)

• Dimensions: 43.2 x 12.2 x 9mm

• Interface: (2) 4pin headers
• Frequency: 315 or 434mHZ
• Supply voltage: 3.5 to 5.5V @ 6.5mA

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• Sensitivity: -115dbm
• Maximum data rate: 12kBaud
• Temperature range: -20 to 85°C
• Modulation technique: ASK

Antennas
Antenna lengths for both transmitter and receiver are generally speci�ed between 10
to 20cm. For close-range interference-free operation, the receiver antenna may be
omitted. To avoid interference in busy, high density environments (multiple RF links
under your control), the transmitter antenna lengths may be reduced somewhat but
not eliminated. I determined that the transmitter would sometimes not oscillate with
no antenna connected –it needs an RF load. At least one vendor claims that the
antenna needs to be connected to prevent damage due to load mismatch. Under such
conditions, the resonant circuit can ring up higher than normal voltages.

Maximum range experiment

For a simple experiment to determine range, I connected a transmitter to a function
generator set for a 2HZ square wave. An LED was connected to the data output of the
receiver –note that the LM358 IC that is used as a detector /driver can both source or
sink current, so I sourced an LED through a 1K limiting resistor –this seemed to
provide good results. The receiver, being battery powered could then be hand carried
to the reception limits at which the LED blinks incoherently. Without an antenna on
the receiver, the range was 10M. With an antenna, the range was 100M. This is exactly
what was expected.

RC range experiment schematic

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(https://www.elec

troschematics.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/RC-Range-Experiment.jpg)

Video clip

No signal noise (super regenerative receiver)

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This is the nature of the beast –if no signal is received, there is an incoherent output
signal otherwise called noise. The super heterodyne receiver (as far as I know) does
not act like this, but can receive real noise (RFI) due to its high sensitivity rather than
introducing its own noise like the super regenerative does. In the oscillograph
observe the output noise. Also, observe the minimum modulation frequency –it
clearly indicates that the super regenerative receiver cannot handle DC modulation
due to the introduction of noise. This is a bit of trivia, but I think that the super
heterodyne version will demodulate a DC modulating signal.

(https:// (https:// (https://

www.electroschematics.com/
www.electroschematics.com/
www.electroschematics.com/
wp-content/ wp-content/ wp-content/
uploads/2014/03/ uploads/2014/03/ uploads/2014/03/
Below-Min- Min-Modulation- Receiver-Noise.jpg)
Modulation- Freq.jpg)
Freq.jpg)

Determining the max data rate

The typical maximum data rate (4500 bits /S) appears to be marginal at best. I would
reduce the data rate further if there were framing error problems –that is where the
serial 1’s and 0’s do not occur within the acceptable time frame window. I believe that
the super heterodyne receiver o�ers better performance in this regard.

(https:// (https://

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www.electroschematics.com/
www.electroschematics.com/
wp-content/ wp-content/
uploads/2014/03/ uploads/2014/03/
Propogation-Delay- Propogation-Delay-
Skew- Skew-
@-4kBAUD.jpg) @-9kBAUD.jpg)

Obtaining a transmitter /receiver pair

Cost is about $5 for the pair containing the super regenerative receiver –very
inexpensive, and you may �nd the shipping exceeds this �gure. I had good results
obtaining devices on eBay from a domestic supplier –they are made in China and, of
course, you may purchase direct, but shipping time may be an issue. The �rst
transmitter that I purchased from the
Robot Shop (http://www.robotshop.com/en/seeedstudio-433mhz-low-cost-transmitter-receiv
er-pair.html)
malfunctioned and despite wonderful web page claims, they provided no support, so
make sure that you purchase a backup set. I think that the SAW resonators may be
fragile like crystals.

SAW confusion
Do not confuse SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave) devices with SAW (Synthetic Aperture
Window) Radar. SAW radar can actually render a 3D image of the inside of your
residence from a
Black Helicopter (http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/687257.Black_Helicopters_over_Ame
rica)
(by my namesake, the late Jim Keith –no relation –LOL).

For more reading

http://jap.hu/electronic/rf/el9805.pdf (http://jap.hu/electronic/rf/el9805.pdf)

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http://valontechnology.com/images/REGEN.PDF (http://valontechnology.com/images/REGE
N.PDF)

For the future

Encoder and decoder application info

Undocumented words and idioms (for our ESL friends)

party line –idiom referring to early telephone landline systems where numerous
phones were connected to one ‘party line’ due to want of circuits –each subscriber
had a di�erent ring pattern –sometimes it was necessary to tell nosy neighbors to
hang up because the additional telephones loaded down the signal excessively –LOL –
this was in my parents’ day…

zilch –slang indicating the quantity ZERO

Next
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AVR Analog to Digital
Tiny BOT: Obstacle
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14 Comments

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commenting.

jonathanscottjameshotmail-com
i successfully developed a circuit to transmit the state of my thankless water-heater(which is
prone to go o� when the water faucet is turned to low or when it overheats or when other
people use water and the pressure drops too low)(you want to know when your shower water is
about to go ice cold in the winter and freeze you sugarcookies)

14 of 23 12/5/24, 17:04
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i used 120v usb wall chargers modi�ed to put out 7.5v by simply changiung the zeners to drive to-92
7805’s to power the transmitter and receiver which i mounted on usb connectors that plugged directly
into the wall chargers.

so i tested the 4 pin receiver and 433mhz round saw transmitter

turned out the transmitter was nothing special raw 5v usb wall charger to the +5v pin and ground.
i fed the data pin of the transmitter from the armature of a grounded 20k trimmer fed from “gl5516
photoresistor”(2 cent) with a 100k metal �lm resistor connected to the active 120v ac .

the 20k trimmer adjusted out to about 5k when the water-heater was on with the photo-resistor scotch
taped to the “�ame view slots” on the outside of the thankless water-heater.

after 2 weeks of adjusting and befuddlement,,,

i found the 4pin receiver requires a mandatory to-92 7805 (+5v regulator).
after that. i discovered i got the best �ltering with a 10uf cap in parallel with a 1watt bead lamp led from
data out to ground was perfect.
for the antennas,, i �rst took a single strand piece of straightened cat5 wire about 2meeters long ,, then
attached miniature insulated alligator clips to each end of the wire,, i then made a coil and attached one
alligator clip to the receiver antenna pad ,, then i stretched the coil till i got a peak in the signal strength
then attached the alligator clip to the most convenient thing i could �nd that would hold it in that
position which was the bathroom mirror light shade. to form the coil,, i wrapped the wire around a 12oz
aluminium can then removed the can and stretched it till it peaked and fastened the alligator clip to the
wall paper.

cost me under 5$ per pair. but took 2 months to develop .

thanks for reading .
your friend, jonathan scott james

i made a 50 hour video on my youtube sight. lol also some scheematics of the walcharger scheematic on
http://www.jsj.8k.com (http://www.jsj.8k.com)

Posted on April 28th 2016 | 10:52 am (https://  Log in to Reply (https://www.electroschematics.com/wp-

www.electroschematics.com/rc-link-ask-environment/ login.php?
#comment-1899999) redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.electroschematics.com%2Frc-
link-ask-environment%2F)

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jonathanscottjameshotmail-com
http://www.jsj.8k.com (http://www.jsj.8k.com) was hacked.

please use http://www.jsj.mysite.com (http://www.jsj.mysite.com) to vies plans for

long range antenna design
or
http://www.facebook.com/jonathanscottjamesthegreat (http://www.facebook.com/
jonathanscottjamesthegreat)

Posted on June 02nd 2018 | 9:41 pm (https:// 

www.electroschematics.com/rc-link-ask-environment/
#comment-1903211)

amal
i use 433MHz ASk receiver, it shows out put(+4v) with out having input on ASk transmitter.
help me
thank you

Posted on September 22nd 2015 | 7:50 am (https://  Log in to Reply (https://www.electroschematics.com/

www.electroschematics.com/rc-link-ask-environment/ wp-login.php?
#comment-1807942) redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.electroschematics.com%2Frc-
link-ask-environment%2F)

Jim Keith
This is an inherent weakness in a bare bones system. Without an RF signal, the
output can go high –this is a function of the extremely high gain of the receiver,
whether super-regen or superhetrodyne –gain increases until it outputs noise. The

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solution is to continually watch for a speci�c bit pattern in the output –this is what the encoder
& decoder chips do. A simple, less intelligent solution is to watch for a speci�c keyed frequency.

Posted on September 22nd 2015 | 4:41 pm (https:// 

www.electroschematics.com/rc-link-ask-environment/
#comment-1808409)

the mechanic
what are the capaacitor values of superregenerative type schematic

Posted on August 28th 2015 | 4:56 pm (https://  Log in to Reply (https://www.electroschematics.com/

www.electroschematics.com/rc-link-ask-environment/ wp-login.php?
#comment-1776823) redirect_to=https%3A%2F%2Ffanyv88.com%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.electroschematics.com%2Frc-
link-ask-environment%2F)

Jim Keith
Capacitor values are neither indicated on the schematic nor the components (being
SMD). To obtain such, it is necessary to disassemble a unit (they are inexpensive) and
measure each.

Posted on August 29th 2015 | 5:06 pm (https:// 

www.electroschematics.com/rc-link-ask-environment/
#comment-1777954)

mojtabavahdat
hi

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thank you for circuit

i need schematic tx-4000 or fst-2 module

or

rf ampli�er circuit for 315mhz , 1 or 2 wat

thank you for help

Posted on July 16th 2015 | 12:06 pm (https://  Log in to Reply (https://www.electroschematics.com/wp-

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Gabri
Jim, is AC freq (50-60hz) e�ect stppeer motors? My XYL has an embroidery machine
the runs on 120VAC 60hz and we are now living overseas at 220AC 50hz. A step down
transformer does not operate the motors in the machine. I suspect that the reason is
due to? that the step down passes the 50Hz which is to slow for the motors.

Posted on December 22nd 2015 | 11:45 am (https:// 

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#comment-1882936)

Tropicaliano
Elucidative article. Answered most of my quetions. Thanks to Electroschematics for enabling
such valuble means of knowledge sharing.

Posted on September 17th 2014 | 10:05 am (https://  Log in to Reply (https://www.electroschematics.com/

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Hermas
Jaycar Electronics in Canberra have a couple steros that still sells caps, resistors and
other sundries related to? electronics and have helped me many times, a big thanks
to all the lads at the Belconnen store.Another great show guys! 73 svk1fxjc

Posted on December 22nd 2015 | 12:33 pm (https:// 

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#comment-1882965)

sulemasn
hello
i am suleman tariq.
i am student of BS Electronics.
i am making a project is 20 feet range magnetic indicator.
i have no circuit diagram kindly please help me for circuit diagram.

Posted on June 20th 2014 | 4:39 pm (https://  Log in to Reply (https://www.electroschematics.com/

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Jim Keith
Check out the work of T.K. Hareendran.
https://www.electroschematics.com/rf-based-wireless-remote-control-system/
(https://www.electroschematics.com/rf-based-wireless-remote-control-system/)

I will be posting an alternate transmitter (only) circuit soon.

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Posted on June 20th 2014 | 10:53 pm (https:// 

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#comment-502218)

Jim Keith
Finally got around to testing the super-hetrodyne receiver. This unit (transmitter /receiver)
pair is made by Shenzhen JMRTH Tech. Co. Ltd. Model # is RXB6-433 (433.92MHZ). I purchased
this on ebay.

Sensitivity is noticeably better than the super-regenerative receiver.

However, I was incorrect in suggesting that it was free of No-Signal noise. In that regard, there
seems to be no di�erence from the super-regenerative receiver.

Max ASK On pulse = 50 to 100mS, while Max ASK o� time is 2 seconds. That provides an
indication of how low the modulation frequency may get before it malfunctions (of course
nobody ever operates that low, but this is simply a test exercise).

This is the preferred type due to superior sensitivity and selectivity. There is also a power-
saving mode feature mentioned (the DER pin). However, I could �nd no info on this interesting
detail.

pdf datasheet:
http://www.jmrth.com/en/images/proimages/RXB6_en_v3.pdf (http://www.jmrth.com/en/
images/proimages/RXB6_en_v3.pdf)

Next exercise is to dig into the Holtek Encoder & Decoder. I have many questions.

Posted on May 09th 2014 | 4:09 am (https://  Log in to Reply (https://www.electroschematics.com/

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Yogi
Congratulations on reaching the nedeed goal for the new transmitter. I will be
chipping in my $pledge$ tomorrow, and appearing on Ken Till Ten to help inspire our
bluegrass listeners to chip in even more. Great idea for a new goal!

Posted on December 22nd 2015 | 11:31 am (https:// 

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